UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU

14th INTERNATIONAL ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM

UMTAS 2019 “Sustainable Development

through Science, Technology and Innovation”

23-25th July 2019 Primula Beach Hotel, Terengganu, Malaysia

http://umtas2019.umt.edu.my/

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Table of Contents

Page

Foreword

3

Message from the Vice Chancelor of Universiti Malaysia Terengganu

4

Message from the Chairperson of the Organising Committee

5

Biodata of Keynote and Plenary Speakers

6

Organising Committees

10

Programme Schedule

11

Oral Presentation Details

14

Poster Presentation Details

18

Abstracts

21

Acknowledgement of Sponsorship 119

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FOREWARD

Bismillahhirrohmanirrohim and Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh

It is my great pleasure to welcome all participants to the Universiti Malaysia

Terengganu’s 14th International Annual Symposium (UMTAS 2019). Malaysia has an overarching goal of becoming a developed nation that is inclusive and sustainable by the year 2020, with a society that is stable, peaceful, cohesive and resilient. The commitment of Malaysia in harnessing, utilizing and advancing Science and Technology is reflected with the formulation and implementation of the National Science and Technology Policy Plan and The Industrial Technology Development Action Plan since 1986. The various initiatives and programs that were implemented under these policies include the enhancement of national capabilities and capacities of Research and Development (or R&D). It is, therefore, fitting for scientists, educators, managers, environmentalists, and stakeholders in the region to gather here for the 14th International UMT Annual Symposium (UMTAS) “Sustainable Development through Science, Technology and Innovation”. The experiences and knowledge would be invaluable, especially for this region, which is blessed with beautiful islands, beaches and amazing local culture. My sincere congratulations to the Vice Chancellor of Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and the organizers for gathering the best minds in this part to tackle, among others, the conservation and management for sustainable development through science, technology and innovation. With the world reeling from the effects of climate changes, safeguarding our environment, ecosystems now, more than ever, should be paramount. We live in a society exquisitely dependent on science and technology. Once you have the technology and innovation culture, the communities will embrace the meaning of what it is to be scientifically literate. It is an honour for Universiti Malaysia Terengganu as the leading marine university to host this distinguished forum. To the organizers and participants of the 14th UMTAS, welcome to Kuala Terengganu and enjoy the culture and beauty of its surroundings and its people. I wish you all the best experiences and memories here in Malaysia!

THE HONORABLE PUAN ISNARAISSAH MUNIRAH MAJILIS

DEPUTY MINISTER OF ENERGY, SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE (MESTECC)

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MESSAGE FROM THE VICE CHANCELOR OF

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU

Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh and Salam Sejahtera

Dear Colleagues,

Welcome to the 14th International UMT Annual Symposium (UMTAS). Since the first symposium 16 years back, many of us must have been travelling long journeys through our various fields. Some students back then continued with research and sciences, graduated from local or international university – chatting the various historical paths, and learning and sharing new vistas from different geographical regions. And now we’ve come to Kuala Terengganu as newcomers or locals, we hope to share lessons from the theory and practice of science. This symposium has come on a long way with many different themes and topics. Yet, we promise that this 14th UMTAS will be targeting national and international used to meet a broader range of global challenges and to promote stronger links between science and innovation through knowledge creation and global sharing. UMTAS 2019 aspires to explore the initiative, advanced knowledge and potential in improving human livelihood as well as sustaining environmental equilibrium. On this 14th UMTAS, 154 participants gathered here from all over the world including Australia, Singapore, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mauritius, Nigeria, Egypt and Thailand and all over of Malaysia involving 27 local agencies, universities and research institutes. Despite the challenges we face, don’t forget to also have fun. I hope the learning experience we share and gain, and the friendship we form will bind us together to bravely and happily build resilient environment to meet the challenges of the future. With these thoughts, let me once again welcome all of, and extend you my wishes for a successful and fruitful meeting. PROFESSOR DATO’ DR. NOR AIENI HAJI MOKHTAR VICE CHANCELLOR OF UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU

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MESSAGE FROM THE CHAIRPERSON OF THE ORGANISING COMMITTEE

Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh and Greetings!

As the Chairperson of the 14th Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Annual Symposium (UMTAS 2019), it gives me great pleasure to invite all of you to this important biennial conference in Kuala Terengganu. This year, the School of Marine and Environmental Sciences is proud to be given the mandate to organize the symposium, and to provide the opportunity for researchers, lecturers, scientist, academicians and students to discuss findings related to sustainable development carried out from the 23rd - 25th July 2019. UMTAS offers a strategic platform for sharing of knowledge and experience, advancing discussion towards a more competitive and competent nation built upon strong science, technology and innovation. This year, we aim to explore the following themes: 1) marine and freshwater sciences; 2) food and agricultural sciences; 3) applied mathematics and computer sciences; 4) fundamental and applied sciences; 5) green engineering; and 6) management sciences and policy. Such broad topics should bring to a mutual and reciprocal relationship for future undertaking. My deepest appreciation goes to the management of UMT, UMTAS 2019 committee and sponsors for the team support and for organising resources to make this event a success. Last but not least, my best wishes to all the paper presenters and those participating in this symposium. The organizing committee hopes that all of you will not only use this opportunity for a fruitful discussion and collaboration during the 3-days conference, but an enjoyable and memorable stay in Malaysia! Don’t forget to stroll along the beach and try our local cuisine. Thank you!

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR DR. MARINAH MOHD ARIFFIN CHAIRMAN OF ORGANIZING COMMITEE 14th INTERNATIONAL ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU (UMTAS 2019)

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BIODATA OF KEYNOTE SPEAKER

Professor Dr. Pat Hutchings Australian Museum, Sydney

Professor Dr. Pat Hutchings is a Senior Fellow at the Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, Sydney. She obtained her PhD in Zoology from University of Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom in 1970. Her research mainly focuses on the systematics and ecology of polychaetes which are dominant components of all benthic ecosystems. She has been documented 300 species, 18 genera and 4 families of Australian polychaetes. She also has an interest in wetland ecology and coastal zone management and has worked extensively on coral reefs, especially with regards to bioerosion. In addition, her work has explored how rates and agents of bioerosion are changing with increasing anthropogenic impacts on reefs around the world using experimental approaches. She is a fellow of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales since 2008 and has been awarded the Silver Jubilee medal by the Australian Marine Sciences Association. Currently, she is on the editorial board of the Pacific Conservation, The Australian Zoologist, The South African Journal of Zoology and polychaete editor for Zootaxa. She had published over 350 refereed papers.

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BIODATA OF PLENARY SPEAKER I

Professor Dr. Chou Loke Ming National University of Singapore

Professor Dr. Chou Loke Ming is an Adjunct Research Professor at the Tropical Marine

Science Institute of the National University of Singapore. He obtained his PhD in Zoology from the University of Singapore in 1976 and has been actively engaged in research on coral reef ecology and integrated coastal management in Southeast Asia. His recent focus is reef restoration with particular interest on how coral communities can be re-established in highly turbid conditions of rapidly developing coastal areas. He edited the ‘2009 State of the Marine Environment Report for the East Asian Seas’ for United Nations Environment Programme / Coordinating Body on the Seas of East Asia. He has been a member of the scientific advisory committee of the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (International Coral Reef Initiative), serving as Chairman from 2003 to 2005. He is currently an honorary fellow of the Singapore Institute of Biology and a fellow of the Singapore National Academy of Science. He has provided consultancy services to international agencies such as UNEP, FAO and the World Bank, as well as many national agencies.

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BIODATA OF PLENARY SPEAKER II

Professor Dr. Lee Hian Kee National University of Singapore

Professor Dr. Lee Hian Kee is with the Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore. He also held the university’s Provost’s Term Chair Professorship from 2011 to 2014. He received his B.Sc. (Honours) and Ph.D. degree from the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. His research interests focus on the development of solvent-minimized sample preparation (microextraction), microscale separation science, and more recently, automation, with applications in primarily environmental analysis. Professor Lee is an elected fellow of the Singapore National Academy of Science, as recognition of his contribution to analytical chemistry. He is also an elected fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, and of the Academy of Sciences Malaysia. Professor Lee is an editor of the Journal of Chromatography A, and a past editor of Analytica Chimica Acta. He is a member of the editorial boards of several international journals.

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BIODATA OF PLENARY SPEAKER III

Professor Dr Soottawat Benjakul Prince of Songkla University. Thailand

Profesor Dr. Soottawat Benjakul is affiliated in the Department of Food Technology, Prince of Songkla University. He completed his PhD in Food Science and Technology from Oregon State University in 1997. He is a Visiting Professor at Dalian Polytecnic University and Zhejiang Ocean University of China since 2014. His major research interest involves food technology. He has been authored and co-authored 677 articles and 12 book chapters in national and international publications and is also working as a reviewer for reputed professional journals. Dr. Soottawat Benjakul made his mark in the scientific community with the contributions and widely recognition from honourable subject experts around the world. He is one of the editorial boards for Journal of Food Biochemistry, Fisheries Science and Journal of Food Science. Dr. Soottawat Benjakul has received several awards for the contributions to the scientific community such as Tanner Awards for the Most Cited Articles (Institute of Food Technologists, USA) Year 2017, Clarivate Analytic Highly Cited Researcher Year 2017 and Clarivate Analytic Highly Cited Researcher Year 2018.

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ORGANISING COMMITTEES

PATRON Prof. Dato’ Dr. Nor Aieni Hj. Mokhtar

Vice Chancellor Universiti Malaysia Terengganu

ADVISOR

Prof. Dr. Mazlan Abd. Ghaffar Deputy Vice Chancellor (Research and Innovation)

Universiti Malaysia Terengganu

CHAIRMAN

Assoc. Prof Dr. Marinah Mohd Ariffin

CO CHAIRMAN

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wahizatul Afzan Azmi

SECRETARY Assoc. Prof. Dr. Faridah Mohamad

Dr. Azrilawani Ahmad Dr. Lee Jen Nie

Mrs Nada Liyana Razali

TREASURER

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Loh Saw Hong Ms Kasmawati Ab Rahman

SECRETARIAT

Dr. Tuan Nurul Sabiqah Tuan Anuar Dr. Nur Juliani Shafie Dr. Noor Wini Mazlan Dr. Noorlin Mohamad

Dr. Hing Lee Siang Dr. Amirrudin Ahmad

Mr Mohd Yusmiza Mamat Mr Wan Roshairry Wan Ismail @ Wan Kadir

SCIENTIFIC

Dr. Wan Mohd Afiq Wan Mohd Khalik Dr. Effi Helmy Ariffin

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kesaven A/ L Bhubalan Assoc. Prof. Dr. Edlic Sathiamurthy

Dr. Md Suffian Idris Dr. Wan Bayani Wan Omar

Dr. Melissa Beata Martin Dr. Yusof Shuaib Ibrahim

Dr. Siti Mariam Muhammad Nor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Chia Poh Wai

Dr. Hafiza Mohamed Zuki

PUBLICITY & PROMOTION Dr. Nursalwa Baharuddin

Dr. Khaira Ismail Dr. Aqilah Mohammad

Dr. Muhammad Hafiz Borkhanuddin Dr. Nurul Shahida Redzuan

Dr. Nurulhuda Zakaria Dr. Mohd Uzair Rusli

Dr. Thilahgavani Nagappan Mr Yuzwan Mohamad Mrs Norsyamimi Ramli

SOCIAL AND PUBLIC RELATION

Dr. Farhanini Yusoff Dr. Siti Kamilah Che Soh

Dr. Alyza Azzura Abd Rahman Azmi Dr. Maisarah Jaafar

Mrs Siti Adzim Ghazali Mrs Sarifah Noraida Tuan Nek

TECHNICAL AND LOGISTICS Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ong Meng Chuan

Dr. Nurul Nadia Mohd Yusoff Dr. Salwa Shahimi Mr. Idham Khalil Mr Yusri Yusuf

Mr Muhammad Jailani Sulaiman

FINANCE AND SPONSORSHIP

Dr. Wan Nurzalia Wan Saelan Dr. Fatin Izzati Minhat

Dr. Maizah Mohd Abdullah Dr. Jarina Mohd Jani

Mr Sainol Aimi Saidin Ms Mardiah Hayati Yahaya

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UMTAS2019 PROGRAMME SCHEDULE

Time Event

1ST DAY: 23RD JULY 2019

13.00 REGISTRATION, Primula Lobby

13.30 – 15.15

OPENING CEREMONY, Ballroom Officiate by YB Puan Isnaraissah Munirah Majilis Deputy Minister the of Ministry Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change

15.15 – 16.00

KEYNOTE SPEECH, Ballroom Professor Dr. Pat Hutching, Australian Museum Research Institute Title: Towards Conserving and Managing Biodiversity in Marine and Freshwater Ecosystem, and the Tools Needed for Implementation

16.00 – 16.15

PHOTO SESSION AND COFFEE BREAK

POSTER SESSION

SESSION 1: ORAL PRESENTATION, Ballroom 16.15 – 16.30

OT1-12 Deepeeka Kaullysing UMTAS 2019: 117 (Variations in the corallivore Drupella cornus density following a bleaching event at a tropical island)

16.30 – 16.45

OT4-47 Wan Iryani Wan Ismail UMTAS 2019: 013 (Wound healing assessment using aqueous polychaete extract Marphysa moribidii, Idris, Hutching & Arshad, 2014)

16.45 – 17.00

OT5-73 Firdaus Muhammad Sukki UMTAS 2019: 168 (Life cycle assessment of a static concentrator)

17.00 – 17.15

Oral 4: Industry Talk Representative from Anton Paar Malaysia

17.15 – 18.00

COFFEE BREAK, Conference corridor

2ND DAY: 24TH JULY 2019

7.45 – 8.30

Registration, Primula Lobby

8.30 – 9.00

PLENARY 1, Gamelan 1 Professor Dr. Chou Loke Ming, National University of Singapore Title: Integrated Coastal Management and Sustainable Development of the Coastal Environment

PARALLEL SESSION 1

Gamelan 1 T1: Marine and Freshwater Sciences

Gamelan 2 T3: Applied Mathematics and Computer Sciences

Gamelan 3 T5: Green Engineering

Gamelan 4 T6: Management Science and Policy

9.00 – 9.15

OT1-01 David Marioni UMTAS 2019: 030

OT3-34 Amira Husni Talib UMTAS 2019: 068

OT5-67 Muhammad Basril Muhammad Asri UMTAS 2019: 015

OT6-77 Mohd Idham Bin Mohd Yusof UMTAS 2019: 019

9.15 – 9.30

OT1-02 Siti Syazwani Azmi UMTAS 2019: 038

OT3-35 Nik Nabilah Nik Mohd Naser UMTAS 2019: 074

OT5-68 Amminudin Bin Ab Latif UMTAS 2019: 044

OT6-78 Suzana Ariff Azizan UMTAS 2019: 024

9.30 – 9.45

OT1-03 Siti Rabaah Hamzah UMTAS 2019: 042

OT3-36 Lloyd Wen Feng Lee UMTAS 2019: 077

OT5-69 Zulkarnaini Abdullah UMTAS 2019: 046

OT6-79 Ke Xin Liew UMTAS 2019: 031

9.45 – 10:00

OT1-04 Hin Boo Wee UMTAS 2019: 048

OT3-37 Afifi Bin Md Desa UMTAS 2019: 079

OT5-70 Mohd Sofiyan Sulaiman UMTAS 2019: 052

OT6-80 Fazilah Musa UMTAS 2019: 035

10.00 – 10.30

COFFEE BREAK, Conference corridor

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PARALLEL SESSION 2

Gamelan 1 T4: Fundamental and Applied Sciences

Gamelan 2 T2: Food and Agricultural Sciences

Gamelan 3 T2: Food and Agricultural Sciences

Gamelan 4 T4: Fundamental and Applied Sciences

10.30 – 10.45

OT4-45 Syed Bahari Ramadzan Syed Adnan UMTAS 2019: 001

OT2-22 Nagaraja Suryadevara UMTAS 2019: 002

OT2-28 Mohd Salim Mohamed UMTAS 2019: 143

OT4-52 Irshad Ul Haq Bhat UMTAS 2019: 078

10.45 – 11.00

OT4-46 Murtala Yau Dahiru Dahiru UMTAS 2019: 005

OT2-23 John Sabang UMTAS 2019: 027

OT2-29 Hariz Roslan UMTAS 2019: 169

OT4-53 Mohamad Rais Hasan UMTAS 2019: 093

11.00 – 11.15

OT4-48 Ponnuchamy Ponmurugan UMTAS 2019: 029

OT2-24 Wahizatul Afzan Azmi UMTAS 2019: 036

OT2-30 Nor Syazwani Sasman UMTAS 2019: 210

OT4-54 Nasri A Hamid UMTAS 2019: 127

11.15 – 11.30

OT4-49 Siti Hajar Yaacob UMTAS 2019: 043

OT2-25 Samera Samsuddin Sah UMTAS 2019: 037

OT2-31 Mohammed Hasan Abdullah UMTAS 2019: 215

OT4-55 Aqilah Mohammad UMTAS 2019: 136

11.30 – 11.45

OT4-50 Wei Chuen Yoong UMTAS 2019: 045

OT2-26 Rohayu Ma'arup UMTAS 2019: 095

OT2-32 Amalina Ibrahim UMTAS 2019: 216

OT4-56 Nurul Syazana Abdul Halim UMTAS 2019: 139

11.45 – 12.00

OT4-51 Teck Hock Lim UMTAS 2019: 064

OT2-27 Keisheni Ganeson UMTAS 2019: 096

OT2-33 Rita Khathir UMTAS 2019: 242

OT4-57 Azrilawani Ahmad UMTAS 2019: 151

12.00 – 13.00

POSTER EVALUATION I

13.00 – 14.30

LUNCH

14.30 – 15.00

PLENARY SPEECH 2, Gamelan 1 Professor Dr. Lee Hian Kee, National University of Singapore Title: Green Analytical Chemistry Begins With Sample Preparation

PARALLEL SESSION 3

Gamelan 1 (Stage) T1: Marine and Freshwater Sciences

Gamelan 2 T3: Applied Mathematics and Computer Sciences

Gamelan 3 T5: Green Engineering/ Applied Mathematics

Gamelan 4 T6: Management Science and Policy

15.00 – 15.15

OT1-05 Noor Izam Ismail UMTAS 2019: 055

OT3-38 Intan Martina Md Ghani UMTAS 2019: 089

OT5-71 Mohd Fadhli Abd Rashid UMTAS 2019: 124

OT6-81 Yunita Awang UMTAS 2019: 075

15.15 – 15.30

OT1-06 Md Suhaimi Elias UMTAS 2019: 056

OT3-39 Rosli Bin Ismail UMTAS 2019: 090

OT5-74 Muhammad Hazwan Hamzah UMTAS 2019: 172

OT6-82 Dr Siok Kun Sek UMTAS 2019: 178

15.30 – 15.45

OT1-07 Syafiq Rahman UMTAS 2019: 057

OT3-40 Nur Najwa Nadhirah Che Rosli UMTAS 2019: 091

OT5-75 Seng How Kuan UMTAS 2019: 214

OT6-83 Mohd Naim Fadzil UMTAS 2019: 184

15.45 – 16.00

OT1-08 Mohamad Aqmal Mohd Naser UMTAS 2019: 066

OT3-41 Muhammad Afiq Ahmad Khairuddin

OT5-76 Nurhamizah Ibrahim UMTAS 2019: 249

Ot6-84 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Chee Sern Lai Umtas 2019: 209

16.00 – 16.15

OT1-09 Syazana Md Shubri UMTAS 2019: 082

OT3-42 Nur Hanisah Abdul Malek UMTAS 2019: 092

OT3-88 Wan Rosanisah Wan Mohd UMTAS 2019: 221

OT6-85 Aina Syuhaila Binti Muhamad

16.15 – 16.30

OT1-10 Muhammad Fahmi Ahmad UMTAS 2019: 099

OT3-43 Dr. Norizarina Ishak UMTAS 2019: 232

OT3-89 Nor Liyana Amalini Mohd Kamal UMTAS 2019: 222

OT6-86 Muhammad Azizol Ismail UMTAS 2019: 269

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16.30 – 16.45

OT3-44 Cik Sri Mazzura Muhammad Basri UMTAS 2019: 266

OT3-90 Noor Azzah Awang UMTAS 2019: 237

OT6-87 Lee Ming Fong UMTAS 2019: 187

16.30 – 17.30

POSTER EVALUATION 2

17.30 – 18.00

COFFEE BREAK, Conference corridor

3RD DAY: 25TH JULY 2019

8.30 – 9.00

PLENARY SESSION 3, Gamelan 1 Professor Dr. Soottawat Benjakul, Prince Songkla University Title: Effective Utilization and Valorization Of Fish Skin, A Leftover from Fish Processing

PARALLEL SESSION 4

Gamelan 1 (Stage) T1: Marine and Freshwater Sciences

Gamelan 2 T1: Marine and Freshwater Sciences

Gamelan 3 T4: Fundamental and Applied Sciences

Gamelan 4 T4: Fundamental and Applied Sciences

9.00 –

9.15

OT1-11 Sundy Ramah UMTAS 2019: 100

OT1-17 Rumeaida Mat Piah UMTAS 2019: 180

OT4-58 Poh Wai Chia UMTAS 2019: 162

OT4-63 Nadia Simon UMTAS 2019: 231

9.15 –

9.30

OT1-13 Effi Helmy Ariffin UMTAS 2019: 120

OT1-18 Dr. Ming Fai Chow UMTAS 2019: 188

OT4-59 Nor Zalipah Mohamed UMTAS 2019: 166

OT4-64 Mazidah Binti Mamat UMTAS 2019: 255

9.30 –

9.45

OT1-14 Tun Nurul Aimi Mat Jaafar UMTAS 2019: 126

OT1-19 Md Suffian Idris UMTAS 2019: 219

OT4-60 Nur Aqilah Mustafa Bakray UMTAS 2019: 189

OT4-65 Ahmed Budiea UMTAS 2019: 280

9.45 –

10.00

OT1-15 Ranjeet Bhagooli UMTAS 2019: 159

OT1-20 Mohd Sophian Mohd Kasihmuddin UMTAS 2019: 225

OT4-61 Fazilah Ariffin UMTAS 2019: 190

OT4-66 Siti Athirah Bt Mohamad Jamali UMTAS 2019: 283

10.00 –

10.15

OT1-16 Norhidayah Mohd Taufek UMTAS 2019: 173

OT1-21 Ow Yong Wei Long UMTAS 2019: 284

OT4-62 Noraini Talip UMTAS 2019: 200

10.15 – 11.00

COFFEE BREAK, Conference corridor

11.00 – 12.00

BEST ORAL & POSTER STUDENT AWARD AND CLOSING CEREMONY, Ballroom Closing Ceremony by Professor Dr. Mazlan Bin Abd. Ghaffar, Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research & Innovation) Universiti Malaysia Terengganu

12.00 – 14.00

LUNCH

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ORAL PRESENTATION DETAILS

NO ORAL ID

REGISTRATION ID

PAPER TITLE PRESENTER NAME

1 OT1-01 UMTAS 2019: 030

Production of aquaculture feed from palm oil industry by-products

David Marioni

2 OT1-02 UMTAS 2019: 038

First evidence of epitokous metamorphosis and swimming behaviour of Neanthes glandicincta southern, 1921 at mangrove of Kuala Ibai, Malaysia

Siti Syazwani Azmi

3 OT1-03 UMTAS 2019: 042

Microplastics ingestion by estuarine polychaete, Namalycastis sp. from Setiu Wetland, Malaysia

Siti Rabaah Hamzah

4 OT1-04 UMTAS 2019: 048

The diversity of symbiodiniaceae hosted by Palythoa tuberculosa found at the edge of the South China Sea

Hin Boo Wee

5 OT1-05 UMTAS 2019: 055

The short-term observation of Terengganu coast on beach profile and sedimentology study

Noor Izam Ismail

6 OT1-06 UMTAS 2019: 056

Distribution, sources and modified degree of contamination of trace elements in Linggi estuary sediment, Malaysia

Md Suhaimi Elias

7 OT1-07 UMTAS 2019: 057

Species composition and diversity of reptiles in sekayu lowland forest, Hulu Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia

Syafiq Rahman

8 OT1-08 UMTAS 2019: 066

Fishes of Tasik Kenyir, Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia

Mohamad Aqmal Mohd Naser

9 OT1-09 UMTAS 2019: 082

Influence of coastal changes on the local business of the coastal community: an example in Terengganu Coast (Malaysia)

Syazana Md Shubri

10 OT1-10 UMTAS 2019: 099

Cypriniformes as a surrogate to detect changes in fish assemblages in Tasek Bera RAMSAR site

Muhammad Fahmi Ahmad

11 OT1-11 UMTAS 2019: 100

Climate change impact on the survival of giant clams: A study on their population density and their resistance to ocean warming

Sundy Ramah

12 OT1-12 UMTAS 2019: 117

Variations in the corallivore Drupella cornus density following a bleaching event at a tropical island

Deepeeka Kaullysing

13 OT1-13 UMTAS 2019: 120

Impact from Tropical Storm (Pabuk) on beach morphology in Terengganu coast (Malaysia)

Effi Helmy Ariffin

14 OT1-14 UMTAS 2019: 126

Cytochrome oxidase I gene reveals potential cryptic diversity of Doublewhip Threadfin Bream, Nemipterus nematophorus (Bleeker, 1854) in Peninsular Malaysia

Tun Nurul Aimi Mat Jaafar

15 OT1-15 UMTAS 2019: 159

Changes in coral community and cyanobacterial invasion at a coast-reef scale over a 20-year period at the uninhabited Gabriel Islet, Mauritius

Ranjeet Bhagooli

16 OT1-16 UMTAS 2019: 173

Dietary black soldier fly larvae for red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) – Effect on oxidative stress response.

