Intercultural Communication

andeTwinning

James R Chamberlain MAHochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg

Icebreaker ndash Draw a House

Sharing a single pen or pencil and with both persons holding the pen at the same time draw a house on a blank sheet of paper

Turn the paper over and without talking draw a house together from a uniquely different culture

Present your pictures to the others and discuss them

ldquoOur concept of cultural distance is something which we can understand on one level but may not be able to physically and emotionally deal with quite as readilyrdquo

- Theodore Gochenour

Levine amp Adelman Beyond Language Cross-Cultural Communication 1992

individual

collective

universal

Three levels of ldquoHuman Mental Programmingrdquo

Hofstede Culturersquos Consequences 1980

Basic

Assumptions

amp Values

Beliefs

Norms

Systems

and Institutions

and

Attitudes

Artefacts amp Products

Rituals amp Behaviour

The Kluckhohn Model 5 problems common to all human groups

1) What is a grouprsquos assessment of innate human nature (perception of self and others)

2) What is a grouprsquos relation to nature (world view)

3) What is the temporal focus of life (temporal orientation)

[ ie past orientation (tradition-bound) present (situational) future (goal-orientated) ]

5 problems common to all human groups

4) What is the grouprsquos principal mode of activity (forms of activity)

[ ie Why are we here ]

5) What is the modality of the grouprsquos relationships to others (social relations)

[ ie How do I construct my own identity ]

The Kluckhohn Model

The Five Value Orientations and the Range of Variations Postulated for Each

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Evil Neutral Mixture of Good-and-Evil Good

man-nature Subjugation-to-

Nature

Harmony-with-

Nature

Mastery-over-

Nature

time Past Present Future

activity Being Being-in-Becoming Doing

relational Lineality Collaterality Individualism

Source Ortuntildeo (p 450)

The Kluckhohn Model

German Cultural Value Orientations

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Neutral Mixture of Good and Evil

man-nature Harmony-with-

Nature

Mastery-over-

Nature

time Past Present Future

activity Being-in-Becoming Doing

relational Collaterality Individualism

Source Ortuntildeo (p 450)

US-American Cultural Value Orientation

The Five Value Orientations and the Range of Variations Postulated for Each

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Good

mutable immutable

man-nature Mastery-over-

Nature

time Future

activity Doing

relational Individualism

Source Ortuntildeo (pp 452 ff)

Hispanic Value Orientations

The Five Value Orientations and the Range of Variations Postulated for Each

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Mixture of Good-and-Evil

mutable

man-nature Subjugation-to- Harmony-with-

Nature Nature

time Present

activity Being

relational Lineality Collaterality

(Authoritarian) (Group Oriented)

Source Ortuntildeo (p 454)

A person should always be considered

innocent until proven guilty

All natural resources were placed on this earth to be at

peoplersquos disposal

The most satisfying and

effective form of decision making

is group consensus

Live every day as if it were the only day that

counts

If people work hard and apply

themselves fully their efforts will be rewarded

What are these people ldquosayingrdquo

Cultural Note

In the US office doors are normally kept open in order to show that you are accessible to others should they need your help Nevertheless it is considered very bad-mannered if a visitor does not knock or otherwise

ask permission before entering

Cultural Note

In the US office doors are normally kept open in order to show that you are accessible to others should they need your help Nevertheless it is considered very bad-mannered if a visitor does not knock or otherwise

ask permission before entering

OH DIESES STOFF-PUumlPPCHEN SIEHT AUS WIE ICH IHR EBENBILD

GIBT MIR KRAFT

ICH AHNTE NICHT WAS

ICH IHM BEDEUTEhellip

NIE KLOPFST DU AN DU ARSCH

American I offer a contract

Greek These are my orders 15 days

American Take 15 Is it agreed you will do it in 15 days

American He lacks the ability to estimate time this time estimate is totally inadequate

Greek Ten days

American I press him to take responsibility for his own actions

Greek What nonsense Id better give him an answer

American You are in the best position to analyze time requirements

American He refuses to take responsibility

Greek I asked him for an order

Greek I dont know How long should ittake

American I asked him to participate

Greek His behavior makes no sense He is the boss Why doesnt he tell me

American How long will it take you to finish this report

Attribution (interpretationevaluation)Behavior (description)

In fact the report needed 30 days of regular work So the Greek worked day and night

but at the end of the 15th day he still needed one more days work

The American is surprised

Greek I cant work for such a man

The Greek hands in his resignation

American I must teach him to fulfill a contract

Greek The stupid incompetent boss Notonly did he give me wrongorders but he does not evenappreciate that I did a 30-dayjob in 16 days

American But we had agreed that it would be ready today

(Both attribute that it is not ready)Greek It will be ready tomorrow

American I am making sure he fulfills his contract

Greek He is asking for the report

American Where is my report

AttributionBehavior

Behavior Attribution

American Who are you going to pick to lead the negotiations

American

German

German I was thinking about Dr Muumlller American

German

American Hersquos very serious isnrsquot he American

German

German Quite He thinks deeply aboutthings

American

German

American Hersquos not one to make jokes either

American

German

German So you favor him too American

German

Team Leader

Behavior Attribution

American Who do you think shersquoll pick to chair the task force

American

German

German I think you have a good chance American

German

American Me No way She doesnrsquot think much of me

American

German

German I donrsquot agree Why do you say that

American

German

American Shersquos never said anything to me about my work

American

German

German Then why are you so worried American

German

Feedback

Behavior Attribution

American Whatrsquos wrong with Klaus American

German

German He broke up with his girlfriend American

German

American Poor guy He looks so unhappy

American

German

German Hersquos taking it very hard American

German

American So what can we do to help American

German

German Help American

German

Love Life

Source Hall amp HallVerborgene Signale 1983

The combination of implicit and explicit informationresults in meaningful communication

Little implicit infor-mation eg Germans

Proportion of communicated(explicit) information

1 9

Low information density

2 8

mation densitye g Americans

3 7

Middle to low infor- 4 6

5 5

Meaning

6 4

7 3(implicit) information[Context]

8 2Proportion of stored

High density information networks Much implicit informatione g Japanese

9 1

The relationship between implicit and explicit informationin information networks of varying density

1) do one thing at a time2) concentrate on the job3) take time commitments

seriously4) are low-context and need

information5) are committed to the job6) adhere religiously to plans7) are concerned about not

disturbing others8) show great respect for

private property9) emphasize promptness10) are accustomed to short-

term relationships

1) do many things at once2) are subject to interruptions3) consider time commitments an

ideal to be achieved if possible4) are high-context and already

have information5) are committed to people6) change plans often and easily7) are more concerned with family

and friends than with privacy8) borrow and lend things often

and easily9) base promptness on relationship10) tend to build lifetime

relationships

Monochronic Polychronic

Direct amp Indirect1 This is like the communication between siblings

2 This is like the communication between two casual

acquaintances

3 People are reluctant to say no

4 You may have to read between the lines to

understand what someone is saying

5 Its best to tell it like it is

6 Yes means yes

7 Yes means I hear you

8 There is no need to read between the lines

9 Who attends your meeting is an indication of

how important you or the topic is

10Who attends your meeting is an indication of

who is available to attend

11Silence may mean disapproval or dissatisfaction

12People tell you what they think you want to hear

Direct amp Indirect

Describe thefollowing picture

The DIE Model1 Description

a must be neutral and exactb needs to overcome cognitive and perceptive filters

2 Interpretationa conjecture of what the observation might meanb attribution of motive to the persons observed

3 Evaluationa an emotional or effective judgmentb what you feel about what yoursquove observed

Now with a partner hellipdescribe interpret and evaluate

Description Interpretation Evaluation

Note down as exactly and as neutrally as possible what you experience Anything that strikes you as different funny weird sad etc is appropriateFeelings emotions judgments should not be expressed on this side Just stick to the facts

Now try to analyze or interpret what you have observed Which basic assumptions or values are behind the behavior How does your observation help you to classify the culture in terms of value orientations

Describe your thoughts feelings etc about the event What in your cultural makeup may be affecting how you feel How is that different from whatever values or assumptions may be at work in the new culture

We expect others to be like us but they arenrsquot

Thus a cultural incident occurs

causing a reaction (anger fear etc)

We become awareof our reaction

and we withdraw

We become awareof our reaction

We reflect onits cause

and our reaction subsides

We observethe situation

which results indeveloping culturally

appropriate expectations

Politeness

positive

bull actively involve othersbull openly show

friendliness and bull openness sharing

negative

bull do not disturb othersbull donlsquot place yourself in

the limelightbull donlsquot force your

private concerns on others

Intercultural E-Mail

Language

bull Whose languagebull NNS creativitybull Adaptation of the NS

to the NNSbull phatic communication

Culture

bull Formatbull Addressbull Amount of informationbull Register humor etcbull Context

Emailing 1 Worksheet 1 - Reading Tasks

Dear Mr Smith I would like to introduce myself My name is Susan Saarland and I am the new South Western sales

manager for Chou Cream English Schools The previous sales manager for your area Chris Jones has been promoted to Head of Marketing and has asked me to pass his best wishes onto you

I look forward to doing business with you and hope we get the chance to meet soon Yours Susan Saarland 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Ms Saarland Thank you very much for your email of the 7th March I am looking forward to working with you in the

coming months and years and to seeing you soon Regards Graham 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Graham Thanks for your quick reply If it is convenient with you I will be able to meet with you very soon indeed

as I am visiting one of your colleagues on Wednesday 25th March I am planning to finish the meeting at 1230 pm and would be very glad to meet you any time after that

Best wishes Susan

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

Icebreaker ndash Draw a House

Sharing a single pen or pencil and with both persons holding the pen at the same time draw a house on a blank sheet of paper

Turn the paper over and without talking draw a house together from a uniquely different culture

Present your pictures to the others and discuss them

ldquoOur concept of cultural distance is something which we can understand on one level but may not be able to physically and emotionally deal with quite as readilyrdquo

- Theodore Gochenour

Levine amp Adelman Beyond Language Cross-Cultural Communication 1992

individual

collective

universal

Three levels of ldquoHuman Mental Programmingrdquo

Hofstede Culturersquos Consequences 1980

Basic

Assumptions

amp Values

Beliefs

Norms

Systems

and Institutions

and

Attitudes

Artefacts amp Products

Rituals amp Behaviour

The Kluckhohn Model 5 problems common to all human groups

1) What is a grouprsquos assessment of innate human nature (perception of self and others)

2) What is a grouprsquos relation to nature (world view)

3) What is the temporal focus of life (temporal orientation)

[ ie past orientation (tradition-bound) present (situational) future (goal-orientated) ]

5 problems common to all human groups

4) What is the grouprsquos principal mode of activity (forms of activity)

[ ie Why are we here ]

5) What is the modality of the grouprsquos relationships to others (social relations)

[ ie How do I construct my own identity ]

The Kluckhohn Model

The Five Value Orientations and the Range of Variations Postulated for Each

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Evil Neutral Mixture of Good-and-Evil Good

man-nature Subjugation-to-

Nature

Harmony-with-

Nature

Mastery-over-

Nature

time Past Present Future

activity Being Being-in-Becoming Doing

relational Lineality Collaterality Individualism

Source Ortuntildeo (p 450)

The Kluckhohn Model

German Cultural Value Orientations

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Neutral Mixture of Good and Evil

man-nature Harmony-with-

Nature

Mastery-over-

Nature

time Past Present Future

activity Being-in-Becoming Doing

relational Collaterality Individualism

Source Ortuntildeo (p 450)

US-American Cultural Value Orientation

The Five Value Orientations and the Range of Variations Postulated for Each

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Good

mutable immutable

man-nature Mastery-over-

Nature

time Future

activity Doing

relational Individualism

Source Ortuntildeo (pp 452 ff)

Hispanic Value Orientations

The Five Value Orientations and the Range of Variations Postulated for Each

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Mixture of Good-and-Evil

mutable

man-nature Subjugation-to- Harmony-with-

Nature Nature

time Present

activity Being

relational Lineality Collaterality

(Authoritarian) (Group Oriented)

Source Ortuntildeo (p 454)

A person should always be considered

innocent until proven guilty

All natural resources were placed on this earth to be at

peoplersquos disposal

The most satisfying and

effective form of decision making

is group consensus

Live every day as if it were the only day that

counts

If people work hard and apply

themselves fully their efforts will be rewarded

What are these people ldquosayingrdquo

Cultural Note

In the US office doors are normally kept open in order to show that you are accessible to others should they need your help Nevertheless it is considered very bad-mannered if a visitor does not knock or otherwise

ask permission before entering

Cultural Note

In the US office doors are normally kept open in order to show that you are accessible to others should they need your help Nevertheless it is considered very bad-mannered if a visitor does not knock or otherwise

ask permission before entering

OH DIESES STOFF-PUumlPPCHEN SIEHT AUS WIE ICH IHR EBENBILD

GIBT MIR KRAFT

ICH AHNTE NICHT WAS

ICH IHM BEDEUTEhellip

NIE KLOPFST DU AN DU ARSCH

American I offer a contract

Greek These are my orders 15 days

American Take 15 Is it agreed you will do it in 15 days

American He lacks the ability to estimate time this time estimate is totally inadequate

Greek Ten days

American I press him to take responsibility for his own actions

Greek What nonsense Id better give him an answer

American You are in the best position to analyze time requirements

American He refuses to take responsibility

Greek I asked him for an order

Greek I dont know How long should ittake

American I asked him to participate

Greek His behavior makes no sense He is the boss Why doesnt he tell me

American How long will it take you to finish this report

Attribution (interpretationevaluation)Behavior (description)

In fact the report needed 30 days of regular work So the Greek worked day and night

but at the end of the 15th day he still needed one more days work

The American is surprised

Greek I cant work for such a man

The Greek hands in his resignation

American I must teach him to fulfill a contract

Greek The stupid incompetent boss Notonly did he give me wrongorders but he does not evenappreciate that I did a 30-dayjob in 16 days

American But we had agreed that it would be ready today

(Both attribute that it is not ready)Greek It will be ready tomorrow

American I am making sure he fulfills his contract

Greek He is asking for the report

American Where is my report

AttributionBehavior

Behavior Attribution

American Who are you going to pick to lead the negotiations

American

German

German I was thinking about Dr Muumlller American

German

American Hersquos very serious isnrsquot he American

German

German Quite He thinks deeply aboutthings

American

German

American Hersquos not one to make jokes either

American

German

German So you favor him too American

German

Team Leader

Behavior Attribution

American Who do you think shersquoll pick to chair the task force

American

German

German I think you have a good chance American

German

American Me No way She doesnrsquot think much of me

American

German

German I donrsquot agree Why do you say that

American

German

American Shersquos never said anything to me about my work

American

German

German Then why are you so worried American

German

Feedback

Behavior Attribution

American Whatrsquos wrong with Klaus American

German

German He broke up with his girlfriend American

German

American Poor guy He looks so unhappy

American

German

German Hersquos taking it very hard American

German

American So what can we do to help American

German

German Help American

German

Love Life

Source Hall amp HallVerborgene Signale 1983

The combination of implicit and explicit informationresults in meaningful communication

Little implicit infor-mation eg Germans

Proportion of communicated(explicit) information

1 9

Low information density

2 8

mation densitye g Americans

3 7

Middle to low infor- 4 6

5 5

Meaning

6 4

7 3(implicit) information[Context]

8 2Proportion of stored

High density information networks Much implicit informatione g Japanese

9 1

The relationship between implicit and explicit informationin information networks of varying density

1) do one thing at a time2) concentrate on the job3) take time commitments

seriously4) are low-context and need

information5) are committed to the job6) adhere religiously to plans7) are concerned about not

disturbing others8) show great respect for

private property9) emphasize promptness10) are accustomed to short-

term relationships

1) do many things at once2) are subject to interruptions3) consider time commitments an

ideal to be achieved if possible4) are high-context and already

have information5) are committed to people6) change plans often and easily7) are more concerned with family

and friends than with privacy8) borrow and lend things often

and easily9) base promptness on relationship10) tend to build lifetime

relationships

Monochronic Polychronic

Direct amp Indirect1 This is like the communication between siblings

2 This is like the communication between two casual

acquaintances

3 People are reluctant to say no

4 You may have to read between the lines to

understand what someone is saying

5 Its best to tell it like it is

6 Yes means yes

7 Yes means I hear you

8 There is no need to read between the lines

9 Who attends your meeting is an indication of

how important you or the topic is

10Who attends your meeting is an indication of

who is available to attend

11Silence may mean disapproval or dissatisfaction

12People tell you what they think you want to hear

Direct amp Indirect

Describe thefollowing picture

The DIE Model1 Description

a must be neutral and exactb needs to overcome cognitive and perceptive filters

2 Interpretationa conjecture of what the observation might meanb attribution of motive to the persons observed

3 Evaluationa an emotional or effective judgmentb what you feel about what yoursquove observed

Now with a partner hellipdescribe interpret and evaluate

Description Interpretation Evaluation

Note down as exactly and as neutrally as possible what you experience Anything that strikes you as different funny weird sad etc is appropriateFeelings emotions judgments should not be expressed on this side Just stick to the facts

Now try to analyze or interpret what you have observed Which basic assumptions or values are behind the behavior How does your observation help you to classify the culture in terms of value orientations

Describe your thoughts feelings etc about the event What in your cultural makeup may be affecting how you feel How is that different from whatever values or assumptions may be at work in the new culture

We expect others to be like us but they arenrsquot

Thus a cultural incident occurs

causing a reaction (anger fear etc)

We become awareof our reaction

and we withdraw

We become awareof our reaction

We reflect onits cause

and our reaction subsides

We observethe situation

which results indeveloping culturally

appropriate expectations

Politeness

positive

bull actively involve othersbull openly show

friendliness and bull openness sharing

negative

bull do not disturb othersbull donlsquot place yourself in

the limelightbull donlsquot force your

private concerns on others

Intercultural E-Mail

Language

bull Whose languagebull NNS creativitybull Adaptation of the NS

to the NNSbull phatic communication

Culture

bull Formatbull Addressbull Amount of informationbull Register humor etcbull Context

Emailing 1 Worksheet 1 - Reading Tasks

Dear Mr Smith I would like to introduce myself My name is Susan Saarland and I am the new South Western sales

manager for Chou Cream English Schools The previous sales manager for your area Chris Jones has been promoted to Head of Marketing and has asked me to pass his best wishes onto you

I look forward to doing business with you and hope we get the chance to meet soon Yours Susan Saarland 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Ms Saarland Thank you very much for your email of the 7th March I am looking forward to working with you in the

coming months and years and to seeing you soon Regards Graham 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Graham Thanks for your quick reply If it is convenient with you I will be able to meet with you very soon indeed

as I am visiting one of your colleagues on Wednesday 25th March I am planning to finish the meeting at 1230 pm and would be very glad to meet you any time after that

Best wishes Susan

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

ldquoOur concept of cultural distance is something which we can understand on one level but may not be able to physically and emotionally deal with quite as readilyrdquo

- Theodore Gochenour

Levine amp Adelman Beyond Language Cross-Cultural Communication 1992

individual

collective

universal

Three levels of ldquoHuman Mental Programmingrdquo

Hofstede Culturersquos Consequences 1980

Basic

Assumptions

amp Values

Beliefs

Norms

Systems

and Institutions

and

Attitudes

Artefacts amp Products

Rituals amp Behaviour

The Kluckhohn Model 5 problems common to all human groups

1) What is a grouprsquos assessment of innate human nature (perception of self and others)

2) What is a grouprsquos relation to nature (world view)

3) What is the temporal focus of life (temporal orientation)

[ ie past orientation (tradition-bound) present (situational) future (goal-orientated) ]

5 problems common to all human groups

4) What is the grouprsquos principal mode of activity (forms of activity)

[ ie Why are we here ]

5) What is the modality of the grouprsquos relationships to others (social relations)

[ ie How do I construct my own identity ]

The Kluckhohn Model

The Five Value Orientations and the Range of Variations Postulated for Each

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Evil Neutral Mixture of Good-and-Evil Good

man-nature Subjugation-to-

Nature

Harmony-with-

Nature

Mastery-over-

Nature

time Past Present Future

activity Being Being-in-Becoming Doing

relational Lineality Collaterality Individualism

Source Ortuntildeo (p 450)

The Kluckhohn Model

German Cultural Value Orientations

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Neutral Mixture of Good and Evil

man-nature Harmony-with-

Nature

Mastery-over-

Nature

time Past Present Future

activity Being-in-Becoming Doing

relational Collaterality Individualism

Source Ortuntildeo (p 450)

US-American Cultural Value Orientation

The Five Value Orientations and the Range of Variations Postulated for Each

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Good

mutable immutable

man-nature Mastery-over-

Nature

time Future

activity Doing

relational Individualism

Source Ortuntildeo (pp 452 ff)

Hispanic Value Orientations

The Five Value Orientations and the Range of Variations Postulated for Each

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Mixture of Good-and-Evil

mutable

man-nature Subjugation-to- Harmony-with-

Nature Nature

time Present

activity Being

relational Lineality Collaterality

(Authoritarian) (Group Oriented)

Source Ortuntildeo (p 454)

A person should always be considered

innocent until proven guilty

All natural resources were placed on this earth to be at

peoplersquos disposal

The most satisfying and

effective form of decision making

is group consensus

Live every day as if it were the only day that

counts

If people work hard and apply

themselves fully their efforts will be rewarded

What are these people ldquosayingrdquo

Cultural Note

In the US office doors are normally kept open in order to show that you are accessible to others should they need your help Nevertheless it is considered very bad-mannered if a visitor does not knock or otherwise

ask permission before entering

Cultural Note

In the US office doors are normally kept open in order to show that you are accessible to others should they need your help Nevertheless it is considered very bad-mannered if a visitor does not knock or otherwise

ask permission before entering

OH DIESES STOFF-PUumlPPCHEN SIEHT AUS WIE ICH IHR EBENBILD

GIBT MIR KRAFT

ICH AHNTE NICHT WAS

ICH IHM BEDEUTEhellip

NIE KLOPFST DU AN DU ARSCH

American I offer a contract

Greek These are my orders 15 days

American Take 15 Is it agreed you will do it in 15 days

American He lacks the ability to estimate time this time estimate is totally inadequate

Greek Ten days

American I press him to take responsibility for his own actions

Greek What nonsense Id better give him an answer

American You are in the best position to analyze time requirements

American He refuses to take responsibility

Greek I asked him for an order

Greek I dont know How long should ittake

American I asked him to participate

Greek His behavior makes no sense He is the boss Why doesnt he tell me

American How long will it take you to finish this report

Attribution (interpretationevaluation)Behavior (description)

