internal assessment necessities. internal assessment criterion a: introduction, 5 marks, 3.6% of ib...
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Internal Assessment Necessities
Internal Assessment• Criterion A: Introduction, 5 marks, 3.6% of IB Grade • Criterion B: Method: Design, 2 marks, 1.4% of IB Grade • Criterion C: Method: Participants, 2 marks, 1.4% of IB
Grade • Criterion D: Method: Procedure, 2 marks, 1.4% of IB
Grade • Criterion E: Results: Descriptive, 2 marks, 1.4% of IB
Grade • Criterion F: Results: Inferential, 3 marks, 2.1% of IB
Grade • Criterion G: Discussion, 8 marks, 5.7% of IB Grade • Criterion H: Citation of sources, 2 marks, 1.4% of IB
Grade • Criterion I: Report format, 2 marks, 1.4% of IB Grade
Criteria A: Introduction
•Purpose: To provide background information & rationale for the investigation.
•This section should first introduce the AREA of research (level of analysis: cognitive, biological, or socio-cultural) followed by the more SPECIFIC STUDIES that are directly related to the experiment (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979)
Advice for Writing your Introduction•Give a general introduction of the
psychological subject area you are investigating.
•Include a brief summary of the theory and KEY pieces of research associated with the topic in which you are investigating.
•DO NOT include more than 3 pieces of relevant research (more is not always better).▫This is NOT the same as sources!
•Research must be focused on your TOPIC and must logically lead to the investigation.
THEORY RESEARCH
• Ideas• Explanation about a
specific topic• Must be able to be tested,
proved/disproved• Broad range of concepts
on a given topic• Example: Big Bang Theory
• Evidence• Used to prove of disprove
the theory• Gather facts on a
subject/topic• Deals with some type of
argument/debate
Relevant Research and Theories MUST Be Included
End of Introduction•Statement of specific research hypothesis
which is clearly justified by research•Aim is stated
▫Due to suggestions by Loftus and Palmer’s study, the aim of this experiment is to determine…
▫Our experiment will be carried out by…•Be sure to write it in operationalized form
and is precisely testable•Null hypothesis should state that results
found were due to chance not manipulation of the IV
Method Sections:•Where you describe how your study was
designed and carried out•Demonstrate your understanding of the
experiment as a QUANTITATIVE METHODOLOGY (not qualitative.)
•Divided into four parts each with a LABEL▫Design (Criteria B)▫Participants (Criteria C)▫Materials (Criteria D)▫Procedure (Also, Criteria D)
Design: Criteria BDepending on what you are investigating, you need to choose between two basic designsIndependent Samples
DesignRepeated Measures Design
• Two different groups of participants: Control group & experimental group
• Used when it is not possible to use the same participants in the two experimental conditions
• N=20 (10 participants for each group; even numbers in each group)
• SAME participants in both the treatment and the control group.
• Ex. Group is first asked to memorize and recall a list of words without music (control)
• Then they are asked to memorize and recall a list of words while listening to music (treatment)
• Order effect : using same participants and they learn what the first trial was therefore affecting the second trial
• N=10 (same 10 participants)
StrengthsIndependent Samples
DesignRepeated Measures Design
• Participants are less likely to guess the hypothesis
• Less boredom and tired• Won’t improve skill due to
repetition (example of order effect)
• Same materials may be used for both groups (example: same list of words)
• Eliminates participant variability (differences between the two groups are due to natural situations as opposed to manipulation of the IV)
• Requires fewer participants
LimitationsIndependent Samples
DesignRepeated Measures Design
• May be participant variability
• Doing the same task twice may cause order effects
• Demand characteristics (discover the aim and don’t act naturally in order to “help” or “hinder” your research) may occur
• Doesn’t work on studies with performance tasks
The Experiment•Goal: To establish a cause-and-effect
relationship between two variables.•Performed under HIGHLY controlled
conditions•Quantitative research, generates
numerical data▫Can be statistically tested for significance
in order to rule out the role of CHANCE in the results.
•Aim: Purpose of the study▫Indicates which behavior or mental process
will be studied.▫To see if one variable has an effect on
another variable.
Experimental VariablesIndependent (IV) Dependent (DV)
•Is manipulated, all other variables remain constant
•Measured after the manipulation
Both the IV and DV must be operationalized:Need to be written in a way that it is CLEAR what is being measured.Example: IV: High music at volume 35DV: Number of words remembered from a list of 20 words.
Hypothesis: Prediction of how the IV will impact the DV
Experimental (HI) Null (H0)
• Predicts the exact result of the manipulation of the IV (noise) on the DV (recall)
• Ex. Noise will decrease the number of words that an individual is able to recall from a list of words.
• Must have TWO conditions• Control condition is not
exposed to the IV▫ No noise is used
• Predicts that there will be no results or that the result will be due to chance
• Ex. Noise has not effect on an individual’s ability to recall a list of words
• Any change in the individual’s ability to recall a list of words is due to chance
• Research is carried out to refute the null hypothesis to show that the predicted cause-and-effect relationship between the IV & DV actually exists.
Goal Regarding the Hypotheses•We can never PROVE anything, we can only
DISPROVE things.•Sometimes the null hypothesis will be accepted
▫Example: There was no relationship between noise and recall of words
•To accept the null hypothesis▫We have to accept that there is NO
RELATIONSHIP between the two variables•Refute the null hypothesis•The experimental hypothesis can be
accepted ONLY if a researcher has demonstrated that the effect was due to the manipulation of the IV.