Norhidayah Mohd Taufek

17 OT1-17 UMTAS 2019: 180

Growth parameters of five freshwater fishes in Raban Lake, Perak

Rumeaida Mat Piah

18 OT1-18 UMTAS 2019: 188

Long term patterns of trace metals in a subtropical drinking water supply reservoir

Ming Fai Chow

19 OT1-19 UMTAS 2019: 219

Long-term changes in water transparency of the Southern South China Sea. Observations from MODIS

Md Suffian Idris

20 OT1-20 UMTAS 2019: 225

Distribution and ecology of benthic invetebrates in waters surrounding Pulau Indah, Klang, Selangor

Mohd Sophian Mohd

Kasihmuddin

21 OT1-21 UMTAS 2019: 284

Effects of light intensity on hard coral photophysiology in singapore

Ow Yong Wei Long

22 OT2-22 UMTAS 2019: 002

Characterization of multi drug resistant escherichia coli from chickens in poultry farms of Malaysia

Nagaraja Suryadevara

15

23 OT2-23 UMTAS 2019: 027

Exploring potential arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of Neolamarckia cadamba using soil trap and pot substrate cultures

John Sabang

24 OT2-24 UMTAS 2019: 036

Synergistic effect of synthetic pheromone and kairomone-releasing food baits in mass trapping system of red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus

Wahizatul Afzan Azmi

25 OT2-25 UMTAS 2019: 037

Study on the impact of tidal variation to the paddy growth at Kuala Kedah, Malaysia

Samera Samsuddin Sah

26 OT2-26 UMTAS 2019: 095

Development of potential drought and salinity tolerance rice

Rohayu Ma'arup

27 OT2-27 UMTAS 2019: 096

Effect of cinnamon oil incorporated edible Aloe Vera films on shelf life of wax apples (Syzgium samarangense L.)

Keisheni Ganeson

28 OT2-28 UMTAS 2019: 143

Issues and strategies organic farming in Malaysia towards achieving sustainable agriculture

Mohd Salim Mohamed

29 OT2-29 UMTAS 2019: 169

Optimization of flavonoid extraction from guava leaves for application in reducing urea hydrolysis in soil

Hariz Roslan

30 OT2-30 UMTAS 2019: 210

Physical and antimicrobial properties of spontaneous fermentation of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) peel

Nor Syazwani Sasman

31 OT2-31 UMTAS 2019: 215

Green laser irradiation effects on field performance of maize seed at different duration and intensity

Mohammed Hasan Abdullah

32 OT2-32 UMTAS 2019: 216

Potential of Annona muricata extract as an antioxidant and enzyme inhibitor for polyphenol oxidase from giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Amalina Ibrahim

33 OT2-33 UMTAS 2019: 242

The quality of ginger elephant dried by using hohenheim dryer under tropical climate

Rita Khatir

34 OT3-34 UMTAS 2019: 068

Numerical simulation of blood flow characteristic in power law fluid through a stenosed artery

Amira Husni Talib

35 OT3-35 UMTAS 2019: 074

Mass distribution of biomagnetic blood flow through a cosine-shaped stenosed artery

Nik Nabilah Nik Mohd Naser

36 OT3-36 UMTAS 2019: 077

The effects of amplification and dilution agent in transmitting Sin Nombre Virus (SNV) in deer mouse population

Lloyd Wen Feng Lee

37 OT3-37 UMTAS 2019: 079

Dynamical study of an exothermic biocatalytic reaction and its applications

Afifi Bin Md Desa

38 OT3-38 UMTAS 2019: 089

The efficiency of volatility model with innovative outlier in ARMA-GARCH model: A Monte Carlo simulation

Intan Martina Md Ghani

39 OT3-39 UMTAS 2019: 090

A proposed of internet of things (IoT) based framework for fish pond measurement and monitoring system

Rosli Bin Ismail

40 OT3-40 UMTAS 2019: 091

An extension of TODIM under group decision making based on weighted selective aggregated majority-OWA operator

Nur Najwa Nadhirah Che

Rosli

41 OT3-41 UMTAS 2019: 092

Mathematical modelling on the prey - predator dynamics of sea turtles in Chagar Hutang, Terengganu

Muhammad Afiq Ahmad Khairuddin

42 OT3-42 UMTAS 2019: 140

Modelling duration of orthodontic treatment using partial least squares regression

Nur Hanisah Abdul Malek

43 OT3-43 UMTAS 2019: 232

The risk analysis and performance evaluation of mathematics subjects based on students examination result

Norizarina Ishak

44 OT3-44 UMTAS 2019: 266

Modification of the hestenes-stiefel conjugate gradient method for nonlinear unconstrained optimization

Cik Sri Mazzura Muhammad Basri

45 OT4-45

UMTAS 2019: 001

Lithium ion conductivity in lisicon based ceramic electrolyte

Syed Bahari Ramadzan Syed

Adnan

16

46 OT4-46 UMTAS 2019: 005

Synergistic effects of chamomile and lavender essential oils for antibacterial activity

Murtala Yau Dahiru Dahiru

47 OT4-47 UMTAS 2019: 013

Wound healing assessment using aqueous polychaete extract Marphysa moribidii, Idris, Hutching & Arshad, 2014

Wan Iryani Wan Ismail

48 OT4-48 UMTAS 2019: 029

Effect of various environmental parameters on Lichen diversity in Kodaikanal hills of Tamil Nadu, India

Ponnuchamy Ponmurugan

49 OT4-49 UMTAS 2019: 043

Spatial relationship of PM10 concentration using GIS application

Siti Hajar Yaacob

50 OT4-50 UMTAS 2019: 045

Alginate stabilized silver sulfide/sulfur nanocomposite: synthesis, characterization and its Red/Near-IR light driven photodegradation activity

Wei Chuen Yoong

51 OT4-51 UMTAS 2019: 064

Synthesis and characterization of indium hydroxide/silver/c nanocomposite from the galvanic reaction between indium nanoparticles and silver nitrate and its photoactivity

Teck Hock Lim

52 OT4-52 UMTAS 2019: 078

Waste water treatment by metal nanocatalysts Irshad Ul Haq Bhat

53 OT4-53 UMTAS 2019: 093

Optimization of calcination temperature of nano-hydroxyapatite (Nano-HAp) extracted from spotted sardinella (Amblygaster sirm) bone

Mohamad Rais Hasan

54 OT4-54 UMTAS 2019: 127

Effect of high dose gamma irradiation on the texture and microstructure of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 (Bi-2212) superconductor

Nasri A Hamid

55 OT4-55 UMTAS 2019: 136

Local knowledge of edible gelam mushroom in Terengganu

Aqilah Mohammad

56 OT4-56 UMTAS 2019: 139

Removal of Congo red using cellulose triacetate polymer inclusion membrane

Nurul Syazana Abdul Halim

57 OT4-57 UMTAS 2019: 151

Modification of glassy carbon electrode using graphite nanoparticles-ptanafion for bisphenol A detection in drinking water.

Azrilawani Ahmad

58 OT4-58 UMTAS 2019: 162

Green and efficient oxidation of benzaldehyde using sodium stearate

Poh Wai Chia

59 OT4-59 UMTAS 2019: 166

Vertebrate flower visitors and their role as pollen vector of durian (durio spp.) in Hulu Terengganu, Terengganu.

Nor Zalipah Mohamed

60 OT4-60 UMTAS 2019: 189

Bacterial communities associated with fine roots of dipterocarpaceae in pasoh forest reserve, Malaysia

Nur Aqilah Mustafa Bakray

61 OT4-61 UMTAS 2019: 190

Biodegradation of PAH-polluted soil by indigenous bacteria

Fazilah Ariffin

62 OT4-62 UMTAS 2019: 200

Systematic significance of leaf anatomical characteristics in selected moraceae species in Peninsular Malaysia

Noraini Talip

63 OT4-63 UMTAS 2019: 231

The diversity of anuran species in urban forest in Selangor

Nadia Simon

64 OT4-64

UMTAS 2019: 255

Synthesis of magnesium/aluminium layered double hydroxide for the removal of phenol red dye from aqueous solution

Mazidah Binti Mamat

65 OT4-65 UMTAS 2019: 280

Electrochemical corrosion study for seabed sediment in tropical climates

Ahmed Budiea

66 OT4-66 UMTAS 2019: 283

LC-MS based metabolomics analysis to identify potential biomarkers associated with cadmium stress in mangrove fungus trichoderma atroviride

Siti Athirah Bt Mohamad

Jamali 67 OT5-67 UMTAS 2019:

015 Feasibility study of Olive oil as environmental friendly dielectric fluid for sustainable micro electric discharge machining (µEDM)

Muhammad Basril Muhammad Asri

68 OT5-68 UMTAS 2019: 044

Effect of dried sewage sludge on compressive strength of concrete

Amminudin Bin Ab Latif

69 OT5-69 UMTAS 2019: 046

Experimental study of a heat-pipe heat exchanger as a passive cooling equipment for a tropical climate condition

Zulkarnaini Abdullah

17

70 OT5-70 UMTAS 2019: 052

Revisit of automated grain sizing (AGS) technique at characterizing grain size distribution (GSD)

Mohd Sofiyan Sulaiman

71 OT5-71 UMTAS 2019: 124

Hydrocarbon penetration in multi-porosity soil Mohd Fadhli Abd Rashid

72 OT5-72 UMTAS 2019: 167

Environment impact assessment on wave energy conventer project in Pulau Mantanani Besar, Kota Belud, Sabah

Vikneswaran Munikanan

73 OT5-73 UMTAS 2019: 168

Life cycle assessment of a static concentrator Firdaus Muhammad Sukki

74 OT5-74 UMTAS 2019: 172

The influence of chemical properties of organosolv lignin aggregates at different lignin concentration on the efficacy of lignin esterification

Muhammad Hazwan Hamzah

75 OT5-75 UMTAS 2019: 214

Bioleaching of kaolin with Bacillus cereus: Effect of bacteria source and concentration on iron removal

Seng How Kuan

76 OT5-76 UMTAS 2019: 249

Sterols extraction from the cocoa shell waste by using microwave assisted hydrodistillation

Nurhamizah Ibrahim

77 OT6-77 UMTAS 2019: 019

A journey towards sustainability: a review on sustainable development implementation in Malaysia

Mohd Idham Bin Mohd Yusof

78 OT6-78 UMTAS 2019: 024

Sustainable transport policy framework on the development of railway lines in Klang Valley: Viewpoints from policy makers

Suzana Ariff Azizan

79 OT6-79 UMTAS 2019: 031

Firm performance in exports: evidence from Malaysian small and medium enterprises

Ke Xin Liew

80 OT6-80 UMTAS 2019: 035

Coastal community capital contribution willingness evaluation impact on ecotourism and ecosystem sustainability

Fazilah Musa

81 OT6-81 UMTAS 2019: 075

Multiple regression analysis of academic and non-academic responsibilities with academicians’ job related stress

Yunita Awang

82 OT6-82 UMTAS 2019: 178

Examining the convergence of energy consumption: Comparison between oil importing versus oil exporting countries

Siok Kun Sek

83 OT6-83 UMTAS 2019: 184

The development of human factors satisfaction index for navigating and engineer officers on board merchant ship

Mohd Naim Fadzil

84 OT6-84 UMTAS 2019: 199

Integrating the green skills into tvet curricula in polytechnics malaysia

Chee Sern Lai

85 OT6-85 UMTAS 2019: 209

Perception about the implementation of environmental management practices (EMP)

Aina Syuhaila Binti Muhamad

86 OT6-86 UMTAS 2019: 269

Implementing sustainable urbanization development using geospatial approach

Muhammad Azizol Ismail

87 OT6-87 UMTAS 2019: 187

Go green practice: A study on malaysian higher learning institution students

Lee Ming Fong

88 OT3-88 UMTAS 2019: 221

Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Method to Select an Optimal Location for Aquaculture Farming

Wan Rosanisah Wan Mohd

89 OT3-89 UMTAS 2019: 222

Single-valued Neutrosophic VIKOR and Its Application to Wastewater Treatment

Nor Liyana Amalini Mohd Kamal

90 OT3-90 UMTAS 2019: 237

Assessing the sustainable fishery-based industry in Malaysia using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)

Noor Azzah Awang

18

POSTER PRESENTATION DETAILS

NO POSTER ID

REGISTRATION ID

PAPER TITLE PRESENTER NAME

1 PT1-01 UMTAS 2019: 070

Habitat characteristic of freshwater gastropod (Caenogastropoda) from Bintulu Sarawak, Malaysia

Hadi Hamli

2 PT1-02

UMTAS 2019: 101

Distribution of bio-geochemical properties in the northern and southern parts of East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia during the Southwest Monsoon

Nur Hafiza Ramli

3 PT1-03 UMTAS 2019: 104

Study on trawl board pull-over effect to subsea pipelines at offshore Sabah

Mohd Aslan Moleng

4 PT1-04 UMTAS 2019: 107

Ex-situ degradation of palm oil using natural seawater and identification of bacterial consortium

Arularasu Muthaliar

5 PT1-05 UMTAS 2019: 116

Variation of seasonal wave-driven circulation pattern in the lee of groyne

Muhammad Syakir Zufayri Zulfakar

6 PT1-06 UMTAS 2019: 146

Study on biodegradable microbeads produced from polyhydroxyalkanoate for exfoliation application

Amelia Suet May Tan

7 PT1-07 UMTAS 2019: 155

Synthesizing of graphene oxide (GO) bio-filter for isolation and enumeration of Escherechia coli, Salmonella spp., vibrio spp. And total bacteria in farmed asian clam Corbicula fluminea

Akrimah Yusof

8 PT1-08 UMTAS 2019: 159

Fragment size-dependent coral transplantation of Acropora muricata on concrete blocks at Belle Mare, Mauritius

Ranjeet Bhagooli

9 PT1-09 UMTAS 2019: 163

Diel variations in diversity and abundance of micro-phytoplankton community in a barachois-based oyster culture farm

Mouneshwar Soondur

10 PT1-10 UMTAS 2019: 170

Melaleuca cajuputi extract affected behavior of Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Nur Amanina Hamdan

11 PT1-11 UMTAS 2019: 185

Seasonal cycle and thermal front in the strait of Malacca and Andaman Sea

Noor Suhadah Muhamad Isa

12 PT1-12 UMTAS 2019: 188

Spatial and temporal dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus in reservoir catchment. A case study of Fei-Tsui reservoir, Taiwan

Dr. Ming Fai Chow

13 PT1-13 UMTAS 2019: 188

Trend analysis of dissolved organic matter in a subtropical drinking water supply reservoir

Dr. Ming Fai Chow

14 PT1-14 UMTAS 2019: 191

Variable effects of light and thermal stress on in hospite zooxanthellae photo-physiology, density and clade diversity in Acropora muricata on a coast to reef scale

Sushma Mattan Moorgawa

15 PT1-15 UMTAS 2019: 192

Heavy metals level in tuna fish : A review Norhazirah Binti Abd Aziz

16 PT1-16 UMTAS 2019: 195

Sr/Ca ratio in a coral from Pulau Bidong Terengganu, Malaysia

Nur Syahirah Mohd Radzi

17 PT1-17 UMTAS 2019: 220

Determination of proximate composition of Malaysian horseshoe crab (tachypleusgigas)

Nashrin Iszhan Ishak

18 PT1-18 UMTAS 2019: 228

Associational protection by Acroporadwelling stegastes of resilient Porites corals in degraded and non-degraded sites

Isabelle Tiddy

19 PT1-19 UMTAS 2019: 235

Riverine mangrove plant species composition and vegetation structure of the firefly’s habitat at Sungai Sepetang Kampung Dew, Taiping, Perak

Siti Nur Fatehah Radzi

20 PT1-20 UMTAS 2019: 244

Toxicity effects of palm oil and its derivatives on marine microalgae

Sree Selva Kumar Ganesen

21 PT1-21 UMTAS 2019: 256

Variability in chlorophyll at Setiu Wetlands Shaharul Suhaila Ismail

19

22 PT2-22 UMTAS 2019: 058

The effect of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and kinetin (KIN) on in vitro shoot induction of nodal segment explant in Smilax myosotiflora

Hafawati Che Li

23 PT2-23 UMTAS 2019: 113

Occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites of Friesian cattle from a commercial farm in Kuantan, Pahang

Mohammad Zarith Zol

24 PT2-24 UMTAS 2019: 115

A preliminary investigation of the effects of quran verses on the growth of Red Tilapia, Oreochromis sp.

Nur Syazwana Akmal Mohd Zohir

25 PT2-25 UMTAS 2019: 117

Spatio-temporal variations in density and diversity of micro-phytoplankton and micro-zooplankton on coral reefs around Mauritius Island

Héloïse Ave

26 PT2-26 UMTAS 2019: 182

Response of intercropping and type of biopesticide on chili production

Noor Shahira Md Yusoff

27 PT2-27 UMTAS 2019: 202

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of fresh cut pineapple coated with water mimosa (Neptunia oleracea) leaf extracts

Yeng Yeng Yong

28 PT2-28 UMTAS 2019: 226

Subcritical water as a novel method for extraction of essential oil from agarwood bark

Nurul Nabilah Mohd Hisan

29 PT2-29 UMTAS 2019: 227

The use of mcb cocoa clones towards the improvement in malaysia cacao crop

Nuraziawati Mat Yazik

30 PT2-30 UMTAS 2019: 268

Big data analytics in the development of smallholder agriculture in Sub-Sahara Africa

Emmanuel Babafunso Sonaiya

31 PT3-31 UMTAS 2019: 232

Trend and histogram analysis of mathematics subjects based on students examination result

Dr. Norizarina Ishak

32 PT4-32 UMTAS 2019: 008

A preliminary study on the potential dye adsorbance by treated Meretrix lamarckii (M. lamarckii) shells

Noor Syuhadah Subki

33 PT4-33 UMTAS 2019: 026

A checklist of one-hundred and ten years (110) of spider biodiversity from Libya, with additional new records

Housameddin Elkrew

34 PT4-34 UMTAS 2019: 061

Ph and L-glutamine: the pivotal components that control in vitro cancer cell growth

Afzan Mat Yusof

35 PT4-35 UMTAS 2019: 073

Beta thalassaemia mechanisms and the current therapeutic approaches

Dr. Uday Younis Hussein Abdullah

36 PT4-36 UMTAS 2019: 108

Fabrication of electrospun nano-poly(3- hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) with RGD immobilization

Jun Meng Chai

37 PT4-37 UMTAS 2019: 118

Effect of bromelain on pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

Hazlina Ahamad Zakeri

38 PT4-38 UMTAS 2019: 125

Synthesis and characterization of rGOFe3O4

nanocomposite for electrochemical applications Karthi Suresh

39 PT4-39 UMTAS 2019: 149

Microstructure of electroplated Cu-Sn-Zn ternary alloy in the effect of different complexing agent

Rozainita Rosley

40 PT4-40 UMTAS 2019: 204

Fe3O4@SiO2-Schiff base Pd(II) complex as magnetically separable catalyst for Suzuki-Miyaura reaction: Synthesis, characterization and preliminary catalytic study

Hassanain Hafiz Mohd Asnan

41 PT4-41 UMTAS 2019: 207

Pathways of fire flammability of Melaleuca cajuputi litters to predict fire effects on heath ecosystem

Nik Mohd. Shibli Nik Jaafar

42 PT4-42 UMTAS 2019: 212

55 years of studies on peninsular effect: A review on theory, methods and significance for biodiversity conservation

Baizul Hafsyam Badli Sham

43 PT4-43 UMTAS 2019: 233

Nervous system regeneration: An ultrastructure investigation of stem cell like blastema of Diopatra claparedii (Polychaeta: Onuphidae)

Mohd Ulul Ilmie Ahmad Nazri

44 PT4-44 UMTAS 2019: 239

Theoretical analysis on the effect of dopants toward sensitivity of optical fiber surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based Sensor

Azizah Bt Hamzah

20

45 PT4-45 UMTAS 2019: 241

Investigation of liquid flow interaction at various viscosity of sucrose solution on groove and un-groove channel for the fabrication of paper-based microfluidic analytical devices

Nur Liyana Binti Zamri

46 PT4-46 UMTAS 2019: 257

Utilization of nickel/ aluminium – layered double hydroxide as a potential adsorbent for different types of dyes

Nurdiyana Roslan

47 PT4-47 UMTAS 2019: 259

Identifying groundwater potential zone in UMK Jeli campus using electrical resistivity methods

Mohammad Muqtada Ali Khan

48 PT4-48 UMTAS 2019: 278

Bat inventory and preliminary diet analysis of female individuals Taphozous melanopogon (Black-bearded Tomb bat) in Gunung Keriang, Kedah, Malaysia

Nur Izzati Abdullah

49 PT5-49 UMTAS 2019: 088

Effects of ball-to-powder weight ratios to the properties of pulverized kaolin particles

Shahrul Azwan Shakrani

50 PT5-50 UMTAS 2019: 088

Particles size analysis of kaolin subjected to elevated temperatures using various dispersing agents

Shahrul Azwan Shakrani

51 PT5-51 UMTAS 2019: 167

Risk management of wave energy converter by using method of risk identification on the project life cycle and method of failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA)

Vikneswaran Munikanan

52 PT5-52 UMTAS 2019: 213

Green building construction in Peninsular Malaysia: the status in the use of wood and wood products

Hazirah Ab Latib

53 PT5-53 UMTAS 2019: 236

Biodegradable packaging of pharmaceutical product in Malaysia region: An overview

Muhammad Ali Aizat Abu Bakar@Mohd

Kamaruddin

54 PT5-54 UMTAS 2019: 279

Wind speed modelling for Malaysia in considering of the complex terrain factor

Yong Kim Hwang

55 PT6-55 UMTAS 2019: 062

Knowledge, attitude and practice on occupational safety and health among workers in petrochemical companies

Mohd Yasir Mohd Mukhtar

56 PT6-56 UMTAS 2019: 142

Study on the effect of basic training on seafarer’s safety knowledge, attitude, and behaviour

Amir Syawal Kamis

57 PT6-57 UMTAS 2019: 177

Factors affecting the ship’s stability due to cargo liquefaction: Nickel ore and bauxite

Muhammad Amirul Ikram Bin Ismail

58 PT6-58 UMTAS 2019: 197

Sustainable development and Malaysia’s foreign labor management policies: Strength,weaknesses and gaps

Norhana Nawai

59 PT6-59 UMTAS 2019: 205

Towards the collaborative land and marine geospatial data integration development: A review

Mohd Adly Rosly

60 PT6-60 UMTAS 2019: 258

Secondary school teacher intention toward digital education at Malaysia

Siti Nur Aqila Anuar

61 PT6-61 UMTAS 2019: 263

Measurement model of Malaysian voluntary saving decision for future retirement

Julaina Baistaman

62 PT6-62 UMTAS 2019: 269

Comparative assessment of unsupervised land use classification analysis by using proprietary GIS and open source software

Muhammad Azizol Ismail

63 PT6-63 UMTAS 2019: 152

The impact of community based-enterprises (CBEs) model on business performance: one district one industry in east-coast malaysia.