In fact the report needed 30 days of regular work So the Greek worked day and night

but at the end of the 15th day he still needed one more days work

The American is surprised

Greek I cant work for such a man

The Greek hands in his resignation

American I must teach him to fulfill a contract

Greek The stupid incompetent boss Notonly did he give me wrongorders but he does not evenappreciate that I did a 30-dayjob in 16 days

American But we had agreed that it would be ready today

(Both attribute that it is not ready)Greek It will be ready tomorrow

American I am making sure he fulfills his contract

Greek He is asking for the report

American Where is my report

AttributionBehavior

Behavior Attribution

American Who are you going to pick to lead the negotiations

American

German

German I was thinking about Dr Muumlller American

German

American Hersquos very serious isnrsquot he American

German

German Quite He thinks deeply aboutthings

American

German

American Hersquos not one to make jokes either

American

German

German So you favor him too American

German

Team Leader

Behavior Attribution

American Who do you think shersquoll pick to chair the task force

American

German

German I think you have a good chance American

German

American Me No way She doesnrsquot think much of me

American

German

German I donrsquot agree Why do you say that

American

German

American Shersquos never said anything to me about my work

American

German

German Then why are you so worried American

German

Feedback

Behavior Attribution

American Whatrsquos wrong with Klaus American

German

German He broke up with his girlfriend American

German

American Poor guy He looks so unhappy

American

German

German Hersquos taking it very hard American

German

American So what can we do to help American

German

German Help American

German

Love Life

Source Hall amp HallVerborgene Signale 1983

The combination of implicit and explicit informationresults in meaningful communication

Little implicit infor-mation eg Germans

Proportion of communicated(explicit) information

1 9

Low information density

2 8

mation densitye g Americans

3 7

Middle to low infor- 4 6

5 5

Meaning

6 4

7 3(implicit) information[Context]

8 2Proportion of stored

High density information networks Much implicit informatione g Japanese

9 1

The relationship between implicit and explicit informationin information networks of varying density

1) do one thing at a time2) concentrate on the job3) take time commitments

seriously4) are low-context and need

information5) are committed to the job6) adhere religiously to plans7) are concerned about not

disturbing others8) show great respect for

private property9) emphasize promptness10) are accustomed to short-

term relationships

1) do many things at once2) are subject to interruptions3) consider time commitments an

ideal to be achieved if possible4) are high-context and already

have information5) are committed to people6) change plans often and easily7) are more concerned with family

and friends than with privacy8) borrow and lend things often

and easily9) base promptness on relationship10) tend to build lifetime

relationships

Monochronic Polychronic

Direct amp Indirect1 This is like the communication between siblings

2 This is like the communication between two casual

acquaintances

3 People are reluctant to say no

4 You may have to read between the lines to

understand what someone is saying

5 Its best to tell it like it is

6 Yes means yes

7 Yes means I hear you

8 There is no need to read between the lines

9 Who attends your meeting is an indication of

how important you or the topic is

10Who attends your meeting is an indication of

who is available to attend

11Silence may mean disapproval or dissatisfaction

12People tell you what they think you want to hear

Direct amp Indirect

Describe thefollowing picture

The DIE Model1 Description

a must be neutral and exactb needs to overcome cognitive and perceptive filters

2 Interpretationa conjecture of what the observation might meanb attribution of motive to the persons observed

3 Evaluationa an emotional or effective judgmentb what you feel about what yoursquove observed

Now with a partner hellipdescribe interpret and evaluate

Description Interpretation Evaluation

Note down as exactly and as neutrally as possible what you experience Anything that strikes you as different funny weird sad etc is appropriateFeelings emotions judgments should not be expressed on this side Just stick to the facts

Now try to analyze or interpret what you have observed Which basic assumptions or values are behind the behavior How does your observation help you to classify the culture in terms of value orientations

Describe your thoughts feelings etc about the event What in your cultural makeup may be affecting how you feel How is that different from whatever values or assumptions may be at work in the new culture

We expect others to be like us but they arenrsquot

Thus a cultural incident occurs

causing a reaction (anger fear etc)

We become awareof our reaction

and we withdraw

We become awareof our reaction

We reflect onits cause

and our reaction subsides

We observethe situation

which results indeveloping culturally

appropriate expectations

Politeness

positive

bull actively involve othersbull openly show

friendliness and bull openness sharing

negative

bull do not disturb othersbull donlsquot place yourself in

the limelightbull donlsquot force your

private concerns on others

Intercultural E-Mail

Language

bull Whose languagebull NNS creativitybull Adaptation of the NS

to the NNSbull phatic communication

Culture

bull Formatbull Addressbull Amount of informationbull Register humor etcbull Context

Emailing 1 Worksheet 1 - Reading Tasks

Dear Mr Smith I would like to introduce myself My name is Susan Saarland and I am the new South Western sales

manager for Chou Cream English Schools The previous sales manager for your area Chris Jones has been promoted to Head of Marketing and has asked me to pass his best wishes onto you

I look forward to doing business with you and hope we get the chance to meet soon Yours Susan Saarland 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Ms Saarland Thank you very much for your email of the 7th March I am looking forward to working with you in the

coming months and years and to seeing you soon Regards Graham 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Graham Thanks for your quick reply If it is convenient with you I will be able to meet with you very soon indeed

as I am visiting one of your colleagues on Wednesday 25th March I am planning to finish the meeting at 1230 pm and would be very glad to meet you any time after that

Best wishes Susan

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

Levine amp Adelman Beyond Language Cross-Cultural Communication 1992

individual

collective

universal

Three levels of ldquoHuman Mental Programmingrdquo

Hofstede Culturersquos Consequences 1980

Basic

Assumptions

amp Values

Beliefs

Norms

Systems

and Institutions

and

Attitudes

Artefacts amp Products

Rituals amp Behaviour

The Kluckhohn Model 5 problems common to all human groups

1) What is a grouprsquos assessment of innate human nature (perception of self and others)

2) What is a grouprsquos relation to nature (world view)

3) What is the temporal focus of life (temporal orientation)

[ ie past orientation (tradition-bound) present (situational) future (goal-orientated) ]

5 problems common to all human groups

4) What is the grouprsquos principal mode of activity (forms of activity)

[ ie Why are we here ]

5) What is the modality of the grouprsquos relationships to others (social relations)

[ ie How do I construct my own identity ]

The Kluckhohn Model

The Five Value Orientations and the Range of Variations Postulated for Each

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Evil Neutral Mixture of Good-and-Evil Good

man-nature Subjugation-to-

Nature

Harmony-with-

Nature

Mastery-over-

Nature

time Past Present Future

activity Being Being-in-Becoming Doing

relational Lineality Collaterality Individualism

Source Ortuntildeo (p 450)

The Kluckhohn Model

German Cultural Value Orientations

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Neutral Mixture of Good and Evil

man-nature Harmony-with-

Nature

Mastery-over-

Nature

time Past Present Future

activity Being-in-Becoming Doing

relational Collaterality Individualism

Source Ortuntildeo (p 450)

US-American Cultural Value Orientation

The Five Value Orientations and the Range of Variations Postulated for Each

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Good

mutable immutable

man-nature Mastery-over-

Nature

time Future

activity Doing

relational Individualism

Source Ortuntildeo (pp 452 ff)

Hispanic Value Orientations

The Five Value Orientations and the Range of Variations Postulated for Each

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Mixture of Good-and-Evil

mutable

man-nature Subjugation-to- Harmony-with-

Nature Nature

time Present

activity Being

relational Lineality Collaterality

(Authoritarian) (Group Oriented)

Source Ortuntildeo (p 454)

A person should always be considered

innocent until proven guilty

All natural resources were placed on this earth to be at

peoplersquos disposal

The most satisfying and

effective form of decision making

is group consensus

Live every day as if it were the only day that

counts

If people work hard and apply

themselves fully their efforts will be rewarded

What are these people ldquosayingrdquo

Cultural Note

In the US office doors are normally kept open in order to show that you are accessible to others should they need your help Nevertheless it is considered very bad-mannered if a visitor does not knock or otherwise

ask permission before entering

Cultural Note

In the US office doors are normally kept open in order to show that you are accessible to others should they need your help Nevertheless it is considered very bad-mannered if a visitor does not knock or otherwise

ask permission before entering

OH DIESES STOFF-PUumlPPCHEN SIEHT AUS WIE ICH IHR EBENBILD

GIBT MIR KRAFT

ICH AHNTE NICHT WAS

ICH IHM BEDEUTEhellip

NIE KLOPFST DU AN DU ARSCH

American I offer a contract

Greek These are my orders 15 days

American Take 15 Is it agreed you will do it in 15 days

American He lacks the ability to estimate time this time estimate is totally inadequate

Greek Ten days

American I press him to take responsibility for his own actions

Greek What nonsense Id better give him an answer

American You are in the best position to analyze time requirements

American He refuses to take responsibility

Greek I asked him for an order

Greek I dont know How long should ittake

American I asked him to participate

Greek His behavior makes no sense He is the boss Why doesnt he tell me

American How long will it take you to finish this report

Attribution (interpretationevaluation)Behavior (description)

In fact the report needed 30 days of regular work So the Greek worked day and night

but at the end of the 15th day he still needed one more days work

The American is surprised

Greek I cant work for such a man

The Greek hands in his resignation

American I must teach him to fulfill a contract

Greek The stupid incompetent boss Notonly did he give me wrongorders but he does not evenappreciate that I did a 30-dayjob in 16 days

American But we had agreed that it would be ready today

(Both attribute that it is not ready)Greek It will be ready tomorrow

American I am making sure he fulfills his contract

Greek He is asking for the report

American Where is my report

AttributionBehavior

Behavior Attribution

American Who are you going to pick to lead the negotiations

American

German

German I was thinking about Dr Muumlller American

German

American Hersquos very serious isnrsquot he American

German

German Quite He thinks deeply aboutthings

American

German

American Hersquos not one to make jokes either

American

German

German So you favor him too American

German

Team Leader

Behavior Attribution

American Who do you think shersquoll pick to chair the task force

American

German

German I think you have a good chance American

German

American Me No way She doesnrsquot think much of me

American

German

German I donrsquot agree Why do you say that

American

German

American Shersquos never said anything to me about my work

American

German

German Then why are you so worried American

German

Feedback

Behavior Attribution

American Whatrsquos wrong with Klaus American

German

German He broke up with his girlfriend American

German

American Poor guy He looks so unhappy

American

German

German Hersquos taking it very hard American

German

American So what can we do to help American

German

German Help American

German

Love Life

Source Hall amp HallVerborgene Signale 1983

The combination of implicit and explicit informationresults in meaningful communication

Little implicit infor-mation eg Germans

Proportion of communicated(explicit) information

1 9

Low information density

2 8

mation densitye g Americans

3 7

Middle to low infor- 4 6

5 5

Meaning

6 4

7 3(implicit) information[Context]

8 2Proportion of stored

High density information networks Much implicit informatione g Japanese

9 1

The relationship between implicit and explicit informationin information networks of varying density

1) do one thing at a time2) concentrate on the job3) take time commitments

seriously4) are low-context and need

information5) are committed to the job6) adhere religiously to plans7) are concerned about not

disturbing others8) show great respect for

private property9) emphasize promptness10) are accustomed to short-

term relationships

1) do many things at once2) are subject to interruptions3) consider time commitments an

ideal to be achieved if possible4) are high-context and already

have information5) are committed to people6) change plans often and easily7) are more concerned with family

and friends than with privacy8) borrow and lend things often

and easily9) base promptness on relationship10) tend to build lifetime

relationships

Monochronic Polychronic

Direct amp Indirect1 This is like the communication between siblings

2 This is like the communication between two casual

acquaintances

3 People are reluctant to say no

4 You may have to read between the lines to

understand what someone is saying

5 Its best to tell it like it is

6 Yes means yes

7 Yes means I hear you

8 There is no need to read between the lines

9 Who attends your meeting is an indication of

how important you or the topic is

10Who attends your meeting is an indication of

who is available to attend

11Silence may mean disapproval or dissatisfaction

12People tell you what they think you want to hear

Direct amp Indirect

Describe thefollowing picture

The DIE Model1 Description

a must be neutral and exactb needs to overcome cognitive and perceptive filters

2 Interpretationa conjecture of what the observation might meanb attribution of motive to the persons observed

3 Evaluationa an emotional or effective judgmentb what you feel about what yoursquove observed

Now with a partner hellipdescribe interpret and evaluate

Description Interpretation Evaluation

Note down as exactly and as neutrally as possible what you experience Anything that strikes you as different funny weird sad etc is appropriateFeelings emotions judgments should not be expressed on this side Just stick to the facts

Now try to analyze or interpret what you have observed Which basic assumptions or values are behind the behavior How does your observation help you to classify the culture in terms of value orientations

Describe your thoughts feelings etc about the event What in your cultural makeup may be affecting how you feel How is that different from whatever values or assumptions may be at work in the new culture

We expect others to be like us but they arenrsquot

Thus a cultural incident occurs

causing a reaction (anger fear etc)

We become awareof our reaction

and we withdraw

We become awareof our reaction

We reflect onits cause

and our reaction subsides

We observethe situation

which results indeveloping culturally

appropriate expectations

Politeness

positive

bull actively involve othersbull openly show

friendliness and bull openness sharing

negative

bull do not disturb othersbull donlsquot place yourself in

the limelightbull donlsquot force your

private concerns on others

Intercultural E-Mail

Language

bull Whose languagebull NNS creativitybull Adaptation of the NS

to the NNSbull phatic communication

Culture

bull Formatbull Addressbull Amount of informationbull Register humor etcbull Context

Emailing 1 Worksheet 1 - Reading Tasks

Dear Mr Smith I would like to introduce myself My name is Susan Saarland and I am the new South Western sales

manager for Chou Cream English Schools The previous sales manager for your area Chris Jones has been promoted to Head of Marketing and has asked me to pass his best wishes onto you

I look forward to doing business with you and hope we get the chance to meet soon Yours Susan Saarland 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Ms Saarland Thank you very much for your email of the 7th March I am looking forward to working with you in the

coming months and years and to seeing you soon Regards Graham 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Graham Thanks for your quick reply If it is convenient with you I will be able to meet with you very soon indeed

as I am visiting one of your colleagues on Wednesday 25th March I am planning to finish the meeting at 1230 pm and would be very glad to meet you any time after that

Best wishes Susan

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

individual

collective

universal

Three levels of ldquoHuman Mental Programmingrdquo

Hofstede Culturersquos Consequences 1980

Basic

Assumptions

amp Values

Beliefs

Norms

Systems

and Institutions

and

Attitudes

Artefacts amp Products

Rituals amp Behaviour

The Kluckhohn Model 5 problems common to all human groups

1) What is a grouprsquos assessment of innate human nature (perception of self and others)

2) What is a grouprsquos relation to nature (world view)

3) What is the temporal focus of life (temporal orientation)

[ ie past orientation (tradition-bound) present (situational) future (goal-orientated) ]

5 problems common to all human groups

4) What is the grouprsquos principal mode of activity (forms of activity)

[ ie Why are we here ]

5) What is the modality of the grouprsquos relationships to others (social relations)

[ ie How do I construct my own identity ]

The Kluckhohn Model

The Five Value Orientations and the Range of Variations Postulated for Each

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Evil Neutral Mixture of Good-and-Evil Good

man-nature Subjugation-to-

Nature

Harmony-with-

Nature

Mastery-over-

Nature

time Past Present Future

activity Being Being-in-Becoming Doing

relational Lineality Collaterality Individualism

Source Ortuntildeo (p 450)

The Kluckhohn Model

German Cultural Value Orientations

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Neutral Mixture of Good and Evil

man-nature Harmony-with-

Nature

Mastery-over-

Nature

time Past Present Future

activity Being-in-Becoming Doing

relational Collaterality Individualism

Source Ortuntildeo (p 450)

US-American Cultural Value Orientation

The Five Value Orientations and the Range of Variations Postulated for Each

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Good

mutable immutable

man-nature Mastery-over-

Nature

time Future

activity Doing

relational Individualism

Source Ortuntildeo (pp 452 ff)

Hispanic Value Orientations

The Five Value Orientations and the Range of Variations Postulated for Each

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Mixture of Good-and-Evil

mutable

man-nature Subjugation-to- Harmony-with-

Nature Nature

time Present

activity Being

relational Lineality Collaterality

(Authoritarian) (Group Oriented)

Source Ortuntildeo (p 454)

A person should always be considered

innocent until proven guilty

All natural resources were placed on this earth to be at

peoplersquos disposal

The most satisfying and

effective form of decision making

is group consensus

Live every day as if it were the only day that

counts

If people work hard and apply

themselves fully their efforts will be rewarded

What are these people ldquosayingrdquo

Cultural Note

In the US office doors are normally kept open in order to show that you are accessible to others should they need your help Nevertheless it is considered very bad-mannered if a visitor does not knock or otherwise

ask permission before entering

Cultural Note

In the US office doors are normally kept open in order to show that you are accessible to others should they need your help Nevertheless it is considered very bad-mannered if a visitor does not knock or otherwise

ask permission before entering

OH DIESES STOFF-PUumlPPCHEN SIEHT AUS WIE ICH IHR EBENBILD

GIBT MIR KRAFT

ICH AHNTE NICHT WAS

ICH IHM BEDEUTEhellip

NIE KLOPFST DU AN DU ARSCH

American I offer a contract

Greek These are my orders 15 days

American Take 15 Is it agreed you will do it in 15 days

American He lacks the ability to estimate time this time estimate is totally inadequate

Greek Ten days

American I press him to take responsibility for his own actions

Greek What nonsense Id better give him an answer

American You are in the best position to analyze time requirements

American He refuses to take responsibility

Greek I asked him for an order

Greek I dont know How long should ittake

American I asked him to participate

Greek His behavior makes no sense He is the boss Why doesnt he tell me

American How long will it take you to finish this report

Attribution (interpretationevaluation)Behavior (description)

In fact the report needed 30 days of regular work So the Greek worked day and night

but at the end of the 15th day he still needed one more days work

The American is surprised

Greek I cant work for such a man

The Greek hands in his resignation

American I must teach him to fulfill a contract

Greek The stupid incompetent boss Notonly did he give me wrongorders but he does not evenappreciate that I did a 30-dayjob in 16 days

American But we had agreed that it would be ready today

(Both attribute that it is not ready)Greek It will be ready tomorrow

American I am making sure he fulfills his contract

Greek He is asking for the report

American Where is my report

AttributionBehavior

Behavior Attribution

American Who are you going to pick to lead the negotiations

American

German

German I was thinking about Dr Muumlller American

German

American Hersquos very serious isnrsquot he American

German

German Quite He thinks deeply aboutthings

American

German

American Hersquos not one to make jokes either

American

German

German So you favor him too American

German

Team Leader

Behavior Attribution

American Who do you think shersquoll pick to chair the task force

American

German

German I think you have a good chance American

German

American Me No way She doesnrsquot think much of me

American

German

German I donrsquot agree Why do you say that

American

German

American Shersquos never said anything to me about my work

American

German

German Then why are you so worried American

German

Feedback

Behavior Attribution

American Whatrsquos wrong with Klaus American

German

German He broke up with his girlfriend American

German

American Poor guy He looks so unhappy

American

German

German Hersquos taking it very hard American

German

American So what can we do to help American

German

German Help American

German

Love Life

Source Hall amp HallVerborgene Signale 1983

The combination of implicit and explicit informationresults in meaningful communication

Little implicit infor-mation eg Germans

Proportion of communicated(explicit) information

1 9

Low information density

2 8

mation densitye g Americans

3 7

Middle to low infor- 4 6

5 5

Meaning

6 4

7 3(implicit) information[Context]

8 2Proportion of stored

High density information networks Much implicit informatione g Japanese

9 1

The relationship between implicit and explicit informationin information networks of varying density

1) do one thing at a time2) concentrate on the job3) take time commitments

seriously4) are low-context and need

information5) are committed to the job6) adhere religiously to plans7) are concerned about not

disturbing others8) show great respect for

private property9) emphasize promptness10) are accustomed to short-

term relationships

1) do many things at once2) are subject to interruptions3) consider time commitments an

ideal to be achieved if possible4) are high-context and already

have information5) are committed to people6) change plans often and easily7) are more concerned with family

and friends than with privacy8) borrow and lend things often

and easily9) base promptness on relationship10) tend to build lifetime

relationships

Monochronic Polychronic

Direct amp Indirect1 This is like the communication between siblings

2 This is like the communication between two casual

acquaintances

3 People are reluctant to say no

4 You may have to read between the lines to

understand what someone is saying

5 Its best to tell it like it is

6 Yes means yes

7 Yes means I hear you

8 There is no need to read between the lines

9 Who attends your meeting is an indication of

how important you or the topic is

10Who attends your meeting is an indication of

who is available to attend

11Silence may mean disapproval or dissatisfaction

12People tell you what they think you want to hear

Direct amp Indirect

Describe thefollowing picture

The DIE Model1 Description

a must be neutral and exactb needs to overcome cognitive and perceptive filters

2 Interpretationa conjecture of what the observation might meanb attribution of motive to the persons observed

3 Evaluationa an emotional or effective judgmentb what you feel about what yoursquove observed

Now with a partner hellipdescribe interpret and evaluate

Description Interpretation Evaluation

Note down as exactly and as neutrally as possible what you experience Anything that strikes you as different funny weird sad etc is appropriateFeelings emotions judgments should not be expressed on this side Just stick to the facts

Now try to analyze or interpret what you have observed Which basic assumptions or values are behind the behavior How does your observation help you to classify the culture in terms of value orientations

Describe your thoughts feelings etc about the event What in your cultural makeup may be affecting how you feel How is that different from whatever values or assumptions may be at work in the new culture

We expect others to be like us but they arenrsquot

Thus a cultural incident occurs

causing a reaction (anger fear etc)

We become awareof our reaction

and we withdraw

We become awareof our reaction

We reflect onits cause

and our reaction subsides

We observethe situation

which results indeveloping culturally

appropriate expectations

Politeness

positive

bull actively involve othersbull openly show

friendliness and bull openness sharing

negative

bull do not disturb othersbull donlsquot place yourself in

the limelightbull donlsquot force your

private concerns on others

Intercultural E-Mail

Language

bull Whose languagebull NNS creativitybull Adaptation of the NS

to the NNSbull phatic communication

Culture

bull Formatbull Addressbull Amount of informationbull Register humor etcbull Context

Emailing 1 Worksheet 1 - Reading Tasks

Dear Mr Smith I would like to introduce myself My name is Susan Saarland and I am the new South Western sales

manager for Chou Cream English Schools The previous sales manager for your area Chris Jones has been promoted to Head of Marketing and has asked me to pass his best wishes onto you

