inter-linkages between mdg, prsp and national development plans by tarun das

8/14/2019 Inter-linkages between MDG, PRSP and National Development Plans by Tarun Das

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Mainstreaming MDGs ThroughNational Development Strategies

Prepared For

THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSIONFOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

______________________________________________________________________

Dr. Tarun Das1

May 2007

Millennium Development Goals

1The report was prepared when the author worked as Professor (Public Policy), Institute forIntegrated Learning in Management, New Delhi, India. Presently, the author is on sabbaticalleave and working as Glocoms Inc. (USA) Strategic Planning Expert for the Government ofMongolia under a Capacity Building Project on Governance Reforms being funded by the

Asian Development Bank. Earlier the author worked as Economic Adviser in the Ministry ofFinance and the Planning Commission, Government of India .

The paper expresses personal views of the author and should not be attributed to the views of

the organizations he is associated with. The author would like to express his gratitude to theUN-ESCAP, Bangkok, particularly to Dr. Ravi Ratnayake, Director and Dr. Hiren Sarkar,

Chief, Poverty and Development Division, for providing an opportunity to prepare thisreport, and also making valuable and extensive comments on an earlier draft.

**For any clarification and additional information, EMAIL [email protected]/[email protected]

1
mailto:[email protected]/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]/mailto:[email protected]


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"The Millennium Development Goals were adopted five years ago by all the

world's Governments as a blueprint for building a better world in the 21st

century."Kofi Annan

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ContentsAcronyms

1. Introduction, Scope and Objectives

1.1 Introduction and objectives1.2 Scope of the report1.3 Methodology1.4 Misunderstanding and misconception of MDG targets1.5 Growth and Pro-Poor Policies

2. Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and Poverty Reduction Strategy

Papers (PRSP)

2.1 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)2.2 Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP)

2.3 Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF)2.4 Interlinkages between MDG Reports and PRSP2.5 MDG Reports and PRSP Consulted in this Report

3. Economic and Social Profiles of sample countries

3.1 Economic and social indicators of sample countries3.2 General development strategies of Asian economies3.3 Development challenges of Asian Sub regions

3.3.1 Development challenges of South Asia and SAARC3.3.2 Development challenges of East Asia and South East Asia

3.4 Progress of Achievement of MDG targets in Asian economies3.4.1 Assessment by the Joint WB-IMF Monitoring Report on MDG (2006)3.4.2 Assessment by the UN Millennium Development Goals Report (2006)3.4.3 Performance of MDG targets in SAARC countries

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4. Common policies and program under MDG Reports and PRSP

4.1 Stylized policies and programs under MDG reports and PRSP4.2 Rationale for a package of policies and programs for poverty reduction

4.3 Poverty traps at individual, local, national and global levels4.4 Poverty and the environment4.5 Macro Adjustment Policies

4.5.1 Reorientation of public policies4.5.2 Role of macro stabilisation policies for poverty reduction4.5.3 Fiscal incentives4.5.4 Role of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)4.5.5 Innovative financing techniques for the poor

4.6 Sectoral policies4.6.1 Rationale for development of agriculture and agro-based SMEs for

poverty alleviation

4.7 Targeted pro-poor policies4.8 Development of efficient infrastructure and human capital formation4.8.1 Infrastructure development4.8.2 Human resource development4.8.3 Legal, institutional and regulatory system4.8.4 Competent and committed bureaucracy

4.9 Regional economic cooperation4.9.1 Technical assistance4.9.2 External Aid

4.10 MDG and PRSP coordination

5 Concluding observations

5.1 Asian Economy- Performance and Challenges5.2 Main Observations on MDG Reports and PRSP

5.2.1 Basic thrust of MDG reports5.2.2 MDGs and budgets5.2.3 MDGs and PRSP

5.3 MDGs and regional co-operation5.3.1 Reinforcing a country-driven approach5.3.2 Enhancing analytical underpinnings5.3.3 Strengthening institutional capacity for successful implementation5.3.4 Monitoring outputs and outcomes and improving database5.3.5 Enhancing aid effectiveness5.3.6 Bridging development research and policy planning

5.4 Stylized policy package for pro-poor growth

Selected References

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Annexes

Annex-1.1: Policies and strategies for reduction of poverty and hunger under MDGreports and PRSPs in 14 sample countries1

Annex-1.2: Policies and strategies for development of universal education and genderequality under MDG reports and PRSPs in 14 sample countries

Annex-1.3: Policies and strategies for improvement of health conditions andenvironmental sustainability under MDG reports and PRSPs in 14 sample countries

Annex-1.4: Policies and strategies to encourage globalization and developmentpartnership under MDG reports and PRSPs in 14 sample countries

Annex-2.1 Bangladesh MDG Targets, Performances, Challenges and Strategy

Annex-2.2 Cambodia MDG Targets, Performances, Challenges and Strategy

Annex-2.3 Maldives MDG Targets, Performances, Challenges and Strategy

Annex-2.4 Mongolia MDG Targets, Performances, Challenges and Strategy

Annex-2.5 Pakistan MDG Targets, Performances, Challenges and Strategy

1Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Lao PDR, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar,Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Thailand and Timor Leste

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ACRONYMS

ADB Asian Development BankAFTA ASEAN Free Trade AreaAIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency SyndromeAPCTT Asia and Pacific Centre for Transfer for Technology

APEC Asia Pacific Economic CooperationASEAN Association of Southeast Asian NationsATC Agreement on Textiles and ClothingCBOs Community Based OrganizationsDFID Department for International developmentDOTS Directly Observed Treatment Short CourseEFA Education for AllESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the PacificFAO Food and Agricultural OrganizationFDI Foreign Direct InvestmentGATT The General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeGDP Gross Domestic ProductGF Global FundGIS Geographic Information SystemGNP Gross National ProductGSP Generalized System of PreferencesHDI Human Development IndexHIPC Heavily Indebted Poor CountriesHIV Human Immune Deficiency VirusICT Information and Communications TechnologyIPRSP Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy PapersIT Information TechnologyILO International Labour OfficeIMF International Monetary FundLDCs Least Developed CountriesMDG Millennium Development GoalMOF Ministry of Finance

MTEF Medium Term Expenditure FrameworkMTEP Medium Term Expenditure Plan NDP National Development Plan NGOs Non-Governmental OrganisationsODA Overseas Development AidOECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentPPA Participatory Poverty AssessmentsPPP Purchasing Power ParityPRGF Poverty Reduction Guarantee FundPRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy PaperQRs Quantitative restrictionsR&D Research and DevelopmentSAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation: comprises Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan,

India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.SAFTA South Asian Free Trade OrganisationSIDA Swedish International Development AgencySMEs Small and Medium-Sized enterprisesSOEs State Owned EnterprisesSTD Sexually Transmitted DiseaseSTI Sexually Transmitted InfectionsUN United NationsUNAIDS United Nations Program on AIDS/ HIV

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Mainstreaming MDGs Through National Development Strategies

Dr. Tarun Das1

This chapter discusses the basic objectives, scope and methodology for this study. It

also clarifies certain misconceptions and misunderstandings of the MDG targets for

individual countries.

The chapter provides the evidence that higher growth is a necessary condition but

not sufficient for poverty reduction. Growth needs to be accompanied by pro-poor

policies and strategies as the trickle down effects of growth may be slow, delayed

and uneven.

The chapter concludes that although there is no consensus about the concept,

definition and measurement of pro-poor growth, much more pro-poor growth,whatever be the definition, is needed in most countries to achieve the MDG targets.

1. Introduction, Scope and Objectives

1.1 Introduction and Objectives

This report is a part of a wider study being executed by the UN-ESCAP on theinterrelationships among MDG Reports/ strategies, National Development Plans (NDPs)

and Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs). The basic objective of the study is tounderstand, examine and establish the respective roles, linkages and consistencies ofMDG Reports, NDPs and PRSPs for achieving MDG targets. It is also desired to examinethe logical structure for analyzing these documents so as to synthesize common priorityareas on which governments are contemplating actions and need external assistance forenhancing achievement of MDGs.

In September 2000, the Millennium Summit synthesized previously agreed global goalsand targets in a document called the Millennium Declaration adopted by 189 nations.Formulated as 8 goals (viz. eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, achieve universalprimary education, promote gender equality, reduce child mortality, improve maternal

1The Report was completed when the author worked as Professor (Public Policy) in the Institute forIntegrated Learning in Management (IILM), New Delhi, India. Presently, the author is on sabbaticalleave and working as Glocoms Inc. (USA) Strategic Planning Expert for the Government of Mongolia

under a Capacity Building Project on Governance Reforms being funded by the Asian Development

Bank. Earlier the author worked as Economic Adviser in the Ministry of Finance and Planning

Commission, Government of India.

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health, combat HIV/AIDS and other diseases, ensure environmental sustainability, anddevelop global partnership for development) and 18 targets, the MDGs were endorsedby the UN General Assembly in late 2001. The millennium development goalsrecentlymarked their fifth anniversary and generated tremendous support, nationally, regionallyand globally.

The present report is based on interrelationships between MDG Reports,National Development Plans and Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) of

12 selected off-track countries (viz. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Lao

PDR, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea,Samoa and Timor Leste) and two on-track countries (viz. China and Thailand).