Wan Fayyadhana Husna Wan Zulkifli

64 PT2-64 UMTAS 2019: 012

Incidence of antibiotic resistant coliform in poultry meats in menoufia governorate, Egypt

Reyad Rabea Mostafa Ahmed

65 PT2-65 UMTAS 2019: 245

Antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera lam. Crude extracts against Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis

Duangkamol Taemchuay

66 PT2-66 UMTAS 2019: 039

Microscopical and molecular diagnosis of gastrointestinal nematodes infecting small ruminants in Menofia governorate

Ahmed Osman Amin Elkhatam

Elkhatam

21

KEYNOTE

Towards Conserving and Managing Biodiversity in Marine and Freshwater Ecosystem, and the Tools Needed for Implementation

Pat Hutchings

Australian Museum Sydney

Email: Pat.Hutchings@austmus.gov.au

A prerequisite to managing and conserving marine and freshwater ecosystems it is critical to accurately identify the components of these ecosystems. This requires detailed taxonomic studies of the biota using both morphological and molecular techniques and the deposition of material in a museum or herbarium where collections are stored for posterity. In countries without a long term history of taxonomic research, this probably means that much of the biota still needs to be described. This means that taxonomy needs to be taught at University and taxonomic research well funded. Without the correct identification it is not possible to manage resources and to test if any monitoring programmes are actually working in conserving resources. I will provide examples of incorrectly identified species having major ecological consequences with a marine invasive species being incorrectly identified as a native species. I will suggest ways in which this taxonomic impediment can be addressed using specialised workshops, visiting researchers etc., and then how this information can be used to develop management plans and ensuring sustainable development.

PLENARY I

Integrated Coastal Management and Sustainable Development of the Coastal Environment

Chou Loke Ming

Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore

Email: tmsclm@nus.edu.sg

The coastal environment with its abundant terrestrial and marine natural resources and connection to land and sea faces heavy development pressure. More than 75% of East Asia’s human population of 2.2 billion live within 100km from the coast and rapid urbanization of coastal cities has reduced environmental quality and resource assets. The relentless drive for economic growth accompanied by over-exploitation of coastal resources resulted in environmental degradation and erosion of ecosystem services and remained an obstacle to sustainable development. Management response varies from reactive ad-hoc interventions to proactive prevention of environmental decline, and both top-down or bottom-up governance approached have been initiated. More effective management however is needed for the coastal environment to be developed in a sustainable manner so that a blue economy can be realized with ecosystem services continuing to be generated to benefit future generations. Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) is a comprehensive integrated management system that is recognized as an effective operational framework for attaining sustainable development goals. It does not replace or set aside on-going management interventions that are commonly practiced but facilitates them within a more holistic and long-term stakeholder-supported management strategy.

22

PLENARY II

Green Analytical Chemistry Begins with Sample Preparation

Hian Kee Lee

Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore Email: chmleehk@nus.edu.sg

In an analytical chemistry protocol, be it for general analysis, environmental analysis or bioanalysis, especially when challenging matrices are involved, sample preparation is a critical step. Of the time and effort spend to carry out an analysis, 60%-70% is on sample preparation. Thus, in conducting “green” or environmentally friendly analytical chemistry, it stands to reason that the precursory step, sample preparation to isolate and preconcentrate the analytes, clean up the extract and bring it to a form that is compatible with the analytical technique, should also subscribe to green chemistry principles. Ways to accomplish this include miniaturization of sample preparation processes, including minimization of organic solvent or sorbent consumption, use of microscale devices, automation, etc. For the past several years, we have been developing such sample preparation procedures and applying them to environmental aqueous samples. In this talk, we shall be discussing some of the technologies that we have come up with.

PLENARY III

Effective Utilization and Valorization of Fish Skin, a Leftover from Fish Processing

Soottawat Benjakul

Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry Prince of Songkla University Email: soottawat.b@psu.ac.th

During processing of fish, a large amount of leftover such skin, bone, scale, viscera, etc. is generated. Mostly, they are dumped or used as animal feed with low market value. Skin can be used as the promising source of value-added products, including collagen, gelatin as well as hydrolyzed collagen with bioactivities. Skin is firstly cleaned and deproteinized to remove non-collagenous proteins. Defatting is also required, followed by collagen extraction, in which organic acid, particularly acetic acids, is commonly used. Pepsin has been employed to increase the yield via specific cleavage of telopeptide region. Acid soluble collagen (ASC) and pepsin soluble collagen (PSC) showed similar molecular properties. To produce gelatin, a common protein used for food and pharmaceutical industries, fish skin can be utilized as starting material. After non-collagenous protein removal and swelling, heat treatment, mainly using hot water, is applied for extraction of gelatin by destroying the H-bond stabilizing triple helix of collagen. However, the indigenous proteases as well as thermal stability of mother collagen are essential factors affecting the gelling property of resulting gelatin. Thus the appropriate extraction temperature or condition is required to attain the prime quality gelatin. Apart from being used as gelling agent in food, gelatin can be used as biopolymer for preparing the edible or bio-degradable pouch or packaging. Nevertheless, fish gelatin possesses the poorer gel strength, in comparison with bovine or porcine gelatin. More critically, fish gelatin encounters undesirable fishy odor. Prior defatting and drying under the proper condition can help tackle such a drawback. Due to the increasing demand on nutraceutical or functional ingredient, hydrolyzed collagen with negligible fishy odor, containing active peptides, has been of increasing demand. Pretreatment along with enzymatic process have been employed for making hydrolyzed collagen from fish skin. Active peptides exhibited a wide range of bioactivities, such as antioxidant, skin nourishment activity, etc. Hydrolyzed collagen can be fortified in several foods and drinks with consumer acceptability. Overall, fish skin can be used as collagenous sources for manufacturing of several products with high market value without the religious constraint. Also, aquatic resources can be better exploited and sustainable via potential utilization.

23

MARINE AND FRESHWATER SCIENCES (T1)

OT1-01

Production of Aquaculture Feed from Palm Oil Industry by-products David Marioni, Mhd Ikhwanuddin, and Faiz Zakaria

Institute of Tropical Aquaculture, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia *Corresponding author: P3276@pps.umt.edu.my Abstract: Agricultural (pre-consumer) waste is produced in large quantities in Malaysia and the characteristics and value of its constituents noted. Malaysia imports large quantities of animal feed and, seeks to increase agricultural production hence, there is a need for locally produced feed. Much of Malaysia’s agricultural waste is suitable for insect rearing, e.g., cricket and, black soldier fly (BSF) larvae, and research has been done establishing the value of insect meal in production of animal feed. Previous study at Institute of Tropical Aquaculture (AKUATROP), University Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) has been carried out to demonstrate the applicability of cricket meal as protein and lipid input to aquaculture feed, i.e., for giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The current study program at AKUATROP, UMT is starting with oil palm frond leaves as the input feed and carrying out improvement through silage processing before processing and feeding to cricket and black soldier fly larvae rearing, utilizing insect meal for feed meal production. In a second phase, the program envisions conversion of both oil palm frond and empty fruit bunches along with blends of other agricultural waste. Combined meal production from two indigenous insect varieties is expected to provide flexibility in waste inputs and, meal formulation for production of aquaculture feed. Finally, the program envisions feasibility study for commercial, full-scale expansion supporting production of complete diet formulation in Malaysia with evaluation of economics of feed to aquaculture production. The program will pursue funding and industrial partnership going forward. Keywords: Insect Meal, Oil Palm Frond, Silage OT1-02

First Evidence of Epitokous Metamorphosis and Swimming Behaviour of Neanthes glandicincta Southern, 1921 at mangrove of Kuala Ibai, Malaysia Siti Syazwani Azmi1, Zainudin Bachok2, and Yusof Shuaib Ibrahim1 1School of Marine and Environmental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: yusofshuaib@umt.edu.my Abstract: Epitokous metamorphosis and swimming behavior of the nereidid polychaete, Neanthes glandicincta are recorded for the first time in any Asian nereidid. A total of ten individuals mature adults (epitokes) swimming in the surface water were observed and collected using hand held fish-luring lamp and scoop net based on moon phases in January 2018 to January 2019. The reproductive forms (epitokes) of N. glandicincta are described, illustrated and compared with 14 immature benthic specimens (atokes) of comparable body size collected using ponar grab. We confirmed morphological differences appear at sexual maturity, including enlargement of eyes, flattened body, enlargement of the parapodia increase in number of the chaetae, and presence of paddle chaetae in both notopodia and neuropodia. The findings of the study provided an understanding of the reproductive biology of the species. Keywords: Reproductive Biology, Epitoke, Moon Phase, South China Sea

24

OT1-03 Microplastics Ingestion by Estuarine Polychaete, Namalycastis sp. from Setiu Wetland, Malaysia Siti Rabaah Hamzah1, Tuan Nurul Sabiqah, and Yusof Shuaib Ibrahim1, 2 1School of Marine and Environmental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: yusofshuaib@umt.edu.my Abstract: Ingestion of microplastics by Namalycastis polychaete in the estuarine area was proven. Samples were collected from six stations bimonthly in November 2016 to 2017 covering southern to the northern part of Setiu Wetlands.Microplastics were isolated from polychaete samples after digestion in alkaline solution (10M NaOH). Microplastics identification was done by physical characteristics (type, color) under a dissecting microscope, S.E.M and chemical characterization (ATR-FTIR analysis) for a functional group of polymers. A total of 3, 277 pieces were identified, dominated by filament type (99.76%) and transparent color (84.71%). Microplastics were identified as polypropylene based on the main peak spectrum at 2872 cm-1-2962 cm-1 (C-H alkyl stretch), 1469 cm-1 (C-H2 methylene), and 1379 cm-1 (CH3 methyl). The findings of this research provided a baseline study on microplastics ingested by benthic organisms and their fate in the estuarine food web. Keywords: Rotten Nypa, South China Sea, Polypropylene OT1-04

The Diversity of Symbiodiniaceae Hosted by Palythoa tuberculosa Found at the Edge of the South China Sea Wee Hin Boo1, Lau Yee Wah1, Soong Keryea 2,3, and James Davis Reimer1,4

1 Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan 2 Department of Oceanography, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 3 Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 4 Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan *Corresponding author: takheru@gmail.com Abstract: The study of Symbiodiniaceae genera composition hosted by the zooxanthellate zoantharian Palythoa tuberculosa is well documented in most parts of the Indo-Pacific region. Nevertheless, there are limited studies when it comes to the South China Sea (SCS) region. This study examined Symbiodiniaceae diversity hosted by the P. tuberculosa in the SCS. Samples of P. tuberculosa were collected from an atoll at the northern edge of SCS, Dongsha Atoll: inside and outside of the atoll. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using sequences of the conservative internal transcribed spacer of rDNA (ITS-rDNA) and the hypervariable non-coding region of the chloroplast psbA gene (psbAncr). Cladocopium was the dominant Symbiodiniaceae found in Dongsha, with only one Durusdinium hosting P. tuberculosa found within the Atoll. psbAncr results showed two Cladocopium lineages previously recorded from Okinawa (Lineage 1 and Lineage 2, sensu Noda et al., 2017) and one novel lineage. An experimental setup at the outside of the atoll to compare temperature fluctuations brought by internal waves examined host-symbionts found within the spurs (n=27) and above the groves (n=27). The results showed that there were no significant differences of Cladocopium lineages among the hosts found at spurs and groves. This shows that P. tuberculosa is flexible with the symbiodinian lineage hosted, and that the internal wave regime did not affect the host-symbiont relationship.

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Keywords: Dongsha Atoll, Symbiodiniaceae, Zoantharia, Palythoa tuberculosa, South China Sea OT1-05

The Short-Term Observation of Terengganu Coast on Beach Profile and Sedimentology Study Noor Izam Ismail1, Effi Helmy Ariffin1,2, Rosnan Yaacob1, Mohd Lokman Husain2 and Nor Bakhiah Baharim1 1School of Marine and Environmental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: effihelmy@umt.edu.my Abstract: The coastal zone is defined as complex system areas where many different of natural and anthropogenic influence on coastal processes. The coastal processes study can be observed by methods of long term and short term. The coastal processes can be as erosion and accretion of processes that reflect on the significant problem or give advantages to the community. Terengganu coastline has a lot of attractive beach with wonderful scenery which can capture the attention of people to the beach. The understanding of the causes of the erosion and accretion processes is important not only to the researchers but also toward the community. The cross-shore transects of the beach were monitored in a selected monthly interval during December 2014 to December 2015. Furthermore, to identify the energetic of the coastal processes the beach surface sediment samples were collected at five selected sampling stations based on geomorphology influence. Most of the sampling stations were eroded and some undergo accretion during northeast monsoon storm season. There are differences in sediment sizes of the sampling station observed due to the environmental condition and surrounding with the range from very coarse sand to fine sand. Lastly, this study can be as referring to natural processes and climate change study in another area that also have an influence by the monsoon. Keywords: Beach Erosion, Coastal Processes, Particle Sediment Size, Monsoon OT1-06

Distribution, Sources and Modified Degree of Contamination of Trace Elements in Linggi Estuary Sediment, Malaysia Md Suhaimi Elias1,2, Shariff Ibrahim1, Kamarudin Samuding3, Jeremy Andy Dominic Daung3, Nesamalar Kantasamy1, Shamsiah Ab Rahman2 and Azian Hashim2 1School of Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University Technology Mara (UiTM), 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia 2Analytical Chemistry Application Group (ACA), Waste and Environmental Technology Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia. 3Environmental Tracer Application Group (E-TAG), Waste and Environmental Technology Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia. *Corresponding author: mdsuhaimi@nm.gov.my Abstract: The assessment of trace element concentrations in the Linggi estuary sediments collected at thirteen sampling locations were carried out using the Neutron activation analysis (NAA) technique. The result shows that the average concentration of Br, Cs, Hf, Rb, Sc and V were relatively higher compared to the upper continental crust (UCC) values whilst the concentration values of Ba, Co, Mn, and Fe were relatively lower than the UCC values. The provenance of Br and Hf were most likely from marine organisms whilst Cs, Hf, Rb, Sc and V were originated from the anthropogenic activities such

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as industrial, agriculture, electronic, sewage, and metal work and geogenic processes such as erosion, terrestrial runoff, and weathering. The contour map of Br and Hf shows higher concentration values at NSL 12 and NSL 13 locations, respectively, which were both located at the open sea. The element of Cs, Hf, Rb, Sc and V recorded higher concentration values at Linggi river and slightly lower to Linggi estuary and open sea. The major contribution to the contamination factor (Cf) of Linggi estuary sediment were Br, Cs, Hf, Rb, Sc and V. The trace element of Linggi estuary sediments can be categorised as moderate to high, modified degree of contamination (mCd). Keywords: Linggi Estuary, Trace Element, Concentration, Modified Degree of Contamination

OT1-07

Species Composition and Diversity of Reptiles in Sekayu Lowland Forest, Hulu Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia Muhamad Fatihah-Syafiq1and Amirrudin bin Ahmad1, 2

1School of Marine and Environmental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu *Corresponding author: amirrudin@umt.edu.my Abstract: Hulu Terengganu’s lowland forest has attracted many and ongoing studies has found a skink species indicating that the diversity in this region is understudied. This study was conducted in the lowland forest of Sekayu, Hulu Terengganu to determine the reptiles diversity and their composition. Samplings were conducted from October 2015 to November 2015 and from Mac 2016 to April 2016. Two types of collecting methods were deployed consisted of Visual Encounter Survey (VES) and 10 sets of L-shaped design pitfall traps which were set up with 5 sets of pitfall trap in both hilly and riparian areas. A total of 228 individuals comprising of 34 species from 12 families were recorded. The riparian areas and hilly areas were dominated by common species which Eutropis multifasciata dominating the riparian area and Gecko monarchus dominating the hilly area. The comparison made between ecological indices by using Bootstrap and diversity t-test proved that the diversity of reptile between hilly and riparian areas were not significantly different (p>0.05) indicated that reptile diversity between these two areas were similar. Overall, a remarkable number of species were found within a short period of survey. This indicates that the Hulu Terengganu lowland forest harbour high diversity of reptiles. Further study on reptiles should be conducted in near future so that the information on reptile diversity could be used for conservation purpose. Keywords: Species Richness, Recreational Area, Pitfall Traps, Visual Encounter Survey and Biodiversity Inventory OT1-08

Fishes of Tasik Kenyir, Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia

M. Aqmal-Naser1, M. Fahmi-Ahmad1, Syed A. Rizal1 and Amirrudin B Ahmad1, 2

1School of Marine and Environmental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Management, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: amirrudin@umt.edu.my

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Abstract: Tasik Kenyir has the water catchment area of approximately 38000 hectares, is known as one of the biggest man-made lake in Southeast Asia. There are more than 30 rivers flowing into this lake with more than 340 islands spread throughout the lake, which were once mountain tops and highlands. Several studies were done on fishes in the lake and its feeding rivers. The aim of this study is to compile and update the checklist of fishes of Tasik Kenyir, Terengganu. Species richness and assemblages will be discussed and potential threats will be highlighted in this paper. A total of 75 species from 26 families of fishes was known to inhabit the lake and rivers. The results showed that family Cyprinidae has the highest number of species (22) followed by Danionidae (seven species), Cobitidae (five species), Bagridae (four species) and other families with less than three species each. Most of the species recorded here can be found in other places in water bodies in Peninsular Malaysia. A few species such as Tor tambra and Scleropages formosus were considered rare, the former can still be found in protected localities but the latter was rarely encountered nowadays. Overfishing could be one of the main reasons for species diminishing coupled with the loss of suitable breeding habitat in the newly created environment. We believe that diversity and species assemblages were influenced by several factors such as habitat availability, type of substrate, canopy cover and also the size of the river plus local disturbance and fishing pressure. It is recommended that more study be conducted at Tasik Kenyir in order to obtain a better information of fish diversity and species assemblages that is crucial for conservation of inland fisheries in the future.

Keywords: Man-made lake, Fish diversity, Fish assemblages, Tasik Kenyir, Overfishing

OT1-09

Influence of Coastal Changes on the Local Business of the Coastal Community: An Example in Terengganu Coast (Malaysia) Syazana Md Shubri1, Mohd Sobri Amri Mohd Noor2, Norasyikin Ahmad2, Effi Helmy Ariffin1,3, Muhammad Abi Sofian Abdul Halim2, Azlinzuraini Ahmad2, and Mohd Fadzil Mohd Akhir1 1Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2School of Maritime Business and Management, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 3School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: effihelmy@umt.edu.my Abstract: Coastal zone has suffered erosion problem that damages the geography and infrastructure built from an increasing anthropogenic development activity along the coast. These problems are frequently related with human intervention in the sediment transport obstacle with constructions along the coast without a proper planning. Kuala Nerus has been facing a series of coastal erosion in the past 10 years that worsen after the land reclamation from the airport expansion project in 2010 and the project to deepen the Sungai Terengganu river mouth. The event has greatly affecting the coastal community who lives nearby. The erosion process has been destroying houses and community’s property during rough seas especially during monsoon season. With the population density of 803.1/km2, Kuala Nerus community has been suffering the impact of erosion not only from the loss of property but also from their social emotions. Thus, this paper aims to address the problem by collecting the public opinion through survey questionnaire that will be carry out to the coastal community. Through the quantitative and qualitative data collected, this study will try to find out the influence between coastal changes and the local businesses. Furthermore, possible strategies or mitigation measures such as proper planning and land use policies to overcome erosion in the future will be explored. It is then hoped that such recommended strategies will assist stakeholders such as policy maker in generating an effective adaptation strategy and thus, minimizing the risk to the coastal

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community and help them to sustain their life and their economic growth. Keywords: Beach Process, Coastal Erosion, Coastal Community, Local Business, Anthropogenic Activity OT1-10

Cypriniformes as a Surrogate to Detect Changes in Fish Assemblages in Tasek Bera RAMSAR site Muhammad Fahmi-Ahmad1 and Amirrudin B. Ahmad1,2

1School of Marine and Environmental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: amirrudin@umt.edu.my Abstract: Investigating changes in faunal assemblages through times has been the most intriguing topics in ecological studies. Taxonomic surrogacy has been identified as a cost-effective and fast method to monitor and quantify changes in species assemblages. The present study examines the efficacy of selecting cypriniformes as a proxy to detect changes in Tasek Bera’s fish assemblages from 1982 until 2014. Average taxonomic distinctness (∆+) and variation in taxonomic distinctness (Λ+) were applied instead of simple species number, to see the differences in taxonomic make up of cypriniformes between years. The changes pattern also was examined between old and new taxonomic classification. The changes in taxonomic distinctness index was mainly influenced by the ratio of number of higher taxa with number of species. It is unclear whether the variation in fish assemblages between year is caused by the natural or human perturbation. Various studies have applied taxonomic surrogacy method in assessing diversity changes, yet its effectiveness still need to be further explored. This study provides a general framework to promote taxonomic surrogacy as an alternative method to assess biodiversity. Keywords: Taxonomic surrogate, freshwater fish, temporal changes, cypriniformes, Tasek Bera OT1-11

Climate change impact on the survival of giant clams: A study on their population density and their resistance to ocean warming Sundy Ramah1, Nawsheen Taleb-Hoosenkhan1, Peter Alan Todd2 and Ranjeet Bhagooli134