I look forward to doing business with you and hope we get the chance to meet soon Yours Susan Saarland 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Ms Saarland Thank you very much for your email of the 7th March I am looking forward to working with you in the

coming months and years and to seeing you soon Regards Graham 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Graham Thanks for your quick reply If it is convenient with you I will be able to meet with you very soon indeed

as I am visiting one of your colleagues on Wednesday 25th March I am planning to finish the meeting at 1230 pm and would be very glad to meet you any time after that

Best wishes Susan

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

Basic

Assumptions

amp Values

Beliefs

Norms

Systems

and Institutions

and

Attitudes

Artefacts amp Products

Rituals amp Behaviour

The Kluckhohn Model 5 problems common to all human groups

1) What is a grouprsquos assessment of innate human nature (perception of self and others)

2) What is a grouprsquos relation to nature (world view)

3) What is the temporal focus of life (temporal orientation)

[ ie past orientation (tradition-bound) present (situational) future (goal-orientated) ]

5 problems common to all human groups

4) What is the grouprsquos principal mode of activity (forms of activity)

[ ie Why are we here ]

5) What is the modality of the grouprsquos relationships to others (social relations)

[ ie How do I construct my own identity ]

The Kluckhohn Model

The Five Value Orientations and the Range of Variations Postulated for Each

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Evil Neutral Mixture of Good-and-Evil Good

man-nature Subjugation-to-

Nature

Harmony-with-

Nature

Mastery-over-

Nature

time Past Present Future

activity Being Being-in-Becoming Doing

relational Lineality Collaterality Individualism

Source Ortuntildeo (p 450)

The Kluckhohn Model

German Cultural Value Orientations

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Neutral Mixture of Good and Evil

man-nature Harmony-with-

Nature

Mastery-over-

Nature

time Past Present Future

activity Being-in-Becoming Doing

relational Collaterality Individualism

Source Ortuntildeo (p 450)

US-American Cultural Value Orientation

The Five Value Orientations and the Range of Variations Postulated for Each

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Good

mutable immutable

man-nature Mastery-over-

Nature

time Future

activity Doing

relational Individualism

Source Ortuntildeo (pp 452 ff)

Hispanic Value Orientations

The Five Value Orientations and the Range of Variations Postulated for Each

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Mixture of Good-and-Evil

mutable

man-nature Subjugation-to- Harmony-with-

Nature Nature

time Present

activity Being

relational Lineality Collaterality

(Authoritarian) (Group Oriented)

Source Ortuntildeo (p 454)

A person should always be considered

innocent until proven guilty

All natural resources were placed on this earth to be at

peoplersquos disposal

The most satisfying and

effective form of decision making

is group consensus

Live every day as if it were the only day that

counts

If people work hard and apply

themselves fully their efforts will be rewarded

What are these people ldquosayingrdquo

Cultural Note

In the US office doors are normally kept open in order to show that you are accessible to others should they need your help Nevertheless it is considered very bad-mannered if a visitor does not knock or otherwise

ask permission before entering

Cultural Note

In the US office doors are normally kept open in order to show that you are accessible to others should they need your help Nevertheless it is considered very bad-mannered if a visitor does not knock or otherwise

ask permission before entering

OH DIESES STOFF-PUumlPPCHEN SIEHT AUS WIE ICH IHR EBENBILD

GIBT MIR KRAFT

ICH AHNTE NICHT WAS

ICH IHM BEDEUTEhellip

NIE KLOPFST DU AN DU ARSCH

American I offer a contract

Greek These are my orders 15 days

American Take 15 Is it agreed you will do it in 15 days

American He lacks the ability to estimate time this time estimate is totally inadequate

Greek Ten days

American I press him to take responsibility for his own actions

Greek What nonsense Id better give him an answer

American You are in the best position to analyze time requirements

American He refuses to take responsibility

Greek I asked him for an order

Greek I dont know How long should ittake

American I asked him to participate

Greek His behavior makes no sense He is the boss Why doesnt he tell me

American How long will it take you to finish this report

Attribution (interpretationevaluation)Behavior (description)

In fact the report needed 30 days of regular work So the Greek worked day and night

but at the end of the 15th day he still needed one more days work

The American is surprised

Greek I cant work for such a man

The Greek hands in his resignation

American I must teach him to fulfill a contract

Greek The stupid incompetent boss Notonly did he give me wrongorders but he does not evenappreciate that I did a 30-dayjob in 16 days

American But we had agreed that it would be ready today

(Both attribute that it is not ready)Greek It will be ready tomorrow

American I am making sure he fulfills his contract

Greek He is asking for the report

American Where is my report

AttributionBehavior

Behavior Attribution

American Who are you going to pick to lead the negotiations

American

German

German I was thinking about Dr Muumlller American

German

American Hersquos very serious isnrsquot he American

German

German Quite He thinks deeply aboutthings

American

German

American Hersquos not one to make jokes either

American

German

German So you favor him too American

German

Team Leader

Behavior Attribution

American Who do you think shersquoll pick to chair the task force

American

German

German I think you have a good chance American

German

American Me No way She doesnrsquot think much of me

American

German

German I donrsquot agree Why do you say that

American

German

American Shersquos never said anything to me about my work

American

German

German Then why are you so worried American

German

Feedback

Behavior Attribution

American Whatrsquos wrong with Klaus American

German

German He broke up with his girlfriend American

German

American Poor guy He looks so unhappy

American

German

German Hersquos taking it very hard American

German

American So what can we do to help American

German

German Help American

German

Love Life

Source Hall amp HallVerborgene Signale 1983

The combination of implicit and explicit informationresults in meaningful communication

Little implicit infor-mation eg Germans

Proportion of communicated(explicit) information

1 9

Low information density

2 8

mation densitye g Americans

3 7

Middle to low infor- 4 6

5 5

Meaning

6 4

7 3(implicit) information[Context]

8 2Proportion of stored

High density information networks Much implicit informatione g Japanese

9 1

The relationship between implicit and explicit informationin information networks of varying density

1) do one thing at a time2) concentrate on the job3) take time commitments

seriously4) are low-context and need

information5) are committed to the job6) adhere religiously to plans7) are concerned about not

disturbing others8) show great respect for

private property9) emphasize promptness10) are accustomed to short-

term relationships

1) do many things at once2) are subject to interruptions3) consider time commitments an

ideal to be achieved if possible4) are high-context and already

have information5) are committed to people6) change plans often and easily7) are more concerned with family

and friends than with privacy8) borrow and lend things often

and easily9) base promptness on relationship10) tend to build lifetime

relationships

Monochronic Polychronic

Direct amp Indirect1 This is like the communication between siblings

2 This is like the communication between two casual

acquaintances

3 People are reluctant to say no

4 You may have to read between the lines to

understand what someone is saying

5 Its best to tell it like it is

6 Yes means yes

7 Yes means I hear you

8 There is no need to read between the lines

9 Who attends your meeting is an indication of

how important you or the topic is

10Who attends your meeting is an indication of

who is available to attend

11Silence may mean disapproval or dissatisfaction

12People tell you what they think you want to hear

Direct amp Indirect

Describe thefollowing picture

The DIE Model1 Description

a must be neutral and exactb needs to overcome cognitive and perceptive filters

2 Interpretationa conjecture of what the observation might meanb attribution of motive to the persons observed

3 Evaluationa an emotional or effective judgmentb what you feel about what yoursquove observed

Now with a partner hellipdescribe interpret and evaluate

Description Interpretation Evaluation

Note down as exactly and as neutrally as possible what you experience Anything that strikes you as different funny weird sad etc is appropriateFeelings emotions judgments should not be expressed on this side Just stick to the facts

Now try to analyze or interpret what you have observed Which basic assumptions or values are behind the behavior How does your observation help you to classify the culture in terms of value orientations

Describe your thoughts feelings etc about the event What in your cultural makeup may be affecting how you feel How is that different from whatever values or assumptions may be at work in the new culture

We expect others to be like us but they arenrsquot

Thus a cultural incident occurs

causing a reaction (anger fear etc)

We become awareof our reaction

and we withdraw

We become awareof our reaction

We reflect onits cause

and our reaction subsides

We observethe situation

which results indeveloping culturally

appropriate expectations

Politeness

positive

bull actively involve othersbull openly show

friendliness and bull openness sharing

negative

bull do not disturb othersbull donlsquot place yourself in

the limelightbull donlsquot force your

private concerns on others

Intercultural E-Mail

Language

bull Whose languagebull NNS creativitybull Adaptation of the NS

to the NNSbull phatic communication

Culture

bull Formatbull Addressbull Amount of informationbull Register humor etcbull Context

Emailing 1 Worksheet 1 - Reading Tasks

Dear Mr Smith I would like to introduce myself My name is Susan Saarland and I am the new South Western sales

manager for Chou Cream English Schools The previous sales manager for your area Chris Jones has been promoted to Head of Marketing and has asked me to pass his best wishes onto you

I look forward to doing business with you and hope we get the chance to meet soon Yours Susan Saarland 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Ms Saarland Thank you very much for your email of the 7th March I am looking forward to working with you in the

coming months and years and to seeing you soon Regards Graham 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Graham Thanks for your quick reply If it is convenient with you I will be able to meet with you very soon indeed

as I am visiting one of your colleagues on Wednesday 25th March I am planning to finish the meeting at 1230 pm and would be very glad to meet you any time after that

Best wishes Susan

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

The Kluckhohn Model 5 problems common to all human groups

1) What is a grouprsquos assessment of innate human nature (perception of self and others)

2) What is a grouprsquos relation to nature (world view)

3) What is the temporal focus of life (temporal orientation)

[ ie past orientation (tradition-bound) present (situational) future (goal-orientated) ]

5 problems common to all human groups

4) What is the grouprsquos principal mode of activity (forms of activity)

[ ie Why are we here ]

5) What is the modality of the grouprsquos relationships to others (social relations)

[ ie How do I construct my own identity ]

The Kluckhohn Model

The Five Value Orientations and the Range of Variations Postulated for Each

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Evil Neutral Mixture of Good-and-Evil Good

man-nature Subjugation-to-

Nature

Harmony-with-

Nature

Mastery-over-

Nature

time Past Present Future

activity Being Being-in-Becoming Doing

relational Lineality Collaterality Individualism

Source Ortuntildeo (p 450)

The Kluckhohn Model

German Cultural Value Orientations

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Neutral Mixture of Good and Evil

man-nature Harmony-with-

Nature

Mastery-over-

Nature

time Past Present Future

activity Being-in-Becoming Doing

relational Collaterality Individualism

Source Ortuntildeo (p 450)

US-American Cultural Value Orientation

The Five Value Orientations and the Range of Variations Postulated for Each

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Good

mutable immutable

man-nature Mastery-over-

Nature

time Future

activity Doing

relational Individualism

Source Ortuntildeo (pp 452 ff)

Hispanic Value Orientations

The Five Value Orientations and the Range of Variations Postulated for Each

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Mixture of Good-and-Evil

mutable

man-nature Subjugation-to- Harmony-with-

Nature Nature

time Present

activity Being

relational Lineality Collaterality

(Authoritarian) (Group Oriented)

Source Ortuntildeo (p 454)

A person should always be considered

innocent until proven guilty

All natural resources were placed on this earth to be at

peoplersquos disposal

The most satisfying and

effective form of decision making

is group consensus

Live every day as if it were the only day that

counts

If people work hard and apply

themselves fully their efforts will be rewarded

What are these people ldquosayingrdquo

Cultural Note

In the US office doors are normally kept open in order to show that you are accessible to others should they need your help Nevertheless it is considered very bad-mannered if a visitor does not knock or otherwise

ask permission before entering

Cultural Note

In the US office doors are normally kept open in order to show that you are accessible to others should they need your help Nevertheless it is considered very bad-mannered if a visitor does not knock or otherwise

ask permission before entering

OH DIESES STOFF-PUumlPPCHEN SIEHT AUS WIE ICH IHR EBENBILD

GIBT MIR KRAFT

ICH AHNTE NICHT WAS

ICH IHM BEDEUTEhellip

NIE KLOPFST DU AN DU ARSCH

American I offer a contract

Greek These are my orders 15 days

American Take 15 Is it agreed you will do it in 15 days

American He lacks the ability to estimate time this time estimate is totally inadequate

Greek Ten days

American I press him to take responsibility for his own actions

Greek What nonsense Id better give him an answer

American You are in the best position to analyze time requirements

American He refuses to take responsibility

Greek I asked him for an order

Greek I dont know How long should ittake

American I asked him to participate

Greek His behavior makes no sense He is the boss Why doesnt he tell me

American How long will it take you to finish this report

Attribution (interpretationevaluation)Behavior (description)

In fact the report needed 30 days of regular work So the Greek worked day and night

but at the end of the 15th day he still needed one more days work

The American is surprised

Greek I cant work for such a man

The Greek hands in his resignation

American I must teach him to fulfill a contract

Greek The stupid incompetent boss Notonly did he give me wrongorders but he does not evenappreciate that I did a 30-dayjob in 16 days

American But we had agreed that it would be ready today

(Both attribute that it is not ready)Greek It will be ready tomorrow

American I am making sure he fulfills his contract

Greek He is asking for the report

American Where is my report

AttributionBehavior

Behavior Attribution

American Who are you going to pick to lead the negotiations

American

German

German I was thinking about Dr Muumlller American

German

American Hersquos very serious isnrsquot he American

German

German Quite He thinks deeply aboutthings

American

German

American Hersquos not one to make jokes either

American

German

German So you favor him too American

German

Team Leader

Behavior Attribution

American Who do you think shersquoll pick to chair the task force

American

German

German I think you have a good chance American

German

American Me No way She doesnrsquot think much of me

American

German

German I donrsquot agree Why do you say that

American

German

American Shersquos never said anything to me about my work

American

German

German Then why are you so worried American

German

Feedback

Behavior Attribution

American Whatrsquos wrong with Klaus American

German

German He broke up with his girlfriend American

German

American Poor guy He looks so unhappy

American

German

German Hersquos taking it very hard American

German

American So what can we do to help American

German

German Help American

German

Love Life

Source Hall amp HallVerborgene Signale 1983

The combination of implicit and explicit informationresults in meaningful communication

Little implicit infor-mation eg Germans

Proportion of communicated(explicit) information

1 9

Low information density

2 8

mation densitye g Americans

3 7

Middle to low infor- 4 6

5 5

Meaning

6 4

7 3(implicit) information[Context]

8 2Proportion of stored

High density information networks Much implicit informatione g Japanese

9 1

The relationship between implicit and explicit informationin information networks of varying density

1) do one thing at a time2) concentrate on the job3) take time commitments

seriously4) are low-context and need

information5) are committed to the job6) adhere religiously to plans7) are concerned about not

disturbing others8) show great respect for

private property9) emphasize promptness10) are accustomed to short-

term relationships

1) do many things at once2) are subject to interruptions3) consider time commitments an

ideal to be achieved if possible4) are high-context and already

have information5) are committed to people6) change plans often and easily7) are more concerned with family

and friends than with privacy8) borrow and lend things often

and easily9) base promptness on relationship10) tend to build lifetime

relationships

Monochronic Polychronic

Direct amp Indirect1 This is like the communication between siblings

2 This is like the communication between two casual

acquaintances

3 People are reluctant to say no

4 You may have to read between the lines to

understand what someone is saying

5 Its best to tell it like it is

6 Yes means yes

7 Yes means I hear you

8 There is no need to read between the lines

9 Who attends your meeting is an indication of

how important you or the topic is

10Who attends your meeting is an indication of

who is available to attend

11Silence may mean disapproval or dissatisfaction

12People tell you what they think you want to hear

Direct amp Indirect

Describe thefollowing picture

The DIE Model1 Description

a must be neutral and exactb needs to overcome cognitive and perceptive filters

2 Interpretationa conjecture of what the observation might meanb attribution of motive to the persons observed

3 Evaluationa an emotional or effective judgmentb what you feel about what yoursquove observed

Now with a partner hellipdescribe interpret and evaluate

Description Interpretation Evaluation

Note down as exactly and as neutrally as possible what you experience Anything that strikes you as different funny weird sad etc is appropriateFeelings emotions judgments should not be expressed on this side Just stick to the facts

Now try to analyze or interpret what you have observed Which basic assumptions or values are behind the behavior How does your observation help you to classify the culture in terms of value orientations

Describe your thoughts feelings etc about the event What in your cultural makeup may be affecting how you feel How is that different from whatever values or assumptions may be at work in the new culture

We expect others to be like us but they arenrsquot

Thus a cultural incident occurs

causing a reaction (anger fear etc)

We become awareof our reaction

and we withdraw

We become awareof our reaction

We reflect onits cause

and our reaction subsides

We observethe situation

which results indeveloping culturally

appropriate expectations

Politeness

positive

bull actively involve othersbull openly show

friendliness and bull openness sharing

negative

bull do not disturb othersbull donlsquot place yourself in

the limelightbull donlsquot force your

private concerns on others

Intercultural E-Mail

Language

bull Whose languagebull NNS creativitybull Adaptation of the NS

to the NNSbull phatic communication

Culture

bull Formatbull Addressbull Amount of informationbull Register humor etcbull Context

Emailing 1 Worksheet 1 - Reading Tasks

Dear Mr Smith I would like to introduce myself My name is Susan Saarland and I am the new South Western sales

manager for Chou Cream English Schools The previous sales manager for your area Chris Jones has been promoted to Head of Marketing and has asked me to pass his best wishes onto you

I look forward to doing business with you and hope we get the chance to meet soon Yours Susan Saarland 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Ms Saarland Thank you very much for your email of the 7th March I am looking forward to working with you in the

coming months and years and to seeing you soon Regards Graham 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Graham Thanks for your quick reply If it is convenient with you I will be able to meet with you very soon indeed

as I am visiting one of your colleagues on Wednesday 25th March I am planning to finish the meeting at 1230 pm and would be very glad to meet you any time after that

Best wishes Susan

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

5 problems common to all human groups

4) What is the grouprsquos principal mode of activity (forms of activity)

[ ie Why are we here ]

5) What is the modality of the grouprsquos relationships to others (social relations)

[ ie How do I construct my own identity ]

The Kluckhohn Model

The Five Value Orientations and the Range of Variations Postulated for Each

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Evil Neutral Mixture of Good-and-Evil Good

man-nature Subjugation-to-

Nature

Harmony-with-

Nature

Mastery-over-

Nature

time Past Present Future

activity Being Being-in-Becoming Doing

relational Lineality Collaterality Individualism

Source Ortuntildeo (p 450)

The Kluckhohn Model

German Cultural Value Orientations

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Neutral Mixture of Good and Evil

man-nature Harmony-with-

Nature

Mastery-over-

Nature

time Past Present Future

activity Being-in-Becoming Doing

relational Collaterality Individualism

Source Ortuntildeo (p 450)

US-American Cultural Value Orientation

The Five Value Orientations and the Range of Variations Postulated for Each

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Good

mutable immutable

man-nature Mastery-over-

Nature

time Future

activity Doing

relational Individualism

Source Ortuntildeo (pp 452 ff)

Hispanic Value Orientations

The Five Value Orientations and the Range of Variations Postulated for Each

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Mixture of Good-and-Evil

mutable

man-nature Subjugation-to- Harmony-with-

Nature Nature

time Present

activity Being

relational Lineality Collaterality

(Authoritarian) (Group Oriented)

Source Ortuntildeo (p 454)

A person should always be considered

innocent until proven guilty

All natural resources were placed on this earth to be at

peoplersquos disposal

The most satisfying and

effective form of decision making

is group consensus

Live every day as if it were the only day that

counts

If people work hard and apply

themselves fully their efforts will be rewarded

What are these people ldquosayingrdquo

Cultural Note

In the US office doors are normally kept open in order to show that you are accessible to others should they need your help Nevertheless it is considered very bad-mannered if a visitor does not knock or otherwise

ask permission before entering

Cultural Note

In the US office doors are normally kept open in order to show that you are accessible to others should they need your help Nevertheless it is considered very bad-mannered if a visitor does not knock or otherwise

ask permission before entering

OH DIESES STOFF-PUumlPPCHEN SIEHT AUS WIE ICH IHR EBENBILD

GIBT MIR KRAFT

ICH AHNTE NICHT WAS

ICH IHM BEDEUTEhellip

NIE KLOPFST DU AN DU ARSCH

American I offer a contract

Greek These are my orders 15 days

American Take 15 Is it agreed you will do it in 15 days

American He lacks the ability to estimate time this time estimate is totally inadequate

Greek Ten days

American I press him to take responsibility for his own actions

Greek What nonsense Id better give him an answer

American You are in the best position to analyze time requirements

American He refuses to take responsibility

Greek I asked him for an order

Greek I dont know How long should ittake

American I asked him to participate

Greek His behavior makes no sense He is the boss Why doesnt he tell me

American How long will it take you to finish this report

Attribution (interpretationevaluation)Behavior (description)

In fact the report needed 30 days of regular work So the Greek worked day and night

but at the end of the 15th day he still needed one more days work

The American is surprised

Greek I cant work for such a man

The Greek hands in his resignation

American I must teach him to fulfill a contract

Greek The stupid incompetent boss Notonly did he give me wrongorders but he does not evenappreciate that I did a 30-dayjob in 16 days

American But we had agreed that it would be ready today

(Both attribute that it is not ready)Greek It will be ready tomorrow

American I am making sure he fulfills his contract

Greek He is asking for the report

American Where is my report

AttributionBehavior

Behavior Attribution

American Who are you going to pick to lead the negotiations

American

German

German I was thinking about Dr Muumlller American

German

American Hersquos very serious isnrsquot he American

German

German Quite He thinks deeply aboutthings

American

German

American Hersquos not one to make jokes either

American

German

German So you favor him too American

German

Team Leader

Behavior Attribution

American Who do you think shersquoll pick to chair the task force

American

German

German I think you have a good chance American

German

American Me No way She doesnrsquot think much of me

American

German

German I donrsquot agree Why do you say that

American

German

American Shersquos never said anything to me about my work

American

German

German Then why are you so worried American

German

Feedback

Behavior Attribution

American Whatrsquos wrong with Klaus American

German

German He broke up with his girlfriend American

German

American Poor guy He looks so unhappy

American

German

German Hersquos taking it very hard American

German

American So what can we do to help American

German

German Help American

German

Love Life

Source Hall amp HallVerborgene Signale 1983

The combination of implicit and explicit informationresults in meaningful communication

Little implicit infor-mation eg Germans

Proportion of communicated(explicit) information

1 9

Low information density

2 8

mation densitye g Americans

3 7

Middle to low infor- 4 6

5 5

Meaning

6 4

7 3(implicit) information[Context]

8 2Proportion of stored

High density information networks Much implicit informatione g Japanese

9 1

The relationship between implicit and explicit informationin information networks of varying density

