inter-american water day iawd - 2005
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INTER-AMERICAN WATER DAY IAWD - 2005. INTRODUCTION. International Decade for Action: “Water for Life, 2005-2015” 1 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
2005
OrganizaciónPanamericanade la Salud
INTER-AMERICAN WATER DAY IAWD - 2005
INTER-AMERICAN WATER DAY IAWD - 2005
2005
OrganizaciónPanamericanade la Salud
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
1 http://www.un.org/spanish/events/waterday/2005
• International Decade for Action: “Water for Life, 2005-2015”1
• In September 2000, “Millennium Summit” → 189 Member States, including 147 Heads of State, adopted the Millennium Declaration giving rise to the Millennium Development Goals - MDG2
• In November 2003, in Brasilia, “High-level conference” → “Brasilia Declaration”, is a call for action and implementation that reinforces the principle of association inherent in the Millennium Declaration and in the agreements reached at former Summit Meeting of the Americas.2 http://www.unmillenniumproject.org
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
• In Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) one in four people does not have access to water and sanitation
• In the areas and communities of the Region most affected by inequities, -where the average is one in two people does not have access to water and sanitation
• In Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) one in four people does not have access to water and sanitation
• In the areas and communities of the Region most affected by inequities, -where the average is one in two people does not have access to water and sanitation
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1. Erradicate extreme poverty and hunger.2. Achieve universal primary education.3. Promote gender equity and empower women.4. Reduce child mortality.5. Improve maternal health.6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases.7. Ensure environmental sustainability.
– Target 10. Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. (Indicator defined by JMP)
– Target 11. By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum-dwellers (Indicators defined by UN-HABITAT. Se prevé joint report with JMP)
8. Develop a global alliance for development.
1. Erradicate extreme poverty and hunger.2. Achieve universal primary education.3. Promote gender equity and empower women.4. Reduce child mortality.5. Improve maternal health.6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases.7. Ensure environmental sustainability.
– Target 10. Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. (Indicator defined by JMP)
– Target 11. By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum-dwellers (Indicators defined by UN-HABITAT. Se prevé joint report with JMP)
8. Develop a global alliance for development.
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDG) MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDG)
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• JMP is based on household surveys and/or population census in the countries
• When this type of data is not available does the JMPE use data from service providers in the countries
• JMP uses indicators of access or coverage:– Percentage of the population [urban and rural] using
improved drinking water sources– Percentage of the population [urban and rural] using
improved sanitation facilities
• JMP is based on household surveys and/or population census in the countries
• When this type of data is not available does the JMPE use data from service providers in the countries
• JMP uses indicators of access or coverage:– Percentage of the population [urban and rural] using
improved drinking water sources– Percentage of the population [urban and rural] using
improved sanitation facilities
MONITORING THE TARGETSMONITORING THE TARGETS
3 JMP: Joint Monitoring Program, http://www.wssinfo.org
JMP 3, WHO and UNICEF, evaluates the process of reaching Target 10 - MDG
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MONITORING THE TARGETSMONITORING THE TARGETS
Technological options in monitoring indicators Target 10 MDG (JMP, 2004)
Water Supply Sanitation
Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved
- Piped connection into dwelling, plot, or yard;
- Public tap or standpipe;
- Borehole; - Protected dug well; - Protected spring; - Rainwater.
- Unprotected well;- Unprotected spring;- Vendor-provided
water;- Bottled water;- Tanker truck-
provider water; - River, stream,
pond, or lake.
- Connection to public sewer or septic tank;
- Pour-flush latrine; - Pit latrine with slab; - VIP latrine;- Ecological sanitation.
- Service or bucket latrine;
- Traditional latrine;
- Public latrine or shared toiled;
- Open pit or pit latrine
without a slab;Open defecation in
bush or field.
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• According to the JMP :– Drinking water is that used for domestic purposes,
including water used for drinking and hygiene– If more than 30 minutes are needed for a round trip from
a water source in rural areas– A lower quantity of water tends to be collected that the
required for basic needs– The monitoring instruments in use do not consider
neither the cost, continuity of the service, nor the quality of the water at the source or in the household.
– “Improved Drinking Water Sources” may already be contaminated or, if there is no household connection or the service is not continuous, water may be contaminated during transport or inadequate household storage.
• According to the JMP :– Drinking water is that used for domestic purposes,
including water used for drinking and hygiene– If more than 30 minutes are needed for a round trip from
a water source in rural areas– A lower quantity of water tends to be collected that the
required for basic needs– The monitoring instruments in use do not consider
neither the cost, continuity of the service, nor the quality of the water at the source or in the household.
