interaction between school law conference - school...interaction between school officials and law...
TRANSCRIPT
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Established 1926
[email protected]:@lynchdallaslaw
(319)365-9101
InteractionBetweenSchoolOfficialsandLawEnforcement
BrettS.NitzschkeandHollyA.Corkery
LynchDallas,P.C.
SchoolAdministratorsofIowaSchoolLawConference
February7,2017
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OVERVIEW Established 1926
¡ ChangestoChapter232oftheIowaCode(JuvenileRecords)
¡ InteragencyInformationSharingAgreements¡ RelationshipswithSchoolResourceOfficers¡ Studentsearches¡ LawEnforcementAccesstoStudents¡ DHSAccesstoStudents
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OVERVIEW Established 1926
ChangestoChapter232oftheIowaCode(JuvenileRecords)
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BACKGROUND
¡ March9,2016GovernorBranstadsignedabillintolawamendingChapter232oftheIowaCodewhichprovidedformostjuveniledelinquencyrecordsinIowatobeconfidential.
¡ ThelawwentintoeffectJuly1,2016andappliestoproceedingsthatwerependingoraroseafterJuly1,2016.
¡ Thelawhadbipartisansupportandthesupportofmanyadvocacygroups.
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DEFINITIONS
¡ “DelinquentAct”:violationofanystatelaworlocalordinancethatwouldconstituteapublicoffenseifcommittedbyanadult.Thismayincludeviolationoffederalorotherstatelawsifthecaseisreferredtothejuvenilecourt.(IowaCode§232.2(12))
¡ “Juvenilecourtsocialrecords”meansallrecordsmadewithrespecttoachildinconnectionwithproceedingsoverwhichthecourthasjurisdictionunderthischapterotherthantheofficialrecordsandincludesbutisnotlimitedtotherecordsmadeandcompiledbyintakeofficers,predispositionreports,andreportsofphysicalandmentalexaminations.(IowaCode§232.2(31))
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DEFINITIONS
¡ “Officialjuvenilecourtrecords”or“officialrecords”meansofficialrecordsofthecourtofproceedingsoverwhichthecourthasjurisdictionunderthischapterwhichincludesbutisnotlimitedtothefollowing:
! Thedocketofthecourtandentriestherein.! Complaints,petitions,otherpleadings,motions,andapplicationsfiledwithacourt.
! Anysummons,notice,subpoena,orotherprocessandproofsofpublication.
! Transcriptsofproceedingsbeforethecourt.! Findings,judgments,decrees,andordersofthecourt.(IowaCode§232.2(38))
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FORMERLAW
¡ Theoldlawprovidedthatofficialjuvenilecourtrecordswerepublicrecordsunlessthecourtfoundgroundstosealtherecord.! RecordswereaccessiblethroughtheCountyClerkofCourt’sOfficeorIowaCourtsOnline
! Schools,colleges,andemployersusethesesourcesbeforeallowingadmissionorofferingemployment.
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FORMERLAW
¡ Officialjuvenilecourtrecordswereonlykeptconfidentialunderverylimitedcircumstances.! Thecourtorthejuvenilehadtomakeamotiontokeeptherecordsconfidential.
! Ifthecourtgrantedthemotionithadtofindthatthecasewasdismissedandthatkeepingtherecordsconfidentialwasinthebestinterestofthejuvenileandthepublic.
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FORMERLAW
¡ Whatdidthismeanforpublicschools?! Publicschoolscouldeasilyobtainrecordsregardingstudentsandtheirjuvenilecourtproceedings.
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CHANGESTHATTOOKEFFECTJULY1,2016
¡ AsofJuly1,2016,allofficialjuvenilecourtrecordsregardingpendingandfuturecasesareconfidentialwithonlyoneexception:forciblefelonies.(IowaCode§232.147)
! Whatisaforciblefelony?Typicallymurder,sexualabuse,kidnapping,childendangerment,assault,robbery,humantrafficking,arsoninthefirstdegree,andburglaryinthefirstdegreewillbeconsideredaforciblefelony.
! Officialjuvenilecourtrecordsregardingforciblefeloniesarenotavailabletothepublicuntilthechildhasbeenadjudicatedinthedelinquentmatter.
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CHANGESTHATTOOKEFFECTJULY1,2016
¡ Whocaninspectconfidentialrecords(IowaCode§232.147)?
! Thejudgeandothercourtstaff! Thechildandthechild’sattorney! Thechild’sparent,guardian,custodian,courtappointedspecialadvocate,guardianadlitem,membersofthechild’sadvocacyboardcreatedpursuanttoIowaCodeSection237.16,andlocalcitizenfosterreviewcareboardcreatedpursuanttoIowaCodeSection237.19
! TheCountyAttorneyortheCountyAttorney’sassistants.