This report makes a critical analysis of the most recent MDG Reports of 12 selected off-track countries (viz. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Maldives, Mongolia,Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Samoa and Timor Leste) and two on-track countries (viz. China and Thailand) for each goal under MDG. It also lists the broad

policies being adopted by these countries to achieve MDG targets and examines inter-relationships between MDG Reports and PRSPs.

Among the countries included in this report, Timor Leste is the newest member of theUN, which became an independent sovereign state on 20 May 2002 and incorporated theMDGs in the objectives of its first five-year National Development Plan. (2002/03 to2006/07).

1.2 Scope of the report

This report consists of five chapters. Following this brief introduction, chapter-2

discusses the basic contents of MDG reports and PRSP for achieving MDGs, and theinterlinkages between MDG reports and the PRSP reports on the basis of experiences of14 selected countries.

Chapter-3 presents brief socio-economic profiles of the selected countries and their broaddevelopment strategies. Since five countries among 14 selected economies (viz.Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Maldives, Nepal and Pakistan) are members of South Asia andbelong to the regional group SAARC, a separate section in chapter-3 is devoted to theperformance of MDG targets and constraints to achieve these targets in the SAARC.

Chapter 4 analyzes goal-wise policies and strategies indicated in MDG reports andPoverty Reduction Strategy Papers of selected Asia Pacific countries in details. Itidentifies general problems/ challenges in achieving MDGs and common policies andprograms adopted by different countries.

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Chapter 5 synthesizes the main findings of the report and identifies common thrusts ofpolicies, which will be necessary to reduce poverty and hunger, and at the same time toimprove education, health and environmental sustainability of developing countries. Thechapter also provides future direction of research and actions on the part of internationaland regional development organisations like UN-ESCAP.

1.3 Methodology

This report is mainly based on a desk study with the help of reference articles and reportsdownloaded from the Internet. Basic methodology consisted of intensive studies andanalysis of MDG reports, Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP) and the Fund-BankJoint Staff Advisory Notes (JSANs) on PRSP of the selected countries, and preparingformatted tables on goal-wise targets and achievements, policies and programs, systemsfor monitoring and evaluation in selected countries. The MDG reports, PRSP and JSANsconsulted to prepare this report are listed in Table-2.4 in Chapter-2.

As the study is concerned with the interlinkages between MDG reports and PRSP in thepast and future issues, the time frame of the study is confined mainly to 2000s. Theanalysis in the report is supported by four Annexes (Annex 1.1 to Annex 1.4) dealing withpolicies and programs initiated by 14 selected countries to achieve eight MDGs groupedunder four heads viz. (a) to reduce poverty and hunger, (b) to improve literacy and genderequality, (c) to improve health conditions and environmental protection and (d) to foster9liberalization and international partnership. The report ends with a list ofselectedbibliography on the subject.

For analytical purpose, in this report, the eight UN-MDGs have been grouped

under four broad heads viz. (a) reduction of poverty and hunger, (b) improving

literacy and gender equality, (c) improving health conditions and environmentalprotection and (d) fostering globalization and international partnership.

1.4 Misunderstandings and Misconceptions of MDG targets

One of the basic objectives of the present report is to identify common policies, needsand constraints of the selected countries to pursue the goals under MDG Reports. Asmentioned earlier, these issues will be discussed in details in chapter-3. However, beforediscussing these interrelationships, it is necessary to clarify certain misunderstandingsand misconceptions of the MDG targets for the individual countries.

In this respect, it is worth noting the following comments on MDG targets given recentlyby Jan Vandemoortele, currently UN Resident Coordinator in Pakistan and who was theCo-chair of the UN inter-agency group that put the MDGs together in 2001. In a onepager policy brief entitled MDGs: Misunderstood Targets? (Number 28, January 2007)published by the UNDP International Poverty Centre, Jan Vandemoortele has concluded:

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(1) The MDG targets were selected on the basis of available indicators and reliabledata for documenting progress. The MDGs aim to reduce hunger by one-half,infant and child mortality by two-thirds, and maternal mortality by three-quarters.The obvious question is: Why are these targets different? Why do they not call,for example, for a reduction by three-quarters across the board? The simple

answer is that most of the global targets are based on historical trends. They wereset on the premise that progress observed at the global level over the previous 25years would continue for the next 25 years (1990-2015). Thus, the MDGs areessentially an extrapolation of global trends of the 1970s and 1980s and projectedforward till 2015.

(2) Global versus local targets It is erroneous to interpret the MDGs as a uniformyardstick for human development, because the quantitative targets were set in linewith global trends, not on the basis of historical trends for any a specific country.Thus, assessing whether progress is on track for meeting the targets by 2015 canonly be done at the global level. The spirit of the Millennium Declaration was not

to impose a one-size-fits-all benchmark for all countries regardless of their variedsocio-economic-political-historical background, natural endowments andparticular challenges.

The spirit of the UN Millennium Declaration was not to imposea one-size-fits-all benchmark for all countries regardless of their

varied socio-economic-political-historical background, naturalendowments and particular challenges ( Jan Vandemoortele,

January 2007).

(3) It should not be surprising that many countries will miss several of the global

MDG targets because these targets were not set specifically for individualcountries. It would be a tragic misunderstanding of the MDGs if all thesecountries were to be classified as failures for the irrelevant reason that they willnot meet artificial benchmarks set on the basis of past global trends.

(4) Making sense at the country level Before dismissing the MDGs as targets thatare easily set but never met, there are four practical steps that can be taken tomake sense of the MDGs at the country level:

(a) Global targets must be tailored to make them context-sensitive essential forgenerating a sense of national ownership.(b) Intermediate targets are essential for sustaining political commitment andensuring accountability. The MDGs must be linked to the political agenda oftodays government.(c) Actionable reforms must be formulated to make adequate progress towardsagreed longer-term benchmarks.(d) Costing these actions and reforms must be reflected in the national budget andaid allocations. However, it would be ill advised to estimate the costs of the MDG

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targets over an extended period of time. MDG costing will only yield results thathave a reasonable degree of accuracy when done within a 2-3 year timeframe.

Successful implementation of MDGs require that these must betailored to make them context-sensitive, owned by the countries,

linked to the political agenda of the government; actionable reformsmust be formulated for achieving longer-term benchmarks; andcosting these actions and reforms must be reflected in the national

budget and aid allocations (Jan Vandemoortele, January 2007).

In another one pager policy brief entitled MDGs: Misunderstood or Misconceived?(Number 33, April 2007)published by the UNDP International Poverty Centre, HamidTabatabai argues that if Vandemoortele were right, the MDGs are not so muchmisunderstood as misconceived. Vandemoortele, being the co-chair of the UN Inter-agency group, represents the official view. However, his observations are at variancewith numerous documents that suggest otherwise, at both regional and national levels.

For example, the UN Millennium Projects main report observed that the countries ofEast Asia have, as a group, moved closer toward achieving the Goals, but progress hasbeen uneven within the region, within countries, and across the Goals. Some countrieshave already come closer to achieving most of the Goals and have even committedthemselves to more ambitious, MDG-plus targets, but others remain significantly offtrack for meeting the original Goals (UN Millennium Project. 2005, p. 161).

Secondly, the fact that quantitative targets are based onglobaltrends is not itself a reasonfor not applying them at other levels, such as regional or national. Thirdly, past trends areaverages of diverse experiences. Therefore, it is possible that some countries obviouslylie below the average.

The purpose of these rather long quotes from the internationally acknowledgedauthorities on MDG is to convey the message that like MDG targets there does not exit aset of unique policies which hold good universally for all countries and at all times forreduction of poverty and hunger. This observation has been explained in details inchapter-4.

As the MDG targets differ across the Goals, regions, and withincountries, there does not exit a set of unique policies, which hold

good universally for all countries and at all times for reduction of

poverty and hunger.

1.5 Growth and Pro-poor Policies

The reduction of income poverty depends on sustained high economic growth. There is ageneral consensus among the poverty experts, policy makers and multilateral funding anddevelopment agencies that a rise in per capita income is a major element in sustainablepoverty reduction. However, similar rates of growth can have very different impact on

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poverty depending on the initial levels of income inequalities and different socio-economic-political environment over time and space (UNDP IPC 2007).

A recent working paper from the UNDP International Poverty Centre, Brazil (H. H. Sonand N. Kakwani 2006) presents regional and global estimates of growth and their pro-

poorness on the basis of cross-country data for 237 growth spells in 80 low-and middle-income developing countries during 1984-2001. The study indicated that there are largevariations not only in growth rates but also in the impact on poverty.

The study defined growth as pro-poor if poor households increase income proportionatelymore than the non-poor (i.e. households above the poverty line). When growth is negativei.e. in a recession, it is termed as pro-poor if the income decrease for the poor isproportionately less than that for non-poor households. The study indicated that of all the237 growth spells under observation, 44.7 percent witnessed negative growth rates. In theremaining 55.3 percent growth spells with positive growth rates, growth was pro-pooronly in 23.2 percent cases. Out of all the growth spells (including negative growth rates),

majority of the cases (accounting for 55.5 percent of total) were anti-poor (Table 1.1).The study suggests that global growth processes have generally not been pro-poor(defined as a situation with an increasing income share of the poor in income distributionover time).

Various studies suggest that global growth processes have generally not

been pro-poor (defined as a situation with an increasing income share ofthe poor in income distribution over time).

