Integrating Multiple Texts

How to properly attribute multiple sources both narratively and parenthetically

First Step: Create Works CitedCreate works cited (see OWL website)So you know what the first word/s of

the entry are, so you will know what gets included in the in-text citation

Bird, Big. “The Fluffy Feathers.” Sunny Skies 49.2 (2007): 45-54.

Bird is the key for the in-text citation

Citing Periodicals (print first)Typically they are articles in a

scholarly journal

Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): pages. Medium of publication.

Works Cited From Our BookA Work in an Anthology, Reference, or

CollectionWorks may include an essay in an edited

collection or anthology, or a chapter of a book. The basic form is for this sort of citation is as follows:

Lastname, First name. "Title of Essay." Title of Collection. Ed. Editor's Name(s). Place of

Publication: Publisher, Year. Page range of entry. Medium of Publication.

Russell, Cristine. “Climate Change: Now What?” The Rhetoric of Green. Ed. CSU Composition Program. US: Fountainhead Press, 2009.

118- 127. Print.

When to Cite SourcesWhenever you quote from a

source.

When borrowing ideas/images from a source, even when you use your own words by paraphrasing or summarizing.

When you borrow factual information from a source that is not common knowledge.

The Basics of In-text CitationsAs close as possible to the borrowed

material (end-of-sentence)Need two pieces of info: what

source from (which will match the works cited) and page number (if available)

Two ways to achieve the transmission of this info:◦Narrative in-text citation◦Parenthetical in-text citation

Narrative in-text citationsCite this way the first time you introduce

a sourceAttribution is done at the sentence level

rather than in parenthesisPage numbers must still appear in

parenthesis“One thing is clear,” writes Thomas

Mallon, “plagiarism didn’t become a truly sore point with writers until they thought of writing as their trade […] Suddenly his capital and identity were at stake” (3-4).

Example ExplicatedAuthor’s last name omitted in

parenthesis because it appeared in the narrative.

Page numbers still in parenthetical

Ellipsis […] used when parts of the original quotation are left out.

First introduction to a sourceuse a narrative lead-in

◦Give the author’s full name and credentials

◦Current title/position, level of expertise, background

◦Boosts ethos◦Once established, the last-name only

is sufficient

List of Active Lead-in PhrasesAcceptsAcknowledgesAddsAffirmsAgreesArguesAssertsBelievesCautionsChallengesClaims

CommentsConfirmsContendsContradictsConcedesDeclaresDeniesDescribesDisagreesDiscussesDisputesEmphasizesEndorsesExplains

List of Active Lead-in PhrasesGrantsHighlightsImpliesInsistsMaintainsNegatesNotesObservesOutlinesProposesRefutes

RejectsReportsRespondsShowsSuggestsThinksUrgesVerifiesWrites

Parenthetical In-text CitationsShort-hand publication info in

parenthesisThe first word/s on works cited

will appear in the parenthesis along with page number (exceptions will apply)

Ya ya ya ya “ya ya ya ya” ya ya (Bird 48).

Notice: no comma between author and page number.

Notice: period comes at end

ExampleFrom the very beginning of Sesame Street in 1969, kindergarten teachers discovered that incoming students who had watched the program already knew their ABCs (Chira 13).

Example ExplicatedThe parenthetical tells readers two

things:◦The info about Sesame Street came

from somewhere other than the writer…in this case Chira.

◦The ideas came from page 13 in Chira’s work

The full bibliographic information appears on the Works Cited page at the end of the essay◦Chira, Susan. “Sesame Street At 20:

Taking Stock.” New York Times 15 Nov. 1989:

13.

When there is No AuthorSome sources are anonymousCite the first word/words that

appear on the Works Cited…typically the article title

Truncate the title if it is long to the first few key words

Include page number

Example of No Author (parenthetical)The Works Cited entry is as

follows:◦“Getting Yours: A Publicity and

Funding Primer for Nonprofit

Organizations.”People 32.1 (2002): 3-12.

Example: Simply put, public relations is “doing good and getting credit” for it (“Getting Yours” 3).

Example of No Author (narratively)The Works Cited entry is as

follows:◦“Getting Yours: A Publicity and

Funding Primer for Nonprofit

Organizations.”People 32.1 (2002): 3-12.

Example: (assume the article has been previously introduced)

According to “Getting Yours,” simply put, public relations is “doing good and getting credit” for it (3).

Multiple AuthorsIf source has more than one

author, list them in the same order that appears on Works Cited

Ex: Herman, Brown, and Martel predict dramatic changes in the earth’s climate in the next 200 years.

No Page NumbersMany internet cites don’t have

page numbers; DO NOT NUMBER PAGES YOURSELF.

PDF files often have them, but HTML files don’t

Just list the author or title in the parenthetical.

Example without Page NumbersIt is now theoretically possible to

recreate an identical creature from any animal or plant by using the DNA contained in the nucleus of any somatic cell (Thomas).

It is now theoretically possible, poses Thomas, to recreate an identical creature from any animal or plant by using the DNA contained in the nucleus of any somatic cell.

Final ThoughtsBalance the number of narrative

citations and the number of parenthetical citations

Don’t sound like a broken record (ie: According to Bird…start of each sentence)

Be sure to cite everything borrowed

Be sure to cite correctlyStart with a works cited!