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CHANGESTHATTOOKEFFECTJULY1,2016
¡ Whocaninspectconfidentialrecords(IowaCode§232.147)?
! Anagency,association,facility,orinstitutionwhichhascustodyofthechild,orislegallyresponsibleforthecare,treatmentorsupervisionofthechild
! Thechild’sfosterparentoranindividualprovidingpre-adoptivecaretothechild
! Thestatepublicdefender! Thedepartmentofcorrections! Ajudicialdistrictdepartmentofcorrectionalservices
! Theboardofparole
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CHANGESTHATTOOKEFFECTJULY1,2016
¡ Whocaninspectconfidentialrecords(IowaCode§232.147)?
! Thesuperintendentorthesuperintendent’sdesigneeoftheschooldistrictfortheschoolattendedbythechildortheauthoritiesinchargeofanaccreditednonpublicschoolattendedbythechild
! AmemberofthearmedforcesoftheUnitedStateswhoisconductingabackgroundinvestigationofanindividualpursuanttofederallaw
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CHANGESTHATTOOKEFFECTJULY1,2016
¡ Whocaninspectconfidentialrecords(IowaCode§232.147)?
! ThestatisticalanalysiscenterforpurposesallowedunderIowalaw
! Astateorlocallawenforcementagency! Theallegedvictimofthedelinquentact
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CHANGESTHATTOOKEFFECTJULY1,2016
¡ IssueswithOfficialJuvenileCourtRecordsandhearingsregardingstudentexpulsion/suspension:
! IowaCodeSection21.5providesthatanymeetingsoftheboardtodiscusswhethertoconductahearingortoactuallyconductahearingtosuspendorexpelastudentareclosedmeetingsunlessopensessionisrequestedbythestudentoraparent/guardianifthestudentisaminor.
! Whatdoyoudoifthestudentrequestsanopenmeetingandyouplantouseconfidentialofficialjuvenilecourtrecordsinthehearing?
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CONFIDENTIALRECORDSV.SEALEDRECORDS
¡ Whatisthedifferencebetweenconfidentialrecordsandsealedrecords?
! Sealedrecordsaremoreprotected.! Underthepreviouslawandthecurrentlaw,thecourtisrequiredtoscheduleahearingafterthelastactiontakeninajuvenilecaseorthedatethechildturns18,whicheverislater.
! Atthehearing,ifthejudgefindsthatthechildis18yearsold(orolder),twoyearshavepassedsincethelastofficialactioninthecase,thechildhasnotsincebeenconvictedofafelonyoraggravatedorseriousmisdemeanor,andtherearenopendingchargesseekingconvictionoradjudicationofafelonyoraggravatedorseriousmisdemeanor.
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CONFIDENTIALRECORDSV.SEALEDRECORDS
¡ Whatisthedifferencebetweenconfidentialrecordsandsealedrecords?
! Achangebetweentheformerlawandthecurrentlawisthatinadditiontothefindingsjustdiscussed,thecourtmustalsofindthatthechildwasnotadjudicatedforoperatingavehiclewhileundertheinfluence.
! Ifacaseissealed,itnolongerexists.Anyagencypossessingtherecordsmustrespondtoarequestfortherecordsbystatingthattheydonotexist.
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JUVENILECOURTSOCIALRECORDS
¡ Canaschooldistrictreviewjuvenilecourtsocialrecords?(IowaCode§232.147(7))
! Priortoachild’sadjudication,juvenilecourtsocialrecordsmaybedisclosedwithoutacourtordertothesuperintendentorthesuperintendent’sdesigneeofaschooldistrictinaccordancewithaninteragencyagreementestablishedunderIowaCodeSection280.25.
! Thedisclosurecanonlyincludeidentifyinginformationthatisnecessarytofulfillthepurposeofthedisclosure.
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JUVENILECOURTSOCIALRECORDS
¡ Canaschooldistrictreviewjuvenilecourtsocialrecords(IowaCode§232.147(7))?
! Thejuvenilecourtsocialrecordsdisclosedcanonlybeusedforthepurposeofdeterminingtheprogramsandservicesappropriatetotheneedsofthechildorthefamilyofthechildandshallnotbedisclosedforanyotherpurposeunlessotherwiseprovidedbylaw.
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OVERVIEW Established 1926
InteragencyInformationSharingAgreement
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INTERAGENCYINFORMATIONSHARINGAGREEMENT
¡ IowaCodeSection280.25InteragencyInformationSharingAgreements! Theboardofdirectorsmustadoptapolicyandthe
superintendentmustadoptruleswhichprovidethattheschooldistrictmayshareinformationcontainedinastudent'spermanentrecordpursuanttoaninteragencysharingagreementwithstateandlocalagenciesthatarepartofthejuvenilejusticesystem.