Above observations also hold good for Asian economies. Table 1.1 shows that in EastAsia and the Pacific, growth rates were positive in 74.3 percent of the spells, but only

17.1 percent of the spells witnessed both positive and pro poor growth. About two-thirds(65.8 percent) of all growth spells in East Asia and Pacific were anti-poor, although thisregion achieved significant reduction of poverty during 1984-2001 (except for 1997-1999in some countries affected adversely by the foreign exchange crisis leading to widerfinancial, economic and social crisis). This suggests that poverty reduction in this regionwas due mainly to high rates of growth rather than to growth rates being pro-poor.Similar observations also hold good for South Asia.

Poverty reduction in East Asia and Pacific was due mainly to high rates of

growth rather than to growth rates being pro-poor. Similar observations

also hold good for South Asia.

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Table 1.1 Country grouping by pro-poor and anti-poor growth rates

Country Groupings Positive growth Negative growth

Pro-

poor

Anti-

poor

Total Pro-

poor

Anti-

poor

Total

Low income countries 20.8 33.3 54.2 27.8 18.1 45.8

Low middle income 26.7 31.4 58.1 19.0 22.9 41.9

Upper middle income 21.7 35.0 56.7 21.7 21.7 43.3

Heavily indebted poorcountries (HIPC)

18.6 27.1 45.8 32.2 22.0 54.2

East Asia and Pacific 17.1 57.1 74.3 17.1 8.6 25.7

South Asia 29.4 52.9 82.4 11.8 5.9 17.6

East Europe and CentralAsia

12.3 21.1 33.3 21.1 45.6 66.7

Latin America andCaribbean

30.4 29.1 59.5 24.1 16.5 40.5

Middle East and NorthAfrica

35.7 14.3 50.0 28.6 21.4 50.0

Sub-Saharan Africa 20.0 43.3 54.3 31.4 14.3 45.7

All countries 23.2 32.1 55.3 22.4 22.4 44.7

Source: H. H. Son (2007)

A cross-country study indicates that lower inflation and price stability areassociated with pro-poor growth. Contrary to conventional wisdom, high

levels of trade openness were found to be significantly associated with

negative growth, while there was no significant relationship between tradeopenness and pro-poor growth (Son 2007).

Although cross-country regression analysis is subject to serious statistical estimation

problems, this study also investigated the relationship between different policies andgrowth rates. It was observed that lower inflation and price stability are associated withpro-poor growth. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the study found that low levels oftrade openness were significantly associated with positive growth and high level of tradeopenness with negative growth, and there was no significant relationship between tradeopenness and pro-poor growth.

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There is a general consensus among development economists and

policy makers that higher growth is a necessary condition but not

sufficient for poverty reduction. It needs to be accompanied by pro-

poor policies and strategies. But there is no consensus about how todefine and measure pro-poor growth. Much more pro-poor growth,

whatever is the definition, is needed in most countries if theMillennium Development Goals (MDGs) are to be achieved.

There seems to be a broad consensus among analysts and policy makers that highergrowth is a necessary condition but not sufficient for poverty reduction. It needs to beaccompanied by pro-poor policies and strategies. But there is no consensus about how todefine and measure pro-poor growth. The International Poverty centre (IPC) at Brazilinitiated a debate on this issue among researchers in 2004-05 in a series of One-Pagers,summarized in Number-6: Pro-poor growth; finding the Holy Grail. The March 2007Issue of the IPCs Journal Poverty in Focus carries this debate further and concludes

that much more pro-poor growth, whatever be the definition, is needed in most countriesif the first Millennium Development Goal is to be achieved.

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Chapter-2

Millennium Development Goals (MDG)

And Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP)

This chapter describes briefly the basic concepts, scope and objectives of theMillennium Development Goals (MDGs), Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers

(PRSPs) and the IMF Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF).

It specifies eight Millennium Development Goals, 18 quantifiable targets and 48

indicators to monitor these targets.

It also discusses interrelationshipsbetween MDG Reports and PRSPs and the

sources of data and information for our discussion.

It is observed that there is close interactions between MDG reports and PovertyReduction Strategy Papers for any country as both are prepared in consultation

and association with all stakeholders who happen to be almost the same groups

in MDG and PRSPs

2.1 Millennium Development Goals (MDG)

In September 2000, at the United Nations Millennium Summit in New York, 189 nationsendorsed the Millennium Declaration, setting out a global agenda for the start of the 21 st

Century to promote human development and reduce global poverty, hunger andinequalities, and to protect environment. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs),

drawn directly from the Millennium Declaration, set eight ambitious goals be achievedby 2015. The eight MDGs are (1) Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; (2) Achieveuniversal primary education; (3) Promote gender equality and empower women; (4)Reduce child mortality; (5) Improve maternal health; (6) Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria andother diseases; (7) Ensure environmental sustainability; and (8) Develop a global partnership for development. Eight MDGs contain 18 quantifiable targets that aremonitored through 48 indicators (Table-2.1). Global targets are set to help mobilizepolitical commitment and to provide benchmarks in measuring progress in promotinghuman development and poverty reduction.

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) comprise eight ambitious

goals to be achieved by 2015. The eight MDGs are (1) Eradicateextreme poverty and hunger; (2) Achieve universal primary education;

(3) Promote gender equality and empower women; (4) Reduce child

mortality; (5) Improve maternal health; (6) Combat HIV/AIDS, malariaand other diseases; (7) Ensure environmental sustainability; and (8)

Develop a global partnership for development. Eight MDGs contain 18

quantifiable targets that are monitored through 48 indicators.

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Table-2.1: Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

Goals, Targets and Indicators

Goals and Targets Indicators

Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and

hunger

Target 1:Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportionof people whose income is less than one dollara day

Target 2:Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion ofpeople who suffer from hunger

1.Proportion of population below $1 per day2.Poverty gap ratio [incidence x depth ofpoverty]

3.Share of poorest quintile in nationalconsumption

4.Prevalence of under-weight children (under-five years of age)

5.Proportion of population below minimumlevel of dietary energy consumption

Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education

Target 3:Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere,boys and girls alike, will be able to complete afull course of primary schooling

6.Net enrollment ratio in primary education7. Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who

reach grade 58.Literacy rate of 15-24 years olds

Goal 3: Promote gender equality and

empower women

Target 4:Eliminate gender disparity in primary andsecondary education preferably by 2005, and toall levels of education no later than 2015.

9.Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondaryand tertiary education

10. Ratio of literate females to males of 15-24year olds

11.Ratio of women to men in wageemployment in the non-agricultural sector

12. Proportion of seats held by women innational parliament

Goal 4: Reduce child mortality

Target 5:Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015,the under-five mortality rate

13.Under-five mortality rate14. Infant mortality rate15. Proportion of 1 year old children

immunized against measles

Goal 5: Improve maternal health

Target 6:Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015,the maternal mortality ratio

16.Maternal mortality ratio17.Proportion of births attended by skilled

health personnel

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Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and

other diseases

Target 7:Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse thespread of HIV/AIDS 19. Contraceptive

prevalence rate 20. Number of childrenorphaned by HIV/AIDS

Target 8:Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse theincidence of malaria and other major

18.HIV prevalence among 15-24 year oldpregnant women

19. Contraceptive prevalence rate20. Number of children orphaned by

HIV/AIDS

21. Prevalence and death rates associated withmalaria22. Proportion of population in malaria riskareas using effective malaria prevention andtreatment measures23. Incidence of Tuberculosis (per 100,000people)24. Proportion of TB cases detected and curedunder DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment

Short Course)

Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability

Target 9:Integrate the principles of sustainabledevelopment into country policies and programs and reverse the loss of environ-mental resources

Target 10:

Halve, by 2015, the proportion of peoplewithout sustainable access to safe drinkingwater

Target 11:By 2020, to have achieved a significantimprovement in the lives of at least 100 millionslum dwellers

Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for

Development

Target 12:

Develop further an open, rule based, predictable, nondiscriminatory trading andfinancial systemTarget 13.Address the Special Needs of the LeastDeveloped CountriesTarget 14.Address the Special Needs of land lockedcountries and small island developing states

25. Proportion of land area covered by forest26. Land area protected to maintain biologicaldiversity27. GDP per unit of energy use (as proxy forenergy efficiency)28. Carbon dioxide emissions (per capita)

29. Proportion of population with sustainableaccess to an improved water source30. Proportion of people with access toimproved sanitation31. Proportion of people with access to securetenure [Urban/rural]

Official Development Assistance:

32. Net ODA as percentage of OECD/DACdonors GNP [targets of 0.7 per cent in totaland 0.15 per cent for LDCs] financial system

33. Proportion of ODA to basic social services(basic education, primary health care, nutrition,safe water and sanitation)34. Proportion of ODA that is untied35. Proportion of ODA for environment insmall island developing states36. Proportion of ODA for transport sector inland-locked countries

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Target 15:Deal comprehensively with the debt problemsof developing countries through national andinternational measures in order to make debtsustainable in the long term

Target 16:In co-operation with developing countries,develop and implement strategies for decentand productive work for youth

Target 17:In co-operation with pharmaceuticalcompanies, provide access to affordable,

Target 18:

In co-cooperation with the private sector, makeavailable the benefits of new technologies,especially information and communications

Market Access

37. Proportion of exports (by value andexcluding arms) admitted free of duties andquotas.38. Average tariffs and quotas on agriculturalproducts and textiles and clothing.