1Department of Biosciences and Ocean Studies, Faculty of Science and Pole of Research Excellence, Sustainable Marine Biodiversity Research Group, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Republic of Mauritius. 2Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543. 3The Biodiversity and Environment Institute, Réduit 80837, Republic of Mauritius. 4Institute of Oceanography and Environment (INOS), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia. *Corresponding author: sundy.ramah@gmail.com Abstract: Giant clams (Tridacnines) depends mainly on the zooxanthellae they host to survive. Little is known about the impact of ocean warming on their survival. This study aimed at investigating the population density of Tridacna maxima and Tridacna squamosa at the reefs of Belle Mare and Flic en Flac, from 2016 to 2018, by laying triplicate belt transects of 50m x 5m, and to determine their resistance to thermal stresses. The survey showed a lower density of T. squamosa as compared to T. maxima in

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general. An overall decrease in the population density for both giant clam species was also noted over time, where T. squamosa was more affected (P < 0.01). To determine their tolerance to ocean warming, triplicate samples of each species were exposed to thermal stress at 28oC and 32oC for 72 hrs (3d)(n=3). To estimate the stress susceptibility, the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), relative electron transport rate (rETR) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of the in-hospite Symbiodinium of both giant clam species were recorded at 15, 24, 40 and 72hrs intervals using a diving Pulse-Amplitude-Modulated fluorometer (D-PAM). The 28oC treated specimens acted as control and, at this temperature, the chlorophyll a fluorescence parameter, Fv/Fm, rETR and NPQ, did not vary significantly. However, at 32oC different responses between the two tested species, both at the photo-physiological and survivorship levels, were observed. After 15hrs of exposure at 32oC, T. squamosa specimens showed significant decline in Fv/Fm, rETR and NPQ and exhibited signs of disintegration, indicative of mortality. T. maximastarted to be affected after 40hrs of exposure. These results indicate that T. squamosa was less tolerant to heat-stress as compared to T. maxima, which may partially explain the low density of T. squamosa as compared to T. maxima recorded during the yearly surveys. Keywords: Giant Clams, Density, Thermal Stress, Climate Change, D-Pam OT1-12

Variations in the corallivore Drupella cornus density following a bleaching event at a tropical island D. Kaullysing1,2, N. Taleb-Hossenkhan1, B. Kulkarni4 and R. Bhagooli1,2,3 1Department of Biosciences and Ocean Studies, and Pole of Research Excellence - Sustainable Marine Biodiversity, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Republic of Mauritius. 2The Biodiversity and Environment Institute, Réduit 80837, Republic of Mauritius. 3Institute Oceanography and Environment (INOS), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia. 4The Institute of Science, Government of Maharashtra, Mumbai 400032, India. *Corresponding author: de.kaullysing@uom.ac.mu Abstract: Coral-eating Drupella cornus infestations are presently a defining issue affecting the resilience of coral reefs. The lagoon of Flic-en-Flac, Mauritius (Western Indian Ocean Region) suffered from a localized climate change-driven bleaching event in early 2016. This study investigates the impact of bleaching events and macroalgal growth on D. cornus density which was assessed using the random quadrat method by surveying 1) five random unbleached Acropora muricata colonies covered by at least 70% of the macroalga Padina boryana and five colonies without macroalgal growth during the non-bleaching years 2010 and 2011 in March (summer); 2) five random bleached A. muricata colonies covered and uncovered by P. boryana during the bleaching event in March 2016 (summer); and 3) five random unbleached and uncovered A. muricata colonies post the bleaching event in August (winter) and October (summer) 2016. In 2010 and 2011, D. cornus mean density on the unbleached A. muricata colonies covered by P. boryana was higher (17.60±6.07 and 17.00±5.87 individuals m-2, respectively) compared to 2016 (0.80±0.84 individuals m-2). In 2016, no D. cornus individuals were found on the bleached coral colonies. Following bleaching events, Drupella spp. are known to shift their dietary preference from acroporids to other less preferred coral species, possibly because of their proximity to the affected acroporids. A higher density of D. cornus was recorded on unbleached colonies overgrown by algae most likely because Drupella spp. are known to be attracted to stressed corals. Post the bleaching event, A. muricata colonies recovered with no P. boryana growth. An increase in the density of D. cornus was noted from 0.60±0.24 individuals m-2 in August 2016 to 1.00±0.32 individuals m-2 in October 2016, indicating gradual recolonization of the colonies by D. cornus. To better understand climate change-driven effects on D. cornus ecology, further follow-up ecological studies are warranted.

Keywords: Acropora muricata, bleaching, corallivorous, Drupella cornus, Padina boryana.

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OT1-13

Impact from Tropical Storm (Pabuk) on Beach Morphology in Terengganu Coast (Malaysia) Effi Helmy Ariffin1,2, Nur Fatihah Shariful Azham1, Nor Bakhiah Baharim1, Mohd Fadzil Akhir2 and Mouncef Sedrati3 1School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. 2Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. 3Géosciences Océan UMR CNRS 6538, Centre de Recherche Yves Coppens, Campus de Tohanic, Université Bretagne Sud, 56000, Vannes, France. *Corresponding author: effihelmy@umt.edu.my Abstract: In South East Asia, the tropical storm (cyclone or typhoon) is rare which normally these regions tend to monsoon storm. Recently, Thailand has encountered Pabuk Storm which also affect some part of Malaysia especially in Terengganu coast. This phenomenon always associated with the direction of waves, intensity of current velocities and strong winds. The Pabuk Storm tend on January 2019 which represented during Northeast Monsoon Storm season. Normally Northeast Monsoon Storm reveal on November to January each year and representing heavy rainfall and strong wind. Interesting here, in December 2018, just a few drops of rainfall distribution and the weather showed hot and dry. Field investigation were conducted in Southwest Monsoon season (June 2018), transition Monsoon (October 2018), Northeast Monsoon (December 2018) and after the Pabuk Storm using the total station. During this Northeast Monsoon the erosion do not occur along the beach but only in anthropogenic area representing the erosion. However, the beach volume decreases among beach dune and foreshore areas after the Pabuk Storm phenomena. The above results reveal the very highest significant wave height from Mike-21 numerical model during the Pabuk Storm imposed the significant morphological changes on beach dune. Since the recovery of the beach dune will vary depending on the availability of sediment source, it looks take more time mostly in anthropogenic areas. These findings may be particularly important for coastal managers involved in the repair and rebuilding of coastal infrastructure that was damaged or destroyed during Tropical Storm. Keywords: Beach Process, Coastal Erosion, Anthropogenic Activity, Numerical Modeling, Monsoon OT1-14

Cytochrome oxidase I gene reveals potential cryptic diversity of Doublewhip Threadfin Bream, Nemipterus nematophorus (Bleeker, 1854) in Peninsular Malaysia

Tun Nurul Aimi Mat Jaafar1, Nurliyana Sharifuddin1, Salwani Abdullah1, Ahasan Habib1,2 and Tan Min Pau1

1School of Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali–3814, Bangladesh *Corresponding author: tun_aimi@umt.edu.my Abstract: Genetic variations and differences among three Nemipterus nematophorus populations in Peninsular Malaysia was evaluated based on partial sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (654bp). Among the 30 individuals sampled, 12 putative haplotypes were detected. 58% (7) of the haplotypes were unique with high level of haplotype diversity (H= 0.802) and low nucleotide diversity (π = 0.0114). The constructed Neighbour Joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree based on haplotypes

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showed two clusters with specimens from Kelantan and Melaka grouped in the same cluster while Terengganu samples formed an isolated cluster. These two clusters were separated with maximum 2.9% nucleotide divergence. The Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) revealed high level of FST value (FST= 0.16; p< 0). Pairwise FST value showed there were significant differences between population from Kelantan and Melaka with population from Terengganu. Terengganu population, although morphologically identical with specimens from Kelantan and Melaka, was composed of a genetically discrete taxon. Thus, this study revealed that there is potential cryptic diversity of N.nematophorus off Peninsular Malaysia. These findings are important to provide a scientific framework for management strategies and conservation of commercially-important fisheries resources within the region.

Keywords: COI, cryptic diversity, Nemipterus nematophorus, Peninsular Malaysia

OT1-15

Changes in Coral Community and Cyanobacterial Invasion at A Coast-Reef Scale Over A 20-Year Period at the Uninhabited Gabriel Islet, Mauritius R. Bhagooli1,2,3, D. Kaullysing1,2 and S. Mattan-Moorgawa1,2 1Department of Biosciences and Ocean Studies, and Pole of Research Excellence - Sustainable Marine Biodiversity, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Republic of Mauritius 2The Biodiversity and Environment Institute, Réduit 80837, Republic of Mauritius 3Institute Oceanography and Environment (INOS), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: r.bhagooli@uom.ac.mu Abstract: Coral reefs worldwide are witnessing significant declines with variable recovery rates or phase shifts due to global climate change-driven and/or local stressors. This study aimed at investigating the long-term (over a 20-year period) changes in coral community at an uninhabited islet, Gabriel, located north of Mauritius Island in the Western Indian Ocean region. Three zones namely near-coast, lagoon and reef-flat, were surveyed using the triplicate 10 m line intercept transects (LIT) per zone in 1998 and in 2018 at Gabriel Islet. Substrate cover changed significantly between 1998 and 2018. Sand cover at the near-coast zone increased by 6-fold. Dead coral cover increased while live coral cover declined by at least 50% at all three zones. Variable changes in coral community were noted at the coast-reef scale between 1998 and 2018. Seagrasses, Syringodium isoetifolium and Halophila ovalis, increased in cover at the near-coast zone. Percentage cover of vulnerable corals (losers), Acropora muricata, Acropora cytherea and Pocillopora damicornis, significantly declined. Percentage cover of resistant corals, Porites lobata, P. lutea and Pocillopora eydouxi. remained unchanged while the winner octocoral Heliopora coerulea showed an. Cyanobacterial mats, which were almost absent in 1998, significantly increased in coverage in 2018, especially on dead coral rubbles in the lagoon and reef flat zones. This tended to be invasive as at least 40% cover by cyanobacterial mats was noted which may hinder recovery of hard corals by preventing recruitment processes. Because Gabriel islet is uninhabited, changes in community structure could possibly be due to accumulative recurrent thermal anomaly events. These findings indicated that the coral reefs of an uninhabited islet may not always recover completely from possibly climate-related disturbances since potentially invasive cyanobacterial mat may proliferate instead. Further studies on the potential factors leading to such changes on a coast-reef scale are warranted for better coral reef management.

Keywords: Climate change, Cyanobacterial invasion, Long term changes, Resistant, Seagrass

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OT1-16

Dietary Black Soldier Fly Larvae for Red Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) – Effect on oxidative stress response Norhidayah Mohd Taufek1, Hasniyati Muin1, Noor Hidayati Abu Bakar1, Shaharudin Abdul Razak1. 1Institute of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Unversity of Malaya. 50603, Kuala Lumpur. *Corresponding author: hidayah.taufek@um.edu.my Abstract: To replace marine ingredients such as fishmeal with insect meal as a protein source is determinant to achieve sustainable development of fish feed production. However, the implication of insect meal towards fish stress needs to be monitored to ensure no severe effect on their health and welfare. In the present study, the effects of black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFL meal) on growth performance, antioxidant enzyme activities and haematological response on tilapia were evaluated. Two experimental diets containing BSF meal of 50% and 100% inclusion level and one control with full fishmeal (FM) based diet were fed to red tilapia for 56 days. Afterwards, the livers were collected randomly from five fish per treatment to determine the antioxidant activity parameters including Glutathione S-transferase (GST), Catalase (CAT) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD). Haematological indices were also evaluated. Tilapia fed with full BSF meal had performed better in terms of growth performance. The experiment showed no differences in expression of CAT and SOD for all dietary treatments. Similarly, haematological parameters results obtained were correlated to the findings. However, GST in full fed BSF diet showed an elevated level in comparison to other diets. In summary, our findings clearly indicated that full replacement of fishmeal with BSF meal did not lead to adverse effect on growth, stress and biochemical response in tilapia. Keywords: Black soldier fly larvae, oxidative stress, red tilapia, haematological indices OT1-17

Growth Parameters of Five Freshwater Fishes in Raban Lake, Perak Rumeaida Mat Piah1,, Nur Atiana Syawani Zakaria1, Nur Fathiah Jusoh1, Nur Laila Noor Ghani1, Nur Syafarrah Zamri1, Nurin Zalikha Azman1, Nur Syahirah Mohd Nasir1and Siti Azrina Kamarudin1

1 School of Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: rumeaida@umt.edu.my Abstract: Raban Lake host a high diversity of freshwater fishes that supporting local fermented fish industry in the area, but the knowledge on their population aspects is still lacking. This study aims to estimate the growth parameters of five freshwater fishes in Raban Lake; Osteochillus vittatus, Barbonymus schwanenfeldii, Thynnichthys thynnoides, Puntioplites bulu and Pristolepis grootii from microstructure analysis of the otolith. In this study, the otoliths of each fish were extracted, embedded in epoxy resin, sectioned to 300 microns, polished to the nucleus and mounted on a glass slide. The number of opaque zones in the sectioned otolith were counted and the von Bertalanffy growth parameters were estimated by using Ford-Walford plot and non-linear regression analysis. This study found that T. thynnoides and P. bulu is a slow growing species with the value of K and L∞ are 0.28 and 59.89 cm; 0.39 and 40.22 cm, respectively. On the other hand, O. vittatus, B. schwanenfeldii and P. grootii grows faster where the values of K and L∞ are 0.43 and 33.68 cm; 0.68 and 36.84cm; 0.73 and 19.39cm, respectively. The findings from this study will contributed to the knowledge of population characteristics of freshwater fishes in Malaysia. Keywords: Growth Parameters, Fish Population Dynamics, Freshwater Fishes

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OT1-18

Long Term Patterns of Trace Metals in A Subtropical Drinking Water Supply Reservoir Chow Ming Fai1 and Somann Raj S/O Jeevaalaggan2 1Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43000, Malaysia 2Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43000, Malaysia *Corresponding author: Chowmf@uniten.edu.my Abstract: This study evaluates the long term patterns in trace metals in Fei-Tsui Reservoir in Northern Taiwan during the periods of 1986 to 2014. Understanding the temporal and spatial mechanisms of nutrient enrichment is essential to control water quality. Here, we assess the long-term trends of runoff and trace metal concentration (1986–2014). Mann–Kendall trend test (MKT) analysis was used to assess the significance of monotonic trends (increase and/or decrease) in runoff, weather related parameters, and trace metals. We observed that the dominant trends in streams and reservoir water surface were declining trends of SO4 Chloride, and Iron with a relatively smaller compensating increasing of Calcium and Magnesium. Both SO4 and Cl concentrations showed statistically significant decreasing trends, and this indicated the recovery from acidification in Fei-Tsui Reservoir. Positive trends in Calcium and Magnesium may also indicate the recovery from acidification in Fei-Tsui Reservoir. The observed decreasing trends in trace metals suggested that re-oligotrophication and land use changes factors are the dominant drivers for trace metal dynamics in this study. Keywords: Drinking Water Supply Reservoir, Trend Analysis, Trace Metal, Subtropical Reservoir OT1-19

Long-Term Changes in Water Transparency of the Southern South China Sea. Observations From MODIS. Md. Suffian Idris1 and Nur Hafiza Ramli1 1School of Marine and Environmental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: suffian@umt.edu.my Abstract: Secchi disk depth (SDD), the most valuable proxy of water transparency, is one of the important quality parameters for aquatic environments. To investigate the long-term changes in water transparency of the Southern South China Sea (SSCS), SSD is derived from MODIS ocean colour data. The empirical approach, which is based on the blue-green band ratio of remote sensing reflectance (Rrs443/Rrs547) is first introduced and validated using historical SDD observations collected in the study area. The average absolute difference between MODIS and field-measured SSD is found less than 10%, allowing reliable assessments of water transparency and its variability over the period 2000-2018 to be made for the first time. The climatological mean shows distinctive monthly variability; with the maximum transparency is observed during the spring inter-monsoon (Apr-May) and minimum during the northeast monsoon (Dec-Jan). On the other hand, seasonal trends document remarkable and complex changes in water transparency between the monsoon seasons. In coastal regions, deterioration of water transparency is observed during the southwest monsoon (Jun-Aug) but it becomes more transparent during the fall inter-monsoon (Sept-Oct). In contrast, offshore regions of SSCS show enhanced water transparency during the spring intermonsoon but maintained at its current condition in other seasons. Although both coastal and offshore waters of SSCS show highly variable transparency between seasons, no consistent interannual trends are observed for the period of 2000-2018. Results from this study highlight an empirical approach to estimate ocean transparency from space that can

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greatly benefit longterm ocean monitoring efforts - both at the local and global scales. Keywords: Water Transparency, Secchi Depth, Ocean Colour, Reflectance, South China Sea OT1-20

Distribution and Ecology of Benthic Invetebrates in Waters Surrounding Pulau Indah, Klang, Selangor Mohd Sophian Mohd Kasihmuddin1 and Zaidi Che Cob1

1Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. *Corresponding author: sophian.skylar@gmail.com, zaidicob@gmail.com Abstract: An assessment of community of benthic macroinvertebrates in waters surrounding Pulau Indah, Klang was made with the main objective is to identify benthic macroinvertebrates’ distribution and diversity as well as to determine possible correlation between the community’s distributions with surroundings’ parameter. The sediments were obtained via Ponar Grab, and then filtered and sorted in order to extract all specimens from sediments. The specimens were identified to the lowest taxonomic class as possible. The physical parameter analysis such as organic carbon, organic material and grain size population were also assessed. A total of 775 annelids, 15 arthropods, 12 echinoderms and 32 molluscs individuals were identified and recorded in six stations overall. Family Cirratulidae accounted to the highest numbers of the Annelids, whilst Cerithidae recorded as highest numbers of Mollusks. PCA analysis indicated that higher richness index in station closer to mouth of Sungai Klang and this could be due to the ecological stressors in the environment, possibly orchestrated by pollution problem originating from Sungai Klang, in which eventually leads to only a few group of opportunistic polychaetes that settle and dominate the area. Meanwhile, stations on the northwestern side of Pulau Indah retains the highest diversity index, and this could possibly be attributed to their close proximity to mangrove ecosystem of a nearby island. As the study of benthic community is still inadequate in most of Malaysians waters, particularly in highly industrialised area such as waters in Port Klang, this study could serve as a starting point for any future studies concerning ecological disturbance affecting benthic community in Malaysian waters. Keywords: Port Klang, Pulau Indah, Macrobenthos, Polychaete, Gastropod OT1-21 Effects of Light Intensity on Hard Coral Photophysiology in Singapore

Ow Yong Wei Long1, Clare Ho1, Ow Yan Xiang1, and Jani Tanzil1*

1St. John’s Island National Marine Laboratory, Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore *Corresponding author: jani.tanzil@nus.edu.sg Abstract: In Singapore’s, corals face large seasonal fluctuations in light intensities ranging from 40 μmol m-2 s-1 to 500 μmol m-2 s-1 monthly average photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Along with other environmental parameters, PAR can affect the photosynthetic rates of their algal endosymbionts, and ultimately their ability to obtain energy via autotrophy (i.e. zooxanthellae-derived autotrophic carbon or CZAR). Fragments from three common coral species in Singapore (Porites lutea, Pachyseris speciosa and Merulina ampliata) were exposed to different PAR intensities (Very Low: 40–80 μmol m-

2 s-1; Low: 100–140 μmol m-2 s-1; Medium: 230–270 μmol m-2 s-1; High: 320–360 μmol m-2 s-1) over a 6 week controlled aquaria experiment. Photosynthetic and respiration rates (and CZAR), colour and tissue mortality were monitored weekly to investigate their metabolic and photophysiological responses

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to light. We found that all 3 species fared better in the lower light levels (Very Low/Low) compared to higher light treatments (Medium/High). Over the 6-week study period, we found a decrease in the photosynthetic rates for the fragments exposed to the higher light treatments. A concomitant reduction in colour intensity was also observed, implying that reduced photosynthetic rates were a result of decreases in zooxanthellae density and chlorophyll concentrations. Our study suggests that corals living in Singapore’s turbid and dynamic reefs seem to be better adapted to sub-optimal light conditions than expected. Keywords: Light Intensity, Photosynthetically Active Radiation, Photophysiology, Hard Coral, Photosynthesis, Respiration PT1-01

Habitat Characteristic of Freshwater Gastropod (Caenogastropoda) From Bintulu Sarawak, Malaysia

Hadi Hamli1, Sharifah Hazirah Syed Azmai1, and Norsyafiqah Abdul Hamed1

1Department of Animal Science and Fishery, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus Nyabau Road, P.O. Box 396, 97008 Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: hadihamli@upm.edu.my Abstract: Gastropoda communities are the most diverse class of mollusc and considered as important component in the freshwater ecosystems and economy. However, there were no clear information reported and lack of conservation effort and management of freshwater gastopods (Caenogastropoda) in Malaysia particularly in Sarawak. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the species composition and to determine the diversity and abundance of freshwater gastropods communities from selected Bintulu freshwater systems. Present study discovered a total of 5 species from Pachychilidae and Thiaridae families at the 5 sampling location. Melanoides tuberculata was the most abundance species indicated by its existence in almost every quadrat at each selected area. Shannon indices and Simpson’s indices revealed the species diversity and richness were highest at Station 3 compared to the other four study locations. Abiotic parameters (dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, turbidity and conductivity) indicated significantly difference (p<0.05) among the stations. Dissolved oxygen indicates highly positive relation with the diversity of gastropods. Therefore, oxygen composition in the water as the one of indicator to determined diversity of freshwater gastropod in the environment. Keywords: Diversity index, Gastropod, Habitat, Water quality PT1-02 Distribution of Bio-Geochemical Properties in the Northern and Southern Parts of East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia During the Southwest Monsoon Nur Hafiza Ramli1 and Md. Suffian Idris1

1School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: nurhafizaramli@gmail.com Abstract: Dynamics of bio-geochemical properties in the South China Sea are largely controlled by the reversal monsoon forcing of northeast and southwest winds. Little information exists about the distribution of these properties especially in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (ECPM). Bio-geochemical materials of chlorophyll (Chl), coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and suspended

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particulate matter (SPM) were measured in the northern and southern parts of ECPM during May 2009 – August 2018. In general, results showed there is no difference in concentrations of all parameters between the study areas with all parameters exhibited a relatively low mean value. Chlorophyll concentrations in both study areas showed a similar mean value (0.42 mg m-3) but varied more widely in the northern ECPM, ranging from 0.07 – 1.82 mg m-3. The SPM and CDOM concentrations showed a similar spatial variability as Chl with both the mean values and range of concentrations presented a nearly identical value. For both data set, the mean value of SPM was about 0.8 mg L-1 with concentration ranged from 0.1 - 7.0 mg L-1. Meanwhile CDOM values in both study areas presented a relatively low mean value of ~0.1 m-1 and varied more widely (0.01 – 0.37 m-1) in the northern part than in the southern of ECPM. The present study demonstrates the low variability of bio-geochemical properties in the northern and southern parts of ECPM, suggesting a poor biological productivity of water masses during the SWM season. Keywords: Chlorophyll, Suspended Particulate Matter, Coloured Dissolved Organic Matter, East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, Southwest Monsoon PT1-03

