Interactive MultimediaInteractive Multimedia

James D. LehmanJames D. Lehman

Educational TechnologyEducational Technology

Purdue UniversityPurdue University

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CBICBI

Optical MediaOptical Media

VideodiscVideodisc

CD-ROMCD-ROM

DVDDVD

Multimedia/HypermediaMultimedia/Hypermedia

Interactive VideoInteractive Video

WWWWWW

Computer-Based InstructionComputer-Based Instruction

CBICBI• computer-based instructioncomputer-based instruction

CAICAI• computer-assisted instructioncomputer-assisted instruction

CBTCBT• computer-based trainingcomputer-based training

Types of CBITypes of CBI

Drill and practiceDrill and practice TutorialTutorial SimulationSimulation Instructional gameInstructional game Problem solvingProblem solving OtherOther

Advantages of CBIAdvantages of CBI

InteractivityInteractivity Ability to individualizeAbility to individualize Consistency of deliveryConsistency of delivery MotivationMotivation Learner controlLearner control AdministrationAdministration Cost effectivenessCost effectiveness

Limitations of CBILimitations of CBI

Hardware requirementsHardware requirements Start-up costsStart-up costs Limited intelligence of most softwareLimited intelligence of most software Limited modalities (rapidly disappearing as Limited modalities (rapidly disappearing as

a limitation due to multimedia)a limitation due to multimedia)

Typical CBI SystemTypical CBI System

CPUCPU++

MemoryMemoryRAM ROMRAM ROM

Display MonitorDisplay Monitor(Output)(Output)

Keyboard and MouseKeyboard and Mouse(Input)(Input)

Floppy DiskFloppy DiskHard DiskHard Disk

CD-ROM/DVDCD-ROM/DVD(Mass Storage)(Mass Storage)

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Optical MediaOptical Media

Laser videodiscLaser videodisc CD-audioCD-audio CD-ROMCD-ROM DVDDVD

WORM (e.g., CD-R)WORM (e.g., CD-R) Erasable/rerecordable (e.g., CD-RW)Erasable/rerecordable (e.g., CD-RW)

Advantages of Optical MediaAdvantages of Optical Media

Very large storage capacityVery large storage capacity Inexpensive duplicationInexpensive duplication Long media life; no wear when playingLong media life; no wear when playing High data integrityHigh data integrity Capable of storing multiple mediaCapable of storing multiple media Computer accessibleComputer accessible

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VideodiscsVideodiscs

Oldest of the optical storage technologiesOldest of the optical storage technologies

When was the first videodisc and videodisc When was the first videodisc and videodisc player invented?player invented?

VideodiscsVideodiscs

The answer...The answer...

In 1926. Scotsman John Logie Baird, a In 1926. Scotsman John Logie Baird, a pioneer in the development of television, pioneer in the development of television, created a system based on Edison’s created a system based on Edison’s phonograph technology that he called phonograph technology that he called phonovision. However, the modern laser phonovision. However, the modern laser videodisc wasn’t developed until the 1970s.videodisc wasn’t developed until the 1970s.

VideodiscsVideodiscs

Although the reflective laser videodisc is Although the reflective laser videodisc is now the standard, there have been other now the standard, there have been other types, including: CED (RCA), VHD (JVC), types, including: CED (RCA), VHD (JVC), laser transmissive (Thompson), and laser transmissive (Thompson), and laserfilm (McDonnell Douglas). These laserfilm (McDonnell Douglas). These forms have all but disappeared today.forms have all but disappeared today.

Laser Videodisc FormatsLaser Videodisc Formats

CLV (constant linear velocity)CLV (constant linear velocity)• Long-play format, developed primarily for Long-play format, developed primarily for

linear playback of movies, capable of 60 min. linear playback of movies, capable of 60 min. of video per side.of video per side.

CAV (constant angular velocity)CAV (constant angular velocity)• Capable of 30 min. of video per 12” side. Capable of 30 min. of video per 12” side.

However, also capable of freezing still images. However, also capable of freezing still images. Format of choice for interactive video.Format of choice for interactive video.

CAV Videodisc CharacteristicsCAV Videodisc Characteristics

30 min. of motion video per side30 min. of motion video per side 54,000 individually accessible frames54,000 individually accessible frames ability to freeze any still imageability to freeze any still image rapid random access to any framerapid random access to any frame 2 - 4 audio channels2 - 4 audio channels high picture qualityhigh picture quality durable construction and long lifedurable construction and long life low cost per imagelow cost per image

Videodisc PlayersVideodisc Players

All videodisc players today are capable All videodisc players today are capable playing both CLV and CAV format.playing both CLV and CAV format.