39. Domestic and export agricultural subsidiesin OECD countries40. Proportion of ODA provided to help buildtrade capacity

Debt Sustainability

41. Proportion of official bilateral HIPC debtcancelled42. Debt service as a percentage of exports ofgoods and services43. Proportion of ODA provided as debt relief44. Number of countries reaching HIPC

decision and completion points

45. Unemployment rate of 15-24 year olds

46. Proportion of population with access toaffordable essential drugs on a sustainable basisessential drugs in developing countries

47. Telephone lines per 1000 people48. Personal computers per 1000 people

2.2 Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP)

Translating the global MDG targets into action requires an operational framework at thenational level for setting out a country-owned cross-cutting agenda aimed at sustained,shared growth and public action directed towards achieving the MDGs. For this purpose,more than 70 poorest countries are preparing the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers

(PRSP) under the leadership of government, and with active consultation andcollaboration with the World Bank, IMF, other donors including the UN CountryCoordinator and civil society participation. PRSP describes a countrys macroeconomic,structural and social policies to promote growth and reduce poverty. There are six coreprinciples underlying the development and implementation of the poverty reductionstrategies, as the following:

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Country-driven, involving broad-based participation by civil society and the private

sector in all operation

Result-oriented, and focused on not only immediate results (outputs) but also medium

and long term outcomes hat will benefit the poor,

Comprehensive in recognizing the multidimensional nature of poverty

Prioritized so that implementation is feasible in both fiscal and institutional terms,Partnership oriented, involving coordinated participation of developmental partners

(bilateral, multilateral funding organizations, governments)

Based on long-term perspective of poverty reduction.

PRSP describes a countrys macroeconomic, structural and social policies

to promote growth and reduce poverty. There are six core principles

underlying the PRSP viz.

Country-driven, involving broad-based participation by civil society

Result-oriented, and focused on outputs and outcomes that will benefit the

poor,Comprehensive in recognizing the multidimensional nature of poverty,

Prioritized so that implementation is feasible in both fiscal and

institutional terms,

Partnership oriented, involving participation of developmental partners

Based on long-term perspective of poverty reduction.

As the national ownership is the key, countries are required to set their own quantitativeand qualitative targets and formulate specific policies and program to attain the MDGtargets. The MDG Country Reports and the annual PRSP progress reports inform the

wider public and policy makers of progress towards poverty reduction. Efforts are madeto ensure that MDG reports and PRSP donot lead to duplication of works rather supportgood statistics and strengthen national capacities for poverty monitoring and analysis.

Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP) are prepared by the member countries througha participatory and wide consultancy process involving domestic stakeholders andexternal development partners such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund,Asian Development Bank, UNDP, IFAD. Updated every three years with annual progressreports, PRSPs describe the countrys macro 20liberalization policies, structural reforms,sectoral and social policies and programs over a three-year or longer time horizon topromote broad-based growth and reduce poverty. The reports also provide an estimate of

the associated external financing needs and major sources of financing. Interim PRSPs (I-PRSPs) summarize the current knowledge and analysis of a countrys poverty situation,describe the existing poverty reduction strategy, and lay out the process for producing afully developed PRSP in a participatory fashion. The country documents, along with theaccompanying IMF/ World Bank Joint Staff Assessments (JSAs), are made available onthe World Bank and IMF websites by agreement with the member country as a service tousers of the World Bank and IMF websites.

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2.3 Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF)

In September 1999, the IMF established the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility(PRGF) to make the objectives of poverty reduction and growth more central to its

lending operations in poorest member countries. Under this facility, IMF provides low-interest lending facility to the low-income countries. PRGF supported programs areunderpinned by comprehensive country-owned poverty reduction strategies. Experiencewith the PRGF highlights a number of distinctive features:

The principle of broad public participation and greater country ownership is central to

the PRGF. Policies and programs based on PRGF are more open as they are based onthe nationally owned PRSF.

PRGF supported programs reflect more closely each countrys poverty reduction and

growth priorities.

PRGF supported programs focus on strengthening governance for effective

implementation and financing of targeted and well-prioritized programs and to improvepublic resource management, transparency and accountability. These also give moreattention to the poverty and social impacts of key macroeconomic policy measures.

Under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) established inSeptember 1999, IMF provides low-interest loans to the low-income

countries. PRGF supported programs are underpinned by comprehensive

country-owned poverty reduction strategies, and focus on strengtheninggovernance for implementation and financing of targeted programs; and

improving public resource management, transparency and accountability.

They also give more attention to the poverty and social impacts of key

macroeconomic policies.PRGF supported programs are designed in areas within the primary responsibility of IMF.These areas include prudent macroeconomic policies, related structural reforms, such asexchange rate and tax policy, fiscal management, budget execution, fiscal transparency,and tax and customs administration. When appropriate IMF draws upon the expertise ofthe World Bank, which provides advice in designing poverty reduction strategy, povertyassessment, monitoring, structural, sectoral and social issues, and costing prioritypoverty-reducing expenditure.

2.4 Interlinkages between MDG Reports and PRSP

There is close interactions between MDG reports and Poverty Reduction Strategy Papersfor any country as both are prepared in consultation and association with all stakeholderswho happen to be almost the same groups viz. the Ministries of Planning and Finance,concerned line ministries, NGOs, donors and international organizations.

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There is close interactions between MDG reports and Poverty Reduction

Strategy Papers for any country as both are prepared in consultation andassociation with all stakeholders who happen to be almost the same groups

in preparation of MDG Reports and PRSP.

Bangladesh MDG Report

As for example, the first Bangladesh MDG progress report (February 2005) was prepared jointly by the government of Bangladesh and the UN Country Team (UNCT) onBangladesh in consultation with all stakeholders. This was the first attempt at a consensusstock-taking of the status of all the MDGs in Bangladesh.

In the preparation of the report, in order to be effective as an advocacy tool, it was

essential to arrive at a consensus on the data used to monitor the progress of the MDGs.This was ensured through the Technical Working Groups (TWGs) whose terms ofreference included identificationof MDG targets and indicators relevant for Bangladesh.In addition, the TWGs established the benchmark year from which the MDGs would bemonitored. While a sophisticated econometric model was applied to simulate the rates ofgrowth required for relevant indicators to achieve the MDGs, attempts have been made tokeep the report brief and simple, highlighting the gaps and challenges that need to beaddressed to meet the MDGs.

Using this information, the simulation model was applied to provide an indication ofwhether Bangladesh was on track to achieve the MDGs by 2015, and what gaps and

challenges faced development partners to meet the MDGs.

After China and India, Bangladesh has the third largest number of poor. The report bringsout the status and indicates challenges to meat UN-MDG targets by 2015. Bangladeshachieved remarkable progress in the areas of primary schooling, girls education,immunization, micro-credit, female economic participation, birth control, physicalmobility and safety nets. The most remarkable achievement was in the field of primaryeducation with the country well on its way to meet the MDG 2 of universal primaryeducation by 2015. The challenge here was to ensure adequate finances to keep up themomentum and quality education for all.

Although all relevant indicators of MDGs moved towards their 2015 targets, theirperformances were uneven. To understand this variation, factors were analyzed for theslowing down of the child mortality rate, the apparent plateauing of total fertility rate, andthe rise in youth unemployment rate. It was also ascertained what factors work inaccelerating the pace of poverty reduction. It was important because the main underlyingfactor for the slow pace of MDG achievement was prevalence of poverty. Povertypermeates all sectors and holds back growth in every sense.

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Bangladesh MDG Report emphasized that there is need for strong partnership at theglobal and at the national level. For countries like Bangladesh to meet the MDGcommitments made at the 2000 Millennium Summit, industrialized countries must honortheir commitments to finance development in developing countries. Trade barriers mustbe lifted and both the rich and the poor must be allowed to benefit from globalization so

that we can all move towards a more equal world.

Limitations of the MDG report

Bangladesh government emphasised that this report was an advocacy tool for thedevelopment partners. But it did not specify the exact programs and measures to achievethose objectives. Besides, while every effort was made to use the most reliable and recentdata sources, the accent on consensus influenced the selection of data sources. Whereverpossible, the data ranges were preserved and the various scenarios were indicated withinthe given range. For these reasons, no attempt was made to provide in-depthsocioeconomic analysis at the national or sub-national level. In addition, the simulation

exercises could not be applied to sectors such as health and environment, as they lackedthe necessary data base.

Linkages to PRSP

To address the limitations of MDG Report as indicated above, Bangladesh also preparedits first PRSP, which took into account all the targets for MDGs. The PRSP addressed theissues of pro-poor growth and human development, and if implemented fully, wouldaccelerate the achievement of the MDGs.

The Bangladesh PRSP was prepared under the full government ownership and direction.PRSP process created significant opportunities for building capacity through jointlearning by doing. Twelve sectors were identified for the Bangladesh PRSP and an equalnumber of thematic groups were set up by the Government for coordinating thepreparation of the various thematic background papers. Although the compositions of theworking groups varied, they consisted of senior level officers from the line ministries andministries of Finance and Planning. They also included observers from the donoragencies and representatives of NGOs and other civil groups. The World Bank, AsianIMF, Asian Development Bank, UNDP, UNICEF, UNAIDS, UNFPA, the countrycoordinator of the United Nations supported these working groups by sharing theirtechnical resources and knowledge on international best practices.