Study on Trawl Board Pull-Over Effect to Subsea Pipelines at Offshore Sabah Mohd Hafizi Said1; Khalid Samo1; Mohd Hairil Mohd1; Mohd Aslan Moleng1 1School of Ocean Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu *Corresponding author: faizalfuad75@gmail.com Abstract: Trawling is a method of catching fish in large volume where fish nets are pulled through water using one or two boats. There are two types of trawling method, namely mid-water trawl and bottom trawl. Bottom trawling is where the nets are pulled over or closed to seabed. Subsea pipelines transport crude oil and gas from the offshore platform transport to terminal or refinery shore. Subsea pipelines are either laid on the seabed or buried. Bottom trawl would affect the subsea pipeline if there is an interaction with the exposed subsea pipelines on the seabed. This situation is happening to subsea pipelines at Sabah offshore. This study determines the impact of the trawl pull-over to the subsea pipeline at Sabah offshore. The first step of the study is to survey the specification of trawl equipment used by local trawlers in Sabah. The second step is to survey the fishing trawler that cross the pipelines. The third step is to obtain the specification of subsea pipeline in Sabah. The final step is to calculate the pull-over impact by using algorithm developed by DNV. The impact by the trawl pull-over is determine by comparing the maximum pull-over forces (KN) with the maximum yield strength/stress (MPa) of the pipeline. Results shows that the impact force of trawl are below than designed yield/stress of the pipelines. Keywords: Trawl, subsea, pipeline

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PT1-04

Ex-Situ Degradation of Palm Oil Using Natural Seawater and Identification of Bacterial Consortium Arularasu Muthaliar Tamothran1, Sabiqah Tuan Anuar1, Razmah Ghazali4 and Kesaven Bhubalan1,2,3*

1School of Marine and Environmental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2Institute Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 3Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals (IPharm), NIBM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. 4Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia. *Corresponding author: kesaven@umt.edu.my Abstract: Palm oil industry is among the most important commodities industry in Malaysia where Malaysia dominates 39% and 44% of global palm oil production and exports respectively. Most of the palm oil exports to various countries are done via sea-shipping which increases the risk towards marine pollution in form of oil spillage from vessels. Degradation studies are important in establishing baseline data which is instrumental for mitigation planning and policy making. Seawater samples were collected at Johor Port, Klang Port and Kuantan Port. Degradation of crude palm oil (CPO) and crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) in natural seawater was investigated using modified shake flask method as described by OECD Guidelines for Testing Chemicals, OECD TG 306 (Biodegradability in Seawater). Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was measured at selected interval along with measurement of colony forming unit (CFU) counts. Identification of bacterial population was determined using 16S-rDNA sequencing. Furthermore, changes in the free fatty acid composition in palm oil supplemented seawater was determined using gas chromatography (GC-FID). Results showed increase in CFU counts as days increase while changes in DOC level and FFA composition was detected indicating utilization of substrate by bacteria. A total of 14 bacterial strains were isolated at the end of the test and the lipolytic activity was determined where 10 strains exhibited lipolytic activity. The outcome of this study will provide a starting frame point to the relevant authorities in palm oil, transportation and environmental agencies to formulate the action plan in the event of spill in marine environment. Keywords: Palm Oil, Marine Pollution, Degradation, Bacterial Population PT1-05

Variation of Seasonal Wave-Current Driven Circulation Pattern in the Lee of Groyne: Example in Terengganu (Malaysia) as Monsoon Dominated Coast Muhammad Syakir Zufayri Zulfakar¹, Effi Helmy Ariffin¹,², and Mohd Fadzil Akhir¹ 1Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia 2School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia *Corresponding author: effihelmy@umt.edu.my Abstract: Terengganu coast tend to dual monsoonal as presenting Northeast Monsoon as a storm season and Southwest Monsoon as a calm season. Several type of coastal defence were built along the Terengganu coast in order to mitigate the erosion problem. The area of interest is a groyne in Kuala Nerus, a district of Terengganu on east part of Peninsular Malaysia. In determination of seasonal wave-current circulation pattern, a numerical model of dual monsoon seasons comparison during Northeast and Southwest Monsoon were performed with MIKE 21 modules (Spectral Wave FM and Flow Model

38

Hydrodynamic FM modules). Two numerical model were set up and differentiated by the dual monsoon season setup resulting in two distinct patterns of circulation. The resulting model indicates that the current circulation pattern consisted of persistent re-circulation cell in the lee of the groyne during both monsoon season. The re-circulation cell comprised of a longshore current directed into the groyne face before being projected offshore forming a rip current along the groyne face. During Northeast Monsoon, the numerical model shows a clockwise re-circulation cell. While, during Southwest Monsoon revealed as opposite site with anti-clockwise re-circulation cell. Corresponding from the re-circulation of current indicated that the incident wave parameters controlled the circulation. The eddy can be determined with the strength of velocity and can be proportional on increasing of incident wave energy flux. The importance of this study can be a reference to any development of coastal defence monsoon dominated environment. Keywords: Coastal defence, Erosion, Hydrodyanmic, Numerical Model, Rip Current PT1-06

Study on Biodegradable Microbeads Produced from Polyhydroxyalkanoate for Exfoliation Application Tan Suet May Amelia1, Sharumathiy Govindasamy1, Siti Noorhuda Fatihah Sukri1, Roswati Md Amin1, Sevakumaran Vigneswari2 and Kesaven Bhubalan1,3,4

1School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2School of Fundamental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 3Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 4Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals & Nutraceuticals, NIBM, 11700 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia *Corresponding author: kesaven@umt.edu.my Abstract: Conventional microplastics, mostly consisting of microbeads, were increasingly reported to contaminate the ocean ecosystem, which has been recognised as a sink for microplastic and plastic debris. A major source of microbeads originates from toiletries, such as personal skin care and hygiene care products functioning as abrasives. Hence, biodegradable microbeads were developed from polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) as an abrasive or exfoliation agent. PHA is a naturally occurring polymer or bioplastic produced by bacteria. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)], a PHA homopolymer, was biosynthesised from Massilia haematophila UMTKB-2 using shaken-flask fermentation. Inactivation and removal of endotoxins using hydrogen peroxide were assessed with E-TOXATE™ Kit with significant reduction from 30.72 EU/g to 0.24 EU/g endotoxin level. The mechanical strength and thermal properties of P(3HB) were characterised by tensile machine and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) respectively. Crude P(3HB) was structurally modified into microbeads using the double-emulsion-solvent-evaporation technique. The microbeads were observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM) for their shape and diameter, which are spherical from 10.1 to 140 µm and averaged at 38.44 µm, thus compatible with the average human skin pore size. Human keratinocyte cells (HaCaT) were cultured in vitro on the P(3HB) microbeads with no antagonistic cytotoxic reaction. Artemia salina (marine brine shrimp) had ingested and were exposed to P(3HB) microbeads for 24 h unharmed. Samples were sent for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. A scrub formulation is derived by mixing P(3HB) microbeads with a semi-solid base, Hamin™. Efficiency was tested using DermaLab® Series SkinLab Combo on a commercial synthetic-microbead-supplemented scrub, as benchmark, and the P(3HB)-microbead-supplemented scrub. Similar output had proven an on-par efficiency of biodegradable PHA microbead as a dermal exfoliation agent. Keywords: biodegradable, exfoliation, microbead, microplastic, PHA, polyhydroxyalkanoate

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PT1-07

Synthesizing of Graphene Oxide (GO) Bio-Filter for Isolation and Enumeration of Escherechia Coli, Salmonella spp., Vibrio spp. and total bacteria in Farmed Asian clam Corbicula fluminea Akrimah Yusof1, An’amt Mohd Noor2, Lee Seong Wei1 and Aweng Eh Rak3

1Faculty of Agro-based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Locked bag No. 100, 17600 Jeli Kelantan, Malaysia. 2Faculty of Bio-engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Locked bag No. 100, 17600 Jeli Kelantan, Malaysia. 3Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Locked bag No. 100, 17600 Jeli Kelantan, Malaysia. *Corresponding author: akrimah94@gmail.com Abstract: Graphene oxide (GO) has widened its potential application as an antimicrobial agent in aquaculture sector where it can become another alternative instead of antibiotic usage for controlling pathogenic bacteria accumulating in aquaculture species. Meanwhile, consumption of Asian clam as snack that is getting popular throughout Malaysia has recorded a considerably high cases of gastrointestinal infection caused by pathogenic bacteria. Hence, an experiment was conducted to investigate the potential of graphene oxide (GO) as antibacterial filter in overcoming bacterial disease problem i.e. Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Vibrio spp. The bacteria were screened from Asian clam flesh and water, via total plate count (TPC) method and compared in two rearing system; 1) system installed with graphene oxide (GO) antibacterial filter or GO system and 2) system with normal filter or normal system. A total of 180 clams were reared in both systems for 2 weeks before the bacteria were isolated and enumerated in three selective media i.e. Eosine Methylene Blue (EMB) agar, Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) agar and Thiosulphate Citrate Bile Salts Sucrose (TCBS) agar and universal agar Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA). The result showed a positive effect of GO system where the bacteria reduction in both water and clam tissue sample in comparison to normal system for Salmaonella spp. was 100% and 98.66% respectively, meanwhile for Vibrio spp. the bacteria reduction was 100% and 20.21% respectively and total bacteria with bacteria reduction of 100% and 96.99% respectively. However, E.coli from water sample showed different result where the bacteria reduction was 100% whereas in tissue sample the percentage of E.coli was -15.30%. Therefore, this can conclude that GO system is applicable to reduce bacteria Salmonella spp. and Vibrio spp. in clam tissue and water sample while E.coli can only be reduced in water sample. Keywords: Graphene oxide, antibacterial filter, Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea PT1-08

Fragment Size-dependent Coral Transplantation of Acropora muricata on Concrete Blocks at Belle Mare, Mauritius R. Bhagooli1,2,3,4, S Jawaheer1,3, and SD Dyall1,3 1Department of Biosciences and Ocean Studies, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Republic of Mauritius 2Pole of Research Excellence in Sustainable Marine Biodiversity, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Republic of Mauritius 3Pole of Research Excellence in Molecular Life Sciences, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Republic of Mauritius 4Institute Oceanography and Environment (INOS), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: r.bhagooli@uom.ac.mu

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Abstract: The worldwide declining pattern of coral reefs has created the need for field transplantation and rearing of corals. Several methods have been employed in different parts of the world and include metal-based structures, epoxy/glue/cement for attaching coral fragments to the substratum, rope culture along with gardening concepts. However, coral transplantation on concrete blocks using cement to base the fragments have been rarely probed into at the immediate (short-term, weeks to months) and intermediate (one year or so) survivorship, photo-physiological, growth, and branching pattern levels simultaneously. This study investigated whether transplanted fragment size affects the success of transplanting Acropora muricata on concrete blocks. Varying fragment sizes, fragments >2.0 (FL) and <2.0 cm (FS), of A. muricata branch tips were cemented on rectangular concrete blocks. Five A. muricata fragments from 9 stations (3 near-coast, 3 lagoon and 3 reef flat) totalling 45 fragments were fixed per block. For FS, after some 19d of transplantation, the effective quantum yield declined leading to survivorship decline to 20% after a month. More than 90% of FS died by 3.3 mos. The 3.1-4.0 cm fragments had the highest survivorship (90.5%). The photo-physiological dysfunctioning preceded the mortality of FS. Linear extension rates were 0.25-0.34 cm/mo for FL, while they were mostly negative for FS. Branching from the axis started within a month for FL while after 3.3 mos in FS. Basal encrusting growth was evident at 3.3 mos in FL only. These results suggest that A. muricata can be propagated using the concrete block transplantation method but that the success rate is fragment size-dependent, with highest survivorship in fragments >2.0 cm. Future long-term studies at different zones within a reef may shed further light on the potential usefulness of technique to rehabilitate degraded coral reefs. Keywords: Acropora muricata, coral transplantation, concrete block, D-PAM, fragment size, survivorship

PT1-09

Diel Variations in Diversity and Abundance of Micro-phytoplankton Community in a Barachois-based Oyster Culture Farm M. Soondur1, D. Kaullysing1,2,4, R. Boojhawon3, R. Lowe4 , and R. Bhagooli1,2,5

1Department of Biosciences and Ocean Studies, Faculty of Science & Pole of Research Excellence in Sustainable Marine Biodiversity, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Republic of Mauritius. 2The Biodiversity and Environment Institute, Réduit, Republic of Mauritius. 3Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Republic of Mauritius. 4School of Earth and Environment and UWA Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, M004 - 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia. 5Institute of Oceanography and Environment (INOS), University Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia. *Corresponding author: mouneshwar.soondur@gmail.com Abstract: Knowledge of diel variation in phytoplankton communities is important to set up and plan a successful and sustainable bivalve industry. The selection of an appropriate oyster culture site and the growth of cultured bivalves largely depend on the abundance of phytoplankton, which are a major source of food for these filter feeding organisms. Prior to setting up any bivalve culture farm, adequate information on the site’s characteristics in terms of phytoplankton is imperative. This study aims at investigating the diel variations in micro-phytoplankton community over a 24-hour period during spring tide for two alternate days (at two high and two low tides) in summer at a barachois-based oyster culture farm. Micro-phytoplankton density and diversity, sea surface chlorophyll a concentration, and physico-chemical parameters such as sea surface temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and salinity were assessed each day during high and low tides, at an interval of approximately 6 hours. A total of 11 stations within and around the barachois were surveyed. Micro-phytoplankton were sampled by filtering 10 liters of sea surface water through plankton net of 5 µm and were fixed with Lugol’s solution for further analysis under inverted light microscope. Furthermore, samples of sea water were collected for the chlorophyll

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a analysis through spectrophotometric method. Highest densities of total micro-phytoplankton were recorded at stations 3 (near mangroves with low flushing rate) and 6 (lowest seawater flow rate and shallow) and ranged between 3.69 to 3.03 x 105cellsL-1. At these two stations, highest densities of diatoms ranged between 2.38 to 0.91 x105cellsL-1, dinoflagellates 1.04 to 0.88 x105cellsL-1 and cyanobacteria 0.28 to 0.15 x105cellsL-1 during day time at both the low and high tides. The diatom Coscinodiscus (14%), the dinoflagellates Peridinium (18%) and the cyanobacteria Anabaena (24%) were dominant. Lowest chlorophyll a concentration was recorded during the first low tide (morning) and highest during the second low tide (evening). Stations 3 and 6 within the barachois having a low flushing rate were characterized by the highest availability of food stock, inferring that these stations may sustain an optimal growth of bivalves. These findings may be useful in demarcating potential barachois-based bivalve culture site and ensure a more effective and sustainable operation of the farm. Keywords: barachois, chlorophyll a, diel variation, micro-phytoplankton, oyster culture farm. PT1-10

Melaleuca Cajuputi Extract Affected Behavior of Macrobrachium Rosenbergii Nur Amanina Hamdan1, Anur Melad Nagi4, Mohamad Badrul Mohamad Khairul Sahimi1, Mohd Ihwan Zakariah1, Mohd Effendy Abd Wahid2,3, Marina Hassan1 1Institute of Tropical Aquaculture, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2School of Fisheries Science and Aquaculture, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 3Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 4Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Azzaytuna University, Tarhunah, Libya *Corresponding author: marina@umt.edu.my

Abstract: Melaleuca cajuputi or Gelam is a medicinal plant that contain diverse of phytochemical active substances of several biological properties. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of methanolic extract of M. cajuputi on the behavioral changes of freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The laboratory determinations of lethal concentration (LC50) through a static bioassay test were performed. The 96 h LC50 of M. cajuputi extract was 2.83 g/L. The behavior of M. rosenbergii will be observed and recorded. The observations were done for 24 hours. Behavioral changes of M. rosenbergii were assessed using a score ranging from 0 (None) to 3 (Strong) depending on the degree and extent of the changes: (0) None, (1) Weak, (2) Moderate and (3) Strong. M. rosenbergii were exposed to M. cajuputi extract and showed several signs of respiratory distress, agitated behaviors and abnormal nervous behaviors. At 30% of LC50, M. rosenbergii were moderate gulping for air and strong jumping out from the aquarium and swimming inconsistently. These behaviors showed the respiratory distresses were happened in M. rosenbergii. While for agitated behaviors, M. rosenbergii at 30% of LC50 were showed strong quarrelling and had aggression behavior, but weak in beating pleopod during the treatments. M. rosenbergii showed abnormal behaviors such as sudden periopod stand, quiescent and strong walking rapidly. Moreover, M. rosenbergii were being quiet and not active for sometimes then, settled at the bottom and eventually died, also in abnormal behaviors. M. rosenbergii in control group (0.0 g/L) were active and no behavioral changes throughout the treatments period. There was also no mortality recorded. Keywords: Melaleuca cajuputi, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Behavioural Changes

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PT1-11

Seasonal Cycle and Thermal Front in the Strait of Malacca and Andaman Sea Noor Suhadah Isa1, Mohd Fadzil Akhir1,2, Poh Heng Kok3 and Nur Hidayah Roseli4

1Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. *Corresponding author E-mail: mfadzil@umt.edu.my

Abstract: This study presents 33-years (1982 - 2014) of satellite-derived sea surface temperature (SST) data in the Strait of Malacca (SOM) and Andaman Sea obtained from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). The SST data with 4km resolution are taken from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) website. Since the study area is influenced by Asian Monsoons, northeast monsoon and southwest monsoon, this study aims to describe the seasonal variation in the SST and thermal front feature in the region. The seasonal SST from this study showed that temperature was above the normal range during the southwest monsoon, where the region experienced warmest temperature every year. During the northeast monsoon, the SST is much cooler. It shows that, the condition of SST in SOM and Andaman Sea is mainly influenced by the local wind velocity due to the Asian monsoon cycle. Thermal front, separating warmer and cooler water of SOM and Andaman Sea respectively was detected only during the southwest monsoon. This is because the Indian Ocean experienced cooler temperature as the prevailing winds bring heavy precipitation to the region. Therefore, temperature was warmest in the strait and cooler in the Andaman Sea. This study manages to provide useful information about the strait and Andaman Sea that may be importance for Malaysia’s future climate and weather prediction. Keywords: Strait of Malacca, Andaman Sea, Asian Monsoon, SST PT1-12

Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Reservoir Catchment: A Case Study of Fei-Tsui Reservoir, Taiwan Chow Ming Fai1and Gan Zhi Han2 1 Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43000, Malaysia 2Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43000, Malaysia *Corresponding author: Chowmf@uniten.edu.my Abstract: This study evaluates the long term patterns of nitrogen and phosphorus in Fei-Tsui Reservoir in Northern Taiwan during the periods of 1986 to 2014. Understanding the temporal and spatial mechanisms of nutrient enrichment is essential to control water quality. Here, we assess the long-term trends of runoff and nutrient concentration (1986–2014). Mann–Kendall trend test (MKT) analysis was used to assess the significance of monotonic trends (increase and/or decrease) in runoff, weather related parameters, and nutrients. We observed that the trends of N and P at all the stations analyzed showed an increasing trend from 1987 onwards and started to show signs of decrease starting from 2006 until 2014. In term of flux analysis, the N and P showed increments from January to February and decreases in March. Then, the flux increases again from April until August. It can be concluded tha higher amount of rainfall influences the amount of nutrients being discharged to a water body via surface runoff. Keywords: Drinking Water Supply Reservoir, Trend Analysis, Nutrient, Subtropical Reservoir

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PT1-13

Trend Analysis of Dissolved Organic Matter in A Subtropical Drinking Water Supply Reservoir Chow Ming Fai1and Nur Anis binti Mahamed Ramly2 1Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43000, Malaysia 2 Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43000, Malaysia *Corresponding author: Chowmf@uniten.edu.my Abstract: This study evaluates the long term trends of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in Fei Tsui Reservoir in Northern Taiwan during the periods of 1986 to 2014. Understanding the temporal and spatial mechanisms of nutrient enrichment is essential to control water quality. Here, we assess the long-term trends of runoff and DOM concentration (1986–2014). Mann– Kendall trend test (MKT) analysis was used to assess the significance of monotonic trends (increase and/or decrease) in runoff, weather related parameters, and DOM. We observed that the dominant trends in streams and reservoir water surface were declining trends of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Although some inflow tributaries also showed some increasing trends but not significant. The observed decreasing trends in DOM suggested that re-oligotrophication process is taking place in the reservoir. Keywords: Drinking Water Supply Reservoir, Trend Analysis, Dissolved Organic Matter, Subtropical Reservoir PT1-14

Variable Effects of Light and Thermal Stress on in Hospite Zooxanthellae Photophysiology, Density and Clade Diversity in Acropora Muricata on A Coast to Reef Scale P.K Chumun1, S Mattan-Moorgawa1,2, N Taleb-Hosenkhan1 and R Bhagooli1,2,3 1Department of Biosciences and Ocean Studies, and Pole of Research Excellence – Sustainable Marine Biodiversity, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Republic of Mauritius 2The Biodiversity and Environment Institute, Réduit 80837, Republic of Mauritius 3Institute Oceanography and Environment (INOS), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: s.moorgawa@uom.ac.mu Abstract: Increase in bleaching events is leading to reef decline worldwide. Hence, the need to study the mutualistic symbiosis in corals and its importance in adaptation to changing environmental conditions. This study investigated the effects of light and thermal stress on in hospite symbiont photo-physiology, zooxanthellae density and clade associations in scleractinian coral Acropora muricata sampled at coast (S), lagoon (L) and reef (R) scale from Belle Mare, Mauritius Island. Coral nubbins were first incubated at different light intensities (200 µmolm-2s-1 and 800 µmolm-2s-1) and temperatures (28 °C and 32 °C) for 3hrs, followed by a recovery period (21hours) at 200 µmolm-2s-1 and 28 °C. Maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) was measured in samples after 3hrs stress and after recovery by a Pulse Amplitude-Modulated Fluorometer (JUNIOR PAM). Zooxanthellae clade was identified in coast, lagoon and reef samples by amplification of 18SrDNA region of symbiont. Results indicated that ‘reef’ corals incubated at 32 °C and 800 µmolm-2s-1 (R32H) had a significantly lower Fv/Fm (~0.5 fold) than ‘coast’ corals incubated under same condition (S32H). Zooxanthellae density was not significantly different between these two conditions. During recovery, R32H corals were unable to recover (Fv/Fm< 0.200) as compared to S32H that showed a recovery from 0.312 ± 0.051 to 0.456 ± 0.034 (n = 5). R32H bleached after stress treatment while S32H did not exhibit any bleaching sign. There was a higher

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abundance of clade C (Cladocopium) in corals from reef and lagoon. A mix of clades C+D (Cladocopium + Durusdinium) was more prominent in corals from coast. The association of thermally tolerant Durusdinium with generalist Cladocopium may be an adaptation of corals to more stressful conditions at a near-coast zone. This study may indicate potential zones in a reef for rehabilitation, conservation and management purposes in the wake of global warming-driven drastic decline in coral cover. Keywords: Clade, Climate Change, Fv/Fm, Light Stress, Mauritius, Pulse-Amplitude Modulated Fluorometer (PAM), Symbiont, Thermal Stress, Zooxanthellae PT1-15

Heavy Metals Level in Tuna Fish: A Review Norhazirah Abd Aziz1, Noor Azhar Mohamed Shazili2, Kamaruzzaman Yunus3 Sim Siong Fong4 and Ong Meng Chuan1

