1

INTERIORS

LED vs. INCUMBENTS (with big dose of task ambient)

STAN WALERCZYK, CLEP, LC

LIGHTING WIZARDS

8/8/10 version

2

WHO ARE YOU?

• Please introduce yourselves

– Name

– Company (optional)

– Function

• What you would specifically like to

learn?

3

STAN WALERCZYK’S BIO• 21 years experience

– Distribution, maintenance, installer, retrofit contractor, fixture designer, consultant, lighting designer, policy maker, researcher

• 500+ projects

• 30+ published articles

• 600+ seminars

• IESNA Member 1995 - 2008– Currently on Spectral Effects Committee

• Certified Lighting Energy Professional by AEE– CLEP Review Board member

• Lighting Certified by NCQLP

• Consultant for California Title 20 and Federal EPACT

• Consultant for Army Corp of Engineers CERL

• Assisted on DOE spectrally enhanced lighting research

• DOE CALiPER Guidance Committee member

4

DISCLAIMER• I use to feel that I was totally on top of the

subjects that I would speak on

• But now with all of the developments with

LEDs, OLEDs, light emitting plasma and even

incumbent technologies for interiors and

exteriors, it is almost impossible for one

person to be on top of everything

• If any of you know significant details on any of

today’s material, please share it

– Without being an infomercial

5

NO

ENDORSEMENTS• Although several manufacturers and

models are listed, none are endorsed

• Easier to talk about specifics than

generalities

6

FORMAT• Please ask questions when we are

on that subject

• Periodic breaks

7

WHAT IS NOT INCLUDED

• Although hibays are interior, they are not included in this seminar, because there is a dedicated hibay seminar for them

– ‘Fluorescent, Induction, LED & MH - 10 Rounds in the Hibay Arena’

• Although garages may be considered interior, they are in my exterior lighting seminar

– ‘EXTERIOR LIGHTING - LED, Induction, HPS, MH, Plasma, Fluorescent’

8

SAVING ENERGY

• Yes, LEDs can save significant wattage and

KWH

• But incumbent technologies may be able to

save more energy cost effectively for some

applications

• As LED products improve and cost less, there

will be shifts

– So even if incumbents are better now, that may

not be the case in 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 years

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HELPFUL WEBSITES• Department of Energy Solid-State Lighting

– Google search ‘doe ssl’

• CALiPER test reports

• Benchmark reports

• Gateway studies

• Fact sheets

• Webinars

• More

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HELPFUL WEBSITES• Department of Energy Solid-State Lighting

– Lighting Facts

• www.lightingfacts.com

– LEDs For Interior Applications• PDF of March 18 webcast

• www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/events_detail.html?event_id=4163

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HELPFUL WEBSITES• Department of Energy

– Commercial Building Energy Alliances

• Technology and System Specification Development

–LED Refrigerated Case Lighting

–And there are others

• www2.eere.energy.gov/buildings/alliances/technologies.html

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HELPFUL EMAIL• Postings: From the Desk of Jim Brodrick

– About once a week

– March 16 version focused on how bad LED T8s are– www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/postings.html

– postings@lightingfacts.com

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HELPFUL WEBSITES• Energy Star

– www.energystar.gov

• L Prize

– www.lightingprize.org

• Lighting For Tomorrow SSL Awards

– www.lightingfortomorrow.com

• Next Generation Luminaires Design Competition

– www.ngldc.org

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HELPFUL WEBSITES• Lighting Research Center

– www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/index.asp

• LEDs Magazine – www.ledsmagazine.com

• Architectural SSL Magazine– www.architecturalssl.com

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HAS THE LIGHTING

INDUSTRY EVOLVED?• Up to 2 years ago, I would have said yes

• But the last two years a lot of the LED marketing literature and sales people, remind me of reflector and CFL marketing literature and sales people in the late 80s to mid 90s

– Way too many LED sales people know very little about lighting and may have been selling cars recently

• Many do not even know what LM79 and LM80 are

16

TRUTH IN

ADVERTISING?• Not only has the DOE CALiPER

Program revealed

– Many LED products not meeting manufacturer specifications

– But also that many fluorescent, incandescent and halogen products have the same problem

17

TROPHY CHIPS• In production runs, there are often some

LED chips that have very high lumens per

watt, which can be called trophy chips

• Be cautious of sample fixtures, especially

for large projects

– If free or directly furnished sample fixture(s)

from a manufacturer look very good, buy one or

more samples through a third party and

compare performance with original ones

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WOW FACTOR• Because LEDs are new and different, they

have the WOW factor much more than most

other lighting technologies

– But that not necessarily make them better with

regard to performance and cost effectiveness

• Early adopter manufacturers, specifiers,

contractors and end-customers are

important, but care should be taken not go

overboard

19

LUMENS PER WATT• LED

– 6000K typically has about • 20% more lumens per watt than 4000K

• 25% more lumens per watt than 3500K

– For exterior applications that lower CRI is okay 4000K chips can have about the same lumens per watt has higher CRI 6000K chips

– Most ‘white’ LEDs are really blue LEDs with similar phosphors that fluorescents use

• The less that the spectrum has to be shifted to a lower CCT from 6000K, the more efficient the blue/phosphor conversion

• But 6000K will typically not work in interior applications

– Developments are being made with lower Kelvin LEDs getting closer to the efficacy of 6000K

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Although some chips have better LPW without

heat losses, other chips perform better in real

life applications

CHIP FIXTURE

WITHOUT DRIVER OR

TEMPERATURE

LOSSES

AT STEADY STATE

TEMPERATURE

INCLUDING FIXTURE

EFFICIENCY

PAST 70 40

2009 100 70

2010 120-130 90-100

2011 150- 160 120-130

LED APPROXIMATE LUMENS PER WATT

TIME

FRAME

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LUMENS PER WATT• Incumbent technologies have standardized lamps

and, when necessary, standardized ballasts

– So can do comparisons of lumens per watt with lamps

and ballasts

• But there are really no standardized LED ‘lamps’