1) do one thing at a time2) concentrate on the job3) take time commitments

seriously4) are low-context and need

information5) are committed to the job6) adhere religiously to plans7) are concerned about not

disturbing others8) show great respect for

private property9) emphasize promptness10) are accustomed to short-

term relationships

1) do many things at once2) are subject to interruptions3) consider time commitments an

ideal to be achieved if possible4) are high-context and already

have information5) are committed to people6) change plans often and easily7) are more concerned with family

and friends than with privacy8) borrow and lend things often

and easily9) base promptness on relationship10) tend to build lifetime

relationships

Monochronic Polychronic

Direct amp Indirect1 This is like the communication between siblings

2 This is like the communication between two casual

acquaintances

3 People are reluctant to say no

4 You may have to read between the lines to

understand what someone is saying

5 Its best to tell it like it is

6 Yes means yes

7 Yes means I hear you

8 There is no need to read between the lines

9 Who attends your meeting is an indication of

how important you or the topic is

10Who attends your meeting is an indication of

who is available to attend

11Silence may mean disapproval or dissatisfaction

12People tell you what they think you want to hear

Direct amp Indirect

Describe thefollowing picture

The DIE Model1 Description

a must be neutral and exactb needs to overcome cognitive and perceptive filters

2 Interpretationa conjecture of what the observation might meanb attribution of motive to the persons observed

3 Evaluationa an emotional or effective judgmentb what you feel about what yoursquove observed

Now with a partner hellipdescribe interpret and evaluate

Description Interpretation Evaluation

Note down as exactly and as neutrally as possible what you experience Anything that strikes you as different funny weird sad etc is appropriateFeelings emotions judgments should not be expressed on this side Just stick to the facts

Now try to analyze or interpret what you have observed Which basic assumptions or values are behind the behavior How does your observation help you to classify the culture in terms of value orientations

Describe your thoughts feelings etc about the event What in your cultural makeup may be affecting how you feel How is that different from whatever values or assumptions may be at work in the new culture

We expect others to be like us but they arenrsquot

Thus a cultural incident occurs

causing a reaction (anger fear etc)

We become awareof our reaction

and we withdraw

We become awareof our reaction

We reflect onits cause

and our reaction subsides

We observethe situation

which results indeveloping culturally

appropriate expectations

Politeness

positive

bull actively involve othersbull openly show

friendliness and bull openness sharing

negative

bull do not disturb othersbull donlsquot place yourself in

the limelightbull donlsquot force your

private concerns on others

Intercultural E-Mail

Language

bull Whose languagebull NNS creativitybull Adaptation of the NS

to the NNSbull phatic communication

Culture

bull Formatbull Addressbull Amount of informationbull Register humor etcbull Context

Emailing 1 Worksheet 1 - Reading Tasks

Dear Mr Smith I would like to introduce myself My name is Susan Saarland and I am the new South Western sales

manager for Chou Cream English Schools The previous sales manager for your area Chris Jones has been promoted to Head of Marketing and has asked me to pass his best wishes onto you

I look forward to doing business with you and hope we get the chance to meet soon Yours Susan Saarland 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Ms Saarland Thank you very much for your email of the 7th March I am looking forward to working with you in the

coming months and years and to seeing you soon Regards Graham 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Graham Thanks for your quick reply If it is convenient with you I will be able to meet with you very soon indeed

as I am visiting one of your colleagues on Wednesday 25th March I am planning to finish the meeting at 1230 pm and would be very glad to meet you any time after that

Best wishes Susan

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

The Kluckhohn Model

The Five Value Orientations and the Range of Variations Postulated for Each

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Evil Neutral Mixture of Good-and-Evil Good

man-nature Subjugation-to-

Nature

Harmony-with-

Nature

Mastery-over-

Nature

time Past Present Future

activity Being Being-in-Becoming Doing

relational Lineality Collaterality Individualism

Source Ortuntildeo (p 450)

The Kluckhohn Model

German Cultural Value Orientations

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Neutral Mixture of Good and Evil

man-nature Harmony-with-

Nature

Mastery-over-

Nature

time Past Present Future

activity Being-in-Becoming Doing

relational Collaterality Individualism

Source Ortuntildeo (p 450)

US-American Cultural Value Orientation

The Five Value Orientations and the Range of Variations Postulated for Each

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Good

mutable immutable

man-nature Mastery-over-

Nature

time Future

activity Doing

relational Individualism

Source Ortuntildeo (pp 452 ff)

Hispanic Value Orientations

The Five Value Orientations and the Range of Variations Postulated for Each

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Mixture of Good-and-Evil

mutable

man-nature Subjugation-to- Harmony-with-

Nature Nature

time Present

activity Being

relational Lineality Collaterality

(Authoritarian) (Group Oriented)

Source Ortuntildeo (p 454)

A person should always be considered

innocent until proven guilty

All natural resources were placed on this earth to be at

peoplersquos disposal

The most satisfying and

effective form of decision making

is group consensus

Live every day as if it were the only day that

counts

If people work hard and apply

themselves fully their efforts will be rewarded

What are these people ldquosayingrdquo

Cultural Note

In the US office doors are normally kept open in order to show that you are accessible to others should they need your help Nevertheless it is considered very bad-mannered if a visitor does not knock or otherwise

ask permission before entering

Cultural Note

In the US office doors are normally kept open in order to show that you are accessible to others should they need your help Nevertheless it is considered very bad-mannered if a visitor does not knock or otherwise

ask permission before entering

OH DIESES STOFF-PUumlPPCHEN SIEHT AUS WIE ICH IHR EBENBILD

GIBT MIR KRAFT

ICH AHNTE NICHT WAS

ICH IHM BEDEUTEhellip

NIE KLOPFST DU AN DU ARSCH

American I offer a contract

Greek These are my orders 15 days

American Take 15 Is it agreed you will do it in 15 days

American He lacks the ability to estimate time this time estimate is totally inadequate

Greek Ten days

American I press him to take responsibility for his own actions

Greek What nonsense Id better give him an answer

American You are in the best position to analyze time requirements

American He refuses to take responsibility

Greek I asked him for an order

Greek I dont know How long should ittake

American I asked him to participate

Greek His behavior makes no sense He is the boss Why doesnt he tell me

American How long will it take you to finish this report

Attribution (interpretationevaluation)Behavior (description)

In fact the report needed 30 days of regular work So the Greek worked day and night

but at the end of the 15th day he still needed one more days work

The American is surprised

Greek I cant work for such a man

The Greek hands in his resignation

American I must teach him to fulfill a contract

Greek The stupid incompetent boss Notonly did he give me wrongorders but he does not evenappreciate that I did a 30-dayjob in 16 days

American But we had agreed that it would be ready today

(Both attribute that it is not ready)Greek It will be ready tomorrow

American I am making sure he fulfills his contract

Greek He is asking for the report

American Where is my report

AttributionBehavior

Behavior Attribution

American Who are you going to pick to lead the negotiations

American

German

German I was thinking about Dr Muumlller American

German

American Hersquos very serious isnrsquot he American

German

German Quite He thinks deeply aboutthings

American

German

American Hersquos not one to make jokes either

American

German

German So you favor him too American

German

Team Leader

Behavior Attribution

American Who do you think shersquoll pick to chair the task force

American

German

German I think you have a good chance American

German

American Me No way She doesnrsquot think much of me

American

German

German I donrsquot agree Why do you say that

American

German

American Shersquos never said anything to me about my work

American

German

German Then why are you so worried American

German

Feedback

Behavior Attribution

American Whatrsquos wrong with Klaus American

German

German He broke up with his girlfriend American

German

American Poor guy He looks so unhappy

American

German

German Hersquos taking it very hard American

German

American So what can we do to help American

German

German Help American

German

Love Life

Source Hall amp HallVerborgene Signale 1983

The combination of implicit and explicit informationresults in meaningful communication

Little implicit infor-mation eg Germans

Proportion of communicated(explicit) information

1 9

Low information density

2 8

mation densitye g Americans

3 7

Middle to low infor- 4 6

5 5

Meaning

6 4

7 3(implicit) information[Context]

8 2Proportion of stored

High density information networks Much implicit informatione g Japanese

9 1

The relationship between implicit and explicit informationin information networks of varying density

1) do one thing at a time2) concentrate on the job3) take time commitments

seriously4) are low-context and need

information5) are committed to the job6) adhere religiously to plans7) are concerned about not

disturbing others8) show great respect for

private property9) emphasize promptness10) are accustomed to short-

term relationships

1) do many things at once2) are subject to interruptions3) consider time commitments an

ideal to be achieved if possible4) are high-context and already

have information5) are committed to people6) change plans often and easily7) are more concerned with family

and friends than with privacy8) borrow and lend things often

and easily9) base promptness on relationship10) tend to build lifetime

relationships

Monochronic Polychronic

Direct amp Indirect1 This is like the communication between siblings

2 This is like the communication between two casual

acquaintances

3 People are reluctant to say no

4 You may have to read between the lines to

understand what someone is saying

5 Its best to tell it like it is

6 Yes means yes

7 Yes means I hear you

8 There is no need to read between the lines

9 Who attends your meeting is an indication of

how important you or the topic is

10Who attends your meeting is an indication of

who is available to attend

11Silence may mean disapproval or dissatisfaction

12People tell you what they think you want to hear

Direct amp Indirect

Describe thefollowing picture

The DIE Model1 Description

a must be neutral and exactb needs to overcome cognitive and perceptive filters

2 Interpretationa conjecture of what the observation might meanb attribution of motive to the persons observed

3 Evaluationa an emotional or effective judgmentb what you feel about what yoursquove observed

Now with a partner hellipdescribe interpret and evaluate

Description Interpretation Evaluation

Note down as exactly and as neutrally as possible what you experience Anything that strikes you as different funny weird sad etc is appropriateFeelings emotions judgments should not be expressed on this side Just stick to the facts

Now try to analyze or interpret what you have observed Which basic assumptions or values are behind the behavior How does your observation help you to classify the culture in terms of value orientations

Describe your thoughts feelings etc about the event What in your cultural makeup may be affecting how you feel How is that different from whatever values or assumptions may be at work in the new culture

We expect others to be like us but they arenrsquot

Thus a cultural incident occurs

causing a reaction (anger fear etc)

We become awareof our reaction

and we withdraw

We become awareof our reaction

We reflect onits cause

and our reaction subsides

We observethe situation

which results indeveloping culturally

appropriate expectations

Politeness

positive

bull actively involve othersbull openly show

friendliness and bull openness sharing

negative

bull do not disturb othersbull donlsquot place yourself in

the limelightbull donlsquot force your

private concerns on others

Intercultural E-Mail

Language

bull Whose languagebull NNS creativitybull Adaptation of the NS

to the NNSbull phatic communication

Culture

bull Formatbull Addressbull Amount of informationbull Register humor etcbull Context

Emailing 1 Worksheet 1 - Reading Tasks

Dear Mr Smith I would like to introduce myself My name is Susan Saarland and I am the new South Western sales

manager for Chou Cream English Schools The previous sales manager for your area Chris Jones has been promoted to Head of Marketing and has asked me to pass his best wishes onto you

I look forward to doing business with you and hope we get the chance to meet soon Yours Susan Saarland 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Ms Saarland Thank you very much for your email of the 7th March I am looking forward to working with you in the

coming months and years and to seeing you soon Regards Graham 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Graham Thanks for your quick reply If it is convenient with you I will be able to meet with you very soon indeed

as I am visiting one of your colleagues on Wednesday 25th March I am planning to finish the meeting at 1230 pm and would be very glad to meet you any time after that

Best wishes Susan

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

The Kluckhohn Model

German Cultural Value Orientations

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Neutral Mixture of Good and Evil

man-nature Harmony-with-

Nature

Mastery-over-

Nature

time Past Present Future

activity Being-in-Becoming Doing

relational Collaterality Individualism

Source Ortuntildeo (p 450)

US-American Cultural Value Orientation

The Five Value Orientations and the Range of Variations Postulated for Each

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Good

mutable immutable

man-nature Mastery-over-

Nature

time Future

activity Doing

relational Individualism

Source Ortuntildeo (pp 452 ff)

Hispanic Value Orientations

The Five Value Orientations and the Range of Variations Postulated for Each

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Mixture of Good-and-Evil

mutable

man-nature Subjugation-to- Harmony-with-

Nature Nature

time Present

activity Being

relational Lineality Collaterality

(Authoritarian) (Group Oriented)

Source Ortuntildeo (p 454)

A person should always be considered

innocent until proven guilty

All natural resources were placed on this earth to be at

peoplersquos disposal

The most satisfying and

effective form of decision making

is group consensus

Live every day as if it were the only day that

counts

If people work hard and apply

themselves fully their efforts will be rewarded

What are these people ldquosayingrdquo

Cultural Note

In the US office doors are normally kept open in order to show that you are accessible to others should they need your help Nevertheless it is considered very bad-mannered if a visitor does not knock or otherwise

ask permission before entering

Cultural Note

In the US office doors are normally kept open in order to show that you are accessible to others should they need your help Nevertheless it is considered very bad-mannered if a visitor does not knock or otherwise

ask permission before entering

OH DIESES STOFF-PUumlPPCHEN SIEHT AUS WIE ICH IHR EBENBILD

GIBT MIR KRAFT

ICH AHNTE NICHT WAS

ICH IHM BEDEUTEhellip

NIE KLOPFST DU AN DU ARSCH

American I offer a contract

Greek These are my orders 15 days

American Take 15 Is it agreed you will do it in 15 days

American He lacks the ability to estimate time this time estimate is totally inadequate

Greek Ten days

American I press him to take responsibility for his own actions

Greek What nonsense Id better give him an answer

American You are in the best position to analyze time requirements

American He refuses to take responsibility

Greek I asked him for an order

Greek I dont know How long should ittake

American I asked him to participate

Greek His behavior makes no sense He is the boss Why doesnt he tell me

American How long will it take you to finish this report

Attribution (interpretationevaluation)Behavior (description)

In fact the report needed 30 days of regular work So the Greek worked day and night

but at the end of the 15th day he still needed one more days work

The American is surprised

Greek I cant work for such a man

The Greek hands in his resignation

American I must teach him to fulfill a contract

Greek The stupid incompetent boss Notonly did he give me wrongorders but he does not evenappreciate that I did a 30-dayjob in 16 days

American But we had agreed that it would be ready today

(Both attribute that it is not ready)Greek It will be ready tomorrow

American I am making sure he fulfills his contract

Greek He is asking for the report

American Where is my report

AttributionBehavior

Behavior Attribution

American Who are you going to pick to lead the negotiations

American

German

German I was thinking about Dr Muumlller American

German

American Hersquos very serious isnrsquot he American

German

German Quite He thinks deeply aboutthings

American

German

American Hersquos not one to make jokes either

American

German

German So you favor him too American

German

Team Leader

Behavior Attribution

American Who do you think shersquoll pick to chair the task force

American

German

German I think you have a good chance American

German

American Me No way She doesnrsquot think much of me

American

German

German I donrsquot agree Why do you say that

American

German

American Shersquos never said anything to me about my work

American

German

German Then why are you so worried American

German

Feedback

Behavior Attribution

American Whatrsquos wrong with Klaus American

German

German He broke up with his girlfriend American

German

American Poor guy He looks so unhappy

American

German

German Hersquos taking it very hard American

German

American So what can we do to help American

German

German Help American

German

Love Life

Source Hall amp HallVerborgene Signale 1983

The combination of implicit and explicit informationresults in meaningful communication

Little implicit infor-mation eg Germans

Proportion of communicated(explicit) information

1 9

Low information density

2 8

mation densitye g Americans

3 7

Middle to low infor- 4 6

5 5

Meaning

6 4

7 3(implicit) information[Context]

8 2Proportion of stored

High density information networks Much implicit informatione g Japanese

9 1

The relationship between implicit and explicit informationin information networks of varying density

1) do one thing at a time2) concentrate on the job3) take time commitments

seriously4) are low-context and need

information5) are committed to the job6) adhere religiously to plans7) are concerned about not

disturbing others8) show great respect for

private property9) emphasize promptness10) are accustomed to short-

term relationships

1) do many things at once2) are subject to interruptions3) consider time commitments an

ideal to be achieved if possible4) are high-context and already

have information5) are committed to people6) change plans often and easily7) are more concerned with family

and friends than with privacy8) borrow and lend things often

and easily9) base promptness on relationship10) tend to build lifetime

relationships

Monochronic Polychronic

Direct amp Indirect1 This is like the communication between siblings

2 This is like the communication between two casual

acquaintances

3 People are reluctant to say no

4 You may have to read between the lines to

understand what someone is saying

5 Its best to tell it like it is

6 Yes means yes

7 Yes means I hear you

8 There is no need to read between the lines

9 Who attends your meeting is an indication of

how important you or the topic is

10Who attends your meeting is an indication of

who is available to attend

11Silence may mean disapproval or dissatisfaction

12People tell you what they think you want to hear

Direct amp Indirect

Describe thefollowing picture

The DIE Model1 Description

a must be neutral and exactb needs to overcome cognitive and perceptive filters

2 Interpretationa conjecture of what the observation might meanb attribution of motive to the persons observed

3 Evaluationa an emotional or effective judgmentb what you feel about what yoursquove observed

Now with a partner hellipdescribe interpret and evaluate

Description Interpretation Evaluation

Note down as exactly and as neutrally as possible what you experience Anything that strikes you as different funny weird sad etc is appropriateFeelings emotions judgments should not be expressed on this side Just stick to the facts

Now try to analyze or interpret what you have observed Which basic assumptions or values are behind the behavior How does your observation help you to classify the culture in terms of value orientations

Describe your thoughts feelings etc about the event What in your cultural makeup may be affecting how you feel How is that different from whatever values or assumptions may be at work in the new culture

We expect others to be like us but they arenrsquot

Thus a cultural incident occurs

causing a reaction (anger fear etc)

We become awareof our reaction

and we withdraw

We become awareof our reaction

We reflect onits cause

and our reaction subsides

We observethe situation

which results indeveloping culturally

appropriate expectations

Politeness

positive

bull actively involve othersbull openly show

friendliness and bull openness sharing

negative

bull do not disturb othersbull donlsquot place yourself in

the limelightbull donlsquot force your

private concerns on others

Intercultural E-Mail

Language

bull Whose languagebull NNS creativitybull Adaptation of the NS

to the NNSbull phatic communication

Culture

bull Formatbull Addressbull Amount of informationbull Register humor etcbull Context

Emailing 1 Worksheet 1 - Reading Tasks

Dear Mr Smith I would like to introduce myself My name is Susan Saarland and I am the new South Western sales

manager for Chou Cream English Schools The previous sales manager for your area Chris Jones has been promoted to Head of Marketing and has asked me to pass his best wishes onto you

I look forward to doing business with you and hope we get the chance to meet soon Yours Susan Saarland 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Ms Saarland Thank you very much for your email of the 7th March I am looking forward to working with you in the

coming months and years and to seeing you soon Regards Graham 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Graham Thanks for your quick reply If it is convenient with you I will be able to meet with you very soon indeed

as I am visiting one of your colleagues on Wednesday 25th March I am planning to finish the meeting at 1230 pm and would be very glad to meet you any time after that

Best wishes Susan

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

US-American Cultural Value Orientation

The Five Value Orientations and the Range of Variations Postulated for Each

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Good

mutable immutable

man-nature Mastery-over-

Nature

time Future

activity Doing

relational Individualism

Source Ortuntildeo (pp 452 ff)

Hispanic Value Orientations

The Five Value Orientations and the Range of Variations Postulated for Each

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Mixture of Good-and-Evil

mutable

man-nature Subjugation-to- Harmony-with-

Nature Nature

time Present

activity Being

relational Lineality Collaterality

(Authoritarian) (Group Oriented)

Source Ortuntildeo (p 454)

A person should always be considered

innocent until proven guilty

All natural resources were placed on this earth to be at

peoplersquos disposal

The most satisfying and

effective form of decision making

is group consensus

Live every day as if it were the only day that

counts

If people work hard and apply

themselves fully their efforts will be rewarded

What are these people ldquosayingrdquo

Cultural Note

In the US office doors are normally kept open in order to show that you are accessible to others should they need your help Nevertheless it is considered very bad-mannered if a visitor does not knock or otherwise

ask permission before entering

Cultural Note

In the US office doors are normally kept open in order to show that you are accessible to others should they need your help Nevertheless it is considered very bad-mannered if a visitor does not knock or otherwise

ask permission before entering

OH DIESES STOFF-PUumlPPCHEN SIEHT AUS WIE ICH IHR EBENBILD

GIBT MIR KRAFT

ICH AHNTE NICHT WAS

ICH IHM BEDEUTEhellip

NIE KLOPFST DU AN DU ARSCH

American I offer a contract

Greek These are my orders 15 days

American Take 15 Is it agreed you will do it in 15 days

American He lacks the ability to estimate time this time estimate is totally inadequate

Greek Ten days

American I press him to take responsibility for his own actions

Greek What nonsense Id better give him an answer

American You are in the best position to analyze time requirements

American He refuses to take responsibility

Greek I asked him for an order

Greek I dont know How long should ittake

American I asked him to participate

Greek His behavior makes no sense He is the boss Why doesnt he tell me

American How long will it take you to finish this report

Attribution (interpretationevaluation)Behavior (description)

In fact the report needed 30 days of regular work So the Greek worked day and night

but at the end of the 15th day he still needed one more days work

The American is surprised

Greek I cant work for such a man

The Greek hands in his resignation

American I must teach him to fulfill a contract

Greek The stupid incompetent boss Notonly did he give me wrongorders but he does not evenappreciate that I did a 30-dayjob in 16 days

American But we had agreed that it would be ready today

(Both attribute that it is not ready)Greek It will be ready tomorrow

American I am making sure he fulfills his contract

Greek He is asking for the report

American Where is my report

AttributionBehavior

Behavior Attribution

American Who are you going to pick to lead the negotiations

American

German

German I was thinking about Dr Muumlller American

German

American Hersquos very serious isnrsquot he American

German

German Quite He thinks deeply aboutthings

American

German

American Hersquos not one to make jokes either

American

German

German So you favor him too American

German

Team Leader

Behavior Attribution

American Who do you think shersquoll pick to chair the task force

American

German

German I think you have a good chance American

German

American Me No way She doesnrsquot think much of me

American

German

German I donrsquot agree Why do you say that

American

German

American Shersquos never said anything to me about my work

American

German

German Then why are you so worried American

German

Feedback

Behavior Attribution

American Whatrsquos wrong with Klaus American

German

German He broke up with his girlfriend American

German

American Poor guy He looks so unhappy

American

German

German Hersquos taking it very hard American

German

American So what can we do to help American

German

German Help American

German

Love Life

Source Hall amp HallVerborgene Signale 1983

The combination of implicit and explicit informationresults in meaningful communication