– “Improved Drinking Water Sources” may already be contaminated or, if there is no household connection or the service is not continuous, water may be contaminated during transport or inadequate household storage.
MONITORING THE TARGETSMONITORING THE TARGETS
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• The JMP recognizes that a better definition of sanitation should include aspects of– Good service, – privacy, – cleanliness and– Healthy settings.
• The indicator does not take into account the disposal of sludge from septic tanks or effluents from sewerages, a risk to public health, ecosystems and people’s environment and their competitiveness in trade and tourism.
• Other monitoring instruments are required to collect information on these aspects.
• The JMP recognizes that a better definition of sanitation should include aspects of– Good service, – privacy, – cleanliness and– Healthy settings.
• The indicator does not take into account the disposal of sludge from septic tanks or effluents from sewerages, a risk to public health, ecosystems and people’s environment and their competitiveness in trade and tourism.
• Other monitoring instruments are required to collect information on these aspects.
MONITORING THE TARGETSMONITORING THE TARGETS
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• Since 2003, the JMP has had an advisory group which includes academicians and experts in sectorial and monitoring aspects. In addition to its current functions, the JMP will work on: – A report on drinking water and sanitation in
marginal urban areas, with UN-HABITAT,– A report on the scale and impact of poor
management of wastewater, with UNEP,– Strengthening the monitoring and evaluation
capacities of the countries. This should contribute to identify overcome and the problems of equity and quality of the services, which are not detected during the global monitoring.
• Since 2003, the JMP has had an advisory group which includes academicians and experts in sectorial and monitoring aspects. In addition to its current functions, the JMP will work on: – A report on drinking water and sanitation in
marginal urban areas, with UN-HABITAT,– A report on the scale and impact of poor
management of wastewater, with UNEP,– Strengthening the monitoring and evaluation
capacities of the countries. This should contribute to identify overcome and the problems of equity and quality of the services, which are not detected during the global monitoring.
MONITORING THE TARGETSMONITORING THE TARGETS
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WATER FOR CHILDREN’S LIFE WATER FOR CHILDREN’S LIFE
WHO: Health, rather than absence of disease is a state of psychic, physical, and social
welfare which enables human development
Consequently, infant mortality indicators are valuable as long as they simultaneously reflect improvements in other aspects affecting infant health –such as growth, neuro-psychic development, and learning ability; emotional maturity and the ability to have a place in the family and community; among others 4.
4 Chapter VII of the Millennium Development Goals in LAC. Challenges, Actions and Commitments. IABD, 2004.
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DEVELOPINGREGIONS
DEVELOPED REGIONS
84.7%
5.8%
0.5%9.0%0.3%
90.2%
2.7%
6.8%
< 5 YEAR 5-14 YEARS 15-59 YEARS 60+ YEARS
WATER FOR CHILDREN’S LIFE PERCENTAGE OF DEATH ATTRIBUTABLE TO DIARRHOEAL DISEASES BY AGE
GROUP AND REGION
WATER FOR CHILDREN’S LIFE PERCENTAGE OF DEATH ATTRIBUTABLE TO DIARRHOEAL DISEASES BY AGE
GROUP AND REGION
Source: JMP (2005), Water for Life. Making it Happen
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WATER FOR CHILDREN’S LIFE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN LACK OF IMPROVED SOURCES OF DRINKING WATE AND SANITATION
FACILITIES, AND DEATHS ATTRIBUTABLE TO DIARRHOEAL DISEASES (< 1 YEAR PER 1000 NACIDOS VIVOS)
WATER FOR CHILDREN’S LIFE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN LACK OF IMPROVED SOURCES OF DRINKING WATE AND SANITATION
FACILITIES, AND DEATHS ATTRIBUTABLE TO DIARRHOEAL DISEASES (< 1 YEAR PER 1000 NACIDOS VIVOS)
0
5
10
15
20
25
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Developed regionsEurasia
Latin America and the Caribbean Asia oriental
South East Asia
Western Africa
Western Asia
Oceania
Central Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
INF
AN
TM
OR
TA
LIT
Y
AccessDeficit
Source: JMP (2005), Water for Life. Making it Happen
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WATER FOR CHILDREN’S LIFE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN INFANT MORTALITY AND ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER AND
SANITATION
WATER FOR CHILDREN’S LIFE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN INFANT MORTALITY AND ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER AND
SANITATION
Source: Adapted from Otterstetter, H., Galvão, L. A., Witt, V., et al. (2001) Health Equity in Relation to Safe Drinking Water Supply, en Equity and Health: Views from the Pan American Sanitary Bureau, pp. 99-114, based on data from i) PAHO (2003), Indicadores básicos de salud en las Américas and ii) JMP (2004), Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation Target. A Mid-Term Assessment of Progress
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WATER FOR LIFE – AND FOR LIVING LIFELONGWATER FOR LIFE – AND FOR LIVING LIFELONG
• Diarrhea is not the only water-related disease that limits children’s development.