– So can really only do lumens per watt out of fixtures at

steady state temperatures

• Although incumbent bare lamps have high lumens per watt, a

bunch of the light may never get out of the fixtures and even the

light that gets out of the fixture may not go where it is useful

• While LEDs can direct most or all of the light out of the fixture

and where it should be directed

22

23

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DIMMING• LED

– LED chips dim quite well

– But not all LED fixtures or replacement lamps are designed to dim

• DOE has found that

– Some LED products, which are listed to dim, do not dim well with some or most dimmers

– Some LED products, which are not listed to dim, do dim well with some or most dimmers

– Some LED products list approved incandescent dimmers

– Since LEDs can get more efficient when they dim, because they run cooler when dimmed, LEDs will probably be the future of dimming

• But may really need dedicated dimmers that provide full power to the driver instead of incandescent type dimmers

25

DIMMING• Fluorescent

– Fluorescents with dimming ballasts can dim, but• Lumens per watt gets worse, because the more

dimming, the more power has to go to heating the cathodes of the lamps

• Dimming ballasts are expensive

– CFLs have some special characteristics• Dedicated dimmable screw-ins usually cannot dim

below 20%

• CFLs turn grayish or bluish when dimmed, which is opposite of our cave man (or cave woman) heritage

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DIMMING• MH (Metal Halide)

– Can dim quite well with electronic ballast• But only down to about 50%

– Since no lamp cathode heating, can be more efficient than fluorescent dimming

• Induction– Philips should introduce a dimming generator in 2010

– Sylvania is planning to come out with a bilevel generator in 2010

• LEP (Light Emitting Plasma)– Can dim quite well with electronic digital amplifier

– Example is Luxim

• www.luxim.com

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COLOR RENDERING• CRI (Color Rendering Index)

– Based on how ‘natural’ pastel or unsaturated colors look

with various light sources

– Works fairly well for all incumbent light sources

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COLOR RENDERING• Although LEDs do not always do well with pastel

colors, they often do very well with bright or saturated colors– Often people think that LEDs with lower CRI make bright

colors look more natural than other light sources that have higher CRI

– So do not automatically think that lower CRI LEDs are inferior

– But there are numerous LED products with 90+ CRI, which is excellent

• There is work going to replace CRI with another color matrix that will include both pastel/unsaturated and bright/saturated colors

29

LONG TERM COLOR CONSISTENCY• LED

– There are two common ways to get white light

• Most common is white LED, which is really blue LED and yellow phosphor

– Similar to the phosphors used in fluorescent lamps

• RGB (red, green and blue LEDs)

– Reverse rainbow

– Both can have color shift over time

• Wavelength of blue LEDs can change over time and the phosphor can change as it ages and gets baked in its own way

• Red, green and blue LEDs have different lumen maintenance curves, so if there no feedback loop with dimming drivers, color can easily shift

– With being so new, we have not really seen the potential full impact of LEDs changing colors over time

– This could be an issue down the road in spaces with new and older LED fixtures or replacement lamps

– Cree has a very interesting system in their LR6s and LR24s, which is a combination of white and red LEDs with a feedback loop, so if too high Kelvin light is sensed, the red LEDs get brighter

30

LONG TERM COLOR CONSISTENCY

• Fluorescent– Color is typically very stable from start to end

• But CFLs can turn grayish when deeply dimmed

• MH– Old style probe start lamps can be pinkish or bluish to

begin with and can get worse over time

– Pulse start quartz is better than probe start quartz

– Ceramic is usually quite good

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ARE LEDS REALLY MORE

ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY?

• Yes, fluorescent, HID and induction have mercury– But the manufacturers have been doing a very good job

reducing it

– Many states require recycling

– Many fixtures can be kept for a long time, because lamps and ballasts can be easily replaced

• LEDs do not contain any mercury– But there are toxic chemicals used in production

– There is usually a lot of valuable aluminum or other metals used for heat sinks

– Many fixtures are currently not designed to be easily and cost effectively retrofitted

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ARE LEDS REALLY MORE

ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY?

• Some issues not often considered regarding LED fixtures– Water in manufacturing wafers/chips

– Energy to mine, transport and melt the heavy metal into bars, which will be used for heat sinks

– Energy to melt the metal bars into heat sinks

– Energy to transport the heavy fixtures

– Energy to re-melt the heavy metal heat sinks into bars or something directly useable after fixtures have been decommissioned

33

ARE LEDS REALLY MORE

ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY?

• The DOE hired Carnegie Mellon to do a cradle-to-cradle study to see if LEDs are really more environmentally friendly than incumbent– That study should be completed and published soon

• Until then…– Please consider hanging up the phone and kicking out

all LED sales people that lay out the marketing hype that LEDs are so much more environmentally friendly

• After the report…– Even if the report states that LEDs are not really more

environmentally friendly, there will still be a bunch of LED sales people promoting superiority

34

DON’T BUY AN LED PRODUCT UNLESS

• LM79 tested by a DOE or NVLAP approved or CALiPER

recognized lab

– This is initial lumens per watt out of fixture at steady-state operating

temperature

– Compare each product’s results with other LED product’s results

– Also compare with other technology products’ performance

• LM80 information– At least 6000 hour so lumen maintenance data for the LED package

– ENERGY STAR requires 6000 hour lumen maintenance of 94.1% for

35,000 hour life or 91.8% for 25,000 hour life

– Verify in situ temperature of the LED package in the fixture

– Lumen maintenance is just one aspect of luminaire life and reliability

35

MORE HELPFUL INFO REGARDING BUYING

LED PRODUCTS• Lean toward manufacturers that have Lighting

Facts Label, www.lightingfacts.com– With good results

• Lean toward ENERGY STAR rated products

• Lean toward manufacturers that have a proven track record and deep pockets– These manufacturers that got into LEDs early have

already learned a lot from the school of hard knocks

– These manufacturers can handle big warranty problems

36

LIFE• LEDs

– Interior LED products are expected to last 30,000 -50,000 hours, while still maintaining 70% of initial lumens

• Although that is based on good science, it is still projections

– Currently LEDs are tested for 6,000 hours, and life is based on extrapolating that info