Little implicit infor-mation eg Germans

Proportion of communicated(explicit) information

1 9

Low information density

2 8

mation densitye g Americans

3 7

Middle to low infor- 4 6

5 5

Meaning

6 4

7 3(implicit) information[Context]

8 2Proportion of stored

High density information networks Much implicit informatione g Japanese

9 1

The relationship between implicit and explicit informationin information networks of varying density

1) do one thing at a time2) concentrate on the job3) take time commitments

seriously4) are low-context and need

information5) are committed to the job6) adhere religiously to plans7) are concerned about not

disturbing others8) show great respect for

private property9) emphasize promptness10) are accustomed to short-

term relationships

1) do many things at once2) are subject to interruptions3) consider time commitments an

ideal to be achieved if possible4) are high-context and already

have information5) are committed to people6) change plans often and easily7) are more concerned with family

and friends than with privacy8) borrow and lend things often

and easily9) base promptness on relationship10) tend to build lifetime

relationships

Monochronic Polychronic

Direct amp Indirect1 This is like the communication between siblings

2 This is like the communication between two casual

acquaintances

3 People are reluctant to say no

4 You may have to read between the lines to

understand what someone is saying

5 Its best to tell it like it is

6 Yes means yes

7 Yes means I hear you

8 There is no need to read between the lines

9 Who attends your meeting is an indication of

how important you or the topic is

10Who attends your meeting is an indication of

who is available to attend

11Silence may mean disapproval or dissatisfaction

12People tell you what they think you want to hear

Direct amp Indirect

Describe thefollowing picture

The DIE Model1 Description

a must be neutral and exactb needs to overcome cognitive and perceptive filters

2 Interpretationa conjecture of what the observation might meanb attribution of motive to the persons observed

3 Evaluationa an emotional or effective judgmentb what you feel about what yoursquove observed

Now with a partner hellipdescribe interpret and evaluate

Description Interpretation Evaluation

Note down as exactly and as neutrally as possible what you experience Anything that strikes you as different funny weird sad etc is appropriateFeelings emotions judgments should not be expressed on this side Just stick to the facts

Now try to analyze or interpret what you have observed Which basic assumptions or values are behind the behavior How does your observation help you to classify the culture in terms of value orientations

Describe your thoughts feelings etc about the event What in your cultural makeup may be affecting how you feel How is that different from whatever values or assumptions may be at work in the new culture

We expect others to be like us but they arenrsquot

Thus a cultural incident occurs

causing a reaction (anger fear etc)

We become awareof our reaction

and we withdraw

We become awareof our reaction

We reflect onits cause

and our reaction subsides

We observethe situation

which results indeveloping culturally

appropriate expectations

Politeness

positive

bull actively involve othersbull openly show

friendliness and bull openness sharing

negative

bull do not disturb othersbull donlsquot place yourself in

the limelightbull donlsquot force your

private concerns on others

Intercultural E-Mail

Language

bull Whose languagebull NNS creativitybull Adaptation of the NS

to the NNSbull phatic communication

Culture

bull Formatbull Addressbull Amount of informationbull Register humor etcbull Context

Emailing 1 Worksheet 1 - Reading Tasks

Dear Mr Smith I would like to introduce myself My name is Susan Saarland and I am the new South Western sales

manager for Chou Cream English Schools The previous sales manager for your area Chris Jones has been promoted to Head of Marketing and has asked me to pass his best wishes onto you

I look forward to doing business with you and hope we get the chance to meet soon Yours Susan Saarland 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Ms Saarland Thank you very much for your email of the 7th March I am looking forward to working with you in the

coming months and years and to seeing you soon Regards Graham 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Graham Thanks for your quick reply If it is convenient with you I will be able to meet with you very soon indeed

as I am visiting one of your colleagues on Wednesday 25th March I am planning to finish the meeting at 1230 pm and would be very glad to meet you any time after that

Best wishes Susan

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

Hispanic Value Orientations

The Five Value Orientations and the Range of Variations Postulated for Each

Orientation Postulated Range of Variations

human nature Mixture of Good-and-Evil

mutable

man-nature Subjugation-to- Harmony-with-

Nature Nature

time Present

activity Being

relational Lineality Collaterality

(Authoritarian) (Group Oriented)

Source Ortuntildeo (p 454)

A person should always be considered

innocent until proven guilty

All natural resources were placed on this earth to be at

peoplersquos disposal

The most satisfying and

effective form of decision making

is group consensus

Live every day as if it were the only day that

counts

If people work hard and apply

themselves fully their efforts will be rewarded

What are these people ldquosayingrdquo

Cultural Note

In the US office doors are normally kept open in order to show that you are accessible to others should they need your help Nevertheless it is considered very bad-mannered if a visitor does not knock or otherwise

ask permission before entering

Cultural Note

In the US office doors are normally kept open in order to show that you are accessible to others should they need your help Nevertheless it is considered very bad-mannered if a visitor does not knock or otherwise

ask permission before entering

OH DIESES STOFF-PUumlPPCHEN SIEHT AUS WIE ICH IHR EBENBILD

GIBT MIR KRAFT

ICH AHNTE NICHT WAS

ICH IHM BEDEUTEhellip

NIE KLOPFST DU AN DU ARSCH

American I offer a contract

Greek These are my orders 15 days

American Take 15 Is it agreed you will do it in 15 days

American He lacks the ability to estimate time this time estimate is totally inadequate

Greek Ten days

American I press him to take responsibility for his own actions

Greek What nonsense Id better give him an answer

American You are in the best position to analyze time requirements

American He refuses to take responsibility

Greek I asked him for an order

Greek I dont know How long should ittake

American I asked him to participate

Greek His behavior makes no sense He is the boss Why doesnt he tell me

American How long will it take you to finish this report

Attribution (interpretationevaluation)Behavior (description)

In fact the report needed 30 days of regular work So the Greek worked day and night

but at the end of the 15th day he still needed one more days work

The American is surprised

Greek I cant work for such a man

The Greek hands in his resignation

American I must teach him to fulfill a contract

Greek The stupid incompetent boss Notonly did he give me wrongorders but he does not evenappreciate that I did a 30-dayjob in 16 days

American But we had agreed that it would be ready today

(Both attribute that it is not ready)Greek It will be ready tomorrow

American I am making sure he fulfills his contract

Greek He is asking for the report

American Where is my report

AttributionBehavior

Behavior Attribution

American Who are you going to pick to lead the negotiations

American

German

German I was thinking about Dr Muumlller American

German

American Hersquos very serious isnrsquot he American

German

German Quite He thinks deeply aboutthings

American

German

American Hersquos not one to make jokes either

American

German

German So you favor him too American

German

Team Leader

Behavior Attribution

American Who do you think shersquoll pick to chair the task force

American

German

German I think you have a good chance American

German

American Me No way She doesnrsquot think much of me

American

German

German I donrsquot agree Why do you say that

American

German

American Shersquos never said anything to me about my work

American

German

German Then why are you so worried American

German

Feedback

Behavior Attribution

American Whatrsquos wrong with Klaus American

German

German He broke up with his girlfriend American

German

American Poor guy He looks so unhappy

American

German

German Hersquos taking it very hard American

German

American So what can we do to help American

German

German Help American

German

Love Life

Source Hall amp HallVerborgene Signale 1983

The combination of implicit and explicit informationresults in meaningful communication

Little implicit infor-mation eg Germans

Proportion of communicated(explicit) information

1 9

Low information density

2 8

mation densitye g Americans

3 7

Middle to low infor- 4 6

5 5

Meaning

6 4

7 3(implicit) information[Context]

8 2Proportion of stored

High density information networks Much implicit informatione g Japanese

9 1

The relationship between implicit and explicit informationin information networks of varying density

1) do one thing at a time2) concentrate on the job3) take time commitments

seriously4) are low-context and need

information5) are committed to the job6) adhere religiously to plans7) are concerned about not

disturbing others8) show great respect for

private property9) emphasize promptness10) are accustomed to short-

term relationships

1) do many things at once2) are subject to interruptions3) consider time commitments an

ideal to be achieved if possible4) are high-context and already

have information5) are committed to people6) change plans often and easily7) are more concerned with family

and friends than with privacy8) borrow and lend things often

and easily9) base promptness on relationship10) tend to build lifetime

relationships

Monochronic Polychronic

Direct amp Indirect1 This is like the communication between siblings

2 This is like the communication between two casual

acquaintances

3 People are reluctant to say no

4 You may have to read between the lines to

understand what someone is saying

5 Its best to tell it like it is

6 Yes means yes

7 Yes means I hear you

8 There is no need to read between the lines

9 Who attends your meeting is an indication of

how important you or the topic is

10Who attends your meeting is an indication of

who is available to attend

11Silence may mean disapproval or dissatisfaction

12People tell you what they think you want to hear

Direct amp Indirect

Describe thefollowing picture

The DIE Model1 Description

a must be neutral and exactb needs to overcome cognitive and perceptive filters

2 Interpretationa conjecture of what the observation might meanb attribution of motive to the persons observed

3 Evaluationa an emotional or effective judgmentb what you feel about what yoursquove observed

Now with a partner hellipdescribe interpret and evaluate

Description Interpretation Evaluation

Note down as exactly and as neutrally as possible what you experience Anything that strikes you as different funny weird sad etc is appropriateFeelings emotions judgments should not be expressed on this side Just stick to the facts

Now try to analyze or interpret what you have observed Which basic assumptions or values are behind the behavior How does your observation help you to classify the culture in terms of value orientations

Describe your thoughts feelings etc about the event What in your cultural makeup may be affecting how you feel How is that different from whatever values or assumptions may be at work in the new culture

We expect others to be like us but they arenrsquot

Thus a cultural incident occurs

causing a reaction (anger fear etc)

We become awareof our reaction

and we withdraw

We become awareof our reaction

We reflect onits cause

and our reaction subsides

We observethe situation

which results indeveloping culturally

appropriate expectations

Politeness

positive

bull actively involve othersbull openly show

friendliness and bull openness sharing

negative

bull do not disturb othersbull donlsquot place yourself in

the limelightbull donlsquot force your

private concerns on others

Intercultural E-Mail

Language

bull Whose languagebull NNS creativitybull Adaptation of the NS

to the NNSbull phatic communication

Culture

bull Formatbull Addressbull Amount of informationbull Register humor etcbull Context

Emailing 1 Worksheet 1 - Reading Tasks

Dear Mr Smith I would like to introduce myself My name is Susan Saarland and I am the new South Western sales

manager for Chou Cream English Schools The previous sales manager for your area Chris Jones has been promoted to Head of Marketing and has asked me to pass his best wishes onto you

I look forward to doing business with you and hope we get the chance to meet soon Yours Susan Saarland 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Ms Saarland Thank you very much for your email of the 7th March I am looking forward to working with you in the

coming months and years and to seeing you soon Regards Graham 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Graham Thanks for your quick reply If it is convenient with you I will be able to meet with you very soon indeed

as I am visiting one of your colleagues on Wednesday 25th March I am planning to finish the meeting at 1230 pm and would be very glad to meet you any time after that

Best wishes Susan

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

A person should always be considered

innocent until proven guilty

All natural resources were placed on this earth to be at

peoplersquos disposal

The most satisfying and

effective form of decision making

is group consensus

Live every day as if it were the only day that

counts

If people work hard and apply

themselves fully their efforts will be rewarded

What are these people ldquosayingrdquo

Cultural Note

In the US office doors are normally kept open in order to show that you are accessible to others should they need your help Nevertheless it is considered very bad-mannered if a visitor does not knock or otherwise

ask permission before entering

Cultural Note

In the US office doors are normally kept open in order to show that you are accessible to others should they need your help Nevertheless it is considered very bad-mannered if a visitor does not knock or otherwise

ask permission before entering

OH DIESES STOFF-PUumlPPCHEN SIEHT AUS WIE ICH IHR EBENBILD

GIBT MIR KRAFT

ICH AHNTE NICHT WAS

ICH IHM BEDEUTEhellip

NIE KLOPFST DU AN DU ARSCH

American I offer a contract

Greek These are my orders 15 days

American Take 15 Is it agreed you will do it in 15 days

American He lacks the ability to estimate time this time estimate is totally inadequate

Greek Ten days

American I press him to take responsibility for his own actions

Greek What nonsense Id better give him an answer

American You are in the best position to analyze time requirements

American He refuses to take responsibility

Greek I asked him for an order

Greek I dont know How long should ittake

American I asked him to participate

Greek His behavior makes no sense He is the boss Why doesnt he tell me

American How long will it take you to finish this report

Attribution (interpretationevaluation)Behavior (description)

In fact the report needed 30 days of regular work So the Greek worked day and night

but at the end of the 15th day he still needed one more days work

The American is surprised

Greek I cant work for such a man

The Greek hands in his resignation

American I must teach him to fulfill a contract

Greek The stupid incompetent boss Notonly did he give me wrongorders but he does not evenappreciate that I did a 30-dayjob in 16 days

American But we had agreed that it would be ready today

(Both attribute that it is not ready)Greek It will be ready tomorrow

American I am making sure he fulfills his contract

Greek He is asking for the report

American Where is my report

AttributionBehavior

Behavior Attribution

American Who are you going to pick to lead the negotiations

American

German

German I was thinking about Dr Muumlller American

German

American Hersquos very serious isnrsquot he American

German

German Quite He thinks deeply aboutthings

American

German

American Hersquos not one to make jokes either

American

German

German So you favor him too American

German

Team Leader

Behavior Attribution

American Who do you think shersquoll pick to chair the task force

American

German

German I think you have a good chance American

German

American Me No way She doesnrsquot think much of me

American

German

German I donrsquot agree Why do you say that

American

German

American Shersquos never said anything to me about my work

American

German

German Then why are you so worried American

German

Feedback

Behavior Attribution

American Whatrsquos wrong with Klaus American

German

German He broke up with his girlfriend American

German

American Poor guy He looks so unhappy

American

German

German Hersquos taking it very hard American

German

American So what can we do to help American

German

German Help American

German

Love Life

Source Hall amp HallVerborgene Signale 1983

The combination of implicit and explicit informationresults in meaningful communication

Little implicit infor-mation eg Germans

Proportion of communicated(explicit) information

1 9

Low information density

2 8

mation densitye g Americans

3 7

Middle to low infor- 4 6

5 5

Meaning

6 4

7 3(implicit) information[Context]

8 2Proportion of stored

High density information networks Much implicit informatione g Japanese

9 1

The relationship between implicit and explicit informationin information networks of varying density

1) do one thing at a time2) concentrate on the job3) take time commitments

seriously4) are low-context and need

information5) are committed to the job6) adhere religiously to plans7) are concerned about not

disturbing others8) show great respect for

private property9) emphasize promptness10) are accustomed to short-

term relationships

1) do many things at once2) are subject to interruptions3) consider time commitments an

ideal to be achieved if possible4) are high-context and already

have information5) are committed to people6) change plans often and easily7) are more concerned with family

and friends than with privacy8) borrow and lend things often

and easily9) base promptness on relationship10) tend to build lifetime

relationships

Monochronic Polychronic

Direct amp Indirect1 This is like the communication between siblings

2 This is like the communication between two casual

acquaintances

3 People are reluctant to say no

4 You may have to read between the lines to

understand what someone is saying

5 Its best to tell it like it is

6 Yes means yes

7 Yes means I hear you

8 There is no need to read between the lines

9 Who attends your meeting is an indication of

how important you or the topic is

10Who attends your meeting is an indication of

who is available to attend

11Silence may mean disapproval or dissatisfaction

12People tell you what they think you want to hear

Direct amp Indirect

Describe thefollowing picture

The DIE Model1 Description

a must be neutral and exactb needs to overcome cognitive and perceptive filters

2 Interpretationa conjecture of what the observation might meanb attribution of motive to the persons observed

3 Evaluationa an emotional or effective judgmentb what you feel about what yoursquove observed

Now with a partner hellipdescribe interpret and evaluate

Description Interpretation Evaluation

Note down as exactly and as neutrally as possible what you experience Anything that strikes you as different funny weird sad etc is appropriateFeelings emotions judgments should not be expressed on this side Just stick to the facts

Now try to analyze or interpret what you have observed Which basic assumptions or values are behind the behavior How does your observation help you to classify the culture in terms of value orientations

Describe your thoughts feelings etc about the event What in your cultural makeup may be affecting how you feel How is that different from whatever values or assumptions may be at work in the new culture

We expect others to be like us but they arenrsquot

Thus a cultural incident occurs

causing a reaction (anger fear etc)

We become awareof our reaction

and we withdraw

We become awareof our reaction

We reflect onits cause

and our reaction subsides

We observethe situation

which results indeveloping culturally

appropriate expectations

Politeness

positive

bull actively involve othersbull openly show

friendliness and bull openness sharing

negative

bull do not disturb othersbull donlsquot place yourself in

the limelightbull donlsquot force your

private concerns on others

Intercultural E-Mail

Language

bull Whose languagebull NNS creativitybull Adaptation of the NS

to the NNSbull phatic communication

Culture

bull Formatbull Addressbull Amount of informationbull Register humor etcbull Context

Emailing 1 Worksheet 1 - Reading Tasks

Dear Mr Smith I would like to introduce myself My name is Susan Saarland and I am the new South Western sales

manager for Chou Cream English Schools The previous sales manager for your area Chris Jones has been promoted to Head of Marketing and has asked me to pass his best wishes onto you

I look forward to doing business with you and hope we get the chance to meet soon Yours Susan Saarland 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Ms Saarland Thank you very much for your email of the 7th March I am looking forward to working with you in the

coming months and years and to seeing you soon Regards Graham 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Graham Thanks for your quick reply If it is convenient with you I will be able to meet with you very soon indeed

as I am visiting one of your colleagues on Wednesday 25th March I am planning to finish the meeting at 1230 pm and would be very glad to meet you any time after that

Best wishes Susan

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

What are these people ldquosayingrdquo

Cultural Note

In the US office doors are normally kept open in order to show that you are accessible to others should they need your help Nevertheless it is considered very bad-mannered if a visitor does not knock or otherwise

ask permission before entering

Cultural Note

In the US office doors are normally kept open in order to show that you are accessible to others should they need your help Nevertheless it is considered very bad-mannered if a visitor does not knock or otherwise

ask permission before entering

OH DIESES STOFF-PUumlPPCHEN SIEHT AUS WIE ICH IHR EBENBILD

GIBT MIR KRAFT

ICH AHNTE NICHT WAS

ICH IHM BEDEUTEhellip

NIE KLOPFST DU AN DU ARSCH

American I offer a contract

Greek These are my orders 15 days

American Take 15 Is it agreed you will do it in 15 days

American He lacks the ability to estimate time this time estimate is totally inadequate

Greek Ten days

American I press him to take responsibility for his own actions

Greek What nonsense Id better give him an answer

American You are in the best position to analyze time requirements

American He refuses to take responsibility

Greek I asked him for an order

Greek I dont know How long should ittake

American I asked him to participate

Greek His behavior makes no sense He is the boss Why doesnt he tell me

American How long will it take you to finish this report

Attribution (interpretationevaluation)Behavior (description)

In fact the report needed 30 days of regular work So the Greek worked day and night

but at the end of the 15th day he still needed one more days work

The American is surprised

Greek I cant work for such a man

The Greek hands in his resignation

American I must teach him to fulfill a contract

Greek The stupid incompetent boss Notonly did he give me wrongorders but he does not evenappreciate that I did a 30-dayjob in 16 days

American But we had agreed that it would be ready today

(Both attribute that it is not ready)Greek It will be ready tomorrow

American I am making sure he fulfills his contract

Greek He is asking for the report

American Where is my report

AttributionBehavior

Behavior Attribution

American Who are you going to pick to lead the negotiations

American

German

German I was thinking about Dr Muumlller American

German

American Hersquos very serious isnrsquot he American

German

German Quite He thinks deeply aboutthings

American

German

American Hersquos not one to make jokes either

American

German

German So you favor him too American

German

Team Leader

Behavior Attribution

American Who do you think shersquoll pick to chair the task force

American

German

German I think you have a good chance American

German

American Me No way She doesnrsquot think much of me

American

German

German I donrsquot agree Why do you say that

American

German

American Shersquos never said anything to me about my work

American

German

German Then why are you so worried American

German

Feedback

Behavior Attribution

American Whatrsquos wrong with Klaus American

German

German He broke up with his girlfriend American

German

American Poor guy He looks so unhappy

American

German

German Hersquos taking it very hard American

German

American So what can we do to help American

German

German Help American

German

Love Life

Source Hall amp HallVerborgene Signale 1983

The combination of implicit and explicit informationresults in meaningful communication

Little implicit infor-mation eg Germans

Proportion of communicated(explicit) information

1 9

Low information density

2 8

mation densitye g Americans

3 7

Middle to low infor- 4 6

5 5

Meaning

6 4

7 3(implicit) information[Context]

8 2Proportion of stored

High density information networks Much implicit informatione g Japanese

9 1

The relationship between implicit and explicit informationin information networks of varying density

1) do one thing at a time2) concentrate on the job3) take time commitments

seriously4) are low-context and need

information5) are committed to the job6) adhere religiously to plans7) are concerned about not

disturbing others8) show great respect for

private property9) emphasize promptness10) are accustomed to short-

term relationships

1) do many things at once2) are subject to interruptions3) consider time commitments an

ideal to be achieved if possible4) are high-context and already

have information5) are committed to people6) change plans often and easily7) are more concerned with family

and friends than with privacy8) borrow and lend things often

and easily9) base promptness on relationship10) tend to build lifetime

relationships

Monochronic Polychronic

Direct amp Indirect1 This is like the communication between siblings

2 This is like the communication between two casual

acquaintances

3 People are reluctant to say no

4 You may have to read between the lines to

understand what someone is saying

5 Its best to tell it like it is

6 Yes means yes

7 Yes means I hear you

8 There is no need to read between the lines

9 Who attends your meeting is an indication of

how important you or the topic is

10Who attends your meeting is an indication of

who is available to attend

11Silence may mean disapproval or dissatisfaction

12People tell you what they think you want to hear

Direct amp Indirect

Describe thefollowing picture

The DIE Model1 Description

a must be neutral and exactb needs to overcome cognitive and perceptive filters

2 Interpretationa conjecture of what the observation might meanb attribution of motive to the persons observed

3 Evaluationa an emotional or effective judgmentb what you feel about what yoursquove observed

Now with a partner hellipdescribe interpret and evaluate

Description Interpretation Evaluation

Note down as exactly and as neutrally as possible what you experience Anything that strikes you as different funny weird sad etc is appropriateFeelings emotions judgments should not be expressed on this side Just stick to the facts

