integrating sustainable cattle ranching, forestry and ... · zoraida 1calle , enrique murgueitio1,...
TRANSCRIPT
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Zoraida Calle1, Enrique Murgueitio1, Julián Chará1, Andrés Felipe Zuluaga2, Fernando Uribe1, Adolfo Galindo1,
Luis H. Solarte1, Alicia Calle3
1 CIPAV - Centro para la Investigación en Sistemas Sostenibles de Producción Agropecuaria. Cali, Colombia. 2 Fedegán – Federación Colombiana de Ganaderos
3 ELTI, Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
Integrating sustainable cattle ranching, forestry and
landscape restoration into intensive silvopastoral systems
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Cattle ranching often involves a very low density of cattle
grazing in degraded pastures that resemble biological deserts.
FAO, 2006, 2009; Steinfeld et al., 2006; Boucher et al., 2012
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550 million hectares in Latin America
FAO, 2002; IGAC 2002
Cattle ranching is the main current land use
458,4
550,1
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1961 2007
Lan
d a
rea
(mill
ion
ha)
Area occupied by pastures in LA & C
In Latin America, cattle ranching
activities have expanded mostly
at the expense of forests.
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Cattle ranching, a leading driver of:
Land use change is the main cause of biodiversity loss
(Millenium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005)
Greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change
(Steinfeld et al., 2006)
Altered water cycles: • Reduced infiltration and water storage • Increased runoff
(Ward & Robinson, 2000)
Land degradation: a loss of potential resources through: • Soil erosion
• Deterioration of the physical, chemical and biological soil properties
• Deforestation and long term loss of natural vegetation
(Steinfeld et al., 2006)
The livestock sector: a leading driver of deforestation, land degradation, pollution,
climate change, the sedimentation of coastal areas and invasions by alien species
(FAO and LEAD, 2006)
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• Average annual per hectare stocking rate: 0.59 animals
• Average annual per hectare productivity:
– 19.9 kg of beef
– 89.7 L of milk
Land use efficiency?
• Minimum animal loads
• Low per animal and per hectare production
indexes
• Meager contributions to rural employment
Los Santos province, Arco Seco region, Panama
Photo: Fernando Uribe
FAO, 2006
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Cattle ranching can be:
• Conventionally managed in treeless pastures: a driver of ecosystem degradation
• Sustainably managed with silvopastoral systems: Tool for rehabilitating degraded lands.
• Silvopastoral systems integrated with connectivity corridors and protected areas: Part of a strategy for the ecological restoration of agricultural landscapes.
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1. A large and growing demand exists for all cattle products.
2. This activity is deeply rooted in the Spanish and Portuguese ancestry of the
region.
3. It has often been a reaction to agricultural failures that result from biophysical
constraints
4. It has become instrumental as a means to consolidate land control.
Cattle ranching is not likely to decline any time soon in
Latin America!
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Environmental transformation of livestock
production: a priority for Latin America
Cattle production needs to shift from its current path of degradation of
the natural and social capitals, onto one which generates goods (milk,
meat, and timber) while maintaining some ecosystem attributes and
services.
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This change should consist of
4 basic elements:
1. Increasing plant
biomass and
diversity
2. Curbing soil
degradation and
promoting its recovery
3. Protecting water
sources and using
them rationally
4. Increasing animal
productivity on a per
hectare basis.
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Rehabilitation of cattle ranching lands must:
1. Increase productivity and profitability of
the production system 2. Enhance the generation of
environmental goods and services.
3. Facilitate the
release of fragile,
marginal and
strategic areas
for ecological
restoration.
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Silvopastoral Systems - SPS
• Agroforestry
arrangements that
combine fodder plants,
such as grasses and
leguminous herbs, with
shrubs and trees for
animal nutrition and
complementary uses.
Pezo & Ibrahim, 1998; Harvey 2004
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Four silvopastoral systems
Mixed fodder bank (cut-and-carry system)
Living fence Scattered trees in pastureland
Intensive silvopastoral system
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Intensive silvopastoral system ISS
A system that can be directly grazed by livestock.
It combines: Murgueitio et al., 2011
Fodder shrubs planted
at high densities
(>10,000 plants ha-1),
intercropped with
Highly-productive
pastures
500 timber trees
planted in east-
west lines to
minimize shading.
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What is intensive about ISS?
Efficiency of biological processes:
Photosynthesis &
biomass production
Nitrogen fixation
Solubilization of soil
phosphorus and
other nutrients
Organic matter
and soil
biological
activity
The “inputs” of the
system are the
natural processes
themselves
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The key to successful ISS is the adequate
selection of the species, particularly the fodder
shrub that is the backbone of the system.
Two species have shown the best results:
• Mexican sunflower Tithonia diversifolia Helms
• and in particular leucaena Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
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• Efficient nitrogen fixer that
makes N readily available to
neighboring plants.