A mapping of the sectors indicates that most of the sectors address the MDGs in someform or the other. It may also be noted that at the Bangladesh Development Forum 2003and 2004, the Government strongly emphasized its commitments to the MDGs,especially by focusing on poverty eradication (Goal 1), education (Goal 2) and health(Goals 4, 5 and 6). Towards this end, the Government has reinvigorated its pro-poor biasunder the PRGF programme, allocating from FY04 an increased annual pro-poorspending of 1% of GDP. This link between the budgeting and the MDGs was clearlystated in the Finance Ministers budget speeches of FY 04 and FY05.

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Table-2.2 Linkages between PRSP and MDGs in Bangladesh

PRSP thematic sectors MDGs

1. Agriculture and Environment, including forestry, land use, safewater supply, and water resources management2. Rural Development, including food security, disaster management,

safety net programs, micro-credit and non-firm activities3. Domestic resources mobilization

MDGs 1 and 7

4. Macroeconomic stability and pro-poor growth5. Finance sector reforms including banking, trade and globalization6. Private sector development

MDGs 1 and 8

7. Education including primary and mass education, female education,

vocational and technical education

MDGs 2 and 3

8. Women and children advancement and rights MDG 3

9. Health including population planning, nutrition and sanitation MDGs 1,4 to 7

10.ICT and technology policy MDG 8

11.Reforms in governance including civil service reforms, judicialreforms, law and order

12.Infrastructure development and reforms, including power, energy

and communications

Cross cutting atMDGs

Linkages to UN Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF)

In addition, the Bangladesh UNDAF 2006-2010 was prepared in 2004. An UNDAFprioritization retreat was held in August 2004. The participants included the NationalPoverty Focal Point, representatives from the various line ministries of the Governmentof Bangladesh, national research institutions and the UN Country Team. The exerciseresulted in the identification of five priority areas of cooperation between the GoB andthe UN agencies for the programme cycle 2006-2010. These areas were pro-pooreconomic growth; health, nutrition and sustainable population; social protection; genderequity and the advancement of women and children; and good governance. These fiveareas have clear linkages to the MDGs as well as to the PRSP themes above.

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Table-2.3 Relation between UNDAF and MDGs

GoB/ UN prioritized areas of cooperation under the

BangladeshUN Development Assistance Framework(UNDAF) 2006-1010

MDGs

1. Democratic governance and human rights Millennium Declaration

2. Health, nutrition and sustainable population MDGs 1, 4 to 7

3. Education and pro-poor growth Millennium declarationand MDGs 1, 2 and 8

4. Social protection and disaster risk reduction Millennium Declarationand MDG 7

5. Gender equity and advancement of women MDG 3

6. Protection and prevention against HIV/ AIDS MDG 7

In other countries also there were close linkages between MDG reports and PRSP,

as all the stakeholders were consulted by the respective governments before

finalizing the reports. The UN World Summit 2005 called on countries to implement

comprehensive development strategies to achieve internationally agreed

development goals and objectives, including the MDGs by 2006 (United Nations

2005). The UN World Summit and the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness in

2005 underscored the emerging consensus for a new aid environment characterized

by national ownership, convergence around national planning focused on achieving

the MDGs, capacity building, harmonization and alignment, outcome and

accountability.

Towards these aims, the UN Country Teams (UNCTs) have been working to assist

developing countries in preparing strategies for MDG and PRSP. In many least

Developed Countries and Less Income Countries, this meant making the poverty

Reduction Strategies fully comply with the MDGs. UNCTs supported the MDGs

through advocacy and campaigning, monitoring and reporting, analysis, capacity

development, integration and implementation of the goals into national development

plans or poverty reduction strategies, operational activities, as well as common

country programming processes (UNMG 2006).

2.5 MDG Reports and PRSP consulted in this Report

The MDG reports, the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP) and the Joint (WorldBank and IMF) Staff Advisory Notes (JSANs) consulted to prepare this report are listedin Table-2.4. Among the 14 countries considered in this report, 8 countries viz.Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan and TimorLeste have both MDG report and PRSP and also Fund-Bank Joint Staff Advisory Notes(JSAN); 5 countries viz. China, Maldives, Myanmar, Thailand and Papua New Guinea

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has only MDG report but no PRSP report; and Samoa has neither MDG report nor PRSP.Samoas analysis on poverty reduction is based on National Development Plan

Table-2.4: PRSP and MDG Reports for Selected Countries,Consulted for preparation of the present report

Country ReportsAfghanistan PRSP and MDG Reports

May 15, 2006 Joint Staff Advisory Note (JSAN) of PRSP

Mar 2006 Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy

Mar 2006 Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy (Summary Report)

March 2004 Afghanistan MDG Report (6,085.55 Kb)

Sept 2005 Afghanistan Second MDG Report (8,130.75 Kb)

Bangladesh PRSP and MDG Reports

Dec 30, 2005 Joint Staff Advisory Note (JSAN) of PRSPOct 16, 2005 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)

Jun 5, 2003 Joint Staff Assessment (JSA) of I-PRSP

Mar 31, 2003 Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (I-PRSP)

February 2005 Bangladesh MDG Report (2,864.90 Kb)

Cambodia PRSP and MDG Reports

Jun 21, 2006 Joint Staff Advisory Note (JSAN) of PRSP

Dec 22, 2005 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)

Aug 25, 2004 Joint Staff Assessment (JSA) of PRSP Progress Report

Aug 19, 2004 PRSP Progress Report

Jan 23, 2003 Joint Staff Assessment (JSA) of PRSP


Jan 22, 2002 Joint Staff Assessment (JSA) of PRSP Preparation Status Report

Dec 24, 2001 PRSP Preparation Status Report

Dec 26, 2000 Joint Staff Assessment (JSA) of I-PRSP

Oct 20, 2000 Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (I-PRSP)

Cambodia MDG Reports and PRSP

2001 International Development (474.39 Kb)

Nov 2003 Cambodian tailored MDG Report (2,063.42 Kb)

Lao P.D.R. MDG Reports and PRSP

Dec 2, 2004 Joint Staff Advisory Note (JSAN) for PRSP

Jun 30, 2004 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)

26
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/Afghanistan_APR2-JSAN(May15-2006).pdfhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/AFNationalDevelopmentStrategy.pdfhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/ANDSSummaryRpt.pdfhttp://www.undg.org/archive_docs/3660-Afghanistan_MDG_Report.pdfhttp://www.undg.org/archive_docs/6666-Afghanistan_Second_MDG_Report.pdfhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/Bangladesh_JSAN(Dec30-2005).pdfhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/Bangladesh_PRSP(Oct-16-2005).pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/Bangladesh_IPRSP_JSA.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/14223_Bangladesh_IPRSP.pdfhttp://www.undg.org/archive_docs/5580-Bangladesh_MDG_Report.pdfhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/Cambodia_JSAN(June21-2006).pdfhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/Cambodia_PRSP(Dec22-2005).pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/cr04332.PDFhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/cr04333.PDFhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/cambodia_prspjsa.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/cambodia_PRSP2.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/Cambodia_JSA_of_PRSP_Status_Report.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/Cambodia_PRSP_Status_Report.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/cambodiajsa.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/Cambodia%20iprsp.pdfhttp://www.undg.org/archive_docs/162-Cambodia_MDG_Report_-_International_Development.pdfhttp://www.undg.org/archive_docs/3634-Cambodian_tailored_MDG_Report.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/cr04394.pdfhttp://www1.worldbank.org/prem/poverty/strategies/cpapers/cr04393.pdfhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/Afghanistan_APR2-JSAN(May15-2006).pdfhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/AFNationalDevelopmentStrategy.pdfhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/ANDSSummaryRpt.pdfhttp://www.undg.org/archive_docs/3660-Afghanistan_MDG_Report.pdfhttp://www.undg.org/archive_docs/6666-Afghanistan_Second_MDG_Report.pdfhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/Bangladesh_JSAN(Dec30-2005).pdfhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/Bangladesh_PRSP(Oct-16-2005).pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/Bangladesh_IPRSP_JSA.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/14223_Bangladesh_IPRSP.pdfhttp://www.undg.org/archive_docs/5580-Bangladesh_MDG_Report.pdfhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/Cambodia_JSAN(June21-2006).pdfhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/Cambodia_PRSP(Dec22-2005).pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/cr04332.PDFhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/cr04333.PDFhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/cambodia_prspjsa.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/cambodia_PRSP2.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/Cambodia_JSA_of_PRSP_Status_Report.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/Cambodia_PRSP_Status_Report.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/cambodiajsa.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/Cambodia%20iprsp.pdfhttp://www.undg.org/archive_docs/162-Cambodia_MDG_Report_-_International_Development.pdfhttp://www.undg.org/archive_docs/3634-Cambodian_tailored_MDG_Report.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/cr04394.pdfhttp://www1.worldbank.org/prem/poverty/strategies/cpapers/cr04393.pdf


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Aug 15, 2003 Joint Staff Assessment (JSA) of PRSP Preparation Status Report

Jul 31, 2003 PRSP Preparation Status Report

Jul 12, 2002 Joint Staff Assessment (JSA) of PRSP Preparation Status Report

May 31, 2002 PRSP Preparation Status Report

Apr 6, 2001 Joint Staff Assessment (JSA) of I-PRSP

Mar 20, 2001 Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (I-PRSP), with

January 2004 Lao PDR MDG Report

Maldives MDG Reports (Des not have PRSP Report)