1School of Marine and Environmental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 3Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia 4Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, 94300 Kuching, Malaysia *Corresponding author: ong@umt.edu.my Abstract: Marine fishes are one of the protein sources and they form a significant part of human diet around the world. In particular, tuna fisheries are considered as the largest and most specialized commercially important group of species among all commercial fishes. Anthropogenic activities have generated important transformation in aquatic environment during the last few decades. The increasing of metal pollutants in the aquatic environment has put serious question to the safety level of the fish intake to the community. The metal pollution is one of the major concerns in most of the developing countries including Malaysia. These toxic metals entering the aquatic environments can lead to the bioaccumulation and biomagnification processes within other marine organisms including the fish. These heavy metals are not readily degradable in nature and they can accumulate in fish as well as human bodies to a very high toxic amount leading to undesirable effects beyond a certain limit. Heavy metal pollution in fish represents an abiding threat to human health. Exposure to heavy metals has been linked to some adverse health effects such as mental retardation, kidney damage, and various types of cancer and even worse, death could occur. The following review articles presents the findings of the work carried out by the various researchers in the past on the heavy metal pollution in samples of Tuna species around the world. Keywords: Tuna, Metals Pollution, Accumulation, Safety Level, Human Health

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PT1-16

Sr/Ca Ratio in A Coral from Pulau Bidong Terengganu, Malaysia Nur Syahirah Mohd Radzi1, Noor Azhar Mohamed Shazili 1, Lee Jen Nie2

1Institut of Oceanography, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia

2School of Marine and Environmental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: nursyahirahmohdradzi@gmail.com Abstract: Strontium have been used as proxies for sea surface temperature (SST) for ages. Thus, in this study, the Sr/Ca (Strontium-to-Calcium) ratio of Porites sp. collected from Pulau Bidong, Terengganu was examined to determine the reliability of Sr/Ca as proxy for SST. 500µg of coral powder was collected from coral slab (thickness <1cm) and digested with nitric acid (HNO3) before analysed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The SST data retrieved from Integrated Global Ocean Service System (IGOSS) database was align to the 22 years of Sr/Ca data. Regression analysis was then carried out and producing a calibration equation Sr/Ca (mmol/mol)=9.2981-0.03*SST (R2=0.0301, RMSE=0.19256, Std.Err=0.49272, p<0.001, n=264). The relationship between Sr/Ca-SST was weak thus interannual calibration of multiple years was carried out to improve the relationship. Data of Sr/Ca from 2017-2016 (2-years interannual relationship) was choose to represent the Sr/Ca based on the highest R2 value and lowest RMSE. The calibration equation obtained for Sr/Ca was Sr/Ca (mmol/mol)=11.309-0.0975*SST (R2=0.4228, RMSE=0.09709, Std.Err=1.49766, p<0.001, n=24). The interannual data improved the relationship between Sr/Ca with SST significantly, thus suitable to be used as proxy for SST in Pulau Bidong, Malaysia. Keywords: Strontium/Calcium, Sea surface temperature, Sunda shelf, Monsoon, Porites PT1-17

Determination of Proximate Composition of Malaysian Horseshoe Crab (Tachypleus gigas) Nashrin Iszhan Ishak

1Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia *Corresponding author: reymicle3@gmail.com Abstract: This study was conducted to investigate proximate content of Tachypleus gigas in Malaysia and to focus on the future development of the food product with an excellent health benefit. To date there has been little agreement on what the nutrition value of horseshoe crab is and how it will benefit the consumers. The sample was divided by two parts which is roe and fillet. The Tachypleus gigas was cleaned of foreign materials and impurities with manually by human hand. The samples were ground into flour and sieved through 50 μm sieve and were packaged in airtight plastic bags prior to analyses. The horseshoe crab was analyzed for its proximate composition of different body parts and by different drying method. The results showed that the roe and fillet of horseshoe crab by oven drying method contained ash (0.42 % and 2.71 %), crude protein (70.43 % and 66.76 %), crude fat (9.30 % and 8.09 %), moisture content (8.70 % and 14.36 %), utilized carbohydrate (11.15 % and 8.08 %) and energy (410.02 Kcal/100g and 372.17 Kcal/100g) respectively. Whereas the roe and fillet proximate by freeze drying method contained ash (0.82 % and 1.58 %), crude protein (79.71 % and 68.70 %), crude fat (8.79 % and 5.47 %), moisture content (3.39 % and 12.55 %), utilized carbohydrate (7.29 % and 11.7 %) and energy (427.11 Kcal/100g and 370.83 Kcal/100g) respectively. This shows that oven drying method

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was better in retaining most of proximate value for both roe and fillet compared to freeze dry method. Overall, the proximate content of Tachypleus gigas were nearer to the shellfish rather than the other seafood type such as finfish and echinoderm and can be considered as a good nutrition source. Keywords: Horseshoe Crab, Proximate, Tachypleus gigas PT1-18

Associational Protection by Acropora-Dwelling Stegastes of Resilient Porites Corals in Degraded and Non-Degraded Sites Isabelle Tiddy1,2, Ranjeet Bhagooli1,3,5, Ashley Le Vin2, Deepeeka Kaullysing1,3, Pramod Kumar Chumun4

1Department of Biosciences and Ocean Studies, Faculty of Science & Pole of Research Excellence in Sustainable Marine Biodiversity, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Republic of Mauritius 2Department of Marine & Freshwater Biology and Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK 3The Biodiversity and Environment Institute, Réduit, Republic of Mauritius 4Lagon Bleu, Ecosud, Villa Badamiers, Route Royale, Blue Bay 50802, Republic of Mauritius 5Institute of Oceanography and Environment (INOS), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: 2196193t@student.gla.ac.uk Abstract: Stegastes damselfish inhabit Acropora corals upon which they cultivate algal gardens which form a major part of the diet of these omnivorous fish. Stegastes aggressively defend their territories from other fish, which has the effect of reducing piscine corallivory upon corals within the territory. This may include species such as Porites, which are resilient to temperature-induced bleaching/mortality, while Acropora are susceptible. However, Acropora mortality may result in Stegastes disappearance and thus increased predation upon remaining corals. This study aims 1) to verify whether Porites lutea corals within Stegastes territories benefit from associational protection and 2) to find whether degree of corallivory upon P. lutea varies with density and species diversity of corallivorous fish. Surveying occurred from September 2018-June 2019 at two sites on the west coast of Mauritius Island; one (Albion) containing only Porites and the other (Flic en Flac) containing both Acropora and Porites. A minimum of 15 P. lutea corals were surveyed monthly at each site. Degree of corallivory (bite density and percentage surface area damaged) was compared within and between sites according to whether the colonies occurred within Stegastes territories, and according to the density and species diversity of corallivorous fish at each site. Stegastes presence significantly reduced corallivory, which has not been found for Porites in previous studies. This may be due to a lack of other food sources present in this study in areas with no Stegastes, causing increased predation upon Porites. Both measures of corallivory were significantly linked to corallivore density and diversity, with an increase in corallivores correlating with greater area damaged but reduced bite density. This may be due to differences in corallivore composition between the sites, as different corallivores produce bites of different densities and sizes, however no difference was found in corallivore composition between the sites. Keywords: Stegastes, Acropora, bleaching, associational protection, Porites

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PT1-19 Riverine Mangrove Plant Species Composition and Vegetation Structure of the Firefly’s Habitat at Sungai Sepetang Kampung Dew, Taiping, Perak Siti Nur Fatehah, R.1, Shamsul, K.1, Wan Juliana, W.A.1,2, Norela Sulaiman1, Md. Shahril, M.H.3 and Nurul Darsani, A.D.3

1Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. 2Institute for Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. 3TNB Research Sdn Bhd, No. 1, Lorong Ayer Hitam, Kawasan Institusi Penyelidikan, 43000 Kajang, Selangor. *Corresponding author: shamsulk@ukm.edu.my, ayie@ukm.edu.my Abstract: This study was conducted at the habitat of fireflies along Sungai Sepetang, Kampung Dew, Taiping, Perak to determine the flora composition and changes of vegetation along the river. Ten plots were established adjacent to the river with five plots located at the left and another five plots at the right riverbank with 25 m x 20 m each at 3 km distance between each plots. All plant with 1 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) and above were recorded. Other type of plants species like palms, herbs, climbers and epiphytes were also recorded to construct the horizontal profile as to examine the changes of vegetation structure along the river. A total of 16 plant species represented by 11 genera and 10 families were enumerated along the river and Rhizophoraceae shows the most dominant family. The vegetation profile gives out that there were high abundance of Sonneratia caseolaris and Nypa fruticans towards the upstream of Sg. Sepetang which was also associated with firefly habitat area. Other plant mangrove species such as Rhizophora apiculata, R, mucronata and Bruguiera parviflora were dominant in downstream river. Keywords: Riverine mangrove, species composition, vegetation profile PT1-20 Toxicity Effect of Palm Oil and Its Derivatives on Marine Microalgae Sree Selva Kumar Ganesen1, Hing Lee Siang1 and Kesaven Bhubalan1,2,3 1School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia 2Institute of Marine Biotechnology (IMB), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia 3Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals (IPharm), NIBM, 11700 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia *Corresponding author: kesaven@umt.edu.my Abstract: Globally, palm oil industry is a brewing economic sector and Malaysia contributes a whopping amount of 39% of world palm oil production. However, recent incidents related to oil spills shows that palm oil industry have caused aquatic pollution to the environment. The aim of this study is to provide a detailed understanding on the effect of palm oil and its derivatives on the marine environment using marine microalgae as a model. It is being carried out according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) by exposing exponential-phased Chlorella sp. to 5 concentrations (20ppm, 40ppm, 60ppm, 80ppm and 100ppm) of 2 different types of palm oil derivatives (crude palm oil and crude palm kernel oil) for 96 hours. The microalgae density is determined and counted daily using Neubauer-improved haemocytometer. Early analysis shows that the introduction of both palm oil

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into the system does not have negative impact on the growth or cell density of Chlorella sp. The determination of palm oil concentration in the culture medium will be carried out using liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and the analysis of free fatty acid using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) at the beginning and end of the cycle. Probit method will be used in estimating the IC50 value of palm oil on the growth of algae. Through this series of analysis, this study aims to construct a defined range of concentration of palm oil and its derivatives, which is toxic to the marine microalgae. Keywords: palm oil, aquatic pollution, eco-toxicology, marine microalgae, free fatty acid PT1-21

Variability in Chlorophyll at Setiu Wetlands

Shaharul Suhaila Ismail1, Nurhayati Mat Semawi1, Mohd Azrinkhuzaini Abdul Kadir1, Ahmad Nazila Ali1, and Nur Hafiza Ramli2 1Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2School of Marine and Environmental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 20130 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia * Corresponding author: suhaila@umt.edu.my Abstract: This study presents determination of chlorophyll concentration in estuarine water of Setiu Wetlands. In order to understand the variability in chlorophyll in this area, two series of sampling were conducted in February and April 2018. Three different areas were selected based on human activities. In general, result showed a significant difference in concentrations between the study areas with high chlorophyll observed in the area with no human activities. In both series of sampling demonstrated the lowest chlorophyll concentration at abundance cage culture area. Determination of chlorophyll along Setiu Wetlands area was influenced by human activities. Further research is needed to improve the understanding of Setiu Wetlands ecosystem. Keywords: Setiu Wetlands, Chlorophyll, Human Activities

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FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES (T2)

OT2-22

Molecular Characterization of Escherichia coli from Chickens in Poultry Farms of Malaysia

Nagaraja Suryadevara1, Kai Boon Yong1, Yoke Ing Kwan2, Michelle Fong Ting Lim2, and Sharanya Rajan2, Gnanendra Shanmugam3

1, 2Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, MAHSA University, Jalan SP 2, Bandar Saujana Putra, 42610, Selangor, Malaysia. 3Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, South Korea.

Abstract: Poultry farm often involved in the outbreak of food-borne diseases through the zoonotic transmission through direct contact or consumption of contaminated poultry products. The persistently used of antibiotics in poultry farms for several purposes over a long period led to the development of multidrug resistance (MDR) bacteria which emerged as a public health threat nowadays. The high level of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics among Enterobacteriaceae was conferred by Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) in the poultry farm. The Escherichia coli (E. coli) were identified using differential media and biochemical testing. E. coli isolates were tested for MDR by using Kirby Bauer method. The ESBL strains were determined phenotypically using Combination Disc Test (CDT) and Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST). The genomic DNA of positive ESBL producing E. coli isolates was extracted. The blaTEM and blaCTX-M genes were amplified using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The amplified products were sequenced to identify the mutated genes in MDR strains. Molecular docking interactions were studied using Auto dock tool. Within 88 samples collected from poultry farm, 73 (83.0%) E.coli were identified. In total, 11 (15.1%) E.coli were MDR strains. From there, 8 (72.7%) E.coli, were ESBL positive strains. The 7 tested isolates were exhibited blaTEM and blaCTX-M genes with 3 (42.9%) and 7 (100 %) respectively. The ASN-107, TYR-108, SER-133, ASN-135, PRO-170, SER-240 and ASP-242 residues from ESBL were suggested involved in hydrolysis of β-lactam family antibiotics. In conclusion, the classic blaTEM and blaCTX-M genes were present in E.coli from poultry samples. However, blaCTX-M gene was seen more prominent compared to blaTEM gene in the isolated ESBL strains. These mutated genes in ESBL positive isolates are seen responsible for the emergence of MDR strains.

Keywords: E.coli, MDR, ESBL, blaTEM, blaCTX-M

OT2-23 Exploring Potential Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi of Neolamarckia cadamba using Soil Trap and Pot Substrate Cultures

John Sabang1, Mark Bloomberg2, Daniel Tan Lee Tung3, Peter Morin Nissom3*

1Sarawak Forest Tree Seed Bank, Applied Forest Science and Industry Development Division, Sarawak Forestry Corporation 2School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, New Zealand 3Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak *Corresponding author: pmorin@swinburne.edu.my

Abstract: Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosseris is a very promising tree species for forest plantation as it is fast growing, produces timber suitable for a wide range of uses, and has ample supply of seeds. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are important particularly on sites with a P limitation. The traditional soil resource evaluation generally lacks good quality data on rhizosphere microorganisms which could be utilized in enhancing tree growth in forest plantations in Sarawak. It was reported that arbuscular

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mycorrhizal fungi from the genera Glomus was found to be dominant in the rhizosphere of natural growing N. cadamba. Thus, further attempts were made to explore potential arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of N. cadamba using soil trap and pot trap cultures. Soil trap culture is one of the many methods for culturing and isolating arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and it was used as a base for further purification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi specific to N. cadamba using pot substrate culture. Lemongrass as nurse plant was able to enhance sporulation of starter soil by more than double to that without nurse plant. The fertilizer used enhanced growth of above ground biomass of nurse plant but had opposite effect on root development. The root dry-biomass of nurse plant without fertilizer was significantly correlated with soil spore counts. The correlation of extracted soil spores coded as D1 spore specimen and percentage root colonization indicates that it may have an influence on the root colonization of N. cadamba. Spores of the D1 specimen could be characterized as mainly globose, pale yellow color and with size from 100-200 µm. The spore wall consisted of three layers that extended to the subtending hyphal wall. A search for the similarity of spore’s cellular characters to an online voucher specimen database was traced to Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe spore. Keywords: Neolamarckia cadamba, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Soil Trap Culture, Pot Substrate Culture OT2-24

Synergistic Effect of Synthetic Pheromone and Kairomone-Releasing Food Baits in Mass Trapping System of Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Muhammad Firdaus Mohd Hatta1, Chuah Tse Seng2, and Wahizatul Afzan Azmi1

1School of Marine and Environmental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia *Corresponding author: wahizatul@umt.edu.my Abstract: The red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus is one of the most damaging pests of major cultivated palms worldwide and is a serious threat to Malaysia’s coconut and oil palm industries. Current tactic to manage the weevils are largely based on aggregation pheromone traps. Thus, it is crucial to come up with an effective method to manage the pest based on pheromone based mass trapping system before it causes any significant economic losses. In the present study, the synergistic effect of synthetic pheromone and kairomone-releasing food baits was evaluated in highly infested area of Kuala Terengganu. Pineapple food bait was the most effective in capturing RPW with the greatest capture of weevils (12 individuals/trap), followed by oil palm petiole (10.8 individuals/ trap), sugarcane (7.6 individuals/ trap), and the lowest capture was coconut fruit (6.6 individuals/ trap). More females (166 individuals) were trapped than males (54 individuals) with the sex ratio (1 male: 3.1 females). In terms of environmental parameters, the higher amount of rainfall and relative humidity, the lower the numbers of captured weevils were observed. In contrast, higher reading of weekly temperature influenced higher numbers of captured weevils. The inconsistency weather during monsoon season should be considered in implementing the mass trapping system of RPW. Finding from this study is important for a more effective and long-lasting method of pheromone based mass trapping in integrated RPW control strategy program. Keywords: Red Palm Weevil, Pheromone, Food Bait, Oil Palm, Coconut

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OT2-25

Study on the Impact of Tidal Variation to the Paddy Growth at Kuala Kedah, Malaysia Samera Samsuddin Sah1,2, Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud2,3, Nur Fadzlina Abdul Nahar1

1School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia. 2Smart and Sustainable Township Research Centre (SUTRA), Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. 3Earth Observation Centre, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. *Corresponding author: sssamera18@gmail.com Abstract: Kedah and Perlis states are located at northern part of Peninsular Malaysia. Most of local residents in these states are involved with rice cultivation activities. The Muda Agricultural Development Authority (MADA) was established since 1970 with responsible to facilitate the farmers. MADA manages over 100 thousand hectares which represent 35.13% of the country's rice paddy area. However, currently they are facing problem of sea water encroachment to paddy plots nearby coastal area which are specifically located at Kuala Kedah, Kedah. Approximately, 36 hectares were affected by increment of salinity level in paddy plots with average paddy production only 1.5 ton per hectare. Previously, the average production is 7 ton per hectare. More than 75 percent of losses have to be borne by farmers since the occurrence of this problem. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate the impact of sea water encroachment on salinity level in affected paddy plots and respective irrigation canal. The measurement of salinity level was conducted using in-situ testing by ExStik® II Salinity meter at high and low tide events along the canal and paddy plot (outflow and inflow region) for 10 points each with 2 weeks’ interval. While, the paddy growth assessment was done by measuring the plant height continuously from 3rd week till 13th week and grain weight from day 60 till day 110 in matured stage. After completed the analysis, it was found that the sea water existent in paddy plot had the greatest influence on paddy growth compared to its existent in the canal which showing the decrement pattern along the canal length. Keyword: Coastal Area, Paddy Growth, Saline Water, Salinity OT2-26 Development of Potential Drought and Salinity Tolerance Rice

Rohayu Ma’arup, Muhammad Nurshafiq Azlan, Noor Rashidah Md Rashid, and Nurul Athirah Karim

School of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: rohayu_maarup@umt.edu.my Abstract: Climate changes and extreme condition play a significant role in rice production. In order to improve food security in Malaysia, high yield rice varieties with drought and salinity tolerance are more preferable. Thus, combination of high yield rice varieties with these abiotic tolerance traits through conventional breeding would give potential lines that tolerance to both stress without compromising yield production. In this study, rice with high yield performance varieties (MR263 and MR219) and upland rice (IURON14, IURON 18 and IURON 21) were used as female parents while drought tolerant variety Dular and salinity tolerant variety Pokkali were used as male parents to generate F1 hybrid generation in the field. The F1 phenotyping screening were done based on diameter stomata opening, chlorophyll content, plant height, length of flag leaf, diameter of flag leaf, length of seeds and width of seeds. Several of potential F1 hybrids showed significance difference (p<0.0.5) compared to female and male parents on most of the parameters and might inherited drought and salinity tolerant genes from

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the male parents. The development of doubled haploid plants is currently ongoing, thus would reduce cultivar development time.

Keywords: Drought Tolerance, Salinity Tolerance, Phenotyping Screening, Oryza sativa OT2-27 Effect of Cinnamon Oil Incorporated Edible Aloe Vera Films on Shelf Life of Wax Apples (Syzygium samarangense L.)

Keisheni G a, Razifah MR a*, Mubarak Ab b, Mat Amin KA a,

aSchool of Fundamental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia bSchool of Science and Food Technology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: razifah@umt.edu.my Abstract: The demand for food in an increasing population remains a major global concern. However, most of the fresh produces are lost or wasted in postharvest operations. Reducing the postharvest losses, especially in developing countries, could be a sustainable solution to increase food availability and food security. In this study, a novel blend film made from Aloe Vera gel incorporated with cinnamon oil is developed to increase the shelf life of wax apples (Syzygium samarangense L.).The aim of the present study was to analyse the properties of this novel film and to study the effects on the total antioxidant content and storage life of wax apples. Formulations of the films were developed by casting method. Cinnamon oil was incorporated at different ratios through emulsification in order to modify the functional properties of edible Aloe Vera films. Overall, cinnamon oil incorporated films showed better mechanical properties with low water solubility, low water vapour permeability and higher flexibility. The wax apples treated with cinnamon oil incorporated Aloe Vera films also showed higher antioxidant content and longer shelf life compared to the control. In conclusion, the novel, biodegradable edible Aloe Vera films incorporated with cinnamon oil will be a promising alternative in food packaging applications. Keywords: Edible Films, Aloe Vera Gel, Cinnamon Oil, Post-Harvest, Wax Apples OT2-28 Issues and Strategies Organic Farming in Malaysia Towards Achieving Sustainable Agriculture

Mohd Salim Mohamed and Anis Azira Ishak Department of Science and Technology Studies, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur *Corresponding author: mohdsalim@um.edu.my Abstract: During the early stages of the development of the agricultural sector in Malaysia, dependency on conventional methods for producing, improving and maintaining food production was high. Chemical fertilizers are used extensively to support plant nutrients and combat pests and diseases. However, in recent years, raising awareness on health and environmental issues have led to the increasing demand for organic based foods among Malaysians. Since organic farming is one of the strategies of a sustainable agriculture, and this study aims to explore its potential and practicality in Malaysia. Systematic programs have been introduced since 1984 through National Agriculture Policies and currently through National Agrofood Policy, to optimize sustainable use of resources such as recycling waste products for food, environmental protection and production. Recycling agricultural

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waste and biological control methods are among the best practices of good agricultural practices to reduce dependence on chemicals, and thus towards a more natural and healthy food production. However, issues of organic farming mainly such as the availability, accessibility and quality of its products are unavoidable. These three main issues are incompliance with the four principles of organic farming which are the principle of health, ecology, fairness and care. For instance, since chemical fertilizers and pesticides are not used, labor requirements are high to support high yields. Some highly grade compost enriched enzymes and fermented organic fertilizers are also being used. This makes organic products, especially vegetables, are usually priced higher, which is triple of the average price of non-organic vegetables.These issues significantly resulted conflicts in balancing benefits of social, economic and environment and lead to the unfeasible of organic farming in attaining goals of sustainable agriculture. Data for this research is gathered through semi-structured interviews with researchers in Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), the main government based institution in conducting research and develop agricultural sector in Malaysia. This study identifies seven main issues of organic farming such as expensive cost of organic products, shortage of labors, pest and disease, certification or bureaucracy process, lack of organic farms, and the usage of preservatives. The study also shows that the intensive and progressive research and development, human capital development and active collaboration with non-government organizations in promoting organic farming are among the strategies played by MARDI. By tackling those issues and entailing effective strategies, the potential of organic farming will be greater and able to accomplish sustainable agriculture in Malaysia. Keywords: Organic Farming, Sustainable Agriculture, MARDI, Organic Food, Malaysian Agriculture OT2-29

Optimization of Flavonoid Extraction from Guava Leaves for Application in Reducing Urea Hydrolysis in Soil Hariz Roslan1*, Nurlidia Mansor1, Wan Zaireen Nisa Yahya1, and Mahfuzah Noor Affendi1

1Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia, *Corresponding author: hariz_16000703@utp.edu.my Abstract: The flavonoid group is a versatile compound which recently found to have a big potential in the urea industry. Flavonoid extraction of guava leaves using ultrasound bath-assisted extraction has been found to be highly reproducible and efficient. The main ultrasonic extraction limitations come from unestablished methods being reported. Data reconciled from previous studies showed that there are 5 common extraction conditions when it comes to ultrasonic extraction; solid-solvent ratio, alcoholic solution ratio, extraction temperature, extraction time, and equipment power intensity. Using a Central Composite Design, a maximum of 50.44 ± 0.82 mg of Quercetin-equivalent per gram of dry weight leaves was extractable at 1 g of guava leaves/100 mL solvent, 1:1:1 water-ethanol-methanol solvent ratio, and in a 45°C bath temperature for 31 mins at an ultrasound intensity of 336 W. In urea application, the best performed compound at 8% dilution of flavonoid extract can reduce urea losses starting Day 3 of soil sampling. This effect portrays a positive outlook on the extract’s potential application in reducing urea transformation in soil. Keywords: Total Flavonoid Content; Central Composite Design; Psidium Guajava Linn (Guava) Leaves; Ultrasonic Bath Assisted Extraction; Tri-Solvent Extraction Medium; Soil Urea Hydrolysis

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OT2-30 Physical and Antimicrobial Properties of Spontaneous Fermentation of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) Peel

Nor Syazwani Sasmani1, Radhiah Shukri1, Yaya Rukayadi1, and Nor Khaizura Mahmud @ Ab Rashid Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author: radhiah@upm.edu.my Abstract: Mangosteen peels has many benefits due to high content of total phenolic compounds. To increase the beneficits of the mangosteen peels, we conducted spontaneous fermentation of mangosteen peels with brown sugar and water at the ratio of 1:1:10 for 4 weeks. This research aimed to study the physical, microbial safety, microbial quality and antimicrobial properties of spontaneous fermented mangosteen peel (SMP). The results showed that the pH gradually decreased from 4.31 to 3.75. At Week 4, number of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) was 6 log CFU/mL, higher than E. coli and other food-borne pathogens with 1 log CFU/mL. The growth of six foodborne pathogens was inhibited with inhibition zone ranging from 10.67 to 12.67 mm. Highest inhibition was towards L. monocytogenes. Moreover, Week 0 and Week 4 of SMP inhibited all tested bacteria with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values of 0.16 to 2.50 mg/mL and killed them with Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values of 0.31 to 10.00 mg/mL. In conclusion, SMP can be used as a natural antibacterial agent. Keywords: Antimicrobial, Mangosteen Peel, Spontaneous Fermentation OT2-31 Green Laser Irradiation Effects on Field Performance of Maize Seed at Different Duration and Intensity Mohammed Hasan1, Marlia M. Hanafiah1*, Ziad Aeyad Taha 2, and Intsar H. H. AlHilfy3.