• Access to drinking water and sanitation services and improvements in hygiene practices helps to reduce health risk associated with parasites, such as schistosomiasis and helminthiasis.
• A better integrated water resource management helps to reduce the risk of transmission of diseases associated with mosquitoes, such as malaria and dengue.
• Diarrhea is not the only water-related disease that limits children’s development.
• Access to drinking water and sanitation services and improvements in hygiene practices helps to reduce health risk associated with parasites, such as schistosomiasis and helminthiasis.
• A better integrated water resource management helps to reduce the risk of transmission of diseases associated with mosquitoes, such as malaria and dengue.
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WATER FOR LIFE – AND FOR LIVING LIFELONG
WATER FOR LIFE – AND FOR LIVING LIFELONG
• Millions of families in LAC pay the cost of not having access to adequate drinking water and sanitation services every day.
• When they are ill, they cannot work and need care from other members of the family.
• Collecting water involves waste of time and energy. This limits the quality of life and productivity, which generally affects women more than men.
• Millions of families in LAC pay the cost of not having access to adequate drinking water and sanitation services every day.
• When they are ill, they cannot work and need care from other members of the family.
• Collecting water involves waste of time and energy. This limits the quality of life and productivity, which generally affects women more than men.
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WATER FOR LIFE AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS
WATER FOR LIFE AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS
COST/BENEFIT OF INTERVENTIONS SCENARIOS IN WATER AND SANITATION IN LACScenarios
(Access and/or level of service by 2015 in LAC)
AnnualCost1
AnnualBenefit1
Benefit/Cost
1. Reduce by 50% deficit in access to water. 171 2199 12.8
2. Reduce in 50% deficit in access to water and sanitation (according to Target 10 of the MDG) .
788 9635 12.2
3. Reduce in 100% deficit in water and sanitation.
1577 22532 14.3
4. Universal access to water and sanitation (scenario 3) plus disinfection of water at point of use.
1937 38129 19.7
5. Universal access to regulated water and sanitation systems. Treatment of water and wastewater.
14085 69223 4.9
1 Annual costs and benefits in millions of USD at 2000 values
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Others17.0%
Health sector 8.0%
Deaths prevented1.1%
Productivity0.8%
Medical treatment
0.2%
Ahorro de tiempo72.9%
Source: Hutton, G, and Heller, L. Evaluation of the costs and benefits of water and sanitation improvements at global level. WHO, 2004; JMP, 2005
WATER FOR LIFE AND ECONOMIC BENEFITSESTIMATED BENEFIT OF INTERVENTIONS IN WATER AND SANITATION ASSOCIATED WITH
SCENARIO 2. (MDG TARGET 10 IN LAC, ACCORDING TO JMP INDICATOR)
WATER FOR LIFE AND ECONOMIC BENEFITSESTIMATED BENEFIT OF INTERVENTIONS IN WATER AND SANITATION ASSOCIATED WITH
SCENARIO 2. (MDG TARGET 10 IN LAC, ACCORDING TO JMP INDICATOR)
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ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY
ACCESS TO IMPROVED DRINKING WATER SOURCES IN LAC (JMP, WHO-UNICEF, 2004)
Area
Million inhabitants Proportion of the population (%)
With accessWithout access
With accessLack of Access
2002
2002 1990
2002 2015
1990 2002Home Others Home Others
Fore.1 Goal2
Urban 362.3 24.4 20.4 93 89 6 97 97 07 05
Rural 54.0 34.7 39.9 58 42 27 80 79 42 31
Total 416.3 59.1 60.2 83 78 11 95 92 17 11
1 Forecasts of access by 2015,according to trend in period 1990 to 2002;2 Forecast based on compliance with Target 10 of the MDG 7, according to JMP indicator.
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ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY
ACCESS TO IMPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES IN LAC (JMP, 2004)
1 Forecast access by 2015, according to trend in period 1990 to 2002.;2 Forecast based on compliance with Target 10 of the MDG 7 according to JMP indicator.
