integration within textiles
TRANSCRIPT
1 February, 2003March, 2003
INTEGRATION TECHNOLOGIESFOR AUTONOMOUS WIRELESS SENSORS
2 February, 2003March, 2003
Sommaire
Functional blocks
Applications
Enabling technologies Energy scavenging, storage and management Sensors & sensor interfaces Data transmissions (standards, RFID, RF, UWB)
System design and IC design issues
Conclusions
3 February, 2003March, 2003
Functional blocks of wireless sensors
Contactless generic core
Radio comEnergy
Management
Sensor/actuators
interface
ADC / DAC
DigitalProcessing
Non VolatileMemory
SecurityManagement
Antenna
Micro-sensors
Micro power sources
Micro-actuators
Contactless generic core
Radio comEnergy
Management
Sensor/actuators
interface
ADC / DAC
DigitalProcessing
Non VolatileMemory
SecurityManagement
Antenna
Micro-sensors
Micro power sources
Micro-actuators
actuation/sensing wireless connectivity embedded intelligence energy management
4 February, 2003March, 2003
0.35µ 0.25µ 0.18µ 0.13µ 90n 65n
3.5
0.5
2.5
Analog ICs Voltage
Vdd(v)
b
3.3
0.8
Silicon Technologies Trends
5 February, 2003March, 2003
Applications : mobile terminals
MIMOSA
Cellular networkCellular
network
Services(e.g,community,content)
IPnetworkIPnetwork
Battery-powered sensor (BPS) 2 m
Wireless remote-powered sensor (WRPS,selected)
Mobileterminal
Shortrange
radio
UserInterface
to AI
Applications
CellularEngine
Em
bedded sensors
10 m
Smart accessory(Processors )
Ultra
low pow
erlow
costSR
radio
Inputdevices(sensors)
Memory(Datalogger)
Smart accessory
(Processors)
Input devices(sensors)
Memory(Datalogger)
Ultralow
power
low costS
R radio
RFIDtag(selected)
selectedBPS
Optical PointMe selection of objects
WRPS
Cellular networkCellular
network
Services(e.g, community,content)
IPnetworkIP network
Battery-powered Sensor (BPS) 2 m
Wireless remote-powered sensor (WRPS, selected)
Mobileterminal
Short range
radio
UserInterface
to AmI
Applications
CellularEngine
Em
bedded sensors
10 m
Smart accessory(Processors )
Ultra
low pow
erlow
costSR
radio
Inputdevices(sensors)
Memory(Datalogger)
Smart accessory
(Processors)
Input devices(sensors)
Memory(Datalogger)
Ultralow
power
low costS
R radio
Smart accessory(Processors )
Ultra
low pow
erlow
costSR
radio
Inputdevices(sensors)
Memory(Datalogger)
Smart accessory
(Processors)
Inputdevices( sensors)
Memory(Datalogger)
Ultra
low pow
er low
cost SR
radio
RFID tag(selected)
selected BPS
Optical Point Me selection of objects
WRPS
MIMOSA vision: the mobile terminal serves as a user interface to ambient intelligence and as a gateway between local (sensor) information and global mobile services
The architecture is open for development of different vertical applications (well-being, health, home automation, etc.)