Sept 2005 Maldives MDG Report (3,434.75 Kb)

Mongolia MDG Reports and PRSP

Nov, 2005 PRSP Progress Report

Sep 19, 2005 Joint Staff Advisory Note (JSAN) of PRSP

Oct 2004 EnglishMongolia MDG Reports

Aug 14, 2003 Joint Staff Assessment (JSA) of PRSP

Jul 3, 2003 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)

Sep 10, 2001 Joint Staff Assessment (JSA) of I-PRSP

Jun 30, 2001 Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (I-PRSP)

Myanmar MDG Report (Des not have PRSP Report)

2005 Myanmar MDG Report (14,321.93 Kb)

Nepal MDG Reports and PRSP

Nov 30, 2006 Joint Staff Advisory Note on the PRSP Annual Progress Report

Jun, 2006 PRSP Progress Report

Jun, 2005 PRSP Progress Report

Oct 24, 2003 Joint Staff Assessment (JSA) of PRSP

May 30, 2003 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)

Sept 2005 Nepal MDG Progress Report 2005(8,711.11 Kb)

Pakistan MDG Reports and PRSP

Feb 12, 2004 Joint Staff Assessment (JSA) of PRSP


Jan 31, 2003 Joint Staff Assessment (JSA) of PRSP Preparation Status Report

Jan 30, 2003 PRSP Preparation Status Report

Nov 15, 2001 Joint Staff Assessment (JSA) of I-PRSP

Nov 1, 2001 Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (I-PRSP)

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http://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/cr03309.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/cr03310.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/Lao_JSA_PRSP_PSR.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/Lao_PRSP_PSR.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/lao%20jsa.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/lao%20iprsp.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/lao%20iprsp.pdfhttp://www.unlao.org/MDGs/MDGR%20191004.htmhttp://www.undg.org/archive_docs/6679-Maldives_MDG_Report.pdfhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/Mongolia_prsp(Nov-2005).pdfhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/Mongolia_jsan(Sept19-2005).pdfhttp://mirror.undp.org/mongolia/publications/NMDGR_Mongolia_eng.pdfhttp://mirror.undp.org/mongolia/publications/NMDGR_Mongolia_eng.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/Mongolia_PRSP_JSA.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/Mongolia_PRSP.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/Mongolia_JSA_of_PRSP.PDFhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/Mongolia_IPRSP.pdfhttp://www.undg.org/archive_docs/6550-Myanmar_MDG_Report.pdfhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/383606-1165869436599/cr04443.pdfhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/NepalPRSPJun2006.pdfhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/Nepal_PRSP(June2005).pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/Nepal_PRSP_JSA.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/Nepal_PRSP.pdfhttp://www.undg.org/archive_docs/6563-Nepal_MDG_Progress_Report_2005.pdfhttp://www.undg.org/archive_docs/6563-Nepal_MDG_Progress_Report_2005.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/pakistan_jsa_prsp.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/15020_Pakistan_PRSP.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/Pakistan_JSA_of_Prog_Rep.PDFhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/Pakistan_PRSP_Prog_Rep.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/pakistan_iprsp_jsa.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/pakistan_iprsp_.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/cr03309.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/cr03310.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/Lao_JSA_PRSP_PSR.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/Lao_PRSP_PSR.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/lao%20jsa.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/lao%20iprsp.pdfhttp://www.unlao.org/MDGs/MDGR%20191004.htmhttp://www.undg.org/archive_docs/6679-Maldives_MDG_Report.pdfhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/Mongolia_prsp(Nov-2005).pdfhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/Mongolia_jsan(Sept19-2005).pdfhttp://mirror.undp.org/mongolia/publications/NMDGR_Mongolia_eng.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/Mongolia_PRSP_JSA.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/Mongolia_PRSP.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/Mongolia_JSA_of_PRSP.PDFhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/Mongolia_IPRSP.pdfhttp://www.undg.org/archive_docs/6550-Myanmar_MDG_Report.pdfhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/383606-1165869436599/cr04443.pdfhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/NepalPRSPJun2006.pdfhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/Nepal_PRSP(June2005).pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/Nepal_PRSP_JSA.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/Nepal_PRSP.pdfhttp://www.undg.org/archive_docs/6563-Nepal_MDG_Progress_Report_2005.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/pakistan_jsa_prsp.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/15020_Pakistan_PRSP.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/Pakistan_JSA_of_Prog_Rep.PDFhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/Pakistan_PRSP_Prog_Rep.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/pakistan_iprsp_jsa.pdfhttp://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/pakistan_iprsp_.pdf


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Feb 2005 Pakistan MDG Report(765.00 Kb)

Papua NewGuinea

MDG Reports (Des not have PRSP Report)

Jan 2005 Papua New Guinea MDG Report(2,738.81 Kb)

Samoa Does not have any MDG or PRSP Reports/Analysis in this report is based on National Development Plan

Thailand MDG Reports (Des not have PRSP Report)

June 2004 Thailand MDG Report English (1,362.22 Kb)Thai (1,685.32 Kb)Press Release (155.50 Kb)Press Release (long version) (157.50 Kb)UNDP Thailand website

Timor-Leste MDG Reports and PRSP

Apr 29, 2005 Joint Staff Advisory Note (JSAN) of PRSP

July 26, 2005 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper National Development Plan,Road Map for Implementation of National Development Plan,Overview of Sector Investment Programs Strategies and Prioritiesfor the Medium Term, July 26, 2005

May 20, 2002 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)

Feb 2004 Timor-Leste MDG Report(4,427.94 Kb)

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http://www.undg.org/archive_docs/5593-Pakistan_MDG_Report.dochttp://www.undg.org/archive_docs/5593-Pakistan_MDG_Report.dochttp://www.undg.org/archive_docs/5835-Papua_New_Guinea_MDG_Report.pdfhttp://www.undg.org/archive_docs/5835-Papua_New_Guinea_MDG_Report.pdfhttp://www.undg.org/archive_docs/4581-Thailand_MDG_Report_-_English.pdfhttp://www.undg.org/archive_docs/4581-Thailand_MDG_Report_-_Thai.ziphttp://www.undg.org/archive_docs/4581-Thailand_MDG_Report_-_Press_Release.dochttp://www.undg.org/archive_docs/4581-Thailand_MDG_Report_-_Press_Release__long_ver__.dochttp://www.undp.or.th/mdgr.htmhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/Timore-Leste_JSAN(April29-2005).pdfhttp://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2005/cr05247.pdfhttp://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2005/cr05247.pdfhttp://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2005/cr05247.pdfhttp://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2005/cr05247.pdfhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/Timor-Leste_PRSP(may2002).pdfhttp://www.undg.org/archive_docs/5382-Timor-Leste_MDG_Report_2004_-_Timor-Leste_MDG_Report.pdfhttp://www.undg.org/archive_docs/5382-Timor-Leste_MDG_Report_2004_-_Timor-Leste_MDG_Report.pdfhttp://www.undg.org/archive_docs/5593-Pakistan_MDG_Report.dochttp://www.undg.org/archive_docs/5835-Papua_New_Guinea_MDG_Report.pdfhttp://www.undg.org/archive_docs/4581-Thailand_MDG_Report_-_English.pdfhttp://www.undg.org/archive_docs/4581-Thailand_MDG_Report_-_Thai.ziphttp://www.undg.org/archive_docs/4581-Thailand_MDG_Report_-_Press_Release.dochttp://www.undg.org/archive_docs/4581-Thailand_MDG_Report_-_Press_Release__long_ver__.dochttp://www.undp.or.th/mdgr.htmhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/Timore-Leste_JSAN(April29-2005).pdfhttp://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2005/cr05247.pdfhttp://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2005/cr05247.pdfhttp://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2005/cr05247.pdfhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/Timor-Leste_PRSP(may2002).pdfhttp://www.undg.org/archive_docs/5382-Timor-Leste_MDG_Report_2004_-_Timor-Leste_MDG_Report.pdf


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Chapter 3

Economic and Social Profiles of Sample Countries

Present chapter starts with brief discussion on economic and social profiles of the

selected countries in this study, which cover 27 per cent of the world population and11 per cent of global area, but account for only 5.6 per cent of world GNP, and

display a number of contrasts in terms of economic size, growth, per capita incomeand poverty.

Asian economies had shown remarkable economic vigor and dynamism during

1990s by outperforming by a wide margin other developing regions and industrialcountries as a group. The best performers during the first half of 2000s also existed

in Asia.

The Asian economies are typical examples of catch-up type economic growth.

They achieved high growth with the help of transfer of capital and technology from

advanced countries, while enjoying the benefits of the huge markets in theseadvanced economies.

The process of rapid growth in output and intra-regional trade and investment in

Asia is sometimes referred to as a virtuous circle of economic development.

Foreign capital inflows were the result of high growth, favourable policyenvironment, sustained industrialization and trade expansion; and at the same time

boosted economic growth and external trade.

This section also discuses the development challenges of Asian economic regions. It

is observed that despite significant economic progress and reduction of poverty in

the recent years, sustainability of higher growth in future requires removal ofexisting infrastructure bottlenecks, improving governance in both public and private

sectors, strengthening regulatory and legal institutional set-up, and improving

management skill.

