integrating micro generation within the built environment

8/3/2019 Integrating Micro Generation Within the Built Environment

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London, 18th June 2009 SUPERGEN - Highly Distributed Energy Future

Integrating -Generation within the

Built Environment

By Nick Kelly


2/18

Overview

context

detailed modelling of -generation example: -CHP performance analysis

scaling up to network impacts

research outcomes

issues for HiDEF


3/18

Context and Issues

strong Europe-wide legislative drive for energyefficiency and the integration of low or zero carbon

technologies (LZC) into buildings e.g. EPBD (2002),Zero Carbon Homes (2016), etc.

however this is set against relatively little practical

knowledge of how (energy supply) LZCs perform in situ specificallyintegrated with other building systems

how populations of LZCs interact with and affect the wider

power grid both of these issues were investigated within HDPS


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Need for Detailed Modelling

lack of appropriate empirical data on LZCtechnology performance

HDPS adopted a modelling approach to generateperformance data

developed detailed, integrated, models featuring the

LZC device, balance of plant andbuilding enables performance of the LZC devices to be

modelled in context - accounting for the phenomenathat affect device behaviour: micro climate, space heating and hot water demand, user

interaction (occupancy), control scheduling, building fabricinteractions, etc.


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HDPS Detailed Models

models developed for the ESP-r buildingsimulation tool1

generic UK house types: detached, terraced,semi-detached and flat (can be adapted torepresent virtually any dwelling)

hydronic heating and hot water systems models

inc. thermal storage validated models of LZC supply technologies: -

CHP (4 types), and A/GSHP, -wind turbine andPV

all elements can be mixed and matched todevelop model most -generation variants

1 www.esru.strath.ac.uk


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Outputs

simulation produces a huge range of time-seriesdata:

temperature within a room heat/power output of theLZC device

for HDPS issues investigated included:

heat and electrical output (magnitude, temporalcharacteristics, availability for grid interaction)

also comfort, efficiency, cycling, influence of storage

environmental performance (CO2)


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Example: -CHP Analysis

investigation of performance of -CHP devices in different

dwelling types and the effect of storage


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-CHP systems models:

CHP

DHWTANK

RAD NRAD A

T

T

T

T

CHP

DHWTANK

RAD NRAD A

T

T

T

T

CHPBUFFER

TANK

DHWTANK

RAD NRAD A

T

T

T

T

CHPBUFFER

TANK

DHWTANK

RAD NRAD A

T

T

T

T


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raw outputs


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processed output

Overall SE Device Efficiency

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.60.7

0.8

0.9

1

0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96

Simulation no.

Efficiency(-)

Overall Device Efficiency Thermal Efficiency

semi terraced flat

summer winter

SE On/off Cycling

10

100

1000

0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96

Simulation no.

On/offCycles

Dev ice Th erm al Efficiency v s C ycling (SE)

Thef f = -0.060 7L n(cyc) + 0.9311

R2

= 0.825

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

10 100 1000

On /off cycles

ThermalEfficiency(-)

micro-CHP - well insulated dwelling

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

7080

90

100

Unit eff. Sys eff.

Winter int. occupancy Autumn cont. occupancy Autumn int. occupancyWinter cont. occupancy Winter int. occupancy


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balance of plant, particularly thermal storage had avery significant affect on -CHP performance reduced cycling, increased deviceefficiency, greater flexibility to interact with electrical network but greater standing losses, reduced systemefficiency (even

with well insulated tanks), negligible CO2 savings cycling frequencies and durations varied enormously

depending on storage and load (dwelling characteristics)

improving dwelling energy efficiency resulted in a

deterioration in the performance of engine-based -CHP (increased cycling and standing losses)



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Effect of buffering on power output characteristicsdetached dwelling, Stirling CHP, winter, continuous occupancy, w/ buffer tank

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

time (minutes)

power(W)

buffered Stirling unit

Generated Profiles

1.2 kW -cogenPV

Effect of buffering on power output characteristicsdetached dwelling, Stirling CHP, winter, continuous occupancy, no buffer tank

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

time (minutes)

power(W)

unbuffered Stirling unit

each simulation also produced a powerproduction profile for the technology

being modelled

typically for a characteristic climatic weekat 1 min intervals


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Scaling Up Network Impacts

database of realistic time series generation profiles fordifferent dwelling/technology mixes and climatic

periods (winter, summer, transition) selected profiles were used to populate a modelled

section of grid (mixed industrial/residential) load flow analysis was then be undertaken to

determine the performance of low and mediumsections of grid under different scenarios (differentpenetrations and mixes of -generators)

key outputs included: line loadings, negative power

flows, voltage levels, transformer tap settings, etc.


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Scaling Up Network Impacts


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Analysing Macro Performance

-20

2

4

6

8

10

1214

16

18

20

22

24

Time (transition week)

CurcuitFlow(MVA)

132/33 transformer

Mixed 33kV line

11kV transformer

11kV cable

Residential 33kV line

Remote 11kV cable

100

100.5

101

101.5

102

102.5

103

Time (transition week)

Voltage(%)

33kV supply point

Residential 11kV

supply point

Mixed 11kV supply

point11kV substation

Remote 11kV

substation


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Research Outputs

detailed validated models of a variety of micro-generationtechnologies

integrated within detailed, configurable models ofcharacteristic UK dwellings

can be used from feasibility to detailed design of building-integrated systems

published micro-performance analysis studies database of generation profiles in different operating

conditions

bottom-up tools and method for the analysis of HDPS

published macro-performance analysis studies


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Research Impacts

-CHP device models developed in collaborationwith IEA ECBCS annex 42 activity led by HDPS

implemented in 4 widely-used built environmentsimulation tools: energy plus (US)

TRNSYS (US)

ESP-r (EU)

IDA (EU/Scandinavia)

used by thousands of engineers worldwide

used for numerous published studies into -CHPperformance analysis (UK, Canada, Switzerland,etc.)


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Issues for HiDEF

increasingly energy efficient dwellings andchanging heat/power characteristics (zero-

carbon and higher density housing)

hybrid systems (technology combinations)

non-domestic sector

new technologies e.g. micro-demandmanagement

characterising and assessing interactionswith

cells and macro-level control

THANK YOU

integrating micro generation within the built environment

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