15 partners, 6 countries ST
Microelectronics Nokia Legrand Suunto Sonion …
6 February, 2003March, 2003
Context capturing
REAL PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
ELECTRONICALLY PERCEIVED ENVIROENMNT
e
S
E
N
S
ESituation Aware Wireless Communications
Situation Aware Mobile Applications
Leisure
Home
Vehicle
Leisure
Building
Travel
Body
WorkWork
Building
BodyTravel
Home
Off-lineContent
VehicleProfile
PAN PAN
Personal
Family
Community
Personal
Family
CommunityContext Capturing
Actuation
Context Sensing
Information Accessing the User
User Accessing Information
• Provide heterogeneous wireless sensor network solutions to enable Context Capturing to make Ambient networks Intelligent, in particular wireless and mobile systems beyond 3G; thus
• To enable truly Multi-
sensory and Personal mobile applications and services as well as assisting mobile communications through sensor information
25 partners: Philips, IBM, EADS, Thales, Telefonica, Fujitsu, Mitsubishi, …
Coordinator: LETI
FP6 Call 4: Mobile & systems beyond 3G
7 February, 2003March, 2003
Applications : health/fitness
SuuntoSensewear
CEA-LETI
Challenges and future needs: motion capture, speed, … integration within textiles, large area low cost electronics Physiological parameters monitoring (lactate, glucose,…)
8 February, 2003March, 2003
Applications : transports
Source : EADS
Accelerometers
tire pressure sensors
health monitoring (P,T, HUM, VIB)
9 February, 2003March, 2003
Applications : environment & security
structural health monitoring
Industrial plants
forest fire detection
Parasits in homes & forests
Homeland security
10 February, 2003March, 2003
Energy Scavenging & Energy Storage
Energy scavenging1,3 mV, 3V, 0,8 Hz
Source : MIT Medialab
Energy storage
Li Ion batteries
Thickness : 10 µm
Surfacic capacity : 100 µAh/cm²
Discharge peak current : 500 µA/cm² to 1 mA/cm2
Micro Fuel cells
Catalyst
electrolyte
Silicon
Current Collector
Insulator
Catalyst support
Catalyst
Current CollectorAir
Hydrogen
11 February, 2003March, 2003
Logic (HW/SW) Adaptation to available energy Dynamic power supply management Wake up and idle mode
Energy Management
Vdd1
Down Converter
Up Converter
Vdd2
Command
DC/DC
Load regulation
Monitoring
Adaptation
C
12 February, 2003March, 2003
Sensors
Humidity
Accelerometer
Magnetometer
Pressure sensor
Gyroscope
Temp Force Chemical Bio …
13 February, 2003March, 2003
Sensor Interfaces
Capteur
SignalConditionning
ADC
CorrectionsGain, Bias, T
TemperatureSensor
14 February, 2003March, 2003
802.15.3UWB
802.15.3UWB
Wireless communications standards
10 kbits/s 100 kbits/s 1Mbits/s 10 Mbits/s 100 Mbits/sDébit
Distance
TextGraphics
InternetHiFi Audio Video
streaming
DigitalVideo Multi-channel
Video
1 m
10 m
100 m
1 km
10 km
100 km
BAN
PAN
LAN
WAN
802.11.a/b/gWi-Fi/HL
802.11.a/b/gWi-Fi/HL
802.15.1Bluetooth
802.15.1Bluetooth
802.15.4Zigbee, UWB
802.15.4Zigbee, UWB
GSM/CDMAGSM/CDMA GPRS/3GGPRS/3G LMDSLMDS
802.16WI-Max
802.16WI-Max
15 February, 2003March, 2003
Contactless links (RFID)
2 fonctions élémentaires
1- Power Transfer 2- Bi-directional data transfer
2 fonctions élémentaires
1- Power Transfer 2- Bi-directional data transfer
POWER
DATA
POWER
DATA
Inductive coupling Magnetic field (Near field) at 13,56 MHz Antenna = Bobine
Electrical coupling Electric field (Far field) at 868 MHz, 2,45 GHz Antenna = planar or filaire ou planaire
Challenges: Performance : antenna, reading distance complex functions (sensing tags)
7 mm
Pressure Sensor
• Fe= 200Hz, 14 bits
• Capacitive Pressure Sensor from Tronic’s
• Miniaturized Antennae
16 February, 2003March, 2003
cFigure of merit :Figure of merit : sMbitsBitrate
mWDCpowerbitnJEb
/
)(/
Wireless link:
17 February, 2003March, 2003
Wireless link: narrow band zigbee like
• specifications 802.15.4 : Zigbee
• 250kbit/s, 10 m
• ISM band 16 channels in [2400-2480MHz]
• Various topologies, tens of nodes
Low-noiseLNA/Mixer
T/Rswitch
0.5-1dB
2-3dBBAW
Balun 1:2 or 1:4
100 200 or 400 1k-2k