– Within TM21 the IES is considering that life should not be extrapolated more than 6 times testing duration

– One advantage of LEDs is that they can be turned on and off very frequently without shortening lamp life

• In fact it may help increase life, because run cooler

– LED chips are usually not the weakest link• Drivers and other components are

37

LIFE• LED

– Since LEDs typically do not die, like most incumbent lamps, but just get dimmer and dimmer over time

• In this way LEDs are like mercury vapor, which an old 1000 watter may only provide 5 footcandles, but maintenance people do not want to replace them, because the lamps are still working

– There are already a bunch of first generation LED exit signs that still work, but do not provide sufficient light based on NFPA and/or city codes

• People are hesitant to replace or retrofit these, because they are still working

– But there could be some big time lawsuits against the building owner, property management firm, etc. if people have a hard time getting out of a building during a fire or power outage

– With LEDs facility managers and maintenance people will have to be educated and motivated to retrofit or replace LED fixtures when they do not provide sufficient light

• Maybe LED fixtures could have internal timers, which makes the lamps flash on and off after so many hours

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LIFE• Incumbents

– Other technologies have been around long enough

– So we have a much better idea how long they last

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WHAT ABOUT

LONG TERM MAINTENANCE?• Look longer than just rated life of LED fixtures

– An LED fixture can look good up to its 50,000 hour life compared to high performance incumbent technologies

• At 24/7 operation, that is less than 6 years

• At typical open office operation that is about 14 years

• At typical individual officer operation that is over 16 years

• Often spaces get a remodel about 10, 15 or 20 years

– Although LED pricing should come down dramatically over time, there are still driver and maybe costs for heat sinks, etc

• So let’s say that the parts cost down the road may be half of what it is now

– So if an LED fixture costs $350 now, the retrofit or replacement parts down the road may be half of that, which would be $175

40

WHAT ABOUT

LONG TERM MAINTENANCE?

• Using 1.5 times, which is also 150%, of rated life can be very useful evaluating the cost effectiveness of LED fixtures compared to existing and high performance incumbent technology fixtures

41

WHAT ABOUT

LONG TERM MAINTENANCE?• Fluorescent and HID fixtures can easily and cost

effectively get new lamps and ballasts to last decades– For example, parts and labor for a 2F32T8 fixture

• Group relamping every 25,000 hours may cost $10

• Group reballasting every 50,000 hours may cost $40

• $60 total at 50,000 hours with brand new lamps and ballast

• $120 total at 100,000 hours with brand new lamps and ballasts

42

WHAT ABOUT

LONG TERM MAINTENANCE?

• Really important to try to get LED fixtures that are

modular with easily replaceable LEDs and drivers

– And try to get LED troffers that you do not have to move

adjacent ceilings and have to work on fixture above T-

bar ceiling, which can take longer and be more a

dirt/dust problem

• With throw-away LED fixtures, make sure to

recycle the pounds of valuable metal used for heat

sinking

43

WHAT ABOUT

LONG TERM LIGHT LEVELS?• LEDs maintain 70% of initial lumens at end of rated life (L70)

– Without some kind of control system, it will typically be

• Overlit to begin with so sufficient light at end of life

– Overlighting also uses additional wattage

• If proper light levels initially, there will usually be insufficient light at end of life

• Retrofit or replace significantly earlier than rated life

– Which increases parts and labor costs

– Some kind of photocontrol,digital timer or central control system controlling light levels may work very well

• But added cost and reliability would have to be evaluated

• There is a good chance that some LEDs will die before end of life, which can further reduce light levels

44

WHAT ABOUT

LONG TERM LIGHT LEVELS?• Most incumbent technologies lose much less light

at end of rated life, so this issue is not nearly as critical as with LEDs– 20% for high performance MH

– 8% - 10% for high performance T8

– 0% - 5% for incandescent, halogen & halogen infrared

• But induction typically loses 30% - 35% of light at end of 100,000 hour rated life, so it has about the same concerns as LEDs

45

THROUGHOUT THIS PRESENTATION

PLEASE REMEMBER

• Raise the bar – Although LEDs have the ‘wow’ factor, compare the best

LEDs with high performance and usually much lower cost incumbent technology products

• Long term maintenance costs– What will the parts and labor costs be after an LED

replacement lamp or fixture reaches 30,000 - 50,000 hour end of life compared to parts and labor costs to replace lamps and ballasts with incumbent technologies?

• Long term light levels– Since LED rated life is based on 70% of initial lumens will

space need to be overlit to begin with or will some kind of dimming system be required?

46

REACH-IN

FRIG/FREEZER

47

LED• Good LED products, especially with occupancy

sensors work very good– Since no heat is the light side, can reduce cooling load in

addition to wattage for lighting

• Walmart and many other store chains have already or are in process of getting these

• Some utilities have done a lot of work making specifications for rebates, for example– www.smud.org

– www.pge.com

• DOE has an LED refrigerated spec in development

48

LED• So far it has been mainly for frig/freezers

with vertical doors, but some companies are also working on doorless horizontal applications

• For some applications, important to have LEDs that have a good red content

49

2009 NEXT GENERATION LUMINAIRES

DESIGN COMPETITION

INDOOR - REFRIGERATED DISPLAY LIGHTING

• GE Lighting Solutions’ Immersion RV30

– 1295 lumens

– 29.0 watts

– 44.7 lumens per watt

50

FLUORESCENT• Majority of 5’ lamps, which are low volume and

relatively expensive

• If have T12, definitely do something

• Many existing T8s systems do not have the best lamps or the best ballasts

• High performance T8 lamp and ballast systems can often save 20% wattage compared to generic T8 systems, which will also reduce cooling load– In many applications could go with a bilevel system

controlled by an occupancy sensor

• Before jumping into LEDs, good to ‘raise the bar’ and see if they are cost effective compared to high performance T8 systems

51

DECORATIVE

52

DECORATIVE• Christmas/decorative lights

– LED versions are becoming a no brainer

• Small lamps in chandeliers– Usually sparkle is important, and the amount of light is not critical

– Although there are decorative shaped CFLs with small bases, which last much longer than incandescents, with white phosphor - No Sparkle