Most players today support bar code access Most players today support bar code access to frames and motion sequences.to frames and motion sequences.

“ “Industrial” players feature a standard Industrial” players feature a standard serial interface for computer control.serial interface for computer control.

U.S. market is dominated by Pioneer and to U.S. market is dominated by Pioneer and to a lesser extent Sony.a lesser extent Sony.

Prices ranges from $700 - $2000.Prices ranges from $700 - $2000.

Limitations of VideodiscLimitations of Videodisc

Videodiscs, while still useful and fairly Videodiscs, while still useful and fairly widely used, have two flaws that ultimately widely used, have two flaws that ultimately will doom the technology:will doom the technology:• They are an analog, not digital, medium which They are an analog, not digital, medium which

means they are not naturally computer means they are not naturally computer compatible.compatible.

• They are large (12” in diameter) in an era when They are large (12” in diameter) in an era when the trend is toward smaller.the trend is toward smaller.

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CD-ROMCD-ROM

Newer digital cousin of the videodisc and Newer digital cousin of the videodisc and digital audio CDs.digital audio CDs.

Capable of storing up to 650M of data or Capable of storing up to 650M of data or the equivalent of a quarter of a million the equivalent of a quarter of a million pages of textual information.pages of textual information.

Today can store text, graphics, digital Today can store text, graphics, digital audio, and compressed forms of video.audio, and compressed forms of video.

CD-ROMCD-ROM

Designed as a mass storage medium for Designed as a mass storage medium for personal computers.personal computers.

While many are so-called hybrids (able to While many are so-called hybrids (able to work with different PCs), CD-ROMs often work with different PCs), CD-ROMs often are specific to certain platforms only.are specific to certain platforms only.

Now accepted as one of the most popular Now accepted as one of the most popular ways to distribute computer software.ways to distribute computer software.

CD-ROMCD-ROM

Players are now standard equipment on Players are now standard equipment on most PCs; player cost has dropped to under most PCs; player cost has dropped to under $100 for typical models.$100 for typical models.

The prerecorded medium itself is relatively The prerecorded medium itself is relatively durable, has high data integrity, and is very durable, has high data integrity, and is very inexpensive to mass produce.inexpensive to mass produce.

CD-ROMCD-ROM

In addition to prerecorded CD-ROMs, In addition to prerecorded CD-ROMs, recorders and recordable media (CD-R and recorders and recordable media (CD-R and CD-RW) have become economical and CD-RW) have become economical and widely available for even casual users. widely available for even casual users.

Large installed base should insure viability Large installed base should insure viability into the near future despite the arrival of into the near future despite the arrival of DVD.DVD.

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DVDDVD

Emerging format that promises to replace Emerging format that promises to replace both videodiscs and CD-ROMs in the both videodiscs and CD-ROMs in the future.future.

DVD discs are the same size as CD-ROMs, DVD discs are the same size as CD-ROMs, but first generation formats hold 4.7G or but first generation formats hold 4.7G or seven times the capacity of a CD-ROM.seven times the capacity of a CD-ROM.

Later versions may hold up to 17G on a Later versions may hold up to 17G on a single, double-sided disc.single, double-sided disc.

DVDDVD

The first large-scale consumer application The first large-scale consumer application of DVD is feature length films (encoded in of DVD is feature length films (encoded in MPEG format) on CD size discs.MPEG format) on CD size discs.

DVD-ROM players are now options on DVD-ROM players are now options on many personal computers. DVD recorders many personal computers. DVD recorders are now becoming economical options.are now becoming economical options.

Conflicts over related standards have Conflicts over related standards have delayed acceptance of DVD, but, in time, it delayed acceptance of DVD, but, in time, it seems certain to take over.seems certain to take over.

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WWWWWW

The World Wide Web, or just WWW or the The World Wide Web, or just WWW or the Web, supports multimedia using a Web, supports multimedia using a hyperlinking format familiar to users of the hyperlinking format familiar to users of the MacOS or Windows.MacOS or Windows.

First developed at CERN, the European First developed at CERN, the European physics research center, the Web has physics research center, the Web has become so pervasive that it is synonymous become so pervasive that it is synonymous with the Internet for many users.with the Internet for many users.

WWWWWW

The Web offers a key advantage in The Web offers a key advantage in distribution of interactive multimedia; users distribution of interactive multimedia; users access materials without the need for media access materials without the need for media distribution channels.distribution channels.