! Theschoolmustadoptapolicyimplementingtheprovisionsoftheinteragencyagreementthatmustincludetheprovisionsoftheinteragencyagreementandtheprocedurestobeusedbytheschooltoshareinformationinthestudent’spermanentrecord.
! Agenciesthatmayparticipateinsuchagreementsincludejuvenilecourtservices,DHS,andlocallawenforcementauthorities.
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INTERAGENCYINFORMATIONSHARINGAGREEMENT
¡ IowaCodeSection280.25InteragencyInformationSharingAgreements! Aschooldistrict’sdisclosureofanystudent
recordsmustbedirectlyrelatedtothejuvenilejusticesystem’sabilitytoeffectivelyserve,priortoadjudication,thestudentwhoserecordsarebeingreleased.
! Examples:Determiningtheprogramsandservicesappropriatetotheneedsofthejuvenileorthejuvenile'sfamily;Coordinatingthedeliveryofprogramsandservicestothejuvenileorthejuvenile’sfamily.
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INTERAGENCYINFORMATIONSHARINGAGREEMENT
¡ IowaCodeSection280.25InteragencyInformationSharingAgreements! Informationsharedbytheschoolisnot
admissibleinacourtproceedingunlessthestudentorthestudent’sparent,guardianorlegaloractualcustodianconsent.
! Informationsharedbyanotherpartytotheagreementwithaschooldistrictpursuanttoaninteragencyagreementshallnotbeusedasabasisforschooldisciplinaryactionagainstthestudent.
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INTERAGENCYINFORMATIONSHARINGAGREEMENT
¡ IowaCodeSection280.25InteragencyInformationSharingAgreements
! Theinteragencyagreementmustprovideandeachpartytotheagreementmustcertifyintheagreementthatconfidentialinformationsharedamongthepartiestotheagreementshallremainconfidentialandshallnotbesharedwithanyotherperson,school,schooldistrict,oragencyunlessotherwiseprovidedbylaw.
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INTERAGENCYINFORMATIONSHARINGAGREEMENT
¡ IowaCodeSection280.25InteragencyInformationSharingAgreements! Practically,howdoesaschooldistrictdraftan
informationsharingagreement?! Drafta“28E”Agreement! IowaCodeChapter28providesthatpublicagenciescanenterintoagreementswithoneormorepublicorprivateagenciesforjointorcooperativeaction.
! Theboardofdirectorsmusttakeappropriateactionthrougharesolutiontoapproveany28Eagreements.
! All28EAgreementsmustcontainparticularinformationandbefiledwiththeSecretaryofState.
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OVERVIEW Established 1926
RelationshipswithSchoolResourceOfficers
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SCHOOLRESOURCEOFFICERS
¡ September8,2017DearColleagueLetterfromtheDepartmentofJusticeOfficeofCommunityOrientedPolicingServices! ThisDearColleagueletterintroducedapartnership
betweentheDOJandtheU.S.DepartmentofEducationandthetwoagencies’thedevelopmentoftheSafeSchool-basedEnforcementthroughCollaboration,Understanding,andRespectrubrics
! TherubricsofferguidancetocommunitiesandlawenforcementagenciestohelpthoseinterestedinimplementingandmaintainingsuccessfulSchoolResourceOfficer(“SRO”)programs.
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SCHOOLRESOURCEOFFICERS
¡ September8,2017DearColleagueLetterfromtheDepartmentofJusticeOfficeofCommunityOrientedPolicingServices! TherubricprovidesthatSRO’sresponsibilitiesin
theschoolcommunityincludingnotonlythoseofalawenforcementofficer,butalsothoseofaneducator,emergencymanager,andinformalcounselor.
! SRO’sshouldstrivetoemploynon-punitivetechniqueswheninteractingwithstudentsandschooldistrictsshouldstrivetocreatepositiveinteractionsbetweenSRO’sandstudents.
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¡ SafeSchool-basedEnforcementthroughCollaboration,UnderstandingandRespectRubric
SCHOOLRESOURCEOFFICER
AvailableatUnitedStatesDepartmentofJustice,“WhatisaSchoolResourceOfficer?,”https://cops.usdoj.gov/supportingsafeschools.
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SCHOOLRESOURCEOFFICERS
¡ September8,2017DearColleagueLetterfromtheDepartmentofJusticeOfficeofCommunityOrientedPolicingServices
! ProgramsreceivingCOPSHiringProgramgrantsmustsubmitaMOUtotheCOPSOfficewithinninetydaysofthedateofonthegrantaward’scongratulatoryletter.
! AtaminimumasuccessfulMOUwillincludetheSROprogram’spurpose,eachparties’rolesandresponsibilities,requirementsforinformationsharing,supervisionoftheSRO.
! Inadditiontothelawsdiscussedearlierinthispresentation,theMOUshouldconsiderFERPA,HIPPA,civilrightslaws,andanyotherstateorfederallawsthatmayapply.