Now try to analyze or interpret what you have observed Which basic assumptions or values are behind the behavior How does your observation help you to classify the culture in terms of value orientations

Describe your thoughts feelings etc about the event What in your cultural makeup may be affecting how you feel How is that different from whatever values or assumptions may be at work in the new culture

We expect others to be like us but they arenrsquot

Thus a cultural incident occurs

causing a reaction (anger fear etc)

We become awareof our reaction

and we withdraw

We become awareof our reaction

We reflect onits cause

and our reaction subsides

We observethe situation

which results indeveloping culturally

appropriate expectations

Politeness

positive

bull actively involve othersbull openly show

friendliness and bull openness sharing

negative

bull do not disturb othersbull donlsquot place yourself in

the limelightbull donlsquot force your

private concerns on others

Intercultural E-Mail

Language

bull Whose languagebull NNS creativitybull Adaptation of the NS

to the NNSbull phatic communication

Culture

bull Formatbull Addressbull Amount of informationbull Register humor etcbull Context

Emailing 1 Worksheet 1 - Reading Tasks

Dear Mr Smith I would like to introduce myself My name is Susan Saarland and I am the new South Western sales

manager for Chou Cream English Schools The previous sales manager for your area Chris Jones has been promoted to Head of Marketing and has asked me to pass his best wishes onto you

I look forward to doing business with you and hope we get the chance to meet soon Yours Susan Saarland 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Ms Saarland Thank you very much for your email of the 7th March I am looking forward to working with you in the

coming months and years and to seeing you soon Regards Graham 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Graham Thanks for your quick reply If it is convenient with you I will be able to meet with you very soon indeed

as I am visiting one of your colleagues on Wednesday 25th March I am planning to finish the meeting at 1230 pm and would be very glad to meet you any time after that

Best wishes Susan

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

Cultural Note

In the US office doors are normally kept open in order to show that you are accessible to others should they need your help Nevertheless it is considered very bad-mannered if a visitor does not knock or otherwise

ask permission before entering

Cultural Note

In the US office doors are normally kept open in order to show that you are accessible to others should they need your help Nevertheless it is considered very bad-mannered if a visitor does not knock or otherwise

ask permission before entering

OH DIESES STOFF-PUumlPPCHEN SIEHT AUS WIE ICH IHR EBENBILD

GIBT MIR KRAFT

ICH AHNTE NICHT WAS

ICH IHM BEDEUTEhellip

NIE KLOPFST DU AN DU ARSCH

American I offer a contract

Greek These are my orders 15 days

American Take 15 Is it agreed you will do it in 15 days

American He lacks the ability to estimate time this time estimate is totally inadequate

Greek Ten days

American I press him to take responsibility for his own actions

Greek What nonsense Id better give him an answer

American You are in the best position to analyze time requirements

American He refuses to take responsibility

Greek I asked him for an order

Greek I dont know How long should ittake

American I asked him to participate

Greek His behavior makes no sense He is the boss Why doesnt he tell me

American How long will it take you to finish this report

Attribution (interpretationevaluation)Behavior (description)

In fact the report needed 30 days of regular work So the Greek worked day and night

but at the end of the 15th day he still needed one more days work

The American is surprised

Greek I cant work for such a man

The Greek hands in his resignation

American I must teach him to fulfill a contract

Greek The stupid incompetent boss Notonly did he give me wrongorders but he does not evenappreciate that I did a 30-dayjob in 16 days

American But we had agreed that it would be ready today

(Both attribute that it is not ready)Greek It will be ready tomorrow

American I am making sure he fulfills his contract

Greek He is asking for the report

American Where is my report

AttributionBehavior

Behavior Attribution

American Who are you going to pick to lead the negotiations

American

German

German I was thinking about Dr Muumlller American

German

American Hersquos very serious isnrsquot he American

German

German Quite He thinks deeply aboutthings

American

German

American Hersquos not one to make jokes either

American

German

German So you favor him too American

German

Team Leader

Behavior Attribution

American Who do you think shersquoll pick to chair the task force

American

German

German I think you have a good chance American

German

American Me No way She doesnrsquot think much of me

American

German

German I donrsquot agree Why do you say that

American

German

American Shersquos never said anything to me about my work

American

German

German Then why are you so worried American

German

Feedback

Behavior Attribution

American Whatrsquos wrong with Klaus American

German

German He broke up with his girlfriend American

German

American Poor guy He looks so unhappy

American

German

German Hersquos taking it very hard American

German

American So what can we do to help American

German

German Help American

German

Love Life

Source Hall amp HallVerborgene Signale 1983

The combination of implicit and explicit informationresults in meaningful communication

Little implicit infor-mation eg Germans

Proportion of communicated(explicit) information

1 9

Low information density

2 8

mation densitye g Americans

3 7

Middle to low infor- 4 6

5 5

Meaning

6 4

7 3(implicit) information[Context]

8 2Proportion of stored

High density information networks Much implicit informatione g Japanese

9 1

The relationship between implicit and explicit informationin information networks of varying density

1) do one thing at a time2) concentrate on the job3) take time commitments

seriously4) are low-context and need

information5) are committed to the job6) adhere religiously to plans7) are concerned about not

disturbing others8) show great respect for

private property9) emphasize promptness10) are accustomed to short-

term relationships

1) do many things at once2) are subject to interruptions3) consider time commitments an

ideal to be achieved if possible4) are high-context and already

have information5) are committed to people6) change plans often and easily7) are more concerned with family

and friends than with privacy8) borrow and lend things often

and easily9) base promptness on relationship10) tend to build lifetime

relationships

Monochronic Polychronic

Direct amp Indirect1 This is like the communication between siblings

2 This is like the communication between two casual

acquaintances

3 People are reluctant to say no

4 You may have to read between the lines to

understand what someone is saying

5 Its best to tell it like it is

6 Yes means yes

7 Yes means I hear you

8 There is no need to read between the lines

9 Who attends your meeting is an indication of

how important you or the topic is

10Who attends your meeting is an indication of

who is available to attend

11Silence may mean disapproval or dissatisfaction

12People tell you what they think you want to hear

Direct amp Indirect

Describe thefollowing picture

The DIE Model1 Description

a must be neutral and exactb needs to overcome cognitive and perceptive filters

2 Interpretationa conjecture of what the observation might meanb attribution of motive to the persons observed

3 Evaluationa an emotional or effective judgmentb what you feel about what yoursquove observed

Now with a partner hellipdescribe interpret and evaluate

Description Interpretation Evaluation

Note down as exactly and as neutrally as possible what you experience Anything that strikes you as different funny weird sad etc is appropriateFeelings emotions judgments should not be expressed on this side Just stick to the facts

Now try to analyze or interpret what you have observed Which basic assumptions or values are behind the behavior How does your observation help you to classify the culture in terms of value orientations

Describe your thoughts feelings etc about the event What in your cultural makeup may be affecting how you feel How is that different from whatever values or assumptions may be at work in the new culture

We expect others to be like us but they arenrsquot

Thus a cultural incident occurs

causing a reaction (anger fear etc)

We become awareof our reaction

and we withdraw

We become awareof our reaction

We reflect onits cause

and our reaction subsides

We observethe situation

which results indeveloping culturally

appropriate expectations

Politeness

positive

bull actively involve othersbull openly show

friendliness and bull openness sharing

negative

bull do not disturb othersbull donlsquot place yourself in

the limelightbull donlsquot force your

private concerns on others

Intercultural E-Mail

Language

bull Whose languagebull NNS creativitybull Adaptation of the NS

to the NNSbull phatic communication

Culture

bull Formatbull Addressbull Amount of informationbull Register humor etcbull Context

Emailing 1 Worksheet 1 - Reading Tasks

Dear Mr Smith I would like to introduce myself My name is Susan Saarland and I am the new South Western sales

manager for Chou Cream English Schools The previous sales manager for your area Chris Jones has been promoted to Head of Marketing and has asked me to pass his best wishes onto you

I look forward to doing business with you and hope we get the chance to meet soon Yours Susan Saarland 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Ms Saarland Thank you very much for your email of the 7th March I am looking forward to working with you in the

coming months and years and to seeing you soon Regards Graham 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Graham Thanks for your quick reply If it is convenient with you I will be able to meet with you very soon indeed

as I am visiting one of your colleagues on Wednesday 25th March I am planning to finish the meeting at 1230 pm and would be very glad to meet you any time after that

Best wishes Susan

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

American I offer a contract

Greek These are my orders 15 days

American Take 15 Is it agreed you will do it in 15 days

American He lacks the ability to estimate time this time estimate is totally inadequate

Greek Ten days

American I press him to take responsibility for his own actions

Greek What nonsense Id better give him an answer

American You are in the best position to analyze time requirements

American He refuses to take responsibility

Greek I asked him for an order

Greek I dont know How long should ittake

American I asked him to participate

Greek His behavior makes no sense He is the boss Why doesnt he tell me

American How long will it take you to finish this report

Attribution (interpretationevaluation)Behavior (description)

In fact the report needed 30 days of regular work So the Greek worked day and night

but at the end of the 15th day he still needed one more days work

The American is surprised

Greek I cant work for such a man

The Greek hands in his resignation

American I must teach him to fulfill a contract

Greek The stupid incompetent boss Notonly did he give me wrongorders but he does not evenappreciate that I did a 30-dayjob in 16 days

American But we had agreed that it would be ready today

(Both attribute that it is not ready)Greek It will be ready tomorrow

American I am making sure he fulfills his contract

Greek He is asking for the report

American Where is my report

AttributionBehavior

Behavior Attribution

American Who are you going to pick to lead the negotiations

American

German

German I was thinking about Dr Muumlller American

German

American Hersquos very serious isnrsquot he American

German

German Quite He thinks deeply aboutthings

American

German

American Hersquos not one to make jokes either

American

German

German So you favor him too American

German

Team Leader

Behavior Attribution

American Who do you think shersquoll pick to chair the task force

American

German

German I think you have a good chance American

German

American Me No way She doesnrsquot think much of me

American

German

German I donrsquot agree Why do you say that

American

German

American Shersquos never said anything to me about my work

American

German

German Then why are you so worried American

German

Feedback

Behavior Attribution

American Whatrsquos wrong with Klaus American

German

German He broke up with his girlfriend American

German

American Poor guy He looks so unhappy

American

German

German Hersquos taking it very hard American

German

American So what can we do to help American

German

German Help American

German

Love Life

Source Hall amp HallVerborgene Signale 1983

The combination of implicit and explicit informationresults in meaningful communication

Little implicit infor-mation eg Germans

Proportion of communicated(explicit) information

1 9

Low information density

2 8

mation densitye g Americans

3 7

Middle to low infor- 4 6

5 5

Meaning

6 4

7 3(implicit) information[Context]

8 2Proportion of stored

High density information networks Much implicit informatione g Japanese

9 1

The relationship between implicit and explicit informationin information networks of varying density

1) do one thing at a time2) concentrate on the job3) take time commitments

seriously4) are low-context and need

information5) are committed to the job6) adhere religiously to plans7) are concerned about not

disturbing others8) show great respect for

private property9) emphasize promptness10) are accustomed to short-

term relationships

1) do many things at once2) are subject to interruptions3) consider time commitments an

ideal to be achieved if possible4) are high-context and already

have information5) are committed to people6) change plans often and easily7) are more concerned with family

and friends than with privacy8) borrow and lend things often

and easily9) base promptness on relationship10) tend to build lifetime

relationships

Monochronic Polychronic

Direct amp Indirect1 This is like the communication between siblings

2 This is like the communication between two casual

acquaintances

3 People are reluctant to say no

4 You may have to read between the lines to

understand what someone is saying

5 Its best to tell it like it is

6 Yes means yes

7 Yes means I hear you

8 There is no need to read between the lines

9 Who attends your meeting is an indication of

how important you or the topic is

10Who attends your meeting is an indication of

who is available to attend

11Silence may mean disapproval or dissatisfaction

12People tell you what they think you want to hear

Direct amp Indirect

Describe thefollowing picture

The DIE Model1 Description

a must be neutral and exactb needs to overcome cognitive and perceptive filters

2 Interpretationa conjecture of what the observation might meanb attribution of motive to the persons observed

3 Evaluationa an emotional or effective judgmentb what you feel about what yoursquove observed

Now with a partner hellipdescribe interpret and evaluate

Description Interpretation Evaluation

Note down as exactly and as neutrally as possible what you experience Anything that strikes you as different funny weird sad etc is appropriateFeelings emotions judgments should not be expressed on this side Just stick to the facts

Now try to analyze or interpret what you have observed Which basic assumptions or values are behind the behavior How does your observation help you to classify the culture in terms of value orientations

Describe your thoughts feelings etc about the event What in your cultural makeup may be affecting how you feel How is that different from whatever values or assumptions may be at work in the new culture

We expect others to be like us but they arenrsquot

Thus a cultural incident occurs

causing a reaction (anger fear etc)

We become awareof our reaction

and we withdraw

We become awareof our reaction

We reflect onits cause

and our reaction subsides

We observethe situation

which results indeveloping culturally

appropriate expectations

Politeness

positive

bull actively involve othersbull openly show

friendliness and bull openness sharing

negative

bull do not disturb othersbull donlsquot place yourself in

the limelightbull donlsquot force your

private concerns on others

Intercultural E-Mail

Language

bull Whose languagebull NNS creativitybull Adaptation of the NS

to the NNSbull phatic communication

Culture

bull Formatbull Addressbull Amount of informationbull Register humor etcbull Context

Emailing 1 Worksheet 1 - Reading Tasks

Dear Mr Smith I would like to introduce myself My name is Susan Saarland and I am the new South Western sales

manager for Chou Cream English Schools The previous sales manager for your area Chris Jones has been promoted to Head of Marketing and has asked me to pass his best wishes onto you

I look forward to doing business with you and hope we get the chance to meet soon Yours Susan Saarland 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Ms Saarland Thank you very much for your email of the 7th March I am looking forward to working with you in the

coming months and years and to seeing you soon Regards Graham 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Graham Thanks for your quick reply If it is convenient with you I will be able to meet with you very soon indeed

as I am visiting one of your colleagues on Wednesday 25th March I am planning to finish the meeting at 1230 pm and would be very glad to meet you any time after that

Best wishes Susan

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

In fact the report needed 30 days of regular work So the Greek worked day and night

but at the end of the 15th day he still needed one more days work

The American is surprised

Greek I cant work for such a man

The Greek hands in his resignation

American I must teach him to fulfill a contract

Greek The stupid incompetent boss Notonly did he give me wrongorders but he does not evenappreciate that I did a 30-dayjob in 16 days

American But we had agreed that it would be ready today

(Both attribute that it is not ready)Greek It will be ready tomorrow

American I am making sure he fulfills his contract

Greek He is asking for the report

American Where is my report

AttributionBehavior

Behavior Attribution

American Who are you going to pick to lead the negotiations

American

German

German I was thinking about Dr Muumlller American

German

American Hersquos very serious isnrsquot he American

German

German Quite He thinks deeply aboutthings

American

German

American Hersquos not one to make jokes either

American

German

German So you favor him too American

German

Team Leader

Behavior Attribution

American Who do you think shersquoll pick to chair the task force

American

German

German I think you have a good chance American

German

American Me No way She doesnrsquot think much of me

American

German

German I donrsquot agree Why do you say that

American

German

American Shersquos never said anything to me about my work

American

German

German Then why are you so worried American

German

Feedback

Behavior Attribution

American Whatrsquos wrong with Klaus American

German

German He broke up with his girlfriend American

German

American Poor guy He looks so unhappy

American

German

German Hersquos taking it very hard American

German

American So what can we do to help American

German

German Help American

German

Love Life

Source Hall amp HallVerborgene Signale 1983

The combination of implicit and explicit informationresults in meaningful communication

Little implicit infor-mation eg Germans

Proportion of communicated(explicit) information

1 9

Low information density

2 8

mation densitye g Americans

3 7

Middle to low infor- 4 6

5 5

Meaning

6 4

7 3(implicit) information[Context]

8 2Proportion of stored

High density information networks Much implicit informatione g Japanese

9 1

The relationship between implicit and explicit informationin information networks of varying density

1) do one thing at a time2) concentrate on the job3) take time commitments

seriously4) are low-context and need

information5) are committed to the job6) adhere religiously to plans7) are concerned about not

disturbing others8) show great respect for

private property9) emphasize promptness10) are accustomed to short-

term relationships

1) do many things at once2) are subject to interruptions3) consider time commitments an

ideal to be achieved if possible4) are high-context and already

have information5) are committed to people6) change plans often and easily7) are more concerned with family

and friends than with privacy8) borrow and lend things often

and easily9) base promptness on relationship10) tend to build lifetime

relationships

Monochronic Polychronic

Direct amp Indirect1 This is like the communication between siblings

2 This is like the communication between two casual

acquaintances

3 People are reluctant to say no

4 You may have to read between the lines to

understand what someone is saying

5 Its best to tell it like it is

6 Yes means yes

7 Yes means I hear you

8 There is no need to read between the lines

9 Who attends your meeting is an indication of

how important you or the topic is

10Who attends your meeting is an indication of

who is available to attend

11Silence may mean disapproval or dissatisfaction

12People tell you what they think you want to hear

Direct amp Indirect

Describe thefollowing picture

The DIE Model1 Description

a must be neutral and exactb needs to overcome cognitive and perceptive filters

2 Interpretationa conjecture of what the observation might meanb attribution of motive to the persons observed

3 Evaluationa an emotional or effective judgmentb what you feel about what yoursquove observed

Now with a partner hellipdescribe interpret and evaluate

Description Interpretation Evaluation

Note down as exactly and as neutrally as possible what you experience Anything that strikes you as different funny weird sad etc is appropriateFeelings emotions judgments should not be expressed on this side Just stick to the facts

Now try to analyze or interpret what you have observed Which basic assumptions or values are behind the behavior How does your observation help you to classify the culture in terms of value orientations

Describe your thoughts feelings etc about the event What in your cultural makeup may be affecting how you feel How is that different from whatever values or assumptions may be at work in the new culture

We expect others to be like us but they arenrsquot

Thus a cultural incident occurs

causing a reaction (anger fear etc)

We become awareof our reaction

and we withdraw

We become awareof our reaction

We reflect onits cause

and our reaction subsides

We observethe situation

which results indeveloping culturally

appropriate expectations

Politeness

positive

bull actively involve othersbull openly show

friendliness and bull openness sharing

negative

bull do not disturb othersbull donlsquot place yourself in

the limelightbull donlsquot force your

private concerns on others

Intercultural E-Mail

Language

bull Whose languagebull NNS creativitybull Adaptation of the NS

to the NNSbull phatic communication

Culture

bull Formatbull Addressbull Amount of informationbull Register humor etcbull Context

Emailing 1 Worksheet 1 - Reading Tasks

Dear Mr Smith I would like to introduce myself My name is Susan Saarland and I am the new South Western sales

manager for Chou Cream English Schools The previous sales manager for your area Chris Jones has been promoted to Head of Marketing and has asked me to pass his best wishes onto you

I look forward to doing business with you and hope we get the chance to meet soon Yours Susan Saarland 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Ms Saarland Thank you very much for your email of the 7th March I am looking forward to working with you in the

coming months and years and to seeing you soon Regards Graham 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Graham Thanks for your quick reply If it is convenient with you I will be able to meet with you very soon indeed

as I am visiting one of your colleagues on Wednesday 25th March I am planning to finish the meeting at 1230 pm and would be very glad to meet you any time after that

Best wishes Susan

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

The American is surprised

Greek I cant work for such a man

The Greek hands in his resignation

American I must teach him to fulfill a contract

Greek The stupid incompetent boss Notonly did he give me wrongorders but he does not evenappreciate that I did a 30-dayjob in 16 days

American But we had agreed that it would be ready today

(Both attribute that it is not ready)Greek It will be ready tomorrow

American I am making sure he fulfills his contract

Greek He is asking for the report

American Where is my report

AttributionBehavior

Behavior Attribution

American Who are you going to pick to lead the negotiations

American

German

German I was thinking about Dr Muumlller American

German

American Hersquos very serious isnrsquot he American

German

German Quite He thinks deeply aboutthings

American

German

American Hersquos not one to make jokes either

American

German

German So you favor him too American

German

Team Leader

Behavior Attribution

American Who do you think shersquoll pick to chair the task force

American

German

German I think you have a good chance American

German

American Me No way She doesnrsquot think much of me

American

German

German I donrsquot agree Why do you say that

American

German

American Shersquos never said anything to me about my work

American

German

German Then why are you so worried American

German

Feedback

Behavior Attribution

American Whatrsquos wrong with Klaus American

German

German He broke up with his girlfriend American

German

American Poor guy He looks so unhappy

American

German

German Hersquos taking it very hard American

German

American So what can we do to help American

German

German Help American

German

Love Life

Source Hall amp HallVerborgene Signale 1983

The combination of implicit and explicit informationresults in meaningful communication

Little implicit infor-mation eg Germans

Proportion of communicated(explicit) information

1 9

Low information density

2 8

mation densitye g Americans

3 7

Middle to low infor- 4 6

5 5

Meaning

6 4

7 3(implicit) information[Context]

8 2Proportion of stored

High density information networks Much implicit informatione g Japanese

9 1

The relationship between implicit and explicit informationin information networks of varying density

1) do one thing at a time2) concentrate on the job3) take time commitments

seriously4) are low-context and need

information5) are committed to the job6) adhere religiously to plans7) are concerned about not

disturbing others8) show great respect for

private property9) emphasize promptness10) are accustomed to short-

term relationships

1) do many things at once2) are subject to interruptions3) consider time commitments an

ideal to be achieved if possible4) are high-context and already

have information5) are committed to people6) change plans often and easily7) are more concerned with family

and friends than with privacy8) borrow and lend things often

and easily9) base promptness on relationship10) tend to build lifetime

relationships

Monochronic Polychronic

Direct amp Indirect1 This is like the communication between siblings

2 This is like the communication between two casual

acquaintances

3 People are reluctant to say no

4 You may have to read between the lines to

understand what someone is saying

5 Its best to tell it like it is

6 Yes means yes

7 Yes means I hear you

8 There is no need to read between the lines

9 Who attends your meeting is an indication of

how important you or the topic is

10Who attends your meeting is an indication of

who is available to attend

11Silence may mean disapproval or dissatisfaction

12People tell you what they think you want to hear

Direct amp Indirect

Describe thefollowing picture

The DIE Model1 Description

a must be neutral and exactb needs to overcome cognitive and perceptive filters

2 Interpretationa conjecture of what the observation might meanb attribution of motive to the persons observed

3 Evaluationa an emotional or effective judgmentb what you feel about what yoursquove observed

Now with a partner hellipdescribe interpret and evaluate

Description Interpretation Evaluation

Note down as exactly and as neutrally as possible what you experience Anything that strikes you as different funny weird sad etc is appropriateFeelings emotions judgments should not be expressed on this side Just stick to the facts