1School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. 2Industrial and Engineering applications Department, Institute of Laser for Postgraduate Studies, University of Baghdad, Iraq. 3Department of Field Crop Science, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, Iraq. *Corresponding author: mhmarlia@ukm.edu.my Abstract: Laser application in agriculture sector has gained much attention since plant characteristics were improved significantly in response of pre-sowing seed treatment. In the present study, the seeds of Zea mays var. (Baghdad 3) were irradiated with single exposure of green laser at different doses of (2 and 4 mW/cm2) and different irradiation time of (45, 65, 85 and 105 sec). Fourteen days old seedlings were harvested and the germination, vigour and growth parameters were estimated and compared with un-irradiated control seedlings. Seeds irradiated by 65 sec of laser significant enhancement in growth characters were noted with respect to length, fresh and dry weight of plant. In addition, significant alterations in percentage of seed germination, emergence index and vigour index were observed in the irradiated seeds compared with the un-irradiated control. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that dose (4 mW/cm2) of green laser irradiation period of (45, and 65 sec) enhanced the germination process and altered growth of the Zea mays seedlings compared with un-irradiated control. Keywords: Germination, Irradiation Period, Laser Intensity, Zea mays

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OT2-32 Potential of Annona muricata Extract as An Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitor for Polyphenol Oxidase from Giant Freshwater Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Amalina Ibrahim1, Mohd Syazlie Che Ibrahim2,Jamilah Bakar3 ,Kamariah Bakar4 , and Nurul Ulfah Karim1

1School of Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia 2Institutes of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia 3Fakulti Science and Food Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia 4Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: ulfah@umt.edu.my Abstract: In this study, antioxidant and inhibition potential of Annona muricata’s leaves on polyphenol oxidase was determined. Annona muricata was extracted with methanol:water solvent (6:4). Total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) was determined followed by radical scavenging activity on 1,1′-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). After that, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to analyse the functional group in the leaves. Finally, inhibition assay was carried out on polyphenol oxidase (PPO) from cephalothorax of giant freshwater prawn. The result indicated a high phenolic and flavonoid content of 189 ±3.083 mg GAE/g DW and 1753 ±0.001 mg QE/g sample and inhibition rate of 80% on PPO activity using 16% Annona muricata leaves extract. The ability of Annona leaves extracts to scavenge DPPH was concentration-dependent as it gradually increases as the concentration increases. Result from FTIR shows functional-groups of phenol, carboxylic acid, alkane group, aromatic group, ester group, ether group, alkane group and alkene group. From the finding, Annona muricata has potential as an antioxidant and PPO inhibitor.

Keywords: Annona muricata, antioxidant, polyphenol oxidase OT2-33 The Quality of Ginger Elephant dried by using Hohenheim Dryer under Tropical Climate

Rita Khathir, Raida Agustina, Bambang Sukarno Putra, and Rahmadi Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia *Corresponding author:rkhathir@unsyiah.ac.id Abstract: The objective of the study was to determine the drying characteristics of elephant ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc) by using a modified Hohenheim dryer designed based on the Hohenheim type tunnel dryer in University of Kassel, Germany. The ginger elephants were sliced at different thickness of 3 mm, 4 mm and 5 mm. Research parameters included solar irradiation, drying temperature, relative humidity (RH), moisture content, ash content, yield, and color. A consumer test was run to 25 respondents by using hedonic scale on the color and flavor properties. The results showed that the average daily solar irradiation was 403.2 W/m². The average drying room temperature was 50˚C, and the average RH was 60.78%. The initial moisture content of elephant ginger was 83%. The drying process was faster at slice thickness of 3 mm and 4 mm i.e. 7 hours, than that of at slice thickness of 5 mm i.e. 8 hours. The slice thickness of 3 mm had the highest yield of 18%, and the lowest moisture content of 6.49%, as well as the lowest ash content of 10.22%. According to sensory analysis, the best color of dried elephant ginger was at slice thickness of 3 mm, with the L value of 87, a value of -2.7 and b value was 20.33. However, the flavor of dried elephant ginger was not strong enough so that the

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respondents had graded it with neutral value. The best flavor was observed on the dried ginger at slice thickness of 5mm.

Keywords: Elephant Ginger, Slice Thickness, and Hohenheim Dryer

PT2-22

The Effect of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Kinetin (KIN) on In Vitro Shoot Induction of Nodal Segment Explant in Smilax myosotiflora

Hafawati Che Li1 and Noor Asiah Hassan1*

1Department of Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Life Sciences, University Selangor, Bestari Jaya Campus, Jalan Timur Tambahan, 45600 Bestari Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia *Corresponding author: noorasiah@unisel.edu.my Abstract: Smilax myosotiflora or ‘ubi jaga’ in Malay is a climber. Previous studies indicated that this plant has a potential of being a medicinal plant due to its aphrodisiac properties, antioxidant agents and antimicrobial properties. The high demand for this forest resource resulted in over exploitation and to the limited supply of this raw material. Large-scale planting is hampered by limited supply of planting material. Micropropagation of S. myosotiflora has been successful through solid culture. An alternative micropropagtion method through liquid culture is being investigated to reduce the cost of labour and to reduce the regeneration time associated with solid cultures. This preliminary study is conducted to determine the optimum concentration and type of Plant Growth Hormone (PGR) needed in liquid culture for shoots to regenerate. Nodal segments from clean culture were cultured in liquid medium containing Murashige and Skoog (MS) supplemented with two different types of cytokinin; 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) or kinetin (KIN) at 0, 1.0, 2.5 and 4.0 mg/l respectively added singly into the medium. New shoots were formed on 5th to 6th week of culture. The length of shoots varied depending on concentration of cytokinin. The new shoots were transferred into multiplication medium to determine its multiplication rate. MS supplemented with 2.5 mg/l of BAP gives multiplication rate of 1.4 and average shoots length of 1.33 cm while MS supplemented with 2.5 mg/l of Kinetin gives multiplication rate of 1.2 and average shoots length of 1.25 cm. As conclusion, MS supplemented with 2.5 mg/l of BAP was the best cytokinin for shoot induction of Smilax myosotiflora in liquid culture.

Keywords: Smilax myosotiflora, shoot induction, plant growth hormone, liquid culture PT2-23 Occurrence of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Friesian Cattle from A Commercial Farm in Kuantan, Pahang Afzan Mat Yusof 1,2* and Mohammad Zarith Zol 1,2

1Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Nursing, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia 2Integrated Cellular and Molecular Biology Cluster (iMolec), International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia *Corresponding author: afzan@iium.edu.my Abstract: Gastrointestinal parasitic infections in cattle cause a reduction in production and affect the cattle’s health. A study was conducted to determine the parasitic infections in cattle from a commercial farm in Kuantan, Pahang. A total of 152 fecal samples from Friesian cattle were collected and examined by direct smear technique, simple floatation, and sedimentation technique to determine the burden of parasites in different age groups. Nematode eggs and Eimeria oocysts were found (10.53%) and

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(57.23%) in fecal samples respectively. Parasites eggs that observed in cattle feces belonged to Strongyle spp. (9.87%), Strongyloides spp. (1.32%), Ascaris spp. (0.66%) and Eimeria spp. (56.58%). Cattle calves below 6 months old (85%) were more infected with parasites than older ones. This study revealed that gastrointestinal parasitic infections is a major problem among Friesian cattle, so an effective farm management system and antihelminthic treatment should be conducted to control the parasitic infections in cattle farms. Keywords: Friesian Cattle, Feces, Gastrointestinal Parasites, Kuantan

PT2-24

A Preliminary Investigation of the Effects of Quran Verses on the Growth of Red Tilapia, Oreochromis sp.

Nur Syazwana Akmal Mohd Zohir1, *, Sharir Aizat Kamaruddin1,2, Aziani Ahmad1,2, Zamzila Erdawati Zainol1,2, Shaidatul Najwa Zainolabdin1, Nurdamia’ Yasmin Mustaffa al-Bakri1, and Wan Muhammad Aniq Irfan Wan Hamat1

1Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Perlis, Kampus Arau, 02600 Arau, Perlis 2Marine Research and Excellence Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Perlis, Kampus Arau, 02600 Arau, Perlis *Corresponding author: syazwana.akmalmz@gmail.com Abstract: One of the most cultured fresh water species in Malaysia aquaculture industry is Red Tilapia, Oreochromis sp. The growth of Red Tilapia can be affected by variation of environmental noise or sound pollution. A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of Quran verses on the growth of Red Tilapia fish. The growth of the fry was verified by the difference of initial and final content of crude protein before and after exposure the fry with different types of sound for ten weeks. The result shows that there is variation in growth of fish between treatment groups. This discovery indicated that type of sounds will affect the flesh content of the fish. Consequently, broadcasting the sound of Quran verses in the tank can be applied to improve the growth rate of Red Tilapia fry for producing better quality of fresh water fish.

Keywords: Red Tilapia, Quran verses, Affect PT2-25 Spatio-Temporal Variations in Density and Diversity of Micro-Phytoplankton and Micro-Zooplankton on Coral Reefs Around Mauritius Island Shaama Sandooyea1, Héloïse Ave1,2, Mouneshwar Soondur1, Deepeeka Kaullysing1,3, and Ranjeet Bhagooli1,3,4 1Department of Biosciences and Ocean Studies, and Pole of Research Excellence - Sustainable Marine Biodiversity, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Republic of Mauritius 2EHU/UPV PiE, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Plentzia 48620, Spain 3The Biodiversity and Environment Institute, Réduit 80837, Republic of Mauritius 4Institute Oceanography and Environment (INOS), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: heloiseave@hotmail.com Abstract: Studies investigating both phytoplankton and zooplankton simultaneously on tropical coral reefs are scarce. Planktonic organisms have ecological and economic implications since they are at the base of the marine food chain. This study evaluated spatio-temporal variations in micro-phytoplankton

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and micro-zooplankton communities on healthy coral reefs at Flic-en-Flac (FEF), Belle-Mare (BM), Pointe d’Esny (PDE) and Balaclava (BLA) around Mauritius Island. Micro-phytoplankton and micro-zooplankton samples were collected using 5 and 100 μm plankton nets, respectively. Generally, the highest densities recorded were at FEF and BLA in March 2019 and the lowest in October 2018. Micro-phytoplankton diversity declined from October 2018 to March 2019 in BM, but increased gradually in FEF, and the highest diversity was at BLA in March 2019. A strong positive correlation between total micro-zooplankton density (TMZD) and sea surface temperature suggested enhanced grazing activity on the micro-phytoplankton, which could potentially explain the diversity being higher in FEF than in BM. Although the diatoms dominated the micro-phytoplankton community, in March 2019, dinoflagellates were present in high numbers (50% at BLA, 39% at BM and 18% at FEF). Dinoflagellates are known to thrive in environments where resources are limited. The TMZD tended to be lowest in October 2018 but highest in March 2019 at all sites. At BM and FEF, a strong correlation (r = 0.719 and r = 0.910, respectively) between the TMZD and SST indicating a possible thermally-induced increase in grazing activity. The total micro-phytoplankton density and TMZD correlated strongly (r = 0.946) at BM possibly indicating stimulation in growth of phytoplankton through resistance to zooplankton grazing activity or through rapid recycling of energy and nutrients in the micro-plankton community. These findings indicate variable patterns in micro-phytoplankton and micro-zooplankton density and diversity on coral reefs around Mauritius, possibly implying differential processes governing micro-plankton density and diversity on tropical reefs. Keywords: Coral Reefs, Density, Diversity, Mauritius, Micro-Phytoplankton, Micro-Zooplankton PT2-26

Response of Intercropping and Type of Biopesticide on Chili Production Noor Shahira Binti Md Yusoff1 and Norhidayah Binti Che Soh1

1School of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: norhidayah.soh@umt.edu.my Abstract: Chili (Capsicum annuum) is one of the most important vegetable in Malaysia. These plants are highly susceptible to various types of pests and diseases which resulted in poor production and quality of chilies. Mostly, farmers used chemical pesticides to overcome this problem. Application of natural resources in preventing plant pest infestation is highly encouraged for the sustainability of nature. Intercropping and application of biopesticides are the potential solution. This study was conducted to determine the potential plant for intercropping and biopesticides which could decrease the pest infestation and produce highest yield in chili production. Three plant species which potentially reduce the pest infestation were intercrop with chili, namely Kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix), Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and Cosmos caudatus (King’s salad). In this study, five types of biopesticides applied were extract of kaffir lime, turmeric, king’s salad, garlic and neem while ZESBAN (commercial chemical pesticide) was applied as control. The study plots were divided into four sub-plots. The first plot was chili intercropping with kaffir lime, the second plot was chili and turmeric, the third plot was chili and king’s salad while the last plot was solely chili. Each plot was treated with different type of biopesticides selected in this study. The findings from this study showed that intercropping chili with king’s salad and application of neem extract as biopesticide gave the best growth performance, highest yield and less pest infestation. Keywords: Intercropping, Biopesticide

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PT2-27

Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Fresh Cut Pineapple Coated with Water Mimosa (Neptunia oleracea) Leaf Extracts

Yeng Yeng Yong1, Noranizan Mohd Adzahan1*, Faridah Abas2

1Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 2Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. *Corresponding author: noraadzahan@upm.edu.my

Abstract: The MD2 pineapple (Ananas comosus) is one of the highly demanded fruits in Malaysia due to its sweet taste and refreshing smell. However, taking a large serving size of fresh cut MD2 pineapple will result in a spike of blood sugar level for diabetic patients. The inhibitory activity of alpha-glucosidase enzyme can effectively reduce the postprandial blood glucose level, which is especially beneficial for diabetic patients. Hence, the study aimed to assess the alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of fresh cut MD2 pineapple coated with Aloe vera gel (100% (w/v)) in combination with water mimosa (Neptunia oleracea) leaf extracts (1.5% and 2.5% (w/v)). Uncoated and coated samples without water mimosa leaf extract were used as the controls. The alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of samples coated with 1.5% and 2.5% water mimosa leaf extracts were 59.38% and 64.59% respectively. This result showed that coated samples obtained a significant (p < 0.05) higher alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity as compare to uncoated (42.78%) and coated samples without water mimosa leaf extract (43.52%). Hence, incorporation of water mimosa leaf extract on Aloe vera coated fresh cut pineapple is potential to enhance its functionality in term of alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity to regulate blood glucose level in diabetic patients.

Keywords: Fresh Cut Pineapple, Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity, Aloe Vera Gel, Neptunia oleracea, Diabetic

PT2-28

Subcritical Water as a Novel Method for Extraction of Essential Oil from Agarwood Bark Nurul Nabilah Mohd Hisan1, Hiroyuki Yoshida1, Abdul Karim Abdul Ghani2, and Shamsul Izhar1*

1Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 2Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi Selangor, Malaysia. *Corresponding author: shamizhar@upm.edu.my Abstract: In this study, Agarwood bark (Gaharu) was extracted using both conventional and novel methods to obtain the agarwood oil. Hydro-distillation and Soxhlet are the conventional methods while the novel extraction method is by the Subcritical Water (Sub-CW). The three methods of extraction are being compared for their performance in terms of maximizing the oil extraction yield while maintaining the quality of the oil. Thus, the objectives of this work were to compare the oil extraction yield of agarwood of each method and to analyze the chemical constituents of the oil. The extracted oil was analyzed by a Gas Chromatography (GC-FID) and a Gas Chromatography with a Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) for the quantitative and qualitative analysis, respectively. The results revealed that the oil yield obtained by Sub-CW were 4.89% which was greater than Soxhlet (2.19%) followed by Hydro-distillation (0.01%). Futhermore, the oxygenated sesquiterpene were present in the oil for all extraction methods. Epoxybulnese can be extracted by all methods while guaia-1(10),11-diene-15-ol was only found in the oil extracted by Soxhlet and Hydrodistillation. Consequently, Soxhlet and Sub-CW methods were able to extract different sesquiterpenes such as epi-α-bisabolol as well as caryophyllene

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oxide and kusunol. The combined concentrations of these bioactive compounds in the oil were 0.86 mg/ml (Sub-CW), 0.35 mg/ml (Soxhlet), and 0.78 mg/ml (Hydro-distillation). This shows that Sub-CW can be considered a promising method as it can yield a high amount of rich agarwood oil.

Keywords: Subcritical Water, Agarwood, Oil Yield PT2-29

The Use of MCB Cocoa Clones Towards the Improvement in Malaysia Cocoa Crop

Nuraziawati Mat Yazik, Haya Ramba, Aizat Japar and Zailaini Mohd. Jamil Malaysian Cocoa Board, 5th, 6th & 7th Floor, Wisma SEDCO, Locked Bag 211, 88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia *Corresponding author: nura@koko.gov.my Abstract: Planting material is one of the important factors contributing the cocoa production. Superior planting materials would increase the desirable characteristics such as high yield, good pod and bean characteristics, high butter content, good and unique flavor, high degree of tolerance to pests and diseases and others. There are many choices of cacao planting materials developed by research agencies such as KKM clones from MARDI, QH clones from DOA of Sabah, PBC clones from Golden Hope Plantation and others. Nowdays, the Malaysian Cocoa Board (MCB) is the only national organization conducting researches in cacao crop. From the year 2000 onwards, cacao clone’s selection was with larger bean size and bean weight, higher butter content and tolerant to pest and disease. Thus, the more recent selections showed better productivity and bean production which indicated that over time improvement in yield is attained with improved varieties. For the past ten years, three batches of outstanding clones were released for commercial plantings MCBC 1-5 (2005), MCBC 6-9 (2009) and MCBC 10-14 (2013) respectively. Keywords: Planting Material, Cacao, Tolerance PT2-30

Big Data Analytics in the Development of Smallholder Agriculture in Sub-Sahara Africa

Emmanuel Babafunso Sonaiya1, Oladeji Bamidele1, Oludayo Akinsola2 and Tadelle Dessie3

1Department of Animal Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. 2Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. 3International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. *Corresponding author: fsonaiya@gmail.com Abstract: For development of smallholder agriculture, the translation of cumulatively aggregated multi-sourced data into simple and comprehensible information to predict farming outcomes and make timely decisions on best agricultural practices is imperative. Farmers are constantly exposed to various climatic and environmental factors that limit the productivity of their farms, threaten household livelihoods and food security. Most of these factors are beyond farmers’ control and contribute to the uncertainties experienced within the production system. Improving the performance and productivity of smallholdings through climate-smart practices require prediction, made possible by harnessing the huge data resources from mobile phones, satellites and terrestrial statistics. The process of capturing huge amounts of data, their cleaning and analysis, and integration into appropriate predictive models must be dynamic, real-time, and specific to the prevailing agro-ecological and climatic conditions. The establishment of an innovation platform, and adoption of a farmer-first approach can mitigate potential challenges, and allay fears associated with big data. Development partners and non-governmental organisations should deploy big data towards the design and implementation of their intervention programmes. These ideas are illustrated in this paper by data collected in the African Chicken Genetic

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Gains Project (2015-2019) through a baseline survey of 1,200 households and on-farm testing of six tropically adapted and more productive chicken breeds in 2400 households in Nigeria.

Key words: Agriculture, Smallholder, Productivity, Prediction, Climate-smart PT2-66 Microscopical and Molecular Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Nematodes Infecting Small Ruminants in Menofia Governorate

Ahmed Elkhatam and Nasr Elbahy Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sadat City University *Corresponding author: elkhtama@yahoo.com

Abstract: Gastrointestinal nematodes are the most common problems affecting the health and productivity of small ruminants. The study was carried out on 45 slaughtered small ruminants (19 sheep and 26 goats) for microscopical and molecular diagnosis of recovered nematodes. The gastrointestinal tracts of slaughtered animals were examined by sieving method for nematode recovery. The recovered nematodes were washed, cleared, mounted and identified. RAPD-PCR was carried out on 8 samples (adults and larvae) by using 3 primers. The results revealed that the infection rate of nematodes was higher in sheep than goats. The recovered nematodes were Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei , Cooperia sp, Ostertagia ostertagi and Trichuris ovis. The infection rate of different nematodes was recorded. Comparison between Trichuris ovis from sheep and goats revealed genetic polymorphism and genetic variability in DNA amplification using three primers. Overall, RAPD-PCR indicated genetic polymorphism and genetic variability between different nematodes and within the same species.

