inteligenta artificiala: introducere

8/8/2019 Inteligenta artificiala: Introducere

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Mftkimgkf drtmamemdi

4. Mftrbjuekrk f mftkimgkfd drtmamemdi

Aibrmf Ikbf

[fmvkrsmtdtkd Zk`fmeG`kbrg`k Dsde`m jmf MdmAdeuitdtkd jk Dutbcdtmem Edieuidtbdrk

`ttp>//aibrmfikbf.oykt`bst?:.ebc/eursRmd.`tc

Aibrmf Ikbf, Mftkimgkftd drtmamemdid, `ttp>//aibrmfikbf.oykt`bst?:.ebc/eursRmd.`tc


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?

Mftrbjuekrk f mftkimgkfd drtmamemdi4. Mftrbjuekrk?. Mftkimgkfd m mftkimgkfd drtmamemdi

5. Jkamfmmm dik mftkimgkfkm drtmamemdik:. Mstbrmeui mftkimgkfkm drtmamemdik;. \rmfempmmik mftkimgkfkm drtmamemdik1. Ebfeiuzmm



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5





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:

Mftrbjuekrk Mftkimgkfd drtmamemdi fekdre s ebfstrumdse

kftmtm mftkimgkftk

Kstk pbsmomi, trkoumk jbdr s fk fkikgkc pk fbmfmfk

Zrkoumk s gsmc bomketmvkik pbtrmvmtk

Edieuidtbdrkik pkrcmt pufkrkd f prdetme d mjkmibr

Mftkimgkfd drtmamemdi d eufbseut prbgrkskskcfmamedtmvk f uitmcmm dfm



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;





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1

Mftkimgkfd drtmamemdi Drtmamemdi (ubr jk jkamfmt)

Aeut jk bc, fk-fdturdi, ebfstrumt

Mftkimgkfd drtmamemdi kstk tmmfd jk d ebfstrumcdmfm edrk s ade iuerurm ek dr fkeksmtdmftkimgkf jde dr am aeutk jk bdckfm



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7

Mftkimgkfd> ek kstk Mftkimgkfd kstk cuit cdm grku jk jkamfmt

Kstk jk adpt uf tkrckf gkfkrme pkftru cuitk edpdemtmfrujmtk

Edpdemtdtkd jk d rdmbfd, d pidfmamed, d rkzbivdprboikck, d gfjm dostrdet, d fkikgk mjkm ebcpikxk,d fvd rkpkjk m d fvd jmf kxpkrmkf(Cdmfstrkdc Uemkfek ba Mftkiimgkfek, 4==:) fkikgkrk (idt. mftkiimgkrk, mftkr-ikgkrk mftkiimgkftmd)

fvdrk, pkrekpkrkd rkidmmibr

_dmbfdckft



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0

Mftkimgkfk cuitmpik \sm`bibgui @bwdrj Gdrjfkr d mjkftmamedt 7 tmpurm

jmstmfetk jk mftkimgkf (Ardcks ba Cmfj, 4=05) m cdmrkekft fe ?(4==;)

Imfgvmstme Uk rkakr id edpdemtdtkd m piekrkd jk d emtm, sermk, pbvkstm

sdu rkzbivd euvmftk feruemdtk

Edrk jmftrk euvmftkik urctbdrk fu sk pbtrmvktk euekikiditk2 Ebimo, Omrbu, Eds, Qmi



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=

Mftkimgkfk cuitmpik Ibgmeb-cdtkcdtme

\rksupufk jksebpkrmrkd cbjkikibr, edtkgbrmmibr m rkidmmibr Uk cdfmakst, jk kxkcpiu, f rkzbivdrkd prboikckibr

drmtcktmek sdu f nbeurmik jk strdtkgmk

Ek fucr urckdz f skrmk2 5, :, 1, 0, 4?, 4:, 40, ?


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4//aibrmfikbf.oykt`bst?:.ebc/eursRmd.`tc


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44

Mftkimgkfk cuitmpik Ebrpbrdi-e`mfkstkzme

Mcpime b cdrk skfsmomimtdtk f mjkftmamedrkd m prkiuerdrkd skfzdmmibramzmek, jk kxkcpiu d smcm rmtcui ufum jdfs

Cuzmedi \rksupufk kxmstkfd urke`mm cuzmedik, d pbsmomimtmm jk d pkrekpk m

jmstmfgk sufktk edrk pdr id aki ditbr pkrsbdfk

Mftkrpkrsbfdi Kstk jbvkjmt jk spmrmtui jk ebfjuetbr, jk uurmfd ebcufmermm m

jk kxmstkfd kcpdtmkm, djme d edpdemtmm jk d fkikgk skftmckftkikditbrd

Mftrdpkrsbfdi _kaiket b ouf eufbdtkrk d prbprmmibr skftmckftk m pbsmomimtm



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4?

Mftkimgkfk cuitmpik Fdturdi

Edpdemtdtkd jk d rkeufbdtk cbjkik f fdtur, jk d fkikgkjmakrmtk spkemm m jk d eidsmamed bomketk fdturdik> ombibgm kte.

Kxmstkfmdi Edpdemtdtkd jk d trdtd prboikckik amibsbamek dik vmkmm> sermmtbrm,

amibsbam, bdckfm erbrd ik pidek s emtkdse m s-m puf ftrkorm,prkjmedtbrm kte.

? ftr-uf mftkrvmu, Gdrjfkr d ckfmbfdt e md f edieui

djugdrkd mftkimgkfkm pkjdgbgmek

Amkedrk edpdemtdtk ebgfmtmv dr putkd dvkd uf tmp prbprmu jkmftkimgkf2...



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45

Zmpurm jk mftkimgkf4. Imfgvmstme?. Ibgmeb-cdtkcdtme

5. Updmdi:. Ebrpbrdi-e`mfkstkzme;. Cuzmedi

1. Mftkrpkrsbfdi7. Mftrdpkrsbfdi

0. Fdturdi=. Kxmstkfmdi4//aibrmfikbf.oykt`bst?:.ebc/eursRmd.`tc


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4:

Mftkimgkfd> jk ek drk fkvbmk \krekpmd

Edpdemtdtkd jk d adek boskrvdmm ebcpikxk dsuprd ckjmuium

\rkiuerdrkd mfabrcdmmibr

Edpdemtdtkd jk d gkstmbfd m trdfsabrcd mfabrcdmm, tbdtk abrckik jkrdmbfdckft

Ckcbrmd Edpdemtdtkd jk d stbed m rkabibsm mfabrcdmm

fvdrkd Edpdemtdtkd jk d jkzvbitd fbm eufbtmfk m domimtm m jk d abibsm kxpkrmkfd

deucuidt Djdptdomimtdtkd

Edpdemtdtkd jk d djdptd f cbj aikxmomi ebcpbrtdckftui id smtudmmik eurkftk

\rbeks mftrdrk-mkmrk> prkmdamitrkdz stbe`kdz gkfkrdimzkdz dembfkdz



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4;

Mftkimgkfd> ek adek Edpdemtdtkd jk d abibsm f cbj bptmc rksursk imcmtdtk,

mfeiusmv tmcpui, pkftru d dtmfgk sebpurm

Mftkimgkf cdm cdrk fskdcf dtmfgkrkd bomketmvkibrcdm jks sdu cdm rkpkjk

Edpdemtdtkd jk d rkzbivd prboikck fbm sdu jk drkzbivd prboikck kxmstkftk f cbjurm fbm, cdm

kamemkftk Edpdemtdtkd jk d sk djdptd id ckjmu prmf se`mcorm

djusk prbprmkm pkrsbdfk sdu ckjmuium



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Jmseumk

Bdckfmm suft cdm pumf djdptdm amzme, du trkoumt sebcpkfskzk

Mftkimgkfd kstk uf pbtkfmdi

Zmpurm jmakrmtk jk mftkimgkf> edrdedtmkik

Djdptdrk id fmvki jk spkemk> gfjdemm jk ouetrmk,

tdrjmgrdjkik

41Aibrmf Ikbf, Mftkimgkftd drtmamemdid, `ttp>//aibrmfikbf.oykt`bst?:.ebc/eursRmd.`tc


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Mftkimgkfd

Mftkimgkfd kstk b csur d edpdemtmm jk ddtmfgk sebpurm ftr-uf ckjmu ebcpikx m

jmfdcme

47Aibrmf Ikbf, Mftkimgkftd drtmamemdid, `ttp>//aibrmfikbf.oykt`bst?:.ebc/eursRmd.`tc


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40

Mftrbjuekrk f mftkimgkfd drtmamemdi

4. Mftrbjuekrk?. Mftkimgkfd m mftkimgkfd drtmamemdi




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4=

Dobrjdrkd 4D dembfd bckfktk MD-ui kstkdrtd jk d erkd cdmfm edrk s

fjkpimfkdse aufemm edrk dr fkeksmtd

mftkimgkf jde dr am fjkpimfmtk jk bdckfm(Hurzwkmi)

\bdtk am tkstdt eu dnutbrui tkstuium Zurmfg(4=;//aibrmfikbf.oykt`bst?:.ebc/eursRmd.`tc


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?//aibrmfikbf.oykt`bst?:.ebc/eursRmd.`tc


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f prdetme

Drk fkvbmk jk> \rkiuerdrkd imcodnuium fdturdi

_kprkzkftdrkd eufbdtkrmm _dmbfdckft dutbcdt

fvdrk dutbcdt

?4Aibrmf Ikbf, Mftkimgkftd drtmamemdid, `ttp>//aibrmfikbf.oykt`bst?:.ebc/eursRmd.`tc


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Edckrd e`mfkzkdse Ukdrik (4=0//aibrmfikbf.oykt`bst?:.ebc/eursRmd.`tc


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?5

Dobrjdrkd ?D gfjm bckfktk

MD-ui kstkXdutbcdtmzdrkdS detmvmtmibr pkedrk ik dsbemkc eu gfjmrkd ucdf, detmvmtm

prkeuc iudrkd jkemzmmibr, rkzbivdrkdprboikckibr, fvdrkd (Okiicdf)

Uebpui kstk jk d ebfstrum smstkck edrkaufembfkdz mftkrff cbj smcmidr eu cmftkd

bckfkdse



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?:

Cbjkidrkd ebgfmtmv tmmfkik ebgfmtmvkfekdre cbjkidrkd cmfmm ucdfk pk odzd

kxpkrmckftkibr Dobrjdrkd ebgfmtmv d MD-uium prksupufk demufkd mftkimgkft edrk

f dekidm tmcp mcmt cmftkd ucdf Zrkoumk s tmc euc aufembfkdz cmftkd

Mftrbspkemk

Kxpkrmckftk psm`bibgmek

\rbgrdckik fu trkoumk jbdr s rkzbivk prboikck, em s ik rkzbivk

f dekidm cbj ed bdckfmm Cdrvmf Cmfshy, Ubemktdtkd cmfmm(4=00)

Cmftkd kstk b ebikemk jk dgkfm edrk rkprkzmft prbeksk jmakrmtk,pbsmomi ebfeurkftk



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?;

Dobrjdrkd 5D gfjm rdmbfdi MD-ui kstkstujmui edieuikibr edrk ade pbsmomik pkrekpmd,

rdmbfdckftui m demufkd (Wmfstbf)

Abibsmrkd ibgmemm pkftru d iud jkemzmm ebcpikxk Drmstbtki> smibgmsckik (ske. MQ .@r.)

Abrcdimzdrk rmgurbds, putkrk jk rkprkzkftdrk mrdmbfdckft

\utkc gsm djkvrui prmf cdfmpuidrkd jk smcobiurm

Euc pbdtk am rkprkzkftdt ibgme eufbdtkrkd m euc pbdtkadek jkjuemm uf smstkc2 Jmameuitm> eufbtmfk fksmgurk, eufbtmfk mfabrcdik(jk kxkcpiu,

erkj e tk muokse)



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?1

Dobrjdrkd :D dembfd rdmbfdi

MD-ui kstkprkbeupdt jk dutbcdtmzdrkdebcpbrtdckftuium mftkimgkft (Iugkr, Utuooikamkij)

D dembfd rdmbfdi fskdcf d jksebpkrm demufkdbptmc, edrk djuek etmgui cdxmc Deekftui edjk pk ebcpbrtdckft

Mfakrkfkik suft utmik, jdr fu ftbtjkdufd fkeksdrk

Demufmik rkaikxk pbt am rdmbfdik



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?7

D dembfd rdmbfdi

Demufmik rdmbfdik suft stujmdtk jk cdnbrmtdtkdekrektrmibr detudik jk MD

Dgkfm rdmbfdim Id rkzbivdrkd prboikckibr rkdik, ebftkdz jk adpt

rkzuitdtui

Jket s mcmtc bdckfmm edrk fekdre s rkzbivkprboikck jmamemik, cdm omfk s fekrec srkzbivc pur m smcpiu dekstk prboikck



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?0

Jmakrkfkik jk dobrjdrk

Gfjmrk vs. ebcpbrtdckft

[cdf vs. rdmbfdi

Ebcpbrtdckftui kstk boskrvdomi m cdm ubr jk tkstdttmmfmame jket gfjmrkd

_dmbfdimtdtkd kstk eidr jkamfmt> demufm bptmck

f ckjmmik ebcpikxk, fu sk pbt gsm ftbtjkdufddemufmik bptmck



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?=

Mftkimgkfd fdturdi mmftkimgkfd drtmamemdi

Edieuidtbdrkik kiketrbfmek eidsmek du b dr`mtketurjmakrmt jk smstkckik ombibgmek Du tmpurm jmakrmtk jk pkrabrcdfk

_keufbdtkrkd imcodnuium vs. edieuik ebcpikxk

Ebccbf skfsk( oufui smc) kstk b edftmtdtkmckfs jk eufbtmfk mcpimemtk, jbofjmtk jmfkxpkrmkf Kstk prbvbedrkd amfdi pkftru ebfstrumrkd ufbr cdmfm

dskcftbdrk eu bdckfmm



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54

fekputurmik

4=:5> prmcui cbjki jk fkurbf drtmamemdi(CeEuiibe` & \mtts)

4=:=> fvdrkd fkurbfdi (@koo) 4=; stujmm dsuprd nbeuium jk d`

(U`dffbf, Zurmfg)

4=;4> UFD_E, prmcui edieuidtbr fkurbfdi

(Cmfshy & Kjcbfjs)



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5?

Fdtkrkd MD-uium 4=;1> Zkrckfui mftkimgkf drtmamemdi> CeEdrt`y, wbrhs`bp-ui jk

id Jdrtcbut` Ebiikgk Ibgmedi Z`kbrmst (Fkwkii & Umcbf)

Kftuzmdscui tmcpurmu 4=;7> Gkfkrdi \rboikc Ubivkr

4=;0> CeEdrt`y> imcodnui Imsp, tmck s`drmfg, Djvmek Zdhkr (tkbrktme)

4=;=> Gkbcktry Z`kbrkc \rbvkr

4=1;> Cktbjd rkzbiumkm(_bomfsbf)

\rbgrdc jk jdck edrk fvd jmf nbeurm

\rbgrdc pkftru dfdimz cdtkcdtme

Cmerbwbrijs

\rkjmemm e MD-ui vd putkd adek brmek id uf cbckft jdt



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55

\krekptrbfui

_bskfoidtt (4=;7) Eidsmamedtbr imfmdr Zkbrkcd jk ebfvkrgkf d pkrekptrbfuium(4=1?) Digbrmtc jk dftrkfdrk

Jbdr prboikck skpdrdomik imfmdrAibrmf Ikbf, Mftkimgkftd drtmamemdid, `ttp>//aibrmfikbf.oykt`bst?:.ebc/eursRmd.`tc


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B jbz jk rkdimtdtk \rbgrdckik edrk aufembfdu omfk pkftru cmerbwbrijs du kudt

id dpimedrkd pk prboikck rkdik _kzbivdrkd f prmfempmu fu kstk id aki eu rkzbivdrkd f prdetme

Kxpibzmd ebcomfdtbrmdi Zrdjuekrkd dutbcdt jmf rus f kfgikz

Z`k spmrmt ms wmiimfg out t`k aiks` ms wkdh

Z`k vbjhd ms gbbj out t`k ckdt ms rbttkf

Cmfshy & \dpkrt, \krekptrbfs(4=1=) \rboikckik fkskpdrdomik imfmdr, jk kxkcpiu PB_, fu pbt am cbjkidtk

jk pkrekptrbfm

_dpbrtui Img`t`mii (4=75)> bprmrkd amfdfrmm ekrektrmibr jk MD fCdrkd Ormtdfmk, eu kxekpmd d trkm ufmvkrsmtm

5:Aibrmf Ikbf, Mftkimgkftd drtmamemdid, `ttp>//aibrmfikbf.oykt`bst?:.ebc/eursRmd.`tc


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5;

Umstkckik odzdtk pk eufbtmfk

Jkfjrdi, prmcui smstkc kxpkrt (4=1;) [tmimzdt f spketrbcktrmk

Qkrsmufmik uitkrmbdrk du mfeius mjkkd jmf DjvmekZdhkr> skpdrdrkd eufbtmfkibr (rkguimibr) jkprbgrdcui edrk rkdimzkdz rdmbfdckftui



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51

Kimzd

\sm`mdtrui ebcputkrmzdt (Wkmzkfoduc & Ebioy, 4=11)



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57

Ditk rkdimzrm 4=1;> Ibgmed vdg / auzzy(^djk`) 4=10> _kprkzkftdrkd eufbdtkrmm prmf rkkik skcdftmek

(Tumiimdf) 4=7 Imcodnui \rbibg (Ebickrdukr) 4=7 Umstkcui kxpkrt C]EMF (U`brtimaak kt di.)

Uerms f Imsp, :;< rkguim

Mfakemm sdfgvmfk, kxpimedmm(w`y2), adetbrm jk ferkjkrk

KC]EMF (4=7=),s`kii jk smstkck kxpkrt 4=75> Digbrmtcmm gkfktmem (@biidfj) 4=7;> _kprkzkftdrkd eufbdtkrmm prmf edjrk (Cmfshy) 4=0 \rbspketbr, jktketdrkd jkpbzmtkibr cmfkrdik



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50

MD-ui jkvmfk b mfjustrmk 4=70> PEBF, smstkc kxpkrt ebckremdi pkftru ebfamgurdrkd

edieuidtbdrkibr QDP (CeJkrcbtt) Kebfbcmm jk :


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\rbmketk jk sueeksdfmm 0< 4=0:> \rbmketui Eye (Ikfdt), ebikemk jk eufbtmfk jk

ouf smc. f ?//aibrmfikbf.oykt`bst?:.ebc/eursRmd.`tc


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: f tmcpui rzobmuium jmf Gbia, pidfmamedrkd trupkibr ek

mcpimedu ; D.I.M.E.K. e`dttkrobt

4==1> Ebfnketurd ium _boomfs jmf ibgmed obbikdf,fkrkzbivdt tmcp jk zkem jk dfm, d abst jkcbfstrdt eudnutbrui ufum jkcbfstrdtbr dutbcdt jk tkbrkck



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:?

Abtodi eu rbobm



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:5

Nuetbrm jk d` 4==7> Jkkp Oiuk, jkzvbitdt jk MOC, i-d fvmfs pk

edcpmbfui cbfjmdi Gdrm Hdspdrbv



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::

_bobm kxprksmvm

Ebg \rbnket(Orbbhs, CMZ)

Hmsckt(Orkdzkdi, CMZ)



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:;

Kxpibrdtbrm ?


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:1

Digbrmtcui Cdssmvk (?


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:7

Drt ebcputkrmzdt

Ddrbf (Hurzwkmi)



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:0

Ditk rkdimzrm 4===> Umstkc kxpkrt f tmcp rkdi pkftru gkstmbfdrkd sdremfmibr jk

rutmf jk rkpdrdrk dik ufkm sbfjk spdmdik (_kcbtk Dgkftpkftru Jkkp Updek 4)

?


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_spufsurm f imcodn fdturdi

MOC Wdtsbf Nkbpdrjy! (?//aibrmfikbf.oykt`bst?:.ebc/eursRmd.`tc


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Dpimedmm cmimtdrk Jrbfd P-:7O, U[D (?


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Cdmfd Gbbgik

Dutbcbomi dutbfbc f ckjmu urodf (?//aibrmfikbf.oykt`bst?:.ebc/eursRmd.`tc


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fvdrk eu ftrmrk prbaufj

kfgi. Jkkp _kmfabrekckft Ikdrfmfg Gbbgik JkkpCmfj (?


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Qmskik ufkm mftkimgkfk drtmamemdik

;5

Gbbgik, fvdrk prbaufj (jkkp ikdrfmfg, ?//aibrmfikbf.oykt`bst?:.ebc/eursRmd.`tc


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Mjkftmamedrkd mcdgmfmibr

Wbiardc (?//aibrmfikbf.oykt`bst?:.ebc/eursRmd.`tc


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_bobtui Dtids

Gbbgik, ?//aibrmfikbf.oykt`bst?:.ebc/eursRmd.`tc


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Dip`dGb Gbbgik JkkpCmfj Cdrtmk ? d etmgdt eu :-4 cpbtrmvd ium Ikk Ukjbi,nuetbr

jk gb prbaksmbfmst eu = jdf, prkcmu> 4.


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Jkskfk drtmamemdik

Utmi drtmstme fkurbfdi (?//aibrmfikbf.oykt`bst?:.ebc/eursRmd.`tc


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Fbui tdoibu _kcordfjt

\rbmketui Z`k Fkxt_kcordfjt

Dfdimz ebcputkrmzdt d410.?15 ardgckftk jktdoibu jmf 5:1 tdoiburmbrmgmfdik

Dprmimk ? d abst

jkzviumt tdoibui fbuerkdt, mcprmcdt 5J

;0Aibrmf Ikbf, Mftkimgkftd drtmamemdid, `ttp>//aibrmfikbf.oykt`bst?:.ebc/eursRmd.`tc


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\bhkr

Imokrdtus, jkzvbitdt id ufmvkrsmtdtkd EdrfkgmkCkiibf

Mdfudrmk ? d fvmfs pdtru jmftrk ekm cdmoufm nuetbrm jmf iuck 4?


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1?

Mftrbjuekrk f mftkimgkfd drtmamemdi

4. Mftrbjuekrk?. Mftkimgkfd m mftkimgkfd drtmamemdi




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15

\rmfempmmik MD

_dmbfdimtdtkd imcmtdt mcpime b eutdrkbpbrtufmst

[f smstkc jk smcobiurm amzmek kstk fkeksdr msuamemkft pkftru demufm mftkimgkftk

Fucrui cdgme 7


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1:

Uuojbckfmmik MD

_keufbdtkrkdvbromrmm

\rkiuerdrkdimcodnuiumfdturdi

Qmzmufk

ebcputkrmzdt

_bobtme



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1;

Uuojbckfmmik MD _kkikfkurbfdik

Nbeurm

Ibgme auzzy

Digbrmtcmkvbiutmvm Kurmstmem jkeutdrk

_dmbfdckft

Umstkckkxpkrt

Qmdddrtmamemdi (2) fvdrkddutbcdt Dgkfm

mftkimgkfm



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Ebfeiuzmm Mftkimgkfd kstk b csur d edpdemtmm jk d dtmfgk sebpurm

ftr-uf ckjmu ebcpikx m jmfdcme _kprkzmft b cuimck jk strdtkgmm abibsmtk pkftru d bptmcmzd

mftkrdemufkd eu ckjmui f MD kxmst dobrjrm odzdtk pk gfjmrk sdu ebcpbrtdckft,

rkspketmv cbjkidrkd cmfmm ucdfk sdu rdmbfdimtdtk U-du aeut prbgrksk suostdfmdik f>

_keufbdtkrkd cbjkikibr m fvdrk

\rboikckik jk pidfmamedrk m rdmbfdckft Cdm rkekft, rkeufbdtkrkd mcdgmfmibr m imcodnuium

Cuitk prboikck suft fe fkrkzbivdtk MD-ui kstk uf jbckfmu jk ekrektdrk mftkrksdft!

inteligenta artificiala: introducere

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