The section also discusses progress of achievement of MDG targets until now. Most

of the evaluations indicate that Asians economies have made reasonable progress in

achieving MDG targets until now. UN MDG Report (2006) observes that as regards

goal-1 Asia leads the decline in global poverty and as regards goal-2 to achieve

universal primary education South Asia has made great strides.

3.1 Economic and Social Indicators of Sample Countries

The present report is based on available MDG Reports and Poverty Reduction StrategyPapers (PRSPs) of 12 selected MDG off-track countries (viz. Afghanistan, Bangladesh,Cambodia, Lao PDR, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua NewGuinea, Samoa and Timor Leste) and two MDG on-track countries (viz. China and

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Thailand). Tables 3.1 to 3.7 present general economic profiles of the countries, whileTables 3.8 and 3.12 indicate the current status of various MDGs related indicators.

The present report is based on available MDG Reports and PovertyReduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) of 12 selected MDG off-track countries

and two MDG on-track countries in the ESCAP. Selected countries cover 27per cent of the world population and 11 per cent of global area, but accountfor only 5.6 per cent of world GNP, and display a number of contrasts in

terms of poverty and social development indicators.

Selected countries for this study cover 27 per cent of the world population and 11 percent of global area, but account for only 5.6 per cent of world GNP, and display a numberof contrasts. The sample includes the most populous country of the world viz. China withpopulation at 1296 million in 2004, which also happens to be the second largest economyin the world in terms of the purchasing power parity (PPP) adjusted GDP, and three smalleconomies viz. Maldives, Samoa and Timor Leste with population less than a million.

While per capita nominal GNP in 2004 exceeded $2400 for Thailand and Maldives, thesample includes some of the poorest countries of the world viz. Bangladesh, Cambodia,Lao PDR and Nepal with per capita GNP of less than $500. Social developmentindicators also differ widely among these countries. While, in general, East Asianeconomies have higher degree of adult literacy and life expectation, South Asiancountries (except Sri Lanka, Maldives and Myanmar) lag far behind.

Despite serious foreign exchange crisis in some of the East Asian countries in 1997-1999,Asian economies had shown remarkable economic vigor and dynamism during 1990s byoutperforming by a wide margin other developing regions and industrial countries as agroup. As regards industrial growth, performance by the Asian developing countriescontinued to outpace other developing regions and even the industrialized countries byabout 5 percentage points. The continued robust growth in Asia is attributable to anumber of factors such as widespread and sustained policy reforms in industry, trade andfinancial sectors and continued surge of foreign capital flows to these countries.

The best performers during 1990s and first half of 2000s existed in Asia. Chinas growthhas been particularly spectacular, with real GDP growing at over 10 percent a year andreal per capita income at 9 percent during 1990-2005. Building on past investments inhuman, physical and institutional capital, continual high growth was the result of anambitious, comprehensive and sustained reforms program encompassing all sectors.There were continual liberalization of agriculture, redirection of savings to the provinces,removal of price controls, gradual liberalization of external trade and foreign investment,focus on both labor-intensive SMEs and high technology sectors, revamping of the taxand financial systems, and conversion of economic zones into attractive manufacturingplatforms for exports.

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Table-3.1 Basic Economic Indicators of selected Asian countries in 2004

Country Populati

on

Million

Area

000

sq.km.

GNP

US$ billion

GNP

per capita

(US $)

PPP

GNP

US$ bln

PPP GNP

Per capita (US $)

GDP GR

In %

2004 2004 2004 Rank 20004 Rank 2004 2004 Rank 2003-04

1. Afghanistan .. 652 5.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. 7.5

2. Bangladesh 139 144 61.3 52 440 174 274 1970 164 6.3

3. Cambodia 14 181 4.8 128 350 183 32 2310 154 7.7

4. China 1296 9598 1938 5 1500 129 7634 5890 108 10.1

5. Lao, PDR 6 237 2.3 154 390 180 11 1880 171 6.3

6. Maldives 0.321 0.3 0.773 .. 2410 .. .. .. .. 10.1

7. Mongolia 3 1567 1.5 164 690 161 5 2040 162 10.7

8. Myanmar 50 677 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

9. Nepal 27 147 6.6 115 250 193 39 1480 178 3.5

10.Pakistan 152 796 90.7 44 600 161 330 2170 107 6.4

11.Papua NewGuinea 6 463 3.3 142 560 164 13 2280 155 2.5

12.Samoa* 0.184 2.8 0.338 160 1840 115 1.03 5610 .. 3.1

13.Thailand 64 513 158.4 31 2490 104 505 7930 88 6.214.Timor Leste 0.887 14.9 0.506 .. 570 .. .. .. .. 1.8

Note: (a) Two dots (..) stand for Data not available * Country source for Samoa.

Source: (1) World Development Indicators 2006, World Bank.

Table-3.2 Growth of output in selected Asian countries in 1990-2000 and 2000-2004

Country GDP growth

per annum

1990-2000

GDP growth

per annum

2000-2004

Agriculture

Growth pa

2000-2004

Industry

Growth pa

2000-2004

Manufacture

Growth pa

2000-2004

Services

Growth pa

2000-2004

1. Afghanistan .. 16.8 .. .. .. ..

2. Bangladesh 4.8 5.2 2.4 7.1 6.4 5.5

3. Cambodia 7.1 6.3 2.8 14.2 14.6 3.9

4. China 10.6 9.4 3.4 10.6 .. 9.8

5. Lao, PDR 6.5 6.0 3.3 10.8 10.9 6.4

6. Maldives .. .. .. .. .. ..

7. Mongolia 3.5 5.2 -3.3 8.4 14.3 6.9

8. Myanmar 7.0 .. 5.7* 10.5* 7.9* 7.2*

9. Nepal 4.9 2.5 3.3 0.7 -1.4 2.3

10.Pakistan 3.8 4.1 1.3 5.3 8.0 4.8

11.Papua New Guinea 4.3 0.6 2.2 -3.6 -1.1 1.4

12.Samoa** .. 5.0 .. .. .. ..

13.Thailand 4.2 5.4 3.2 6.9 7.2 4.3

14.Timor Leste .. .. .. .. .. ..

Note: (a) Two dots (..) stand for Data not available (b) * during 1990-2000. (c) ** Country source for Samoa


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Table 3.3 Structure of Demand in selected Asian economies in 2004Country Household final

consumptionexpenditure

as % of GDP

General govt.consumptionexpenditureas % of GDP

Gross DomesticInvestment% of GDP

Exports of goodsand services% of GDP

Imports of goodsand services% of GDP

Gross DomesticSavings

% of GDP

1. Afghanistan .. .. .. .. .. ..

2. Bangladesh 76 6 24 16 21 31

3. Cambodia 80 5 26 65 76 194. China 49 10 39 34 31 42

5. Lao, PDR .. .. .. 29 42 ..

6. Maldives .. .. .. .. .. ..

7. Mongolia 57 19 37 75 87 41

8. Myanmar 89 .. 13 3 5 12

9. Nepal 76 11 26 18 31 27

10.Pakistan 73 8 17 16 15 23

11.Papua NewGuinea 50 19 20 71 60 9

12.Samoa .. .. .. .. .. ..

13.Thailand 57 11 27 71 66 31

14.Timor Leste .. .. .. .. .. ..

Note: (a) Two dots (..) stand for Data not availableSource: (1) World Development Indicators 2006, World Bank.

Table 3.4: Structure of output in selected Asian countries in 1990 and 2004

Country GDP

billion US$

1990

GDP

billion US$

2004

Agriculture

% of GDP

2004

Industry

% of GDP

2004

Manufacture

% of GDP

2004

Services

% of GDP

2004

1. Afghanistan .. 5.8 .. .. .. ..

2. Bangladesh 30.1 56.6 21 27 16 52

3. Cambodia 1.1 4.9 33 29 22 40

4. China 354.6 1931.7 13 46 .. 41

5. Lao, PDR 0.9 2.5 47 28 20 26

6. Maldives .. .. .. .. .. ..7. Mongolia .. 1.6 21 30 5 49

8. Myanmar .. .. 57* 11* 8* 32

9. Nepal 3.6 6.7 40 23 9 37

10.Pakistan 40 96.1 22 25 18 53

11.Papua New Guinea 3.2 3.9 29 42 9 29

12.Samoa** .. 1 14 23 15 63

13.Thailand 85.3 161.7 10 44 35 46

14.Timor Leste .. .. .. .. .. ..

Note: (a) Two dots (..) stand for Data not available (b) * during 1990 (c) ** Country source for Samoa.


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Table 3.5 Structure of manufacturing in selected Asian economies in 2002

Country ManufactureValue AddedUS$ billion

Food-beveragesand tobacco

% share

Textiles andClothing% share

Machinery andTransport

Equipment% share

Chemicals

% share

Othermanufacturing

% share

1. Afghanistan .. .. .. .. .. ..

2. Bangladesh 7.3 24 38 7 17 18

3. Cambodia 0.8 .. .. .. .. ..

4. China .. 15 12 32 12 28

5. Lao, PDR 0.3 .. .. .. .. ..

6. Maldives .. .. .. .. .. ..

7. Mongolia 0.07 33 37 1 1 27

8. Myanmar .. .. .. .. .. ..

9. Nepal 0.4 45 19 2 10 23

10.Pakistan 10.4 23 2 5 11 59

11.Papua New Guinea 0.2 21 0 3 4 73

12.Samoa .. .. .. .. .. ..