– There are decorative LEDs available with small bases that have long life and sparkle

• When getting these types of LED lights– Get ones with good warranties

– Especially from big box stores. check with them if they require lumen maintenance tests before they carry certain products

53

OMNI

DIRECTIONAL (FANCY NAME FOR

SOMETHING LIKE AN A19)

54

LED• If you see some without any cooling fins or

another good way way of getting rid of heat– Do not even think of buying it

• Getting better all of the time, but still not really cost effective to replace CFLs

• But when there is at least one winner of the L Prize in this category, they should be ready for prime time– Philips has made an entry

– Others will too

– There can be up 4 winners in each category

55

CFLs• Although some people give CFLs a bad wrap,

CFLs are quite good in many applications– Screw-ins can often cost $.25 with upstream rebates

– Lumens per watt are quite good

– CRI is quite good, typically in the 80s

– Life is much longer than incandescents

– Mercury is really not that much of an issue

• Although quite good, there are some drawbacks, and maybe best to consider a temporary solution– Until LEDs or something else becomes ready for prime

time

56

NEW KID ON THE BLOCK• Vu1 Technology

– www.vu1.com

• This is not an incumbent, but another new lighting technology, which is not considered solid state by the DOE

• Interesting to see if it really becomes a cost effective solution

57

ACCENT

LIGHTING

58

LED ACCENT LIGHTS• Good, Bad and Ugly

– Some good products

– Some not so good with honest specifications

– Some not so good with way over zealous marketing hype

– Verified in various CALiPER Rounds

• Cool

– Since LEDs do not emit any heat from the light side, they can be very good lighting flowers, produce, etc. without damaging them

59

LED MR16s• Best LED MR16s that DOE has tested so far can only

replace up to 20W halogen MR16

– MR16s are on the small side for higher wattage LEDs to be able to

dissipate sufficient heat

– Most halogen MR16s are 50W standard or 35 - 37W infrared

– Existing LED MR16s may work fine in

• Overlit applications

• Elevators, which are often overlit

• Some aesthetic applications, where light levels not that important

• Check if existing and new step down transformers will work

with LED MR16s, because LED MR16s are such low

wattage and will not activate step down transformers

60

HALOGEN MR16s• If existing are standard halogen

– Can switch to lower wattage halogen infrareds

• For example, 50W to 35 - 37W

• If existing are halogen infrareds

– Maybe keep for 1- 2 years

• LED MR16s should be cost effective for many

applications in 1 - 2 years

61

LED R or PAR 20, 30 & 38

• The larger the lamp, the easier it is to dissipate heat

• If can use larger lamp, go with it

• There are some LED reflector lamps without any cooling fins

– Do not even think of buying

• Some retail chain stores have already started switching to good LED reflector lamps

62

LED R or PAR 20, 30 & 38

• One good one is Cree’s LRP38– 2009 Lighting For Tomorrow Solid State Lighting

Competition Special Focus Award For Technical Innovation

• 537 lumens

• 11W

• 50 lumens per watt

• 93 CRI

• 2700K

63

LED R or PAR 20, 30 & 38

• MSI iPAR-38 looks very interesting

– www.msissl.com

– Technology for adjustable • 10W with 550 lumens

• 12W with 650 lumens

• 16W with 800 lumens

– Proprietary Intelligent Communication• Type of bar code reader can provide

– Manufacturing info

– Installation info

– Hours of use

– Wattage setting

64

LED R or PAR 20, 30 & 38

• LED R or PAR38s will really be ready for prime time after there is at least one winner of the L Prize in this category

65

LED MODULAR EXAMPLE

66

HALOGEN PAR 20, 30 & 38

• Just like MR16s, there are halogen infrared

PAR lamps

– Which can save 10 - 20 watts compared to

standard halogens

• If standard halogens now, maybe go with

halogen infrared now and wait 1 - 2 years to

go with LEDs

67

CMH ACCENT LIGHTS• Ceramic Metal Halide with electronic ballasting

have– Excellent CRI

– Quite good lumens per watt

– Reasonable long life

• Available as– Small omni directional lamps which can go into fixtures

with reflectors

– PAR lamps

– PAR lamps with integral electronic ballasts• GE, Philips and Sylvania have 23 - 25 watt PAR38s with 10,000+

hour rated life

68

RECESSED

CANS

69

LED

• Recessed cans for residential and

commercial are a great application for LEDs

– Majority of ENERGY STAR LED products are

recessed cans

70

LED• Cree LR6 family

– Original award winning kit has been around for a while• Pricing is now about $70 from distribution

• Finally also available in 277V

– Now also LR6-DR1000 higher lumen and higher wattage version available

• 2009 Lighting For Tomorrow Solid State Lighting Competition Grand Prize

– Later this year or next year LR6-HE high efficiency version should be available

• 109 lumens per watt out of the fixture

– Probably better than anything else out of the fixture

• 2009 Lighting For Tomorrow Solid State Lighting Competition Special Focus Award For High Efficacy

71

LEDTypical Cree LR6

72

LED2009 Next Generation Luminaires Design Competition

Recognized Winners - Indoor - Downlighting

• Philips Lightolier’s Calculite – 1048 lumens

– 19.6 watts

– 53.6 lumens per watt

• Edison Price Lighting’s LED Round OS DL/5-800 – 653 lumens

– 14.7 watts

– 44.4 lumens per watt

73

LED2009 Next Generation Luminaires Design Competition

Recognized Winners - Indoor - Downlighting

• Sea Gull Lighting / Juice Works’