• Associates well with grasses.
• Avidly consumed by cattle but
elastic enough to withstand
repeated browsing
• Regrows rapidly and vigorously
• Conserves soil moisture and
extracts nutrients from deep
layers not available to other
legumes
• Litter decomposes rapidly.
• Provides much higher levels of
energy, protein and minerals
than do improved grasses.
Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Well adapted to periodic cattle browsing
Shelton & Brewbaker, 1994; Hughes, 1998;
Calle et al., 2011
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Lucerna Farm, Bugalagrande,
Valle del Cauca, Colombia
Lucerna Farm 1990
Star grass
monoculture
2011
Intensive SPS
(30.000
Leucaena ha-1)
Chemical fertilizer 450-500 kg urea
ha-1 yr-1
No fertilizer!
Animal load 3.5 cows ha-1 4.5 cows ha-1
Milk production 9000 L ha-1 yr-1 15.000 L ha-1 yr-1
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Maximum biomass production is not achieved in treeless grass monocultures but in agroforests combining pastures, trees and shrubs.
Shifting paradigm in tropical cattle ranching
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Alcala
Ulloa
La Tebaida
Circasia
Regional Integrated Silvopastoral Approaches to Ecosystem Management
(RISAEM) Project, 2002-2007
La Vieja river basin, Colombia
- 20-24°C
- 990 - 1800 m.a.s.l.
Calarcá
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68,860 individuals; 232 ant species
Fo
to: C
. G
alle
go
Ant species richness at La Vieja landscape
Ant species
Rivera, Armbrecht & Calle (submitted to Agr. Ecosys. & Env.)
110
113
105
109
85
82
53
17
10
9
6
11
7
2
0 50 100 150
Forest
SPS
Fruit trees
Living fence
Bamboo forest
ISPS
Treeless pastureNon exclusivespecies
Exclusive antspecies
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-4,02 18,91 41,84 64,76 87,69
Cobertura vegetal
52,45
71,98
91,50
111,03
130,55R
iqu
eza
SPS Forest
Intensive SPS
Treeless pasture
* Spearman ρ = 0.75, N=7, p<0.005
Tree cover vs. ant species richness
Tree cover (%)
An
t sp
ecie
s ri
chn
ess
Bamboo forest
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Bio
div
ers
ity
Veg
eta
tio
n
Calle A, Montagnini & Zuluaga, 2009
71%
54%
36%
32%
21%
11%
54%
50%
50%
25%
21%
14%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Dramatic increase in bird abundance
Increased plant and animal diversity
More sightings of small wild mammals inpastures
More sightings of animals in forests andriparian corridors
Enhanced pest control resulting from higherbiodiversity
Increased sightings of endangered or rarespecies
Higher tree diversity
Increased tree regeneration in pastures
Increased use of native species forreforestation
Increaed regeneration of rare species
More variety of plant species for animalnutrition
Reduced pressure on forestsRISAEM Project
Farmers’ perceptions on the
benefits of
the adopted silvopastoral
systems
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Silvopastoral systems as a landscape matrix at El Chaco Farm, Piedras, Tolima
Riparian buffer and
secondary forest
Silvopastoral matrix
Silvopastoral
matrix
Rice
monoculture
matrix
Rice monoculture matrix
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Silvopastures enhance landscape connectivity
2011
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Mainstreaming Biodiversity into Sustainable
Cattle Ranching Project
Ganadería Colombiana Sostenible
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Connectivity corridors –
MBSCR Project
Core strip (10 m wide)
Buffer strips (25 m wide)
- Natural ecosystem fragments - Forest restoration
Only farmers that commit to strict conservation receive payment
- Natural ecosystem fragments - Scattered trees - Intensive silvopastoral systems - Live fences - Wind breaks
Payment for land uses sufficiently compatible with conservation
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Reference agroecosystem: .
Silvopastoral systems at El Hatico reserve El Cerrito, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
Pioneered the use of silvopastoral systems in
Colombia in the 1970s.
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Transformation of a conventional farm
1970s:
• Low tree cover: < 10 trees ha-1
• Herbicides, irrigation and
chemical fertilizers
Currently:
• 70 tree species in
silvopastures
• Certified organic milk
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5 plant
strata
Creeping grass cover Cynodon
plestostachys, Panicum maximum,
Cynodon dactylon and Paspalum
notatum
Leucaena 10.000-15.000
shrubs ha-1
Medium sized trees Prosopis
juliflora, Senna spectabilis,
Guazuma ulmifolia, Guarea
guidonia, 30-50 ha-1
Large trees Ceiba pentandra,
Samanea saman, Enterolobium
cyclocarpum at low density
Palms Syagrus zancona, Attalea
butyracea, and Roystonea regia
and timber trees Swietenia
macrophylla, Cedrela odorata,
Zanthoxylum rhoifolium.