13.Thailand 42.7 23 14 4 25 34

14.Timor Leste .. .. .. .. .. ..

Note: (a) Two dots (..) stand for Data not available

Source: (1) World Development Indicators 2006, World Bank

Table 3.6 Structure of merchandise exports in selected Asian economies in 2004

Country Merchandiseexports

US$ billion

Food% share

Agrl. Rawmaterials% share

Fruits% share

Ores andminerals% share

Manufactures% share

1. Afghanistan 2.3 .. .. .. .. ..

2. Bangladesh 12.0 19 9 8 2 62

3. Cambodia 3.2 8 2 10 0 80

4. China 561.2 4 4 8 7 77

5. Lao, PDR 0.5 .. .. .. .. ..

6. Maldives .. .. .. .. .. ..

7. Mongolia 1.0 14 1 20 1 65

8. Myanmar 2.2 13 1 5 0 81

9. Nepal 1.9 17 5 16 4 59

10.Pakistan 13.4 10 2 3 0 85

11.Papua NewGuinea 2.5 21 3 22 49 6

12.Samoa .. .. .. .. .. ..

13.Thailand 97.4 16 5 2 1 76

14.Timor Leste .. .. .. .. .. ..Note: (a) Two dots (..) stand for Data not available


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Table 3.7 Structure of merchandise imports in selected Asian economies in 2004

Country Merchandiseimports

US$ billion

Food% share

Agrl. Rawmaterials% share

Fruits% share

Ores andminerals% share

Manufactures% share

1. Afghanistan 2.3 .. .. .. .. ..

2. Bangladesh 12.0 19 9 8 2 62

3. Cambodia 3.2 8 2 10 0 80

4. China 561.2 4 4 8 7 77

5. Lao, PDR 0.5 .. .. .. .. ..

6. Maldives .. .. .. .. .. ..

7. Mongolia 1.0 14 1 20 1 65

8. Myanmar 2.2 13 1 5 0 81

9. Nepal 1.9 17 5 16 4 59

10.Pakistan 17.9 11 6 22 3 58

11.Papua NewGuinea 1.7 16 1 13 0 69

12.Samoa .. .. .. .. .. ..

13.Thailand 95.4 5 3 12 3 76

14.Timor Leste .. .. .. .. .. ..Note: (a) Two dots (..) stand for Data not availableSource: (1) World Development Indicators 2006, World Bank.

Table-3.8 MDGs- Eradicating Poverty and Ensuring Gender Equality

Country Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Achieve universal primary

education

Promote gender equality

Share ofpoorest

quintile innational

income (%)

1999-2004

Prevalence of childmalnutrition underweight as% of children under age-5

Primary completion rate%

Ratio of female to maleenrolment ratioin primary and

secondary schools (%)

1989-1994 2000-2004 1991 2004 1991 2004

1. Afghanistan .. .. 39 25 .. 54 34

2. Bangladesh 9 68 48 49 73 .. 106

3. Cambodia 6.9 .. 45 .. 82 73 85

4.China 4.7 17 8 103 99 87 98

5.Lao, PDR 8.1 40 40 43 74 75 84

6. Maldives .. 45 27 99 103 96 91

7. Mongolia 5.6 12 13 .. 95 109 108

8. Myanmar .. 31 32 .. 72 96 99

9.Nepal 6 .. 48 51 71 59 90

10.Pakistan 9.3 40 38 .. .. .. 73

11.Papua NewGuinea 4.5 .. 25 50 55 80 87

12.Samoa .. .. .. 96 48 .. 5013.Thailand 6.3 19 .. .. .. 95 98

14.Timor Leste* 7.0 .. 45 .. .. .. 96

Note Two dots (..) stand for Data not available Source: World Development Indicators 2006, World Bank.3. On the basis of the country MDG Report.

Table-3.9 MDGs- Improving health

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Country Reduce Child Mortality Improve Maternal Health

Under-5 mortality ratesper 1000 live births

Maternal mortalityratio per

100000 live births

Births attended byskilled health staffas % of total births

1990 2004 2000 1989-1994 2000-2004

15.Afghanistan 260 .. 1900 .. 1416.Bangladesh 149 77 380 10 13

17.Cambodia 115 141 450 .. 32

18.China 49 31 56 .. 96

19.Lao, PDR 163 83 650 .. 19

20.Maldives 48 18 78 .. 87

21.Mongolia 108 52 110 .. 99

22.Myanmar 130 106 360 .. 57

23.Nepal 145 76 740 7 15

24.Pakistan 130 101 500 19 23

25.Papua NewGuinea 101 93 300 .. 41

26.Samoa .. .. .. .. ..

27.Thailand 37 21 44 .. 99

28.Timor Leste* .. 144 420 .. ..

Note Two dots (..) stand for Data not available Source: World Development Indicators 2006, World Bank.*On the basis of the country MDG Report.

Table-3.10 MDGs- protecting common environment

Country Combat HIV/ AIDS

And other disease

Ensuring Environmental

sustainability

Ensuring Environmental

sustainability

HIV prevalenceas % of people

aged 15-49

Incidence oftuberculosis per10000 people

Carbon dioxide emissionsper capitametric tons

Access to improvedwater source

% of population

2003 2004 1990 2002 1990 2002

1. Afghanistan .. 333 0.2 .. .. 13

2. Bangladesh .. 229 0.1 0.3 71 75

3. Cambodia 2.6 510 0 0 .. 34

4.China 0.1 101 2.1 2.7 70 77

5.Lao, PDR 0.1 156 0.1 0.2 .. 43

6. Maldives 0.1 .. .. 0.3 80 90

7. Mongolia


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Table-3.11 MDGs- protecting common environment

Country Ensure environmental

sustainability

Develop global partnership

for development

Female

population

Life expectancy at birth-

years

Access to improvedSanitation facilities

% of population

Youthunemployment

% of ages

15-24

Fixed line andmobile phonesubscribers

per 1000population

% oftotal

population

Males Females

1990 2002 1990 2002 2004 2004 2004

1. Afghanistan .. 8 .. 23 .. .. ..

2. Bangladesh 23 48 .. 37 48.9 63 64

3. Cambodia .. 16 .. 40 51.7 53 60

4.China 23 44 .. 499 48.6 70 73

5.Lao, PDR .. 24 .. 48 50 54 57

6. Maldives .. .. .. .. .. 67 69

7. Mongolia 54 73 26 446 49.9 62 68

8. Myanmar 21 73 .. 10 50.3 58 64

9.Nepal 12 27 .. 22 50.4 62 63

10.Pakistan 38 54 13 63 8.5 64 66

11.Papua NewGuinea 45 45 .. 14 48.4 55 5712.Samoa 70 72

13.Thailand 80 99 5 537 50.8 67 74

14.Timor Leste 56 58

Note Two dots (..) stand for Data not available Source: World Development Indicators 2006, World Bank.

Table-3.12 MDGs- Women in Development

Country Pregnant

women

receiving

prenatal care

Teenage

mothers

Women in

non-

agricultural

sector

Unpaid family workers Women in parliaments

% % of women

aged 15-19years

% of total Male

% of maleemployment

Female

% of femaleemployment

% of total seats

2000-2004 1995-2004 2003 2000-04 2000-04 1990 2006

1. Afghanistan 16 .. .. .. .. 4 ..

2. Bangladesh 49 33 24.2 10.1 73.2 10 15

3. Cambodia 38 8 52.6 31.6 53.3 .. 10

4.China 89 .. 39.5 .. .. 21 20

5.Lao, PDR 27 .. .. .. .. 6 23

6. Maldives .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

7. Mongolia 94 .. 49.4 18.4 31.7 25 7

8. Myanmar 76 .. .. .. .. .. ,,

9.Nepal 28 21 .. .. .. 6 0

10.Pakistan 43 .. 8.7 16.4 46.9 10 21

11.Papua NewGuinea 58 .. 35.4 .. .. 0 112.Samoa .. .. .. .. .. .. 8

13.Thailand 86 3 51.8 21.9 50.3 18 27

14.Timor Leste* .. .. .. .. .. .. 28

Note Two dots (..) stand for Data not available Source: World Development Indicators 2006, World Bank.* On the basis of the country MDG Report.

3.2 General Development Strategies of Asian economies

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Almost all the Asian economies are passing through a phase of economic reforms. Theyhave taken credible reforms in industry, trade, commerce, financial and fiscal sectors toinduce dynamism in the overall growth process. The mechanism that contributed the highgrowth of the Asian economies in the recent years can be summarized as export-oriented

and foreign-investment-led growth supported by low production costs due to availabilityof cheap labour and raw materials. As judged by ratios to GDP, investments and exportstogether made a much higher contribution to growth in Asia than in the other regions.Asian economies achieved high economic growth by introducing capital and technologyfrom advanced countries, while enjoying the benefits of the huge markets that theseadvanced countries offer. In other words, the Asian economies are typical examples ofcatch-up type economic growth.

The Asian economies are typical examples of catch-up type economicgrowth. They achieved high growth with the help of transfer of capital and

technology from advanced countries, while enjoying the benefits of the huge

markets in these advanced economies.

There was also a rapid growth in intra-Asian trade accompanied by rising flows offoreign investment. The traditional focus of foreign investment by Asian companies infinancial sector and re

inter-linkages between mdg, prsp and national development plans by tarun das

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