100 Antenna
100 BAW Filter
LC matching impedance
Challenges:
Power reduction• RF Mems integration (BAW filters)• RF functions integration
Routing protocols
0
1
2
3
4
5
Data ratet
range
power
location
manufacturingcost
node-density
ZIGBEE
18 February, 2003March, 2003
Wireless link : UWB
Principle : very short pulses (< 1ns)
pFCC=-41.3 dbm/MHz802.11a
PTX=-7.9 dBmPTX=-11.8 dBm
Low data rate + location
challenges : New architectures
• direct sampling• pulse genrators
Synchronisation Energy detetction antenna
• Objectifs :
0
1
2
3
4
5
Data rate
range
power
location
manufacturingcost
Nodedensity
UWBobjecif
19 February, 2003March, 2003
Integrating system level design & IC design
20 February, 2003March, 2003
Design tuning at system level (v.1)
• Breakthroughs in ULP radios complete system modeling
IC design
System design
fine-tuning of specifications through system modeling
Intensive use of high-level languages (Matlab, System C)
1.E-06
1.E-05
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02
1.E-01
1.E+00
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
CNR (dB)
BE
R
Theory
Ref float
Ref 3 bits
Bits=3 - Gain=97 - OffDC=0.1 - Ftol=2 -FStol=0 - ImbA=0 - ImbP=0 - Dcps=2 - Filter=0
Bits=3 - Gain=97 - OffDC=0.3 - Ftol=2 -FStol=0 - ImbA=0 - ImbP=0 - Dcps=2 - Filter=0
Bits=3 - Gain=97 - OffDC=0.1 - Ftol=2 -FStol=1 - ImbA=0 - ImbP=0 - Dcps=2 - Filter=1
Bits=3 - Gain=97 - OffDC=0.3 - Ftol=2 -FStol=1 - ImbA=0 - ImbP=0 - Dcps=2 - Filter=1
Bits=3 - Gain=97 - OffDC=0.5 - Ftol=2 -FStol=1 - ImbA=0 - ImbP=0 - Dcps=2 - Filter=1
Bits=3 - Gain=97 - OffDC=0.7 - Ftol=2 -FStol=1 - ImbA=0 - ImbP=0 - Dcps=2 - Filter=1
Bits=3 - Gain=97 - OffDC=0.9 - Ftol=2 -FStol=1 - ImbA=0 - ImbP=0 - Dcps=2 - Filter=1
Bits=3 - Gain=97 - OffDC=0.1 - Ftol=2 -FStol=2 - ImbA=0 - ImbP=0 - Dcps=2 - Filter=2
Bits=3 - Gain=97 - OffDC=0.3 - Ftol=2 -FStol=2 - ImbA=0 - ImbP=0 - Dcps=2 - Filter=2
Bits=3 - Gain=97 - OffDC=0.5 - Ftol=2 -FStol=2 - ImbA=0 - ImbP=0 - Dcps=2 - Filter=2
Bits=3 - Gain=97 - OffDC=0.7 - Ftol=2 -FStol=2 - ImbA=0 - ImbP=0 - Dcps=2 - Filter=2
Bits=3 - Gain=97 - OffDC=0.9 - Ftol=2 -FStol=2 - ImbA=0 - ImbP=0 - Dcps=2 - Filter=2
Bits=3 - Gain=97 - OffDC=0.1 - Ftol=2 -FStol=3 - ImbA=0 - ImbP=0 - Dcps=2 - Filter=3
Bits=3 - Gain=97 - OffDC=0.3 - Ftol=2 -FStol=3 - ImbA=0 - ImbP=0 - Dcps=2 - Filter=3
Bits=3 - Gain=97 - OffDC=0.5 - Ftol=2 -FStol=3 - ImbA=0 - ImbP=0 - Dcps=2 - Filter=3
Bits=3 - Gain=97 - OffDC=0.7 - Ftol=2 -FStol=3 - ImbA=0 - ImbP=0 - Dcps=2 - Filter=3
Bits=3 - Gain=97 - OffDC=0.9 - Ftol=2 -FStol=3 - ImbA=0 - ImbP=0 - Dcps=2 - Filter=3
1.E-06
1.E-05
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02
1.E-01
1.E+00
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
CNR (dB)
BE
R
Theory
Ref float
Ref 3 bits
Gain=97 - 3 bits -OffDC=0 - Ftol=0Gain=97 - 3 bits -OffDC=0 - Ftol=5Gain=97 - 3 bits -OffDC=0 - Ftol=10Gain=97 - 3 bits -OffDC=0 - Ftol=15Gain=97 - 3 bits -OffDC=0 - Ftol=20Gain=97 - 3 bits -OffDC=0 - Ftol=25Gain=97 - 3 bits -OffDC=0 - Ftol=30Gain=97 - 3 bits -OffDC=0 - Ftol=35Gain=97 - 3 bits -OffDC=0 - Ftol=40Gain=97 - 3 bits -OffDC=0 - Ftol=45Gain=97 - 3 bits -OffDC=0 - Ftol=50Gain=97 - 3 bits -OffDC=0 - Ftol=55Gain=97 - 3 bits -OffDC=0 - Ftol=60Gain=97 - 3 bits -OffDC=0 - Ftol=65Gain=97 - 3 bits -OffDC=0 - Ftol=70Gain=97 - 3 bits -OffDC=0 - Ftol=75Gain=97 - 3 bits -OffDC=0 - Ftol=80
Impact of receiver imperfections on BER :
21 February, 2003March, 2003
Design tuning at system level (v.2)
• Breakthroughs in ULP radios complete system modeling
IC design
System design
RF MEMSdesign
electrical models ofRF MEMS &CAD tools
system models of RF MEMS
demand new devices or specifications
(from the IC point of view, eg. load impedance)
demand new devices or specifications
(from the system point of view, eg. filter performance)
• exploit new opportunities offered by RF MEMS• define complete system simulation tools at a very early stage.• reinforce collaboration between all actors : system, IC, and
MEMS designers.