Today, interactive multimedia on the Web Today, interactive multimedia on the Web is subject to bandwidth limitations, but is subject to bandwidth limitations, but these limitations will diminish over time.these limitations will diminish over time.

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Interactive VideoInteractive Video

The use of a video delivery system in which The use of a video delivery system in which the user has control over the presentation.the user has control over the presentation.

Most of the literature in the field relates to Most of the literature in the field relates to the use of laser videodisc technology, often the use of laser videodisc technology, often under computer control. However, newer under computer control. However, newer forms of multimedia may fit this definition forms of multimedia may fit this definition as well.as well.

Levels of Interactive VideoLevels of Interactive Video

Level 1Level 1• player with remote controlplayer with remote control

Level 2Level 2• special “intelligent” playerspecial “intelligent” player

Level 3Level 3• computer interfaced to and in control of playercomputer interfaced to and in control of player

Interactive VideoInteractive Video

Level 1Level 1• A hand-held remote control device offer easy A hand-held remote control device offer easy

access to videodisc images.access to videodisc images.• A bar code reader makes it even more A bar code reader makes it even more

convenient to access images. Many textbook convenient to access images. Many textbook companies now include laserdisc bar codes in companies now include laserdisc bar codes in their school textbooks, especially in science.their school textbooks, especially in science.

Interactive VideoInteractive Video

Level 2Level 2• Once popular in the training sector, but almost Once popular in the training sector, but almost

non-existent in traditional education.non-existent in traditional education.• An “industrial” model videodisc player has an An “industrial” model videodisc player has an

on-board microprocessor. A program is on-board microprocessor. A program is encoded on the videodisc along with the video. encoded on the videodisc along with the video. This program permits rudimentary interaction This program permits rudimentary interaction and branching through the use of the hand-held and branching through the use of the hand-held remote control.remote control.

Interactive VideoInteractive Video

Level 3Level 3• Addition of a computer provides the Addition of a computer provides the

opportunity for a high level of interaction with opportunity for a high level of interaction with the user.the user.

• Simple systems use two monitors and a Simple systems use two monitors and a connecting cable. Costlier systems use connecting cable. Costlier systems use computer boards that permit overlay of the computer boards that permit overlay of the videodisc video on the computer screen.videodisc video on the computer screen.

Two Monitor SystemTwo Monitor System

Separate computer and video monitorsSeparate computer and video monitors

Overlay (One Monitor) SystemOverlay (One Monitor) System

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Special overlay board

Interactive MultimediaInteractive Multimedia

Generic term that denotes any system in Generic term that denotes any system in which the computer is capable of which the computer is capable of controlling and delivering multiple media.controlling and delivering multiple media.

Most often today, the term is used to Most often today, the term is used to describe a PC-based system involving describe a PC-based system involving CD-ROM, DVD, or the InternetCD-ROM, DVD, or the Internet

HypermediaHypermedia

A term that traces its roots to Vannevar A term that traces its roots to Vannevar Bush’s proposed memex machine.Bush’s proposed memex machine.

The idea was translated into computer The idea was translated into computer systems by Douglas Englebart and Ted systems by Douglas Englebart and Ted Nelson. Nelson coined the term hypertext to Nelson. Nelson coined the term hypertext to describe an associational text retrieval describe an associational text retrieval system consisting of interlinked nodes.system consisting of interlinked nodes.

Hypermedia extends the hypertext concept Hypermedia extends the hypertext concept to multimedia.to multimedia.

HypermediaHypermedia

Hypermedia is a form of interactive Hypermedia is a form of interactive multimedia, but not all interactive multimedia, but not all interactive multimedia is hypermedia.multimedia is hypermedia.

Hypermedia is distinguished by interlinked Hypermedia is distinguished by interlinked nodes of information that may contain nodes of information that may contain multiple media.multiple media.

HypermediaHypermedia

The first widely popular hypermedia The first widely popular hypermedia software was Apple’s HyperCard.software was Apple’s HyperCard.

Today, there are many hypermedia Today, there are many hypermedia authoring tools available including: authoring tools available including: HyperStudio, Toolbook, eZedia, Director, HyperStudio, Toolbook, eZedia, Director, and various web authoring programs.and various web authoring programs.

HypermediaHypermedia

Of course, the most dramatic example of Of course, the most dramatic example of hypermedia today is the World Wide Web.hypermedia today is the World Wide Web.

You can find course information on the web You can find course information on the web at:at:

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http://www.edci.purdue.edu/lehman/edci663/intro663.htmhttp://www.edci.purdue.edu/lehman/edci663/intro663.htm

The EndThe End