LED Surface Mount Downlight – 610 lumens

– 14.0 watts

– 43.6 lumens per watt

– Downlight, but not recessed can

• Cooper Lighting’s Halo LED 900– 740 lumens

– 14.1 watts

– 52.5 lumens per watt

74

LED2009 Next Generation Luminaires Design Competition

Recognized Winners - Indoor - Downlighting

• Intense Lighting’s SS4– 655 lumens

– 15.0 watts

– 43.7 lumens per watt

• Cree’s LR6-DR1000– 1020 lumens

– 11.9 watts

– 85.7 lumens per watt

– Same picture as before

75

CFL• CFLs are reasonably efficacious, but

– Not nearly efficacious as high performance T8 systems

– Most are only rated for 10,000 - 12,000 hours

– Many recessed can fixtures for them have very bad fixture efficiency

• Like 50 - 60%

• But there are some CFL recessed cans with more like 75% fixture efficiency

• Usually best to try to – Have just one lamp per fixture

– Minimize lamp types

76

LINEAR

REPLACEMENT

LAMPS

77

LED T8s• There are hordes of sales people trying to

sell these, because of potential huge volume

and profit

– Often Pinocchio-nose marketing hype

• But the DOE has not tested one yet is nearly

as good as high performance fluorescent

T8s with high performance ballasts

• Lamp cost can often range from $40 to $150

with proposed up to 50,000 hour realistic life

78

LED T8s• How they are connected

– Some use existing fluorescent ballast, which consumes extra wattage, and the ballast would have to be replaced when it burns out

• Ballasts typically have a 50,000 - 60,000 hour rated life

– Some have internal driver, which requires removing existing fluorescent ballast and rewiring to lamp holders

• May void UL listing of fixture

– Some come with their external drivers

79

LED T8s• DOE documents

– Performance of T12 and T8 Fluorescent lamps and LED Linear

Replacement Lamps

• January 2009 Benchmark Report

• Includes that since LED T8s mainly shine light down, so between

fixtures and walls can be quite dark

– CALIPER Round 9

• October 2009 Report

– LED Performance Specification Series: T8 Replacement Lamps

• Asking Manufacturers for at least 2,700 lumens

– That would require them to be 2 to 3 times more efficient than existing while

keeping their existing 15 - 20 watts

• April 2010

• http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/t8_replace

ment-lamps.pdf

80

LED T8s• As the DOE states, LEDs often do not do that well

taking the shapes of other technology lamps– Difficulty with distribution, heat sinks, etc.

• What looks really ugly– In parabolic troffers

81

CALiPER-tested LED T8s½ The Light Output or ½ the Luminaire Efficacy

SSL vs Fluorescent in 2' x 4' Troffers

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Luminaire Efficacy (lm/W)

Lu

min

aire

Ou

tpu

t (l

um

ens)

SSL

F32 in

Parabolic Troffer

F40 in

Lensed Troffer

Source: U.S. Department of Energy

82

FLUORESCENT T8s• Since many rebate programs require what

are called high performance, super or 3rd

generation T8s and what are called basic

grade or 1st generation T8s will not be

allowed to sold in 2012, we will just focus on

the good ones

– Highest lumen long life

• www.cee1.org

– Extra long life mid lumen

83

FLUORESCENT T8s• Some basic grade T8s do not have very

good lamp life with instant start ballasts

• T8 lamps can last much shorter than rated

life when driven by instant start ballasts and

controlled by occupancy sensors

– But good T8 lamps can last as long as they

should when turned on and off frequently, when

driven by program start ballasts

• Parallel wired program start ballasts are highly

recommended

84

FLUORESCENT T8s• Although there is a lot of hype for T5s and

T5HOs, high performance T8 lamps and ballasts typically provide

– More lumens per watt

– More BF flexibility

– Longer life when driven with program start ballasts

– Lower lamp and ballast cost initially and down the road

– Minimization of lamp and ballast types

– American jobs

85

3 HR 12 HR 3 HR 12 HR

1st GENERATION - GENERIC 32 2800 75-78 2800 75-781.7 -

<10

15,000 -

24,000

20,000 -

30,000

20,000 -

30,000

24,000 -

36,000

2nd GENERATION -

GENERIC32 2950 81-85

2800 -

295080-85

1.7 -

<10

15,000 -

24,000

20,000 -

30,000

20,000 -

30,000

24,000 -

36,000

GE HL 32 3100 82 3000 80 3.95 25,000 36,000 36,000 42,000

GE SXL 32 2850 81+ 2750 80 3.95 31,000 40,000 40,000 46,000

PHILIPS ADV 32 3100 85 3100 82 1.7 24,000 30,000 30,000 36,000

PHILIPS PLUS 32 2950 85 2850 82 1.7 30,000 36,000 36,000 42,000

PHILIPS ADV XLL 32 2950 85 2850 82 1.7 36,000 40,000 40,000 46,000

SYLVANIA XP 32 3000 85 2850 85 2.9 24,000 40,000 40,000 42,000

SYLVANIA XPS 32 3100 85 3100 81 2.9 24,000 40,000 40,000 42,000

SYLVANIA XP/XL 32 2950 85 2900 80 3.5 36,000 50,000 52,000 55,000

GE SPX 28W 28 2725 82 2625 80 3.95 24,000 30,000 36,000 42,000

PHILIPS ADV 28W 28 2725 85 2675 82 1.7 24,000 30,000 30,000 36,000

SYLVANIA XP 28W 28 2725 85 2650 80 2.9 24,000 40,000 40,000 42,000

SYLVANIA XP XL 28W 28 2600 85 2600 80 3.5 36,000 50,000 52,000 55,000

GE SPX 25W 25 2400 85 2350 80 3.95 36,000 40,000 40,000 46,000

PHILIPS ADV 25W 25 2500 85 2400 85 1.7 24,000 30,000 30,000 36,000

PHILIPS ADV XLL 25W 25 2400 85 2350 82 1.7 36,000 40,000 40,000 46,000

SYLVANIA XP 25W 25 2475 85 2400 80 2.9 24,000 40,000 40,000 42,000

SYLVANIA XP XL 25W 25 2475 85 2400 80 3.5 36,000 50,000 52,000 55,000

F28T5 25-28 2900+ 85 2750+ 851.4 -

2.5* *

20,000 -

30,000

25000 -

40,000

F54T5HO 49-54 5000 85 4800+ 851.4 -

2.5* *

20,000 -

30,000

25000 -

40,000Lamp manufacturers may alter rated lamp life and lumen specifications, so get updates from manufacturers.