Now try to analyze or interpret what you have observed Which basic assumptions or values are behind the behavior How does your observation help you to classify the culture in terms of value orientations

Describe your thoughts feelings etc about the event What in your cultural makeup may be affecting how you feel How is that different from whatever values or assumptions may be at work in the new culture

We expect others to be like us but they arenrsquot

Thus a cultural incident occurs

causing a reaction (anger fear etc)

We become awareof our reaction

and we withdraw

We become awareof our reaction

We reflect onits cause

and our reaction subsides

We observethe situation

which results indeveloping culturally

appropriate expectations

Politeness

positive

bull actively involve othersbull openly show

friendliness and bull openness sharing

negative

bull do not disturb othersbull donlsquot place yourself in

the limelightbull donlsquot force your

private concerns on others

Intercultural E-Mail

Language

bull Whose languagebull NNS creativitybull Adaptation of the NS

to the NNSbull phatic communication

Culture

bull Formatbull Addressbull Amount of informationbull Register humor etcbull Context

Emailing 1 Worksheet 1 - Reading Tasks

Dear Mr Smith I would like to introduce myself My name is Susan Saarland and I am the new South Western sales

manager for Chou Cream English Schools The previous sales manager for your area Chris Jones has been promoted to Head of Marketing and has asked me to pass his best wishes onto you

I look forward to doing business with you and hope we get the chance to meet soon Yours Susan Saarland 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Ms Saarland Thank you very much for your email of the 7th March I am looking forward to working with you in the

coming months and years and to seeing you soon Regards Graham 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Graham Thanks for your quick reply If it is convenient with you I will be able to meet with you very soon indeed

as I am visiting one of your colleagues on Wednesday 25th March I am planning to finish the meeting at 1230 pm and would be very glad to meet you any time after that

Best wishes Susan

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

Behavior Attribution

American Who are you going to pick to lead the negotiations

American

German

German I was thinking about Dr Muumlller American

German

American Hersquos very serious isnrsquot he American

German

German Quite He thinks deeply aboutthings

American

German

American Hersquos not one to make jokes either

American

German

German So you favor him too American

German

Team Leader

Behavior Attribution

American Who do you think shersquoll pick to chair the task force

American

German

German I think you have a good chance American

German

American Me No way She doesnrsquot think much of me

American

German

German I donrsquot agree Why do you say that

American

German

American Shersquos never said anything to me about my work

American

German

German Then why are you so worried American

German

Feedback

Behavior Attribution

American Whatrsquos wrong with Klaus American

German

German He broke up with his girlfriend American

German

American Poor guy He looks so unhappy

American

German

German Hersquos taking it very hard American

German

American So what can we do to help American

German

German Help American

German

Love Life

Source Hall amp HallVerborgene Signale 1983

The combination of implicit and explicit informationresults in meaningful communication

Little implicit infor-mation eg Germans

Proportion of communicated(explicit) information

1 9

Low information density

2 8

mation densitye g Americans

3 7

Middle to low infor- 4 6

5 5

Meaning

6 4

7 3(implicit) information[Context]

8 2Proportion of stored

High density information networks Much implicit informatione g Japanese

9 1

The relationship between implicit and explicit informationin information networks of varying density

1) do one thing at a time2) concentrate on the job3) take time commitments

seriously4) are low-context and need

information5) are committed to the job6) adhere religiously to plans7) are concerned about not

disturbing others8) show great respect for

private property9) emphasize promptness10) are accustomed to short-

term relationships

1) do many things at once2) are subject to interruptions3) consider time commitments an

ideal to be achieved if possible4) are high-context and already

have information5) are committed to people6) change plans often and easily7) are more concerned with family

and friends than with privacy8) borrow and lend things often

and easily9) base promptness on relationship10) tend to build lifetime

relationships

Monochronic Polychronic

Direct amp Indirect1 This is like the communication between siblings

2 This is like the communication between two casual

acquaintances

3 People are reluctant to say no

4 You may have to read between the lines to

understand what someone is saying

5 Its best to tell it like it is

6 Yes means yes

7 Yes means I hear you

8 There is no need to read between the lines

9 Who attends your meeting is an indication of

how important you or the topic is

10Who attends your meeting is an indication of

who is available to attend

11Silence may mean disapproval or dissatisfaction

12People tell you what they think you want to hear

Direct amp Indirect

Describe thefollowing picture

The DIE Model1 Description

a must be neutral and exactb needs to overcome cognitive and perceptive filters

2 Interpretationa conjecture of what the observation might meanb attribution of motive to the persons observed

3 Evaluationa an emotional or effective judgmentb what you feel about what yoursquove observed

Now with a partner hellipdescribe interpret and evaluate

Description Interpretation Evaluation

Note down as exactly and as neutrally as possible what you experience Anything that strikes you as different funny weird sad etc is appropriateFeelings emotions judgments should not be expressed on this side Just stick to the facts

Now try to analyze or interpret what you have observed Which basic assumptions or values are behind the behavior How does your observation help you to classify the culture in terms of value orientations

Describe your thoughts feelings etc about the event What in your cultural makeup may be affecting how you feel How is that different from whatever values or assumptions may be at work in the new culture

We expect others to be like us but they arenrsquot

Thus a cultural incident occurs

causing a reaction (anger fear etc)

We become awareof our reaction

and we withdraw

We become awareof our reaction

We reflect onits cause

and our reaction subsides

We observethe situation

which results indeveloping culturally

appropriate expectations

Politeness

positive

bull actively involve othersbull openly show

friendliness and bull openness sharing

negative

bull do not disturb othersbull donlsquot place yourself in

the limelightbull donlsquot force your

private concerns on others

Intercultural E-Mail

Language

bull Whose languagebull NNS creativitybull Adaptation of the NS

to the NNSbull phatic communication

Culture

bull Formatbull Addressbull Amount of informationbull Register humor etcbull Context

Emailing 1 Worksheet 1 - Reading Tasks

Dear Mr Smith I would like to introduce myself My name is Susan Saarland and I am the new South Western sales

manager for Chou Cream English Schools The previous sales manager for your area Chris Jones has been promoted to Head of Marketing and has asked me to pass his best wishes onto you

I look forward to doing business with you and hope we get the chance to meet soon Yours Susan Saarland 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Ms Saarland Thank you very much for your email of the 7th March I am looking forward to working with you in the

coming months and years and to seeing you soon Regards Graham 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Graham Thanks for your quick reply If it is convenient with you I will be able to meet with you very soon indeed

as I am visiting one of your colleagues on Wednesday 25th March I am planning to finish the meeting at 1230 pm and would be very glad to meet you any time after that

Best wishes Susan

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

Behavior Attribution

American Who do you think shersquoll pick to chair the task force

American

German

German I think you have a good chance American

German

American Me No way She doesnrsquot think much of me

American

German

German I donrsquot agree Why do you say that

American

German

American Shersquos never said anything to me about my work

American

German

German Then why are you so worried American

German

Feedback

Behavior Attribution

American Whatrsquos wrong with Klaus American

German

German He broke up with his girlfriend American

German

American Poor guy He looks so unhappy

American

German

German Hersquos taking it very hard American

German

American So what can we do to help American

German

German Help American

German

Love Life

Source Hall amp HallVerborgene Signale 1983

The combination of implicit and explicit informationresults in meaningful communication

Little implicit infor-mation eg Germans

Proportion of communicated(explicit) information

1 9

Low information density

2 8

mation densitye g Americans

3 7

Middle to low infor- 4 6

5 5

Meaning

6 4

7 3(implicit) information[Context]

8 2Proportion of stored

High density information networks Much implicit informatione g Japanese

9 1

The relationship between implicit and explicit informationin information networks of varying density

1) do one thing at a time2) concentrate on the job3) take time commitments

seriously4) are low-context and need

information5) are committed to the job6) adhere religiously to plans7) are concerned about not

disturbing others8) show great respect for

private property9) emphasize promptness10) are accustomed to short-

term relationships

1) do many things at once2) are subject to interruptions3) consider time commitments an

ideal to be achieved if possible4) are high-context and already

have information5) are committed to people6) change plans often and easily7) are more concerned with family

and friends than with privacy8) borrow and lend things often

and easily9) base promptness on relationship10) tend to build lifetime

relationships

Monochronic Polychronic

Direct amp Indirect1 This is like the communication between siblings

2 This is like the communication between two casual

acquaintances

3 People are reluctant to say no

4 You may have to read between the lines to

understand what someone is saying

5 Its best to tell it like it is

6 Yes means yes

7 Yes means I hear you

8 There is no need to read between the lines

9 Who attends your meeting is an indication of

how important you or the topic is

10Who attends your meeting is an indication of

who is available to attend

11Silence may mean disapproval or dissatisfaction

12People tell you what they think you want to hear

Direct amp Indirect

Describe thefollowing picture

The DIE Model1 Description

a must be neutral and exactb needs to overcome cognitive and perceptive filters

2 Interpretationa conjecture of what the observation might meanb attribution of motive to the persons observed

3 Evaluationa an emotional or effective judgmentb what you feel about what yoursquove observed

Now with a partner hellipdescribe interpret and evaluate

Description Interpretation Evaluation

Note down as exactly and as neutrally as possible what you experience Anything that strikes you as different funny weird sad etc is appropriateFeelings emotions judgments should not be expressed on this side Just stick to the facts

Now try to analyze or interpret what you have observed Which basic assumptions or values are behind the behavior How does your observation help you to classify the culture in terms of value orientations

Describe your thoughts feelings etc about the event What in your cultural makeup may be affecting how you feel How is that different from whatever values or assumptions may be at work in the new culture

We expect others to be like us but they arenrsquot

Thus a cultural incident occurs

causing a reaction (anger fear etc)

We become awareof our reaction

and we withdraw

We become awareof our reaction

We reflect onits cause

and our reaction subsides

We observethe situation

which results indeveloping culturally

appropriate expectations

Politeness

positive

bull actively involve othersbull openly show

friendliness and bull openness sharing

negative

bull do not disturb othersbull donlsquot place yourself in

the limelightbull donlsquot force your

private concerns on others

Intercultural E-Mail

Language

bull Whose languagebull NNS creativitybull Adaptation of the NS

to the NNSbull phatic communication

Culture

bull Formatbull Addressbull Amount of informationbull Register humor etcbull Context

Emailing 1 Worksheet 1 - Reading Tasks

Dear Mr Smith I would like to introduce myself My name is Susan Saarland and I am the new South Western sales

manager for Chou Cream English Schools The previous sales manager for your area Chris Jones has been promoted to Head of Marketing and has asked me to pass his best wishes onto you

I look forward to doing business with you and hope we get the chance to meet soon Yours Susan Saarland 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Ms Saarland Thank you very much for your email of the 7th March I am looking forward to working with you in the

coming months and years and to seeing you soon Regards Graham 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Graham Thanks for your quick reply If it is convenient with you I will be able to meet with you very soon indeed

as I am visiting one of your colleagues on Wednesday 25th March I am planning to finish the meeting at 1230 pm and would be very glad to meet you any time after that

Best wishes Susan

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

Behavior Attribution

American Whatrsquos wrong with Klaus American

German

German He broke up with his girlfriend American

German

American Poor guy He looks so unhappy

American

German

German Hersquos taking it very hard American

German

American So what can we do to help American

German

German Help American

German

Love Life

Source Hall amp HallVerborgene Signale 1983

The combination of implicit and explicit informationresults in meaningful communication

Little implicit infor-mation eg Germans

Proportion of communicated(explicit) information

1 9

Low information density

2 8

mation densitye g Americans

3 7

Middle to low infor- 4 6

5 5

Meaning

6 4

7 3(implicit) information[Context]

8 2Proportion of stored

High density information networks Much implicit informatione g Japanese

9 1

The relationship between implicit and explicit informationin information networks of varying density

1) do one thing at a time2) concentrate on the job3) take time commitments

seriously4) are low-context and need

information5) are committed to the job6) adhere religiously to plans7) are concerned about not

disturbing others8) show great respect for

private property9) emphasize promptness10) are accustomed to short-

term relationships

1) do many things at once2) are subject to interruptions3) consider time commitments an

ideal to be achieved if possible4) are high-context and already

have information5) are committed to people6) change plans often and easily7) are more concerned with family

and friends than with privacy8) borrow and lend things often

and easily9) base promptness on relationship10) tend to build lifetime

relationships

Monochronic Polychronic

Direct amp Indirect1 This is like the communication between siblings

2 This is like the communication between two casual

acquaintances

3 People are reluctant to say no

4 You may have to read between the lines to

understand what someone is saying

5 Its best to tell it like it is

6 Yes means yes

7 Yes means I hear you

8 There is no need to read between the lines

9 Who attends your meeting is an indication of

how important you or the topic is

10Who attends your meeting is an indication of

who is available to attend

11Silence may mean disapproval or dissatisfaction

12People tell you what they think you want to hear

Direct amp Indirect

Describe thefollowing picture

The DIE Model1 Description

a must be neutral and exactb needs to overcome cognitive and perceptive filters

2 Interpretationa conjecture of what the observation might meanb attribution of motive to the persons observed

3 Evaluationa an emotional or effective judgmentb what you feel about what yoursquove observed

Now with a partner hellipdescribe interpret and evaluate

Description Interpretation Evaluation

Note down as exactly and as neutrally as possible what you experience Anything that strikes you as different funny weird sad etc is appropriateFeelings emotions judgments should not be expressed on this side Just stick to the facts

Now try to analyze or interpret what you have observed Which basic assumptions or values are behind the behavior How does your observation help you to classify the culture in terms of value orientations

Describe your thoughts feelings etc about the event What in your cultural makeup may be affecting how you feel How is that different from whatever values or assumptions may be at work in the new culture

We expect others to be like us but they arenrsquot

Thus a cultural incident occurs

causing a reaction (anger fear etc)

We become awareof our reaction

and we withdraw

We become awareof our reaction

We reflect onits cause

and our reaction subsides

We observethe situation

which results indeveloping culturally

appropriate expectations

Politeness

positive

bull actively involve othersbull openly show

friendliness and bull openness sharing

negative

bull do not disturb othersbull donlsquot place yourself in

the limelightbull donlsquot force your

private concerns on others

Intercultural E-Mail

Language

bull Whose languagebull NNS creativitybull Adaptation of the NS

to the NNSbull phatic communication

Culture

bull Formatbull Addressbull Amount of informationbull Register humor etcbull Context

Emailing 1 Worksheet 1 - Reading Tasks

Dear Mr Smith I would like to introduce myself My name is Susan Saarland and I am the new South Western sales

manager for Chou Cream English Schools The previous sales manager for your area Chris Jones has been promoted to Head of Marketing and has asked me to pass his best wishes onto you

I look forward to doing business with you and hope we get the chance to meet soon Yours Susan Saarland 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Ms Saarland Thank you very much for your email of the 7th March I am looking forward to working with you in the

coming months and years and to seeing you soon Regards Graham 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Graham Thanks for your quick reply If it is convenient with you I will be able to meet with you very soon indeed

as I am visiting one of your colleagues on Wednesday 25th March I am planning to finish the meeting at 1230 pm and would be very glad to meet you any time after that

Best wishes Susan

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

Source Hall amp HallVerborgene Signale 1983

The combination of implicit and explicit informationresults in meaningful communication

Little implicit infor-mation eg Germans

Proportion of communicated(explicit) information

1 9

Low information density

2 8

mation densitye g Americans

3 7

Middle to low infor- 4 6

5 5

Meaning

6 4

7 3(implicit) information[Context]

8 2Proportion of stored

High density information networks Much implicit informatione g Japanese

9 1

The relationship between implicit and explicit informationin information networks of varying density

1) do one thing at a time2) concentrate on the job3) take time commitments

seriously4) are low-context and need

information5) are committed to the job6) adhere religiously to plans7) are concerned about not

disturbing others8) show great respect for

private property9) emphasize promptness10) are accustomed to short-

term relationships

1) do many things at once2) are subject to interruptions3) consider time commitments an

ideal to be achieved if possible4) are high-context and already

have information5) are committed to people6) change plans often and easily7) are more concerned with family

and friends than with privacy8) borrow and lend things often

and easily9) base promptness on relationship10) tend to build lifetime

relationships

Monochronic Polychronic

Direct amp Indirect1 This is like the communication between siblings

2 This is like the communication between two casual

acquaintances

3 People are reluctant to say no

4 You may have to read between the lines to

understand what someone is saying

5 Its best to tell it like it is

6 Yes means yes

7 Yes means I hear you

8 There is no need to read between the lines

9 Who attends your meeting is an indication of

how important you or the topic is

10Who attends your meeting is an indication of

who is available to attend

11Silence may mean disapproval or dissatisfaction

12People tell you what they think you want to hear

Direct amp Indirect

Describe thefollowing picture

The DIE Model1 Description

a must be neutral and exactb needs to overcome cognitive and perceptive filters

2 Interpretationa conjecture of what the observation might meanb attribution of motive to the persons observed

3 Evaluationa an emotional or effective judgmentb what you feel about what yoursquove observed

Now with a partner hellipdescribe interpret and evaluate

Description Interpretation Evaluation

Note down as exactly and as neutrally as possible what you experience Anything that strikes you as different funny weird sad etc is appropriateFeelings emotions judgments should not be expressed on this side Just stick to the facts

Now try to analyze or interpret what you have observed Which basic assumptions or values are behind the behavior How does your observation help you to classify the culture in terms of value orientations

Describe your thoughts feelings etc about the event What in your cultural makeup may be affecting how you feel How is that different from whatever values or assumptions may be at work in the new culture

We expect others to be like us but they arenrsquot

Thus a cultural incident occurs

causing a reaction (anger fear etc)

We become awareof our reaction

and we withdraw

We become awareof our reaction

We reflect onits cause

and our reaction subsides

We observethe situation

which results indeveloping culturally

appropriate expectations

Politeness

positive

bull actively involve othersbull openly show

friendliness and bull openness sharing

negative

bull do not disturb othersbull donlsquot place yourself in

the limelightbull donlsquot force your

private concerns on others

Intercultural E-Mail

Language

bull Whose languagebull NNS creativitybull Adaptation of the NS

to the NNSbull phatic communication

Culture

bull Formatbull Addressbull Amount of informationbull Register humor etcbull Context

Emailing 1 Worksheet 1 - Reading Tasks

Dear Mr Smith I would like to introduce myself My name is Susan Saarland and I am the new South Western sales

manager for Chou Cream English Schools The previous sales manager for your area Chris Jones has been promoted to Head of Marketing and has asked me to pass his best wishes onto you

I look forward to doing business with you and hope we get the chance to meet soon Yours Susan Saarland 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Ms Saarland Thank you very much for your email of the 7th March I am looking forward to working with you in the

coming months and years and to seeing you soon Regards Graham 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Graham Thanks for your quick reply If it is convenient with you I will be able to meet with you very soon indeed

as I am visiting one of your colleagues on Wednesday 25th March I am planning to finish the meeting at 1230 pm and would be very glad to meet you any time after that

Best wishes Susan

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

1) do one thing at a time2) concentrate on the job3) take time commitments

seriously4) are low-context and need

information5) are committed to the job6) adhere religiously to plans7) are concerned about not

disturbing others8) show great respect for

private property9) emphasize promptness10) are accustomed to short-

term relationships

1) do many things at once2) are subject to interruptions3) consider time commitments an

ideal to be achieved if possible4) are high-context and already

have information5) are committed to people6) change plans often and easily7) are more concerned with family

and friends than with privacy8) borrow and lend things often

and easily9) base promptness on relationship10) tend to build lifetime

relationships

Monochronic Polychronic

Direct amp Indirect1 This is like the communication between siblings

2 This is like the communication between two casual

acquaintances

3 People are reluctant to say no

4 You may have to read between the lines to

understand what someone is saying

5 Its best to tell it like it is

6 Yes means yes

7 Yes means I hear you

8 There is no need to read between the lines

9 Who attends your meeting is an indication of

how important you or the topic is

10Who attends your meeting is an indication of

who is available to attend

11Silence may mean disapproval or dissatisfaction

12People tell you what they think you want to hear

Direct amp Indirect

Describe thefollowing picture

The DIE Model1 Description

a must be neutral and exactb needs to overcome cognitive and perceptive filters

2 Interpretationa conjecture of what the observation might meanb attribution of motive to the persons observed

3 Evaluationa an emotional or effective judgmentb what you feel about what yoursquove observed

Now with a partner hellipdescribe interpret and evaluate

Description Interpretation Evaluation

Note down as exactly and as neutrally as possible what you experience Anything that strikes you as different funny weird sad etc is appropriateFeelings emotions judgments should not be expressed on this side Just stick to the facts

Now try to analyze or interpret what you have observed Which basic assumptions or values are behind the behavior How does your observation help you to classify the culture in terms of value orientations

Describe your thoughts feelings etc about the event What in your cultural makeup may be affecting how you feel How is that different from whatever values or assumptions may be at work in the new culture

We expect others to be like us but they arenrsquot

Thus a cultural incident occurs

causing a reaction (anger fear etc)

We become awareof our reaction

and we withdraw

We become awareof our reaction

We reflect onits cause

and our reaction subsides

We observethe situation

which results indeveloping culturally

appropriate expectations

Politeness

positive

bull actively involve othersbull openly show

friendliness and bull openness sharing

negative

bull do not disturb othersbull donlsquot place yourself in

the limelightbull donlsquot force your

private concerns on others

Intercultural E-Mail

Language

bull Whose languagebull NNS creativitybull Adaptation of the NS

to the NNSbull phatic communication

Culture

bull Formatbull Addressbull Amount of informationbull Register humor etcbull Context

Emailing 1 Worksheet 1 - Reading Tasks

Dear Mr Smith I would like to introduce myself My name is Susan Saarland and I am the new South Western sales

manager for Chou Cream English Schools The previous sales manager for your area Chris Jones has been promoted to Head of Marketing and has asked me to pass his best wishes onto you

I look forward to doing business with you and hope we get the chance to meet soon Yours Susan Saarland 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Ms Saarland Thank you very much for your email of the 7th March I am looking forward to working with you in the

coming months and years and to seeing you soon Regards Graham 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Graham Thanks for your quick reply If it is convenient with you I will be able to meet with you very soon indeed

as I am visiting one of your colleagues on Wednesday 25th March I am planning to finish the meeting at 1230 pm and would be very glad to meet you any time after that

