internal combustion engine
DESCRIPTION
Internal combustion engine. I.C Engines. Introduction. An internal combustion engine is a heat engine which converts the heat energy to mechanical work. Heat energy. Mechanical work. Classification. According to type of fuel used. Petrol engine. Diesel engine. Gas engine. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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I.C Engines
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An internal combustion engine is a heat engine which converts the heat energy to mechanical work.
Heat energy
Mechanical work
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According to type of fuel used.Petrol engine.Diesel engine.Gas engine.Bi-fuel engine.
According to number of strokes per cycle.4 – stroke engines.2 – stroke engines.
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According to method of ignition.Spark ignition. Compression ignition.
According to the cycle of combustion.Otto cycle.Diesel cycle. Duel combustion.
According to the number of cylinders.Single cylinder.Multi cylinder.
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According to the arrangement of cylindersVertical engine.Horizontal.Inline engine.Radial engine.V- engine.
According to method of coolingAir cooled engine.Water cooled engine.
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CylinderPiston
Piston ringsConnecting rod
Crank and crankshaft
ValvesFlywheelcrankcase
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1. Cylinder › Part of the engine where fuel is burnt and power is developed.
› Inside diameter is called as
bore.› Sleeve is fitted
tightly in the cylinder to
prevent wearing of
block.
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2. Piston› Close fitting hollow – cylinder plunger moving to and fro in the
cylinder.› Function –
power developed by the
combustion of fuel is
transmitted by piston to the crank-shaft through the
connecting rod.
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3. Piston ringsMetallic rings inserted into
groves provided at top end of the
piston.Function – it
maintains a gas-tight joint between the piston and the
cylinder.
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4. Connecting rod›Link that
connects the piston and
crankshaft by means of pin
joint.›Function – it converts the rectilinear
motion of the piston into rotary
motion of crankshaft.
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5. Crank and crankshaft
Crank is a lever that is connects
crankshaft and piston rod.
6. ValvesThese are devices
which control the flow of intake and exhaust
gases.
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7. Fly wheelMounted on
crankshaft to maintain uniform
rotation of crankshaft.
8. CrankcaseEnclosure for
crankshaft and sump for
lubricating oil.
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Cam
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Four stroke petrol engine consists of
CylinderCover
Mechanically operated valves
Spark plugConnecting rod and
crank
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Suction strokeCompression strokePower strokeExhaust stroke
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Inlet is open exhaust is closed.Piston moves from TDC to BDC.Crankshaft revolves half the rotation.Cranking Petrol air mixture drawn into cylinder due to pressure difference.
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Both inlet and exhaust are closed.Piston moves from BDC to TDC.Crankshaft revolves half the rotation.Cranking Petrol air mixture is compressed to a ratio of 1:11.This mixture is ignited by spark plug.
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Piston moves from TDC to BDC.Crankshaft revolves half the rotation. burnt gases generate energy and force the piston to move down.
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exhaust is open and inlet is closed.Piston moves from BDC to TDC.crankshaft revolves half the rotation.energy for this stroke is supplied by flywheel.Burnt gases are expelled out through outlet port.
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Inlet is open exhaust is closed.
Piston moves from TDC to BDC and crankshaft revolves half the revolution.
Cranking during first cycle.
Due to the pressure difference air enters the cylinder through air filter.
Suction stroke
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Inlet and exhaust are closed.
Piston moves from BDC to TDC.
Cranking required in first cycle.
Air will be compressed to a ratio of 1:20.
Diesel oil is sprayed into cylinder by injector and auto-ignition takes place.
Compression stroke
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Piston moves from TDC to BDC.
Inlet and exhaust valves are closed.
burnt gases generate energy and force the piston to move down till injection of fuel is complete.
Power stroke
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exhaust is open and inlet is closed.
Piston moves from BDC to TDC.
crankshaft revolves half the rotation.
energy for this stroke is supplied by flywheel.
Burnt gases are expelled out through outlet port.
Exhaust stroke
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Performs two strokes to complete one working cycle.
Works on theoretical Otto cycle.
Two stroke petrol engine
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Cylinder with one end fitted with cover and other end with a sealed crankcase.
Ports are provided one below other on circumference of the cylinder.
Lower one is the admission port or inlet port and upper port is the exhaust port.
Transfer port diametrically opposite.
Parts
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Transfer port Function – transfer of
petrol air mixture from crankcase to cylinder.
Spark plug, connecting rod, crank.
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Piston moves from BDC to TDC.
Air fuel mixture is drawn in through inlet.
Supply of petrol air mixture is cut off in upward motion of piston.
Further piston will compress the petrol air mixture in cylinder.
First stroke or upward stroke
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At the end of the stroke spark plug ignites and combustion takes place.
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Piston moves from TDC to BDC.
Piston performs the power stroke.
Transfer port opens letting the fresh charge into cylinder.
second stroke or downward stroke
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Due to this the burnt gases are expelled out of the cylinder. This process is called as scavenging.
Crankshaft rotates by half the revolution.
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Criteria S.I engine C.I engine
Combustion process Ignition takes place by a spark generated by spark plug.
Self ignition of the fuel take place due to high compression of air in chamber.
Compression ratio 1 : 11 1 : 22
Suction Mixture of petrol and air in calculated ratio is drawn into cylinder.
Only pure air is drawn into cylinder during suction stroke.
Fuel Petrol Diesel
Thermodynamic cycle Otto cycle Diesel cycle
Weight of the engine Less because of lower compression ratio, cylinder size is small.
High, engine size is large due to higher compression ratio.
Efficiency Low because of lower compression ratio.
High because of high compression ratio.
Speed High because of lighter engine.
Lower because of heavy engine.