Prepared by Stan Walercyk of Lighing Wizards 7/15/10 version. w w w .lightingw izards.com

CATALOG

LUMENSCRI

MAX

MG

OF HG

4' T8 LAMP LIFE, LUMENS, CRI & MERCURY

INSTANT START PROGRAM STARTLAMP WATTS

3000-4100K

CATALOG

LUMENSCRI

5000K LAMP LIFE HOURS

86

4' lamp type

initial

catalog or

photopic

lamp

lumens

lamp

watts

lamp

lumens

per

lamp

watts

lamp

quant

ballast

type

standard

ballast

factor

system

watts

initial

system

lumens

initial

system

lumens

per watt

mean or

8000 hour

lumen

maint-

enance

mean or

8000 hour

system

lumens

mean or

8000 hour

system

lumens per

watt

3100 32 96.9 2 EE IS 0.87 53 5394 101.8 95% 5124 96.7

3100 32 96.9 2 EE PS 1.15 70 7130 101.9 95% 6774 96.8

3100 32 96.9 2 G IS 0.87 58 5394 93.0 95% 5124 88.4

2950 32 92.2 2 EE IS 0.87 53 5133 96.8 95% 4876 92.0

2950 32 92.2 2 G IS 0.87 58 5133 88.5 95% 4876 84.1

2800 32 87.5 2 EE IS 0.87 53 4872 91.9 95% 4628 87.3

2800 32 87.5 2 G IS 0.87 58 4872 84.0 95% 4628 79.8

2850 30 95.0 2 EE IS 0.87 51 4959 97.2 95% 4711 92.4

2850 30 95.0 2 G IS 0.87 55 4959 90.2 95% 4711 85.7

2750 28 98.2 2 EE IS 0.87 48 4785 99.7 95% 4546 94.7

2750 28 98.2 2 G IS 0.87 51 4785 93.8 95% 4546 89.1

2440 25 97.6 2 EE IS 0.87 42 4246 101.1 95% 4033 96.0

2440 25 97.6 2 G IS 0.87 47 4246 90.3 95% 4033 85.8

2400 25 96.0 2 EE IS 0.87 42 4176 99.4 95% 3967 94.5

2400 25 96.0 2 G IS 0.87 47 4176 88.9 95% 3967 84.4

high lumen F28T5 3050 28 108.9 2 EE PS 0.95 58 5795 99.9 93% 5389 92.9

typical F28T5 2900 28 103.6 2 PS 1.00 64 5800 90.6 93% 5394 84.3

26W F28T5 2900 26 111.5 2 EE PS 0.95 55 5510 100.2 92% 5069 92.2

26W high lumen F28T5 3050 26 117.3 2 EE PS 1.15 67 7015 104.7 92% 6454 96.3

51W F54T5HO 5000 51 98.0 2 EE PS 1.00 108 10000 92.6 92% 9200 85.2

typical F54T5HO 5000 54 92.6 2 PS 1.00 117 10000 85.5 93% 9300 79.5

F34T12 800 3100 34 91.2 2 RS E 0.85 60 5270 87.8 93% 4901 81.7

F34T12 CW 2650 34 77.9 2 RS M 0.88 72 4664 64.8 87% 4058 56.4

4' LINEAR FLUORESCENT EFFICACY TABLE

notes: Lumens, lumen maintenance, ballast factors and wattages may vary among various manufacturers.

high performance F32T8

extra long life 2950

lumen F32T8

basic grade F32T8

30W F32T8

28W F32T8

25W F32T8

Prepared by Stan Walerczyk of Lighting Wizards www.lightingwizards.com 11/11/09 version

extra long life 25W

F32T8

93% is used as an average EOL lumen maintenance for T5HOs. 90% - 94% range among manufacturers.All wattages based on 277V. EE IS is extra efficient instant start. G IS is generic instant start. EE PS is extra efficient program start.

PS is program start. RS E is rapis start electronic. RS M is rapid start magnetic.

Extra long life is 36,000 hours with IS and 40,000 hours with PS ballasts at 3 hour cycles.

In enclosed fixtures, since reduced wattage F32T8s consume less heat they can often operate closer to optimal 77 degrees F

temperature, so may provide more light than this table shows compared to full wattage.

Although efficacy can be improved with IS and RS ballasts with T5s and T5HOs, lamp life can be greatly reduced and lamp

manufacturers may not warranty lamps.

87

FLUORESCENT T8s• Some LED marketing literature and sales people try to make

fluorescent T8s look bad, like

– Stating that T8s only last 15,000 or even just 10,000 hours

• It is true that rated life for fluorescents, HID, incandescents and halogen is when half of the lamps have burned out and half are still working in laboratory conditions

– Small percentage of lamps may only last a few months

– Small percentage of lamps may last over a decade

– Large majority of T8 lamps will last at least 80% of rated life when not turned on and off too much

• For example, most 42,000 hour rated T8 lamps will last at least 33,600 hours when not turned on and off too much

• GE, Philips and Sylvania do a good job policing each other on lumen and life ratings

88

FLUORESCENT T8s• Starting is the hardest on fluorescent lamps

– Lamp life can really get short with instant start ballasts and occupancy sensors that turn on and off the lights more than 4 times per day on average

– Program start ballasts really help lamp life when lamps are cycled on and off a lot

• When I go over the pros and cons of instant and program start ballasts with T8s, over half of my clients select parallel wired program start ballasts

• So the next time you see LED literature or hear an LED sales person stating that good fluorescent T8 lamps last less than 20,000 hours, you could– Throw away the LED marketing literature

– Delete the LED file in your computer

– Hang up on the LED sales person

– Tell the LED sales person to leave

89

TROFFERS

90

LED• One that gets frequent mention is Cree’s LR24

2x2 troffer– 2008 Lighting For Tomorrow Solid State Lighting

Competition• Honorable Mention, Efficacy

– Now 2 versions• 3200 lumens & 44W

• 3800 lumens & 52W

– Dimmable

– I have been specifying for• High profile conference rooms

– 3200W version performed very well compared to other LED and high performance T8 troffers in DOE CALiPER Round 9 Testing