Silvopastoral systems:
a complex and wildlife-friendly matrix
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Change in milk production and its relation to the expansion of
intensive silvopastoral systems at El Hatico reserve
7436 8298
9770
11684
17026 16798
18290 18486
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
4000
8000
12000
16000
20000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Litros/Ha.
HectáreasConLeucaena
HectáreasSinLeucaena
Area Total
Milk p
rod
ucti
on
L
ha
-1 y
r-1
El Hatico, 2003
# Cows 299 286 259 266 230
Animal
load 3.35 3.21 2.91 3.74 4.50
304
4.82
259
5.22
244
5.04
Are
a (
Ha)
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7.436
18.486
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
1996 2003
Litr
os
ha
-1 a
ño
-1
Milk production
2,5
4,1
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
1996 2003
Ton
MS
ha-
1 a
ño
-1
Protein
56.876
70.222
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
1996 2003
Mca
l ha-
1 a
ño
-1
Metabolizable energy
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1996 2003
kg h
a-1
añ
o-1
Calcium
More milk, higher quality
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Rainfall (mm month-1) Average daily milk production
Mo
nth
ly r
ain
fall
(mm
)
Dai
ly m
ilk p
rod
uct
ion
co
w-1
2008 2009 2010
El Niño La Niña
2011 2012
El Niño
Milk production at El Hatico farm (2008-2012)
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4,9
4,6 4,4 4,3
3,7 3,4 3,6
2,9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
ISPS (< 5 yrs) ISPS (5-10yrs)
ISPS (>10yrs)
treelesspasture
forest
Org
anic
mat
ter
(%)
under tree crown pasture
Vallejo 2012, El Hatico
Soil organic matter (%) in ISPS, conventional
pasture and forest at El Hatico
Baseline
(1994)
2010-2012
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Caribbean region
Rainfall: 1000-1200 mm
Monomodal regime, few rain events
Lands degraded by cotton monoculture
Rehabilitation with silvopastoral systems
Cesar river valley, Colombia
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Biomass production
January, 2006 August, 2006
First grazing
April 2006 January 2007
Animal body condition
Carrying capacity and productivity
1.2 large
animals
1.7 L milk
cow-1
day-1
5.1 large
animals
4.1 L
milk
cow-1
day-1
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Land area required to produce 1 ton
of beef yr-1 in the dry Caribbean
region of Colombia (ha) 14.8
3
1.1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Conventionalpasture
ImprovedPasture
Intensive SPS
Lan
d a
rea (
he
cta
res)
“Improved pastures”
are conventionally
managed with
herbicides, irrigation
and chemical
fertilizers
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Temperature variation in treeless
pastures and intensive silvopastoral
systems ISPS during the driest
months of 2007 in the Colombian dry
Caribbean region
Lopera, Cuartas & Murgueitio, 2008
34
41
20,7
28,3
35,4
40,9
21
28,1
36,3
40,5
23,3
25,7
20
25
30
35
40
45
min max min max min max min max min max min max
Treeles pasture ISPS Treeles pasture ISPS Treeles pasture ISPS
January February March
Tem
pera
ture
(°C
) Climate change
adaptation:
Silvopastoral
systems are
12°C cooler!
US$2 billion: estimated
cost of the lack of shade
in US cattle production
(heat stress).
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A win-win situation The productive advantages that make SPS attractive for landowners ultimately originate from the environmental benefits they provide.
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Silvopastoral system with Cordia gerascasthus
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• Collected only 8 times since 1856
• Endemic and highly vulnerable
• Excellent performance in
silvopastoral systems
Outstanding native tree:
Mimosa trianae Benth
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Caryodendron orinocense H. Karst. Euphorbiaceae
The Colombian nut:
inchi or cacay
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Caesalpinia ebano FABACEAE
EN; Endemic from Colombian Caribbean region
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Mahogany Swietenia macrophylla King
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In summary, we propose that
• The mainstreaming of silvopastoral systems in degraded
tropical landscapes can simultaneously address
environmental and productive issues, making cattle
ranching part of the solution rather than the problem.
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Unasylva 239, vol 63, 2012
Journal of Sustainable Forestry (in press)
A Strategy for Scaling-up Intensive Silvopastoral Systems in Colombia
ZORAIDA CALLE1, ENRIQUE MURGUEITIO1, JULIÁN CHARÁ1, CARLOS HERNANDO MOLINA1,
4, ANDRÉS FELIPE ZULUAGA2, ALICIA CALLE3
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¡Gracias!
Colciencias, Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural
(Colombia), TWB, GEF, TNC, Fedegán
Researchers: Inge Armbrecht, Leonardo Rivera (Universidad del Valle); Carlos
Hernando Molina and Enrique José Molina (El Hatico and CIPAV); Victoria
Vallejo; John Jairo Lopera (CIPAV)
Cattle ranchers: Olimpo Montes, Molina Durán family, Roberto Mejía