Cofounding Variables: Undesirable variables that influence the relationship between the IV & DV•1.) Demand characteristics:
▫Participants act differently because they know that they are in an experiment. May experience the Hawthorne Effect:
Participants may try to guess aim and act accordingly
▫Use a single blind control: Participants do not know what the study is about
•2.) Research bias/Observer bias:▫Experimenter sees what he or she is looking for;
expectations of the researcher consciously or unconsciously affect the findings of the study. Simple smile, nodding, treating the experimental
group differently▫Use a double-blind control to help reduce
Both the researchers and participants do not know whom is in the treatment or control group, and the person carrying out the experiment does not know the aim of the study
•3.) Participant variability:▫Characteristics of the sample affect the DV.
Controlled by using a random sample or randomly selecting the participants in the treatment and control groups
Reminders…in the Design section, be sure to include…•Explanation & justification of design
used (independent or repeated)•Describe the controls you have taken
in order to avoid extraneous variables (standardized instructions/briefing)
•Indentify the IV & DV•Documentation of how ethical
guidelines were followed (consent, how briefing & debriefing was conducted)▫Include in appendices
Consent Form•Written in a way that informs participants
of the nature of the experiment•If participants are 16+, informed consent
only•If participants are under 16, parental and
informed consent required•Include a copy in appendices
The following slide is an EXAMPLE
Please DO NOT COPY and paste the information and just switch out your
appropriate details!
Dear Participant,As part of my IB psychology Internal Assessment, I am
conducting a study on _____________ (memory). This study is going to test your ability to memorize a list of words while listening to music. After the briefing, I would ask you to sign the statement below:
• I have been informed of the nature of the experiment.• I understand that I have the right to withdraw from the
experiment at any time, and any information /data collected will remain confidential.
• My anonymity will be protected because my name will not be identifiable.
• The experiment will be conducted so that I will not be demeaned in any way.
• I will be debriefed at the end and have the opportunity to find out the results.
• I give my informed consent to participating in this experiment.
• Name___________________ Date____________
Standardized Briefing Notes•Reasoning: To ensure that you control any
extraneous variables that may interfere with the experiment.
•Written script of what you said to your participants before conducting the experiment▫Include in appendices
•Must include:•Aim and instructions regarding the
procedure of the study•Information about the ethical issues
Standardized Debriefing Notes•Written script that is used to debrief
participants after conducting the experiment▫Include copy in appendices
•Be sure to include:•What you expected to find in your study•Participants have the right to learn about
the conclusions drawn from the research once analysis of data is finalized
•Remind them that they may withdraw their data
Participants: Criteria C• Describes the sample and how it was obtained• Sample size of 20, any larger is strongly discouraged• Sampling procedure should be indentified and
justified• Saying that it was the easiest is acceptable• How the participants selected for control and
treatment group also needs to be explained• Relevant characteristics of sample should be
mentioned (limited English speaking, color-blindness)• Number of participants, age, and gender should be
included• Target population needs to be indentified (who you
are interested in and draw your sample from; IB students, non-native English speaking students, staff, etc.)▫Generalize the results to this specific group
Target Population• The group whose behavior you are investigating• Do not use quasi-experimental research because
they do not establish cause and effect relationships due to cofounding variables
• YOU MAY NOT USE:▫Gender▫Age▫Ethnicity
Examples include: AP students Non-Psychology IB students Bilingual Students Staff
Sampling Techniques•Goal: To obtain a sample that is
representative of the target population•Types of Sampling Techniques:
▫Opportunity sampling▫Self-selected sampling▫Snowball sampling▫Random sampling▫Stratified sampling
Opportunity Sampling•AKA convenience sampling•Pro: “Whoever happens to be there and
agrees to participate”•Con: Can lead to bias results and can
cause problems for generalization▫Certain types of people are at certain
locations for reasons
Self-Selected Sampling
•Made up of volunteers (Sign-up sheet or advertisement)
•Pro: Relatively easy to obtain, sample usually is highly motivated since they volunteered their time
•Con: Usually reflect a more general population=hard to make generalizations about target population
Snowball Sampling•Participants recruit other participants
▫“Bring a friend”
Random Sampling•Every member of target population has an
equal chance of being selected•Pull all names of target population and
then “draw” 20 names from a hat•Pro: Easier to generalize findings to a
larger population•Pro: Gets rid of selection bias•Con: Chance of limited variety
Stratified Sampling•Drawing random samples from
subpopulations of the target population•Give variety and reflection of distribution
of actual population
AP Students
BilingualMales
Females
One languag
e
Males
Females
Materials: Criteria D•List materials used•Basic materials should not included
▫Pencils, chairs, paper, etc.•Written materials used specifically for
experiment should be listed and referenced to a sample that needs to be included in the appendices▫Standardized briefing notes▫Informed consent letter▫Standardized debriefing notes▫Links to videos▫PowerPoint slides
Procedure: Criteria D •Carefully and ACCURATELY describe
how the experiment was conducted, STEP by STEP
•Enough details should be provided for replication
•Reference any ethical issues that were addressed▫When briefing and debriefing was carried
out▫Reference materials such as briefing notes,
consent forms, debriefing notes, etc.•May be written in paragraph or bullet-
point format (enough details still need to be provided)