Keywords: Nematodes, RAPD-PCR, Genetic Polymorphism

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APPLIED MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES (T3) OT3-34 Numerical Simulation of Blood Flow Characteristic in Power Law Fluid through a Stenosed Artery Amira Husni Talib1, Ilyani Abdullah1, and Nabilah Naser1

1School of Informatics and Applied Mathematics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: amira_husni@hotmail.com Abstract: Numerical simulation of blood flow characteristics has been studied in this paper. The blood flow is considered as non-Newtonian fluid which is presented by power law fluid, and the results are compared with Newtonian fluid. This type of fluid gives influences to the flow characteristics of blood.

The flow characteristics such as flow rate Q , resistance to flow and wall shear stress w are

determined. The Marker and Cell (MAC) method is used to solve the set of governing equations with appropriate boundary and initial conditions. Power law model has shown more significant results than Newtonian model as blood flow exhibits the characteristics of non-Newtonian fluid. The result of flow rate is lower in the non-Newtonian model than Newtonian model, while the resistance to flow and wall shear stress has higher values in non-Newtonian model. Keywords: Non-Newtonian, Newtonian, Power law, Flow Characteristics, Marker and Cell (MAC) Method OT3-35 Mass Distribution of Biomagnetic Blood Flow through a Cosine-Shaped Stenosed Artery Nik Nabilah Nik Mohd Naser1, Ilyani Abdullah2, and Amira Husni Talib3

1,2,3 School of Informatics and Applied Mathematics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: nabilahnaser@ymail.com Abstract: In the present study, a mathematical model of a Biomagnetic Fluid Dynamics (BFD) for a Newtonian, two-dimensional blood flow coupled with mass transfer under the influence of magnetic field is developed. Mass transfer in the context of atherogenesis refers to the movement of macromolecules such as LDL, HDL and O2 from flowing blood into the artery wall. It is known that LDL transport plays an important role in the development of stenosis. Therefore, to understand the blood flow and mass transfer characteristic, the Navier-Stokes together with mass transfer equations are considered in cylindrical coordinate system that pass through a cosine-shape stenosis. This model taking into account both magnetization and electrically conductivity of blood which consistent with the principles of Ferrohydrodynamics (FHD) and Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). The governing equations for this problem are then solved using a finite difference Marker and Cell (MAC) method with an appropriate initial and boundary conditions. The Poisson equation of pressure is solved by successive-over- relaxation (S.O.R.) method. Pressure-velocity corrections are imposed to get a more accurate velocity field. In this paper, we obtained the effect of magnetic field strength and intensity on the mass concentration profiles and presented in a graphical form and also discussed in this paper.

Keywords: Biomagnetic Fluid Dynamics, Stenosis, Mass Transfer

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OT3-36 The Effects of Amplification and Dilution Agent in Transmitting Sin Nombre Virus (SNV) in Deer Mouse Population Lloyd Wen Feng Lee1, and Mohd Hafiz Mohd1

1School of Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia *Corresponding author: lloydlwf1993@gmail.com Abstract: Numerous studies have linked biodiversity with zoonotic disease control. However, researchers have warned against simply believing that the increase in biodiversity can reduce the infection disease in the community. They proposed that amplification effect (increase in biodiversity accompanied by an increase in disease prevalence) might sometimes occur. Thus, we formulated a deterministic model to consider the impact of an amplification or dilution agent on the SNV transmission in the deer mouse population. Bifurcation analysis was carried out to examine the combined influences of the environmental carrying capacity, the interspecific competition strength and the impact of amplification or dilution agent on the deer mouse population. Our results showed that the system with amplification agent required a higher carrying capacity or stronger interspecific strength to compensate for its amplification effect in suppressing the SNV prevalence; this situation explains the lack of reduction in SNV prevalence despite the presence of high biodiversity in some empirical studies. In this study, we highlight the importance of investigating the roles of the additional species in an assemblage to better understand their relationship with the SNV prevalence in deer mouse population. Keywords: Sin Nombre Virus (SNV), Biodiversity, Amplification Effect, Dilution Effect OT3-37 Dynamical Study of an Exothermic Biocatalytic Reaction and its Applications Afifi Md Desa1, Mohd Hafiz Mohd2, and Mohamad Hekarl Uzir3

1,2School of Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Penang, Malaysia 3School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus,14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia *Corresponding author: afifimddesa@gmail.com Abstract: The application of enzymes for catalyzing synthetically useful chemical reactions can potentially lead to reductions in energy consumption, hazardous waste generation, required reaction steps, as well as improvements in reaction yields and process economics. Biocatalytic reaction is a type of reaction which uses enzyme or whole cell as biocatalyst to achieve a conversion, under controlled conditions in a bioreactor. In this work, we employ a model of exothermic biocatalytic reaction in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) to analyze the dynamical behaviors of the systems by using the techniques from dynamical systems and bifurcation analysis. We investigate the combined influences of distinct component such as dilution rate, proportional control constant and total enzyme concentrations on the dynamics of the system.

Keywords: Biocatalytic Reaction, Dynamical Analysis, Bifurcation, Phase-Plane Analysis

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OT3-38 The Efficiency of Volatility Model with Innovative Outlier in ARMA-GARCH Model: A Monte Carlo Simulation Intan Martina Md Ghani1, and Hanafi A Rahim1

1School of Informatics and Applied Mathematics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: intanmartina23@gmail.com Abstract: The pattern of economics exposed to unexpected changes which called outlier. The presence of outliers in time series data will affects on the modeling and also forecasting performance. Among the various types of outliers that effects the behavioral of time series is innovative outliers. This situation occurred because of internal changes. Therefore, the intention of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of volatility model with the presence of innovative outliers. The appropriate approach in this paper is Autoregressive Moving Average-generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (ARMA-GARCH) model. In this paper, data was simulated using ARMA (1,0)-GARCH (1,2) model via Monte Carlo method with different distributions. There are three different sample size used in simulation study which are 50, 100 and 200. The comparison of effectiveness ARMA-GARCH model are based on MAE, MSE, RMSE, AIC, SIC and HQIC. The results of the numerical simulation indicate that when sample size increase, the effectiveness of ARMA-GARCH model declined in the presence of innovative outliers. Keywords: Effectiveness, Volatility, Outlier, Innovative outliers, Simulation OT3-39 A Proposed of Internet of Things (IoT) based Framework for Fish Pond Measurement and Monitoring System

Rosli Ismail1, Shafinah Kamarudin2 and Kamil Latif3

1,2Department of Basic Science and Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus, P.O Box 396, Nyabau Road, 97008 Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia 3Department of Animal Science and Fishery, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus, P.O Box 396, Nyabau Road, 97008 Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia *Corresponding author: i_rosli@upm.edu.my

Abstract: Aquaculture industry has experienced tremendous growth in recent past all over the world. In Malaysia aquaculture is now being promoted an important engine of growth and eventually to become the pillar of the nation’s economy. However, healthy fish production requires intensive care and ensuring stable and healthy production environment inside the fish pond is a challenging task. According to report published by Sustainable Fisheries Partnership (SFP) Foundation, 42% of fisheries are badly managed and produce unhealthy food infected with viruses. Therefore, it is important to measure and monitor the parameters of water of fish ponds in order to get an insight into the water conditions. Water quality is a critical factor while culturing aquatic organisms. It mainly depends on several parameters like dissolved oxygen, ammonia, pH, temperature, salt, nitrates, carbonates etc. In most places this testing is done manually by the farmers or through lab testing by researchers where there is no real time monitoring. Nowadays with the advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT) and sensors, the technology is reaching the ground level with its application in agriculture and aquaculture. An IoT based automated system is highly desirable that can continuously measure and monitor the fish ponds with optimal resources utilization. This paper proposes a real time measurement and monitoring system framework based on IoT technology for measuring and monitoring the parameters of fish pond water. The proposed framework was evaluated by experts in fish pond industry to get a deep insight

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into their problems and their expectations from the proposed framework. The quality of water can be measured and monitored continuously with the help of the proposed framework and to ensure the growth and survival of fish in ponds. As a result, preventive measures can be taken in time to minimize the losses and increase the productivity. Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT), Sensors, Aquaculture, Fish Pond OT3-40

An Extension of TODIM under Group Decision Making based on Weighted Selective Aggregated Majority-OWA Operator Nur Najwa Nadhirah Che Rosli1, Binyamin Yusoff2, Abd Fatah Wahab3 and Che Mohd Imran Che Taib4

1,2,3,4School of Informatics and Applied Mathematics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: nurnajwa317@gmail.com Abstract: TODIM (an acronym in Portuguese for Interactive Multiple Criteria Decision Making) is one of the discrete MCDM models whose fundamental feature is to compare alternatives with respect to each criterion in terms of gains and losses. TODIM was recently extended to deal with group decision-making problems. However, the collective decision in the model is merely based on the aggregation of experts with the main emphasis on full consensus measure. In this article, we propose an extension of TODIM under group decision making based on the WSAM-OWA operator which generalizes the aggregation process to include the majority-based consensus measure. Under this operator, the majority concept can be integrated as to represent a collective decision to deal with the complex decision-making problems. Moreover, it provides the flexibility to significantly analyse the experts' judgments. A numerical example in strategy investment selection is presented to illustrate the proposed model.

Keywords: TODIM, Multiple Criteria Decision Making, Weighted Selective Aggregated Majority-OWA OT3-41 Mathematical Modelling on the Prey - Predator Dynamics of Sea Turtles in Chagar Hutang, Terengganu Afiq Ahmad Khairuddin1, Ummu Atiqah Mohd Roslan1,2, Mohd Uzair Rusli3,4, Hamizah Mohd Safuan5

1School of Informatics and Applied Mathematics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2Marine Management Science Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 3Sea Turtle Research Unit (SEATRU), Institute of Oceanography and Environment Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. 4School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 5Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Technology and Human Development, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. *Corresponding author: afiqahmadkhairuddin@gmail.com Abstract: In this paper, we discuss a current issue on prey–predator dynamics of sea turtle in a sanctuary located at Chagar Hutang beach, Malaysia. Basic Lotka–Volterra prey–predator model are the benchmark of constructing the new model. An ordinary differential equation (ODE) mathematical

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model obtained is then plugged in by various data and figures from literature collected along researches and also from secondary data from Sea Turtle Research Unit (SEATRU), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Stability of equilibrium points are analysed, time series and phase portrait showing interaction between sea turtle and the predator are then plotted. From this project, we concluded that the conservation program in a closed and secured environment may yield higher population for the sea turtle to combat the danger of extinction, if the program reaches its maturity stage. Keywords: Lotka-Volterra Prey-Predator Model, Population Dynamics, ODE, Sea Turtle OT3-42

Modelling Duration of Orthodontic Treatment using Partial Least Squares Regression Nur Hanisah Abdul Malek1, and Haliza Hasan2

1Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, 17600, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia 2Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author: hanisah.abd@umk.edu.my Abstract: In today's society, the quest for aesthetic perfection is no longer just an aspiration of the young. As a result, there is an increasing number of adult patients who seek for orthodontic treatment to improve not only function but appearance of their teeth as well. Patients who are going to wear braces will be curious on how long the orthodontic treatment will take and those who complete treatment on time may be more satisfied. Therefore, the objective of this study is to identify the factors that affect the duration of orthodontic treatment. This retrospective study comprises of patients who have undergone complete orthodontic treatment in orthodontic specialist clinic of faculty of dentistry, UiTM Shah Alam. Demographic data, severity of malocclusion data, treatment planning data and patient compliance data are collected from patient's folders. The result from Partial Least Squares regression found that twelve variables which are patient's age, patient’s gender, seven malocclusion characteristics, proposed treatment planning, clinician’s experience and oral hygiene significantly contribute to lengthen the duration of treatment. Therefore, demographic factors, treatment planning, severity of malocclusion and patient compliance variables are the most important factors that affect the duration of orthodontic treatment. Keywords: Orthodontic Treatment, Severity of Malocclusion, Treatment Planning, Patient Compliance, Partial Least Squares (PLS) Regression OT3-43 The Risk Analysis and Performance Evaluation of Mathematics Subjects Based on Students Examination Result

Muhammad Jaffar Sadiq Abdullah1, Norizarina Ishak1, Siti Raihana Hamzah1, Abu Bakar Hasan2, Mus’ab Sahrin2, and Ahmad Fadly Nurullah Rasadee3

1Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia 2Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment , Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia 3Faculty of Economics and Muamalat, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia *Corresponding author: norizarina@usim.edu.my

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Abstract: Final written exams are the most common way to grade the students in mathematics subjects in Malaysian’s high school and university level. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide theoretical basis for instructors in dealing with the uncertainty and validity in grading system. This study involved three subjects which are additional mathematics, numerical methods for engineers and engineering statistics. We investigate the extent of this uncertainty in grading and valid measurement of the students’ grade based on the Value at Risk (VaR) model, descriptive statistics and simple linear regression model. The results indicate that the three subjects are deviated from normality. The grades are not normally distributed. It shows that the uncertainty happened in the students’ grades and range over the three grades. In addition, the regression has shown the average point grade provide positive linear relationship with time. This indicates the poor performance of the subjects due to the level of difficulty and exam duration. This study suggested that the weighing average to the grading system will give influence on the distribution of the data.

Keywords: Value at Risk, Descriptive Statistics, Simple Linear Regression, Mathematics Subjects Grades OT3-44 Modification of the Hestenes-Stiefel Conjugate Gradient Method for Nonlinear Unconstrained Optimization Nur Athira Japri1, Srimazzura Basri1, and Mustafa Mamat2

1Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Campus Pagoh, 84600, Panchor, Johor, Malaysia 2Faculty of Informatics and Computing, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kampus Gong Badak, 21300, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: mazzura@uthm.edu.my Abstract: Optimization models have been used for centuries in almost every area of application to solve a problem in optimal way. The most common method conjugate gradient method is effective in solving linear and nonlinear optimization problem throughout decades. This method has been proven in solving optimization problem without using large memory storage. Thus, many studies have been conducted to improve this method in order to find the most efficient method. In this study, we proposed a new modification of the Hestenes-Stiefel conjugate gradient method that guarantees low computation of iteration and CPU time by comparing with others classical methods. Numerical results have shown that the new modification of the Hestenes-Stiefel conjugate gradient method performed better than others classical conjugate gradient method. Keywords: Optimization, Conjugate Gradient Method, Descent Condition OT3-88 Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Method to Select an Optimal Location for Aquaculture Farming Wan Rosanisah Wan Mohd1, Azzah Awang1, Pui Teng1, and Lazim Abdullah1

1School of Informatics and Applied Mathematics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: wanrosanisahwm@gmail.com Abstract: Water quality is one of the most important factors that influence the aquaculture farming. The optimal location influenced by water quality for aquaculture farming development should be identified in order to produce the best quality of aquatic organisms. However, the selection of the

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optimal location in the aquaculture system cannot be formulated just from one criterion, instead, the selection should consider multiple criteria of aquaculture farming and also several alternatives. This research applies the Elimination and Choice Translating Reality (ELECTRE) method to deal with the multiple criteria for selecting the optimal location of aquaculture farming. Five criteria of water parameters and four alternatives are the main hierarchical structure of the decision problem. The eight computational steps of ELECTRE method are applied in selecting the optimal location. Three decision makers who are knowledgeable in the field of aquaculture are invited to judge the suitability of alternatives based on multiple criteria using crisp number linguistic terms. The result shows the alternative A4 dominates the other three alternatives which indicate that ‘Marang River’ is the optimal location for aquaculture farming. Keywords: Multi-Criteria Decision-Making, ELECTRE, Criteria, Alternative OT3-89 Single-valued Neutrosophic based VIKOR and Its Application to Wastewater Treatment Nor Liyana Amalini Mohd Kamal1 and Lazim Abdullah1

1School of Informatics and Applied Mathematics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: liyana.nini93@gmail.com Abstract: Single-valued neutrosophic set is an instance of the intuitionistic fuzzy set which can be used in real scientific and real-life environment. As we know, clean water is one of the most important natural resources in life and wastewater as well. It is because it can be reused and turn into the clean water through wastewater treatment. However, failure of costly system on wastewater treatment may happen because of several reasons such as sustainability due to geological and hydrological conditions. Thus, single-valued neutrosophic VIKOR method is used in this paper as it introduces the multi-criteria ranking index based on the particular measure of “closeness” to the “ideal” solution. We apply this method for selection of the most suitable wastewater treatment alternatives. Experts’ opinions play an important role in this decision making. In this paper, five systems of wastewater treatment have been evaluated by the form of single-valued neutrosophic and each criterion is weighed by expert’s opinions. Finally, an illustrative example shows the application of the proposed decision-making method. Keywords: Single-valued Neutrosophic, VIKOR, Wastewater Treatment OT3-90 Assessing the Sustainable Fishery-Based Industry in Malaysia Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Azzah Awang1, Wan Rosanisah Wan Mohd1, Shin Thian Lee1, and Lazim Abdullah1

1School of Informatics and Applied Mathematics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: noorazzahawang@gmail.com Abstract: The concept of sustainability in the fishing-based industry is to reach and maintain the fishery in the maximum sustainable yield. This principle is important to ensure that the population of fish is maintained without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs. Inefficient sustainable management could cause the depletion of natural resources, pollutions and natural habitat loss in the future. Therefore, a good sustainable management for fishery should be emphasized so that future generations can enjoy what we have now. However, the fishery management

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is characterized by multiple conflicting attributes which are complicated to be inspected. In this paper, we would like to investigate the fishery management problem analytically by using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. Considering four criteria and thirteen sub-criteria influencing to the sustainability in the fishery-based industry, the AHP method will analyse and prioritize each criterion and sub-criterion. The BPMSG AHP Online System is used as the tool to process the collected data. Keywords: Multi-Criteria Decision-Making, AHP, Sustainable Fishery PT3-31

Trend and Histogram Analysis of Mathematics Subjects Based on Students Examination Result Nur Fathin Shaida Muhammad Nadhirin1, Norizarina Ishak1, Siti Raihana Hamzah1, Abu Bakar Hasan2, Mus’ab Sahrin2, and Ahmad Fadly Nurullah Rasadee3

1Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia 2Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment , Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia 3Faculty of Economics and Muamalat, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia *Corresponding author: norizarina@usim.edu.my Abstract: Trend analysis is a statistical technique that analyzes historical trends to estimate future movements of a given variable. This study used the time series data to capture the trend of Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) grades for the subject of additional mathematics from the period 2012-2016 using Ordinary Least Square (OLS). While for university grades, histogram analysis is used to analyze the frequency distribution for the subject of numerical methods for engineers and engineering statistics. The findings indicate that there is enough evidence to show there is a trend in the additional mathematics grades of A+, A-, B+ and E throughout the period. Meanwhile, the subject of numerical methods for engineers has the highest frequency of F grade and C grade for the engineering statistics subject.

Keywords: Trend Analysis, Ordinary Least Square (OLS), SPM Grades, Histogram Analysis, University Grades

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FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES (T4) OT4-45 Lithium Ion Conductivity in Lisicon Based Ceramic Electrolyte S.B.R.S Adnan*

Centre For Foundation Studies in Science, University of Malaya *Corresponding author: Syed_bahari@um.edu.my Abstract: The aim of this study is to obtain Lisicon structured Li4SiO4 based solid electrolyte with adequate conductivity for application in electrochemical cells. The parent and modified Li4SiO4 compounds were synthesized by sol gel method. The modified compounds were prepared by partial substitution using divalent ion (Li4-2xZn/BaxSiO4), trivalent ion (Li4-3xCr/AlxSiO4), tetravalent ion (Li4ZrxSi1-xO4) and double partial substitution using trivalent and tetravalent ions (Li4-3xCrxZrySi1-yO4). The prepared samples were characterized using various characterization techniques such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), laser particle analyzer, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), impedance spectroscopy (IS), lithium transference number, linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and charge-discharge study. The XRD result showed the Li4SiO4 system can be indexed to monoclinic structure in space group P21/m. The highest bulk, grain boundary and total conductivity of this compound at ambient temperature were 3.36 × 10-6 S cm-1, 1.58 × 10-6 S cm-1 and 1.51 × 10-6 S cm-1 respectively. The EIS analysis shows that the conductivity of the parent compound increases with the increase of vacant sites and interstitial ions in the lattice site. Keywords: Lisicon, Conductivity, Lithium Ions OT4-46 Synergistic Effects of Chamomile and Lavender Essential Oils for Antibacterial Activity Murtala Yau Dahiru Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Hussaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic, Kazaure. Jigawa State Nigeria. *Corresponding author: mydkaz@gmail.com Abstract: Essential oils have been used for extensive applications of variety of wellness throughout documented history. With massive advancement in science, essential oils today have undergone numerous refining methods to give an improved effect. Determination of the antibacterial activities alone and in combination of lavender and chamomile essential oils is what the researched study explained. Three laboratory strains of cultured bacterial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ATCC 27858; Staphylococcus aureus, ATCC 6538 and Escherichia coli ATCC), were used in this analysis. The stock cultures were maintained at −20ºC and the sub-cultured onto Tryptone Soya agar (TSA) was incubated at 37ºC for 24 hours. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FIC) was used in determining the oils interaction. The FIC was calculated by dividing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of the combined essential oils with the MIC value of each essential oil placed in the combination. The ΣFIC was calculated by adding these two values. Lavender oil showed the greatest antimicrobial effect, with the lowest MIC values of 2mg/mL for both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli and 4mg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus pathogens compared to chamomile oil when used individually. The combination of chamomile and lavender essential oils in various ratios indicated synergistic effect for all the nine ratios analysed. The minimum inhibitory concentration analysis indicated that these oils have favorable antimicrobial interactions when in combination, that are 100% and 70.4% synergistic

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and additive effects for the oils selected and this will offer potential for the common use of combining oils in achieving a greater therapeutic result. Keywords: Synergistic effects, Antibacterial activity, Essential oils OT4-47 Wound Healing Assessment using Aqueous Polychaete Extract Marphysa moribidii, Idris, Hutching & Arshad, 2014 Wan Iryani Wan Ismail1*, Logeiswariy Perumal1, Mohammad Ameerul Amin Bakar @ Omar1, Suvik Assaw2, and Izwandy Idris2,3 1School of Fundamental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 3South China Sea Repository and Reference Centre, Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: waniryani@umt.edu.my Abstract: Acute wound without proper treatment can lead to chronic injury and other consequences particularly in diabetic and immunosuppressed patients. Investigation of the most effective treatment, i.e. cheaper with minimal side effects in treating a wound is a continual commitment. One of the alternatives is using natural resource, in particular local polychaete, Marphysa moribidii. The species can regenerate its body after injury or amputation. However, potential of regeneration capability in wound treatment has not been explored yet. Hence, the study aims to observe the effects of aqueous polychaete extract, M. moribidii in wound healing treatment using a rat model. The polychaete was initially collected and identified by the taxonomist. Then, the samples were finely pulverized and lyophilized by freeze dryer to form a powdery-form extract before preparing in three different concentrations (0.3% (w/w), 1.0% (w/w) and 2.0% (w/w)) and emulsifying with the ointment. Wound contraction and histopathological analysis were taken to determine the extract’s effectiveness in wound healing. Results demonstrated that aqueous M. moribidii extracts showed rapid wound healing after applied on rats even at low concentration (0.3% (w/w)) compared to controls, i.e. 0.4% concentration of commercial antiseptics (acriflavin) and gamat ointment (sea cucumber extract). The wounded tissue stained with Masson’s trichrome stain provides an understanding of the wound healing process including the collagen formation. The results validated the collagen deposition and re-organization of collagen fibers for tissues treated with 0.3% (w/w) concentration polychaete extract was significantly better than tissues treated 0.4