Area
Million inhabitants Proportion of the population (%)
With accessWithout access
Without accessLack of access
1990 2002 1990 2002 1990 20022015
1990 2002Fore.1 Goal2
Urban 256.7 341.9 56.3 65.1 82 84 86 91 18 16
Rural 44.9 56.6 83.6 72.0 35 44 53 68 65 56
Total 301.6 398.5 139.9 137.1 69 75 81 85 31 25
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Deficit in Access. (JMP Mid-Term Assessment – WHO/UNICEF, 2004).
•60 millions (11%) without access: 40 millions rural (31%) 20 millions urban (5%)
•59 millions (11%) with access and without household connection
•416 millions (78%) with household connection
Deficit in Quality of Service (E-2000, PAHO)
•41% without disinfection•60% with intermittence•45% losses
Deficit in Access. (JMP Mid-Term Assessment – WHO/UNICEF, 2004).
•60 millions (11%) without access: 40 millions rural (31%) 20 millions urban (5%)
•59 millions (11%) with access and without household connection
•416 millions (78%) with household connection
Deficit in Quality of Service (E-2000, PAHO)
•41% without disinfection•60% with intermittence•45% losses
ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY ACCESS TO “IMPROVED” SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER
ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY ACCESS TO “IMPROVED” SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER
•Between 1990 and 2002 the LAC population rose from 441.5 a 535.6 millions. Exceeding this rate of growth, the proportion of the population with access to water rose from 83% to 89%.
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Total: 60M inhabitants in LAC without access to improved drinking water
ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY POPULATION IN MILLIONS (M) WITHOUT ACCESS TO IMPROVED DRINKING WATER SOURCES
BY GROUP OF COUNTRIES IN LAC (BASED ON THE JMP, 2004)
ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY POPULATION IN MILLIONS (M) WITHOUT ACCESS TO IMPROVED DRINKING WATER SOURCES
BY GROUP OF COUNTRIES IN LAC (BASED ON THE JMP, 2004)
- Population (% on the left) without access compared to the total population of the group or country
- Population (%on the right) without access in the group or country compared to the 60 M inhabitants without access in LAC
Andean Area-15.9M13.6% - 27%
Latin Caribbean-4.4M13.9% - 7%
Central American Isthmus-3.9M
10.2% - 7%
Brazil-19.4M11% - 33%
Souther Cone-6.0M9.6% - 10%
Non-Latin Caribbean-0.6M
8.1% - 1%
Mexico-9.2M9% - 15%
N.B. The segments together represent 60 M inhabitants of LAC who have no access to sources of treated water
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ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY ACCESS TO “IMPROVED” SANITATION FACILITIES
ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY ACCESS TO “IMPROVED” SANITATION FACILITIES
Between and 2002, the LAC population rose from 441.5 to 535.6 millions. Exceeding this rate of growth, the proportion of the population with access to sanitation rose from 69% to 75%.
Deficit in access. (JPM Mid-Term Evaluation JMP – WHO/UNICEF, 2004).
137 millions (25%) without access: 72 millions rural (56%) 65 millions urban (16%)
Deficit in Quality of Service (Assessment 2000, PAHO) Coverage of 49% for
population with sewerage systems but only 14% of
effluents with some type of treatment
Deficit in access. (JPM Mid-Term Evaluation JMP – WHO/UNICEF, 2004).
137 millions (25%) without access: 72 millions rural (56%) 65 millions urban (16%)
Deficit in Quality of Service (Assessment 2000, PAHO) Coverage of 49% for
population with sewerage systems but only 14% of
effluents with some type of treatment
0
20
40
60
80
100
Africa Asia Am. Lat &Car.
N. Amer. Europe
Agu
a re
sidu
al tr
atad
a (%
)
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ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY POPULATION IN MILLIONS (M) WITHOUT ACCESS TO IMPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES BY
GROUP OF COUNTRIES IN LAC (BASED ON THE JMP, 2004)
ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY POPULATION IN MILLIONS (M) WITHOUT ACCESS TO IMPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES BY
GROUP OF COUNTRIES IN LAC (BASED ON THE JMP, 2004)
Total: 137M inhabitants in LAC without access to improved sanitation facilities
- Population (% on the left) without access compared to the total population of the group or country- Population (% on the right) without access in the group or country compared to the 137 M
inhabitants without access in LAC.