91

T8 FLUORESCENT• There is a new generation of high performance

2x4 1F32T8 troffers that can be installed in typical 8x10 spacing– Depending on BF and if instant or program start extra

efficient ballast, wattage can range from 24 - 39 with direct relationship to lumens

– Manufacturers and models include• Deco DPL-C

– www.getdeco.com (but may not be in website yet)

• Finelite HPR

– www.finelite.com

– Hopefully DOE will test at least one of these with LED troffers in an upcoming CALiPER round

92

T8 FLUORESCENTOffice with Finelite HPRs

93

T8 FLUORESCENT• Existing 2x4 troffers can be cost effectively

retrofitted down to 1F32T8– Standard lensed troffers can often get a 1-cove white

reflector• About $55 - $60 total installed cost

– Parabolic troffers can get upscale kits• Such as ALP’s RHT kit

– www.alplighting.com/pdf/uardiac%20rht.pdf

– About $110 - $120 total installed cost

94

TROFFERS• LED troffers may cost about $350 and are rated for

50,000 hours, but may last significantly longer

• Fluorescent high performance troffers may cost $100 - $175 with ballasts rated for 60,000 - 75,000 hours and good lamps driven parallel program start ballasts, rated for 30,000 - 46,000 hours– Recommended to group relamp and reballast at 70 -

80% of rated lives

• Initial labor cost may be about the same

• This is a great time to consider– Raise the bar

– Long term maintenance costs

– Long term light levels

95

SUSPENDED

INDIRECT/DIRECT

FIXTURES

96

LED• LEDs could run cooler with less heat sinking

than in troffers and recessed cans

• Uniform uplight with some not too intense

downlight are challenges

• It will take a while for LED suspended

fixtures to be cost effective compared high

performance fluorescent suspended fixtures

– Now LED 4 footer may cost $300 - $400

97

T8 FLUORESCENT• Well designed suspended indirect/direct fixtures with

1F32T8 per cross section– Can provide quite low power densities

– Total installed cost often less than individual troffers

• When can have relatively long rows in new construction and gut rehabs

• One lamp per cross section is usually much better than two or three for– Optimal light distribution

• Usually batwing

– Best fixture efficiency

– Lowest wattage

– Lowest fixture cost

• Fixture cost may be $25 - $40 per linear foot depending on type of fixture, quantity, etc.

98

T8 FLUORESCENT• Make sure fixture reflectors are designed for T8s

and not for T5s/T5HOs

• There are many good manufacturers and models– For example, Finelite offers several good models,

including Series 12, 15 and 16

– These are photos of Series 12 with white cross blade

99

AT LAST

TASK

AMBIENT

LIGHTING

WHERE LEDs CAN WORK WITH INCUMBENTS

100

TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING• Task ambient lighting is having relatively low

footcandle ambient lighting and additional task lighting when and where need it

• Light levels drop off exponentially as distance increases between source and task– For example if double distance, 1/4 the footcandles

– Much less wattage getting high light levels from a task light 2’ away from task, than from ceiling fixtures 6’ away from task

• This strategy may be the most cost effective way to have very low power densities while providing good quality lighting

• In typical offices, usually .4 - .6 watts per square foot is easily attainable

101

TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING• Ambient, in offices, works very well with either

– New or retrofitted 2x4 high performance troffers that have

1 high performance & often high Kelvin 32W F32T8 and

high performance parallel wired program start ballasting

• Maybe tandem wire ballast per pair of troffers

– New or retrofitted suspended indirect/direct fixtures with 1

high performance & often high Kelvin 32W F32T8 per

cross section and high performance parallel wired

program start ballasting

• Ambient lighting can provide 10 - 20 footcandles on

desks– Often more light is worse than less light, because more light can

cause more glare and higher contrast ratios

102

TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING• Existing task

– For a long time most modular office systems had fluorescent undercabinet task lights

• But most of these fixtures

– Use way too much wattage

– Are glare bombs

» Hitting shiny paper and/or desks and then bounced into eyes

– Provide too much light

» That is why often gray scale tube guards to reduce amount of light, but still uses all of the wattage

– Often difficult to replace ballasts

» Many ballast compartments too small for standard sized extra efficient ballasts

– Sometimes still T12s with magnetic ballasts or T8s with magnetic ballasts

– There are some good CFL desk mount task lights

• But way too many people still use energy hog incandescent or quartz halogen

103

TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING• High performance LED task

– There are some very good LED task light systems

• One example is the Finelite PLS (Personal Lighting System)

– 3, 6 & 9W undercabinet fixture

» Not a glare bomb

» Uses metal shelf as a heat sink

– 3, 6 & 9W desk mount fixture

» My 6 watter provides 50 footcandles directly underneath with no other lighting contribution

– Optional occupancy sensor

– For a decent quantity

» 1 undercabinet fixture, 1 desk mount fixture, occupancy sensor, power supply and cables may cost $200 or less

– New version has the switch before the power supply, so zero wattage when fixtures are off

– For individual offices that do not have shelves over desks, often just a desk mount fixture is recommended

104

TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING• Finelite PLS

– Both undercabinets and desk mounts won 2007 Lighting For Tomorrow Awards

– Desk mount, which is also called ‘Curve’ won 2009 Next Generation Luminaires Design Competition

• Best In Class - Task Lighting

www.finelite.com/sustainability/professional-development

105

TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING• There are several other LED office task lights, including

Philips Color Kinetics UC

Luxo Air Luxo Ninety Steelcase Kast

Philips Alko Lincs100 & sensor

106

TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING• PG&E’s Emerging Technology Program’s ‘High Efficiency

Office Low Ambient / Task Lighting Pilot Project’ – www.etcc-ca.com/project-search/search-

results_m126/criteria:1/query:any/jr_endyear:2009/jr_organization:Pacific+Gas+and+Electric+%28PG%26E%29/order:alpha/page:2/limit:10/

– .66 watts per square foot

– If 5000K and high performance fixed output ballasts would have been used, that power density could have been lower

– Although dimming ballasts were used in the suspended ambient fixtures, that was for tuning, not for energy savings

– This report clearly states that it would be much more cost effective to go with fixed output instant start ballasts