Best wishes Susan

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

Direct amp Indirect1 This is like the communication between siblings

2 This is like the communication between two casual

acquaintances

3 People are reluctant to say no

4 You may have to read between the lines to

understand what someone is saying

5 Its best to tell it like it is

6 Yes means yes

7 Yes means I hear you

8 There is no need to read between the lines

9 Who attends your meeting is an indication of

how important you or the topic is

10Who attends your meeting is an indication of

who is available to attend

11Silence may mean disapproval or dissatisfaction

12People tell you what they think you want to hear

Direct amp Indirect

Describe thefollowing picture

The DIE Model1 Description

a must be neutral and exactb needs to overcome cognitive and perceptive filters

2 Interpretationa conjecture of what the observation might meanb attribution of motive to the persons observed

3 Evaluationa an emotional or effective judgmentb what you feel about what yoursquove observed

Now with a partner hellipdescribe interpret and evaluate

Description Interpretation Evaluation

Note down as exactly and as neutrally as possible what you experience Anything that strikes you as different funny weird sad etc is appropriateFeelings emotions judgments should not be expressed on this side Just stick to the facts

Now try to analyze or interpret what you have observed Which basic assumptions or values are behind the behavior How does your observation help you to classify the culture in terms of value orientations

Describe your thoughts feelings etc about the event What in your cultural makeup may be affecting how you feel How is that different from whatever values or assumptions may be at work in the new culture

We expect others to be like us but they arenrsquot

Thus a cultural incident occurs

causing a reaction (anger fear etc)

We become awareof our reaction

and we withdraw

We become awareof our reaction

We reflect onits cause

and our reaction subsides

We observethe situation

which results indeveloping culturally

appropriate expectations

Politeness

positive

bull actively involve othersbull openly show

friendliness and bull openness sharing

negative

bull do not disturb othersbull donlsquot place yourself in

the limelightbull donlsquot force your

private concerns on others

Intercultural E-Mail

Language

bull Whose languagebull NNS creativitybull Adaptation of the NS

to the NNSbull phatic communication

Culture

bull Formatbull Addressbull Amount of informationbull Register humor etcbull Context

Emailing 1 Worksheet 1 - Reading Tasks

Dear Mr Smith I would like to introduce myself My name is Susan Saarland and I am the new South Western sales

manager for Chou Cream English Schools The previous sales manager for your area Chris Jones has been promoted to Head of Marketing and has asked me to pass his best wishes onto you

I look forward to doing business with you and hope we get the chance to meet soon Yours Susan Saarland 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Ms Saarland Thank you very much for your email of the 7th March I am looking forward to working with you in the

coming months and years and to seeing you soon Regards Graham 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Graham Thanks for your quick reply If it is convenient with you I will be able to meet with you very soon indeed

as I am visiting one of your colleagues on Wednesday 25th March I am planning to finish the meeting at 1230 pm and would be very glad to meet you any time after that

Best wishes Susan

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

7 Yes means I hear you

8 There is no need to read between the lines

9 Who attends your meeting is an indication of

how important you or the topic is

10Who attends your meeting is an indication of

who is available to attend

11Silence may mean disapproval or dissatisfaction

12People tell you what they think you want to hear

Direct amp Indirect

Describe thefollowing picture

The DIE Model1 Description

a must be neutral and exactb needs to overcome cognitive and perceptive filters

2 Interpretationa conjecture of what the observation might meanb attribution of motive to the persons observed

3 Evaluationa an emotional or effective judgmentb what you feel about what yoursquove observed

Now with a partner hellipdescribe interpret and evaluate

Description Interpretation Evaluation

Note down as exactly and as neutrally as possible what you experience Anything that strikes you as different funny weird sad etc is appropriateFeelings emotions judgments should not be expressed on this side Just stick to the facts

Now try to analyze or interpret what you have observed Which basic assumptions or values are behind the behavior How does your observation help you to classify the culture in terms of value orientations

Describe your thoughts feelings etc about the event What in your cultural makeup may be affecting how you feel How is that different from whatever values or assumptions may be at work in the new culture

We expect others to be like us but they arenrsquot

Thus a cultural incident occurs

causing a reaction (anger fear etc)

We become awareof our reaction

and we withdraw

We become awareof our reaction

We reflect onits cause

and our reaction subsides

We observethe situation

which results indeveloping culturally

appropriate expectations

Politeness

positive

bull actively involve othersbull openly show

friendliness and bull openness sharing

negative

bull do not disturb othersbull donlsquot place yourself in

the limelightbull donlsquot force your

private concerns on others

Intercultural E-Mail

Language

bull Whose languagebull NNS creativitybull Adaptation of the NS

to the NNSbull phatic communication

Culture

bull Formatbull Addressbull Amount of informationbull Register humor etcbull Context

Emailing 1 Worksheet 1 - Reading Tasks

Dear Mr Smith I would like to introduce myself My name is Susan Saarland and I am the new South Western sales

manager for Chou Cream English Schools The previous sales manager for your area Chris Jones has been promoted to Head of Marketing and has asked me to pass his best wishes onto you

I look forward to doing business with you and hope we get the chance to meet soon Yours Susan Saarland 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Ms Saarland Thank you very much for your email of the 7th March I am looking forward to working with you in the

coming months and years and to seeing you soon Regards Graham 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Graham Thanks for your quick reply If it is convenient with you I will be able to meet with you very soon indeed

as I am visiting one of your colleagues on Wednesday 25th March I am planning to finish the meeting at 1230 pm and would be very glad to meet you any time after that

Best wishes Susan

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

Describe thefollowing picture

The DIE Model1 Description

a must be neutral and exactb needs to overcome cognitive and perceptive filters

2 Interpretationa conjecture of what the observation might meanb attribution of motive to the persons observed

3 Evaluationa an emotional or effective judgmentb what you feel about what yoursquove observed

Now with a partner hellipdescribe interpret and evaluate

Description Interpretation Evaluation

Note down as exactly and as neutrally as possible what you experience Anything that strikes you as different funny weird sad etc is appropriateFeelings emotions judgments should not be expressed on this side Just stick to the facts

Now try to analyze or interpret what you have observed Which basic assumptions or values are behind the behavior How does your observation help you to classify the culture in terms of value orientations

Describe your thoughts feelings etc about the event What in your cultural makeup may be affecting how you feel How is that different from whatever values or assumptions may be at work in the new culture

We expect others to be like us but they arenrsquot

Thus a cultural incident occurs

causing a reaction (anger fear etc)

We become awareof our reaction

and we withdraw

We become awareof our reaction

We reflect onits cause

and our reaction subsides

We observethe situation

which results indeveloping culturally

appropriate expectations

Politeness

positive

bull actively involve othersbull openly show

friendliness and bull openness sharing

negative

bull do not disturb othersbull donlsquot place yourself in

the limelightbull donlsquot force your

private concerns on others

Intercultural E-Mail

Language

bull Whose languagebull NNS creativitybull Adaptation of the NS

to the NNSbull phatic communication

Culture

bull Formatbull Addressbull Amount of informationbull Register humor etcbull Context

Emailing 1 Worksheet 1 - Reading Tasks

Dear Mr Smith I would like to introduce myself My name is Susan Saarland and I am the new South Western sales

manager for Chou Cream English Schools The previous sales manager for your area Chris Jones has been promoted to Head of Marketing and has asked me to pass his best wishes onto you

I look forward to doing business with you and hope we get the chance to meet soon Yours Susan Saarland 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Ms Saarland Thank you very much for your email of the 7th March I am looking forward to working with you in the

coming months and years and to seeing you soon Regards Graham 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Graham Thanks for your quick reply If it is convenient with you I will be able to meet with you very soon indeed

as I am visiting one of your colleagues on Wednesday 25th March I am planning to finish the meeting at 1230 pm and would be very glad to meet you any time after that

Best wishes Susan

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

The DIE Model1 Description

a must be neutral and exactb needs to overcome cognitive and perceptive filters

2 Interpretationa conjecture of what the observation might meanb attribution of motive to the persons observed

3 Evaluationa an emotional or effective judgmentb what you feel about what yoursquove observed

Now with a partner hellipdescribe interpret and evaluate

Description Interpretation Evaluation

Note down as exactly and as neutrally as possible what you experience Anything that strikes you as different funny weird sad etc is appropriateFeelings emotions judgments should not be expressed on this side Just stick to the facts

Now try to analyze or interpret what you have observed Which basic assumptions or values are behind the behavior How does your observation help you to classify the culture in terms of value orientations

Describe your thoughts feelings etc about the event What in your cultural makeup may be affecting how you feel How is that different from whatever values or assumptions may be at work in the new culture

We expect others to be like us but they arenrsquot

Thus a cultural incident occurs

causing a reaction (anger fear etc)

We become awareof our reaction

and we withdraw

We become awareof our reaction

We reflect onits cause

and our reaction subsides

We observethe situation

which results indeveloping culturally

appropriate expectations

Politeness

positive

bull actively involve othersbull openly show

friendliness and bull openness sharing

negative

bull do not disturb othersbull donlsquot place yourself in

the limelightbull donlsquot force your

private concerns on others

Intercultural E-Mail

Language

bull Whose languagebull NNS creativitybull Adaptation of the NS

to the NNSbull phatic communication

Culture

bull Formatbull Addressbull Amount of informationbull Register humor etcbull Context

Emailing 1 Worksheet 1 - Reading Tasks

Dear Mr Smith I would like to introduce myself My name is Susan Saarland and I am the new South Western sales

manager for Chou Cream English Schools The previous sales manager for your area Chris Jones has been promoted to Head of Marketing and has asked me to pass his best wishes onto you

I look forward to doing business with you and hope we get the chance to meet soon Yours Susan Saarland 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Ms Saarland Thank you very much for your email of the 7th March I am looking forward to working with you in the

coming months and years and to seeing you soon Regards Graham 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Graham Thanks for your quick reply If it is convenient with you I will be able to meet with you very soon indeed

as I am visiting one of your colleagues on Wednesday 25th March I am planning to finish the meeting at 1230 pm and would be very glad to meet you any time after that

Best wishes Susan

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

Now with a partner hellipdescribe interpret and evaluate

Description Interpretation Evaluation

Note down as exactly and as neutrally as possible what you experience Anything that strikes you as different funny weird sad etc is appropriateFeelings emotions judgments should not be expressed on this side Just stick to the facts

Now try to analyze or interpret what you have observed Which basic assumptions or values are behind the behavior How does your observation help you to classify the culture in terms of value orientations

Describe your thoughts feelings etc about the event What in your cultural makeup may be affecting how you feel How is that different from whatever values or assumptions may be at work in the new culture

We expect others to be like us but they arenrsquot

Thus a cultural incident occurs

causing a reaction (anger fear etc)

We become awareof our reaction

and we withdraw

We become awareof our reaction

We reflect onits cause

and our reaction subsides

We observethe situation

which results indeveloping culturally

appropriate expectations

Politeness

positive

bull actively involve othersbull openly show

friendliness and bull openness sharing

negative

bull do not disturb othersbull donlsquot place yourself in

the limelightbull donlsquot force your

private concerns on others

Intercultural E-Mail

Language

bull Whose languagebull NNS creativitybull Adaptation of the NS

to the NNSbull phatic communication

Culture

bull Formatbull Addressbull Amount of informationbull Register humor etcbull Context

Emailing 1 Worksheet 1 - Reading Tasks

Dear Mr Smith I would like to introduce myself My name is Susan Saarland and I am the new South Western sales

manager for Chou Cream English Schools The previous sales manager for your area Chris Jones has been promoted to Head of Marketing and has asked me to pass his best wishes onto you

I look forward to doing business with you and hope we get the chance to meet soon Yours Susan Saarland 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Ms Saarland Thank you very much for your email of the 7th March I am looking forward to working with you in the

coming months and years and to seeing you soon Regards Graham 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Graham Thanks for your quick reply If it is convenient with you I will be able to meet with you very soon indeed

as I am visiting one of your colleagues on Wednesday 25th March I am planning to finish the meeting at 1230 pm and would be very glad to meet you any time after that

Best wishes Susan

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

Description Interpretation Evaluation

Note down as exactly and as neutrally as possible what you experience Anything that strikes you as different funny weird sad etc is appropriateFeelings emotions judgments should not be expressed on this side Just stick to the facts

Now try to analyze or interpret what you have observed Which basic assumptions or values are behind the behavior How does your observation help you to classify the culture in terms of value orientations

Describe your thoughts feelings etc about the event What in your cultural makeup may be affecting how you feel How is that different from whatever values or assumptions may be at work in the new culture

We expect others to be like us but they arenrsquot

Thus a cultural incident occurs

causing a reaction (anger fear etc)

We become awareof our reaction

and we withdraw

We become awareof our reaction

We reflect onits cause

and our reaction subsides

We observethe situation

which results indeveloping culturally

appropriate expectations

Politeness

positive

bull actively involve othersbull openly show

friendliness and bull openness sharing

negative

bull do not disturb othersbull donlsquot place yourself in

the limelightbull donlsquot force your

private concerns on others

Intercultural E-Mail

Language

bull Whose languagebull NNS creativitybull Adaptation of the NS

to the NNSbull phatic communication

Culture

bull Formatbull Addressbull Amount of informationbull Register humor etcbull Context

Emailing 1 Worksheet 1 - Reading Tasks

Dear Mr Smith I would like to introduce myself My name is Susan Saarland and I am the new South Western sales

manager for Chou Cream English Schools The previous sales manager for your area Chris Jones has been promoted to Head of Marketing and has asked me to pass his best wishes onto you

I look forward to doing business with you and hope we get the chance to meet soon Yours Susan Saarland 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Ms Saarland Thank you very much for your email of the 7th March I am looking forward to working with you in the

coming months and years and to seeing you soon Regards Graham 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Graham Thanks for your quick reply If it is convenient with you I will be able to meet with you very soon indeed

as I am visiting one of your colleagues on Wednesday 25th March I am planning to finish the meeting at 1230 pm and would be very glad to meet you any time after that

Best wishes Susan

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

We expect others to be like us but they arenrsquot

Thus a cultural incident occurs

causing a reaction (anger fear etc)

We become awareof our reaction

and we withdraw

We become awareof our reaction

We reflect onits cause

and our reaction subsides

We observethe situation

which results indeveloping culturally

appropriate expectations

Politeness

positive

bull actively involve othersbull openly show

friendliness and bull openness sharing

negative

bull do not disturb othersbull donlsquot place yourself in

the limelightbull donlsquot force your

private concerns on others

Intercultural E-Mail

Language

bull Whose languagebull NNS creativitybull Adaptation of the NS

to the NNSbull phatic communication

Culture

bull Formatbull Addressbull Amount of informationbull Register humor etcbull Context

Emailing 1 Worksheet 1 - Reading Tasks

Dear Mr Smith I would like to introduce myself My name is Susan Saarland and I am the new South Western sales

manager for Chou Cream English Schools The previous sales manager for your area Chris Jones has been promoted to Head of Marketing and has asked me to pass his best wishes onto you

I look forward to doing business with you and hope we get the chance to meet soon Yours Susan Saarland 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Ms Saarland Thank you very much for your email of the 7th March I am looking forward to working with you in the

coming months and years and to seeing you soon Regards Graham 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Graham Thanks for your quick reply If it is convenient with you I will be able to meet with you very soon indeed

as I am visiting one of your colleagues on Wednesday 25th March I am planning to finish the meeting at 1230 pm and would be very glad to meet you any time after that

Best wishes Susan

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

We become awareof our reaction

We reflect onits cause

and our reaction subsides

We observethe situation

which results indeveloping culturally

appropriate expectations

Politeness

positive

bull actively involve othersbull openly show

friendliness and bull openness sharing

negative

bull do not disturb othersbull donlsquot place yourself in

the limelightbull donlsquot force your

private concerns on others

Intercultural E-Mail

Language

bull Whose languagebull NNS creativitybull Adaptation of the NS

to the NNSbull phatic communication

Culture

bull Formatbull Addressbull Amount of informationbull Register humor etcbull Context

Emailing 1 Worksheet 1 - Reading Tasks

Dear Mr Smith I would like to introduce myself My name is Susan Saarland and I am the new South Western sales

manager for Chou Cream English Schools The previous sales manager for your area Chris Jones has been promoted to Head of Marketing and has asked me to pass his best wishes onto you

I look forward to doing business with you and hope we get the chance to meet soon Yours Susan Saarland 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Ms Saarland Thank you very much for your email of the 7th March I am looking forward to working with you in the

coming months and years and to seeing you soon Regards Graham 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Graham Thanks for your quick reply If it is convenient with you I will be able to meet with you very soon indeed

as I am visiting one of your colleagues on Wednesday 25th March I am planning to finish the meeting at 1230 pm and would be very glad to meet you any time after that

Best wishes Susan

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

Politeness

positive

bull actively involve othersbull openly show

friendliness and bull openness sharing

negative

bull do not disturb othersbull donlsquot place yourself in

the limelightbull donlsquot force your

private concerns on others

Intercultural E-Mail

Language

bull Whose languagebull NNS creativitybull Adaptation of the NS

to the NNSbull phatic communication

Culture

bull Formatbull Addressbull Amount of informationbull Register humor etcbull Context

Emailing 1 Worksheet 1 - Reading Tasks

Dear Mr Smith I would like to introduce myself My name is Susan Saarland and I am the new South Western sales

manager for Chou Cream English Schools The previous sales manager for your area Chris Jones has been promoted to Head of Marketing and has asked me to pass his best wishes onto you

I look forward to doing business with you and hope we get the chance to meet soon Yours Susan Saarland 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Ms Saarland Thank you very much for your email of the 7th March I am looking forward to working with you in the

coming months and years and to seeing you soon Regards Graham 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Graham Thanks for your quick reply If it is convenient with you I will be able to meet with you very soon indeed

as I am visiting one of your colleagues on Wednesday 25th March I am planning to finish the meeting at 1230 pm and would be very glad to meet you any time after that

Best wishes Susan

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

Intercultural E-Mail

Language

bull Whose languagebull NNS creativitybull Adaptation of the NS

to the NNSbull phatic communication

Culture

bull Formatbull Addressbull Amount of informationbull Register humor etcbull Context

Emailing 1 Worksheet 1 - Reading Tasks

Dear Mr Smith I would like to introduce myself My name is Susan Saarland and I am the new South Western sales

manager for Chou Cream English Schools The previous sales manager for your area Chris Jones has been promoted to Head of Marketing and has asked me to pass his best wishes onto you

I look forward to doing business with you and hope we get the chance to meet soon Yours Susan Saarland 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Ms Saarland Thank you very much for your email of the 7th March I am looking forward to working with you in the

coming months and years and to seeing you soon Regards Graham 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Graham Thanks for your quick reply If it is convenient with you I will be able to meet with you very soon indeed

as I am visiting one of your colleagues on Wednesday 25th March I am planning to finish the meeting at 1230 pm and would be very glad to meet you any time after that

Best wishes Susan

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

Emailing 1 Worksheet 1 - Reading Tasks

Dear Mr Smith I would like to introduce myself My name is Susan Saarland and I am the new South Western sales

manager for Chou Cream English Schools The previous sales manager for your area Chris Jones has been promoted to Head of Marketing and has asked me to pass his best wishes onto you

I look forward to doing business with you and hope we get the chance to meet soon Yours Susan Saarland 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Ms Saarland Thank you very much for your email of the 7th March I am looking forward to working with you in the

coming months and years and to seeing you soon Regards Graham 1048581------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Graham Thanks for your quick reply If it is convenient with you I will be able to meet with you very soon indeed

as I am visiting one of your colleagues on Wednesday 25th March I am planning to finish the meeting at 1230 pm and would be very glad to meet you any time after that

Best wishes Susan

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

Dear Susan Thanks for making the time to meet up with me at such short notice but Irsquom afraid Irsquom attending a

conference abroad on that day Irsquom flying back on the Sunday and will be available anytime from Monday afternoon of the following week

Hope to see you soon Best regards Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear Graham Sorry meeting up is turning out to be so complicated I guess we are both just so busy that

everyone wants our time Irsquom holding meetings with my new colleagues here almost every Monday and Friday for the foreseeable future but Irsquom usually free midweek Please find attached a copy of my schedule for the first two weeks of April Please pick any slot you like and Irsquoll do my very best to make it then

Thanks for your patience All the best Susan

1048581

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

Re Our first meeting Hello again Susanrsquo Sorry for the delay in replying but I had to forward both our schedules to my boss to get his input

Anyway Irsquove attached a copy of your schedule with the best slots for me shaded in red Any of these is fine but Irsquod like to meet as soon as possible

Cheers Graham

1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Graham Great Will see you at 10 am on the 2nd Cheers Susan 1048581-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Susan OK Great See you then G PS I know a great place for lunch if you have time after the meeting

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

A Very Short BibliographyActon William R and Walker de Felix Judith ldquoAcculturation and mindrdquo In Valdez Joyce Merrill (ed)

Culture Bound Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching New York Cambridge University Press 1986 Pp 20 - 32

Axtell R E Gestures Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World New York John Wiley and Sons 1991

Bennett Janet M ldquoModes of cross-cultural training Conceptualizing cross-cultural training as educationrdquo International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 10 1986 Pp 117 ndash 134Brislin R W Understanding Culturersquos Influence on Behavior Thomson Learning 1999

Fantini Alvino New Ways of Teaching Culture TESOL 1997

Fowler Sandra M and Monica G Mumford Intercultural Sourcebook Cross-Cultural Training Methods (2 Volumes) Intercultural Press 1995

Gochenour Theodore Beyond Experience An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Education Intercultural Press 1993

Gudykunst W and Kim Y Communicating with Strangers An Approach to Intercultural

Communications McGraw Hill 2002

Hall E T and Mildred Reed Hall Verborgene Signale Uumlber den Umgang mit Amerikanern Gruumlner und Jahr 1983

Hofstede Geert Cultures and Organizations McGraw-Hill 2007 (Deutsche Ausgabe Lokales Denken globales Handeln Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management DTV 2006

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

A Very Short Bibliography

Kohls L Robert and John M Knight Developing Intercultural Awareness A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook Intercultural Press 1994

Markowski Richard and Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in Deutschland Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Milhouse Virginia Intercultural Communication Education and Training Goals Content and Method In International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 29 No 1 1996 Pp 69 - 95

Muumlller Andrea und Alexander Thomas Studienhalber in den USA Heidelberg Roland Asanger Verlag 1995

Ortuntildeo Marian Mikaylo rdquoCross-Cultural Awareness in the Foreign Language Class The Kluckhohn Modelrdquo The Modern Language Journal Vol 75 No 4 Winter 1991 Pp 449 ndash 459

Storti Craig Figuring Foreigners Out A Practical Guide Intercultural Press 1998 Storti Craig The Art of Crossing Cultures Intercultural Press 2001

On-Line Resources

httpwwwdialogincom

httpwwwgeert-hofstedecom

Contact

James Chamberlain

Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg

53754 Sankt Augustin

jameschamberlainh-brsde

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