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¡ IowaCodeChapter808A
! Aschooldistrictmaysearchastudentorprotectedstudentarea(clothingwornorcarriedbystudent,containerusedbyastudentforholdingorcarryingpersonalbelongingsinthepossessionandimmediateproximityofthestudent).
! Aschooldistrictisrequiredtohaveastudentsearchruleandpublishtheruleintheschooldistrict’shandbooks.
! Schoolofficials(licensedemployeesandunlicensedemployeesemployedforsecurityorsupervisionpurposes)maysearchastudentorstudentprotectedareaif:(1)theofficialhasreasonablegroundsforsuspectingthesearchwillproduceevidenceastudenthasviolatedorisviolatingeitherthelaworaschoolruleorregulationand(2)thesearchisconductedinamannerwhichisreasonablyrelatedtotheobjectivesofthesearchandwhichisnotexcessivelyintrusiveinlightoftheageandgenderofthestudentandthenatureoftheinfraction.
! Astudentshallbepresentforasearchofastudentprotectedareaorbeinformedofthesearchpriortoorassoonasisreasonablypracticalafterthesearchisconducted.
STUDENTSEARCHESBYSCHOOLDISTRICTS
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¡ IowaCodeSection808A.2(2)! Providesforperiodicinspectionsofall,orarandomlyselectednumberof,schoollockers,desks,andotherfacilitiesorspacesownedbytheschooldistrictandprovidedasacourtesytoastudentwithoutpriornotice.
! Thereisnoexpectationofprivacybyastudentinthesefacilities/spaceseveniftheschooldistrictallowsstudentstouseaseparatelocktosecurethefacility/space.
! Eachyearwhenschoolbegins,theschooldistrictshallprovidenoticetostudentandparents/guardiansoftheschooldistrict’sabilitytoinspectthesefacilities/spaces.
! Aninspectionshalloccureither:(1)inthepresenceofthestudentswhosefacilities/spacesarebeinginspectedor(2)inthepresenceofatleastoneotherperson.
INSPECTIONOFFACILITIES/SPACESPROVIDEDBYSCHOOLDISTRICTS
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¡ IowaCodeSection808A.2(3)and(4)
! Aschooldistrictcannotconductasearchthatisunreasonableinlightof:(1)thestudent’sage;(2)thenonseriousnessoftheviolation;(3)thesexofthestudent;(4)thenatureofthesuspectedviolation.
! Aschooldistrictcannotconductastripsearch.! Aschooldistrictcannotconductabodycavitysearch.! Aschooldistrictcannotuseadrugsniffinganimaltosearchastudent’sbody.
! Aschoolofficialcannotsearchastudentthatisnotofthesamesexasthestudent.
LIMITATIONS/PROHIBITIONSONSTUDENTSEARCHES
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¡ IowaCodeSection808A.3
! Thesearchofastudentorofaprotectedstudentareabyapeaceofficerwhoisnotaschoolofficial,orbyaschoolofficialattheinvitationordirectionofapeaceofficerwhoisnotaschoolofficial,shallbegovernedbythestatutoryandcommonlawrequirementsforpolicesearches.
STUDENTSEARCHESBYLAWENFORCEMENT
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¡ Police! Donotneedpriornoticeorappointment.! Parentmayneedtobecontactedandbegiventheopportunitytobepresentorgiveconsentforofficertospeakwithchild(checkpoliciesandcommunicationsfromparent).
! Asktoseeofficialidentificationifofficerisunknownand/ornotinuniform.
! Carefullyreviewinformationregardingstudentdisciplinetodeterminewhetherinformationisastudentrecord.
! Canbeprovidedwithstudentdirectoryinformationandotherinformationthatisnotastudentrecord,butwillneedsubpoenaorsignedreleasefromparenttoaccessstudentrecords.
LAWENFORCEMENTACCESSTOSTUDENTS
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¡ ChildProtectionWorker! Donotneedpriornoticeorappointment.! Donotcontactparent-musthaveconfidentialaccesstochild.Itisnotnecessaryforawitnesstobepresentifthechildprotectionworkerinterviewsastudent,butawitnessisrequirediftheinterviewinvolvesanobservationofthestudent/student’sbody.
! Asktoseeofficialidentification.! Mayinterview,observe,and/orexaminestudentandotherstudentswhomayhaveinformationrelativetotheinvestigation.
! Ifaschoolofficialcooperatestoallowaccess,theschoolofficialhasimmunityinanylegalactionaparentmaybringarisingoutoftheschoolofficial’scooperationwithDHS.
¡ Caseworker! Priornoticeandappointmentrecommended.! Obtainpriorparentpermissiontoaccesschild.! Asktoseeofficialidentification.
DHSACCESSTOSTUDENTS