• Since there are millions and millions of square feet of offices in North America and the world, reducing wattage and improving lighting is so important

107

TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING

• There are also integral or one-piece fluorescent task

ambient lighting systems

– One example is Tambient

• www.elliptipar.com/tambient

108

TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING

• With good task ambient lighting the power density can be

low all of the time that expensive and complex dimming

daylight harvesting peak load shedding systems are not

cost effective

– Even with dimming ballasts in ambient fixtures, good task lights

are usually recommended

• My ‘Dimming vs. Nondimming Ballasts - 10 Rounds in the

Daylight Harvesting and Peak Load Shedding’ seminar

covers these issues in detail

109

$0.150 $0.05 /KWH 1st year saved rebate

fixture &

application

type

total

watts

annual

hours

annual

elect-

rical

cost

option

letterretrofit/replacement option description

total

watts

watts

per

square

foot

watts

redux

annual

elec-

trical

savings

appr.

incen-

tive

appr.

installed

cost

rated lamp

life @ 3

hour

cycles

pay-

back

just

elec-

tricity

payback

including

maintenance

savings &

worker

productivity

benefits

long

term

benefit

just elec-

tricity

long term

benefit

including

maintenance

savings &

worker

productivity

benefits

A

Retrofit each troffer with 3 25W F32T8

5000K lamps & .71 BF extra efficient

program start parallel wired ballast

112 0.93 68 $41 $14 $12030,000 -

36,0002.6 2.2 $506 $628

B

Retrofit each troffer with upscale kit which

eliminates parabolic louvers, 1 high lumen

F32T8 5000K lamp & 1.15 BF extra efficient

program start ballast

78 0.65 102 $61 $20 $23030,000 -

36,0003.4 1.9 $708 $1,443

B1

Retrofit each troffer with upscale kit which

eliminates parabolic louvers, 1 high lumen

F32T8 5000K lamp & .89 BF extra efficient

program start ballast. Also include

7W LED task light.

67 0.56 113 $68 $23 $310

30,000 -

36,000

for T8s

4.2 2.1 $730 $1,747

B2

Retrofit each troffer with upscale kit which

eliminates parabolic louvers, 1 high lumen

F32T8 5000K lamp & .71 BF extra efficient

program start ballast. Also include

2 7W LED task lights.

62 0.52 118 $71 $24 $380

30,000 -

36,000

for T8s

5.0 2.3 $706 $1,980

C

Remove both troffers. Install 8' suspended

indirect/direct fixture that has 2 high lumen

F32T8 5000K lamps & 1.15 BF extra

efficient program start ballast.

70 0.58 110 $66 $22 $41030,000 -

36,0005.9 2.7 $602 $1,790

C1

Remove both troffers. Install 8' suspended

direct/indirect fixture that has 2 high lumen

F32T8 5000K lamps & .89 BF extra efficient

instant start ballast. Also include 7W

LED task light.

63 0.53 117 $70 $23 $490

30,000 -

36,000

for T8s

6.6 2.7 $586 $2,166

C2

Remove both troffers. Install 8' suspended

direct/indirect fixture that has 2 high lumen

F32T8 5000K lamps & .71 BF extra efficient

instant start ballast. Also include 2

7W LED task lights.

60 0.50 120 $72 $24 $560

30,000 -

36,000

for T8s

7.4 2.7 $544 $2,488

F2

Retrofit each troffer with 3 15W LED T8

lamps. Also include 2 7W LED task lights to

provide sufficient light.

104 0.87 76 $46 $15 $64025,000 -

50,00013.7 8.6 $59 $470

G

Remove both troffers. Install 2 high

performance 2x2 LED troffers, set at full

41W, so sufficient light at end of life.

82 0.68 98 $59 $20 $900 50,000 15.0 9.4 $2 $531

G1

Remove both troffers. Install 2 high

performance 2x2 LED troffers, set at 34W.

Also include 7W LED task light.

75 0.63 105 $63 $21 $980 50,000 15.2 8.5 -$14 $742

G2

Remove both troffers. Install 2 high

performance 2x2 LED troffers, set at 28W.

Also include 2 7W LED task lights.

70 0.58 110 $66 $22 $1,060 50,000 15.7 8.7 -$48 $744

$108

KWH rate

existing

copyright of Stan Walerczyk of Lighting Wizards, www.lightingwizards.com, 1/10/10 version

12 x 10 x

9 office

area with

2 2x4 18

cell

parabolic

troffers,

each with

3 32W 700

series

20,000

hour rated

F32T8s

and

generic

.88 BF

ballasting

(1.51

watts per

square

foot)

180 4000

TYPICAL OFFICE 12' long x 10' wide x 9' high

15 years of long term benefit

proposed

110

WHERE I NEVER THOUGHT

I WOULD HAVE A LIGHT

• Sylvania Ecolight (watered powered)– www.sylvania.com/AboutUs/Pressxpress/Tradeshowevents/Lig

htfair2009/Press+Releases/SYLVANIAECOLIGHTWATERPO

WEREDLEDSHOWERLIGHT.htm

111

FAKE TV

• www.faketv.com/#

112

WRAP UP

• Questions

• Comments

• Applications

113

ALL OF STAN’S SEMINARS• INTERIORS - LEDs vs. Incumbents with

a big dose of task ambient lighting

• EXTERIOR LIGHTINGLED, Induction, HPS, MH, LEP, Fluorescent

• FREE FOR ALL IN THE HIBAY ARENAFluorescent, Induction, LED & MH

• HOW LOW CAN YOU GO– Which is 1/2 of Advanced Lighting Retrofit Options

• DIMMING vs. NON-DIMMING10 Rounds in the Daylight Harvesting and Peak Load Reduction Arena

• LIGHTING 101

• LIGHTING CONTROLS– For 2011

• Also custom ones for specific purposes

114

THAT’S ALL FOLKS• Please fill out any applicable forms

• Contact information for Stan Walerczyk

– 925-944-9481(San Francisco Bay Area)

– stan@lightingwizards.com

– www.lightingwizards.com

• Thanks for attending