fine-tuning of specifications through system modeling
Intensive use of high-level languages (Matlab, System C)
22 February, 2003March, 2003
Matlab simulation chain
Choix d’un typede trame
Intialisations deschamps de la
trame
Initialisation duTx et du Rx
Initialisation desparamètres de
simulation
Boucle surparamètres
Tirage MHR+MSDU
Calcul CRC =>FCS => MFR
ConcaténationPPDU
Bit to Symbolmapping (6.5.2.2)
Symbol to chipmapping (6.5.2.3)
O-QPSKmodulation
(6.5.2.4)
Pulse shape(sinus) (6.5.2.5)
Calcul niveau debruit AWGN (fixe)
Calcul niveau designal reçu
(dépend du CNR)
Modèle de canal(attenuation +
déphasagelinéaire)
Sommation bruit+ signal reçu
Gain G
Offset DC
Quantification surB bits
Filtrage adapté àl’impulsion
Downsampling(2 epc)
Récupérationrythme (CP)
Banque decorrélateurs (CP)
Détection noncohérente
Mesure LQI
Mesure de BER
Calcul de CRC
Mesure de PER
Courbesthéoriques
Sortie Fichier
Sortie Ecran
Offset defréquence
d’échantillonnage
Ajout du bruit dephase
Filtre passe haut
Limiteur
IQ Mismatch
Troncature dedynamique
Demappingsymbole
Détection SFD
Extraction PHR
Extraction PSDU
Version 6.6Mars 2004transmitter
receiver
channel and some impairments
23 February, 2003March, 2003
Matlab simulation chain•Models for
– Receiver A/D bits– « bit true » digital model– Carrier frequency offsets– Symbol clock frequency
offset– RF oscillator phase noise
(1/f² and white– Limiter amplifier
1.E-06
1.E-05
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02
1.E-01
1.E+00
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
CNR (dB)
BE
R
Theory
Ref float
Ref 3 bits
Bits=3 - Gain=97 - OffDC=0 - Ftol=0 - FStol=0 -ImbA=0 - ImbP=0 - Dcps=0 - Filter=0 - Dpn=0
Bits=3 - Gain=97 - OffDC=0 - Ftol=0 - FStol=0 -ImbA=0 - ImbP=0 - Dcps=0 - Filter=0 - Dpn=0
Bits=3 - Gain=97 - OffDC=0 - Ftol=0 - FStol=0 -ImbA=0 - ImbP=0 - Dcps=0 - Filter=0 - Dpn=0
Bits=3 - Gain=97 - OffDC=0 - Ftol=0 - FStol=0 -ImbA=0 - ImbP=0 - Dcps=0 - Filter=0 - Dpn=0
Bits=3 - Gain=97 - OffDC=0 - Ftol=0 - FStol=0 -ImbA=0 - ImbP=0 - Dcps=0 - Filter=0 - Dpn=0
15 dB relative
20 dB relative
0 to 10 dB relative
with channel filter : 2nd order Butterworth @ 1.25 MHz
example : adjacent channel rejection
•Models for– Receiver NF– Receiver gain– DC offset– DC offset rejection filter– IQ imbalance– Adjacent and alternate
channel– Channel filter
•Reference BER formula (non coherent)
•Reference simulation chain
– PER target = 1e-2
– PSDU = 22 bytes
– BER = 5.7e-5
16
2
1 1**20exp16
1*16
1*
15
8
kk
k SNIRk
BER
24 February, 2003March, 2003
Conclusions
Microtechnologies/Mems may lead to breakthrough in wireless sensors
Radio architectures
Sensor interfaces
Energy scavenging and management
The convergence of mechanical/thermal/chemical functions and electrical world of ICs
new design methodologies
new design tools