Southern Cone-12.4M19.8% - 9%
Non-Latin Caribbean-1.3M
16.4% - 1% Mexico-23.5M23% -17%
Brazil-44.1M25% - 32%
Andean Area-32.7M27.9% - 24%
Latin Caribbean-10.3M32.3% - 8%
Central American Isthmus-12.4M
32.6% - 9%
N.B.: The segments together represents 137 M Inhabitants of LAC whohave no access to improved sanitation
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ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY TRENDS IN ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION IN LAC ACCORDING TO
JMP INDICATORS (BASED ON THE JMP, WHO-UNICEF, 2004)
ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY TRENDS IN ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION IN LAC ACCORDING TO
JMP INDICATORS (BASED ON THE JMP, WHO-UNICEF, 2004)
2005
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ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY TRENDS IN ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION IN LAC ACCORDING TO
JMP INDICATORS (BASED ON THE JMP, WHO-UNICEF, 2004)
ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY TRENDS IN ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION IN LAC ACCORDING TO
JMP INDICATORS (BASED ON THE JMP, WHO-UNICEF, 2004)
2005
OrganizaciónPanamericanade la Salud
ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY TRENDS IN ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION IN LAC ACCORDING TO JMP
INDICATORS (BASED ON THE JMP, WHO-UNICEF, 2004)
ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY TRENDS IN ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION IN LAC ACCORDING TO JMP
INDICATORS (BASED ON THE JMP, WHO-UNICEF, 2004)
2005
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ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY TRENDS IN ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION IN LAC ACCORDING TO
JMP INDICATORS (BASED ON THE JMP, WHO-UNICEF, 2004)
ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY TRENDS IN ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION IN LAC ACCORDING TO
JMP INDICATORS (BASED ON THE JMP, WHO-UNICEF, 2004)
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ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY HOUSEHOLDS WITH HOUSEHOLD CONNECTIONS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPTENDITURE
IN BRAZIL (A) AND PERU (B).
ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY HOUSEHOLDS WITH HOUSEHOLD CONNECTIONS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPTENDITURE
IN BRAZIL (A) AND PERU (B).
Source: Inequalities in the access and expenditure with drinking water in LAC, PAHO, 2001 Technical Reports 2 and 11
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ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY Service level and quantity of water collected
ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY Service level and quantity of water collected
Fuente: Howard G. and Bartram, J. Domestic Water Quantity, Service Level and Health, WHO, 2003
ServiceLevel
Distance/time Likely volumes of water collected
Public health risks from poor hygiene
Intervention priority and actions
No access More than 1 km/more than 30 min. round-trip
Very low5 liters per capita per day
Very highHygiene compromised.Basic consumption may be compromised
Very highProvision of basic level of serviceHygiene education
Basic access
Within 1 Km; within 30 min. round-trip
Average approximately 20 liters per capita per day
HighHygiene may be compromised. Laundry may occur off-plot
HighHygiene education.Provision of improved level of service
Intermediate access
Water provided on-plot through at least one tap (yard level)
Average approximately 50 liters per capita per day
LowHygiene should not be compromised. Laundry likely will occur on-plot
LowHygiene promotion still yields health gains. Encourage optimal access
Optimal access
Supply of water through multiple taps within the house
Average of 100-200 liters per capita per day
Very lowHygiene should not be compromised. Laundry will occur on-plot
Very lowHygiene promotion still yields health gains
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ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY Drinking water treatment infrastructure in Colombia (SIAS, CRA, 2001)
ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY Drinking water treatment infrastructure in Colombia (SIAS, CRA, 2001)
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ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE WORLD (JMP,
2000)
ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE WORLD (JMP,
2000)
0
35
14
90
66
0
20
40
60
80
100
Africa Asia Latinoamerica yel Caribe
Norte America Europa
Ag
uas
res
idu
ales
tra
tad
as (
%)
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MESAGE FROM THE UNITED NATIONS SECRETARY-GENERAL AT THE OPENING OF DECADE “WATER
FOR LIFE”
MESAGE FROM THE UNITED NATIONS SECRETARY-GENERAL AT THE OPENING OF DECADE “WATER
FOR LIFE”
“Water is essential for life. Yet many millions of people around the world face water shortages. Many millions of children die every year from water-borne diseases. And drought regularly afflicts some of the world’s poorest countries.
…… We need to make SANITATION a priority. This is where progress is lagging most. And we must show that water resources need not be a source of conflict. Instead, they can be a catalyst for cooperation.“
The world needs to respond much better. We need to increase water efficiency, especially in agriculture. We need to free women and girls from the daily chore of hauling water, often over great distances. We must involve them in decision-making on water management.
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“Water for Life. Equity and quality of services”
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http://www.bvsde.ops-oms.org/bvsadiaa/diaa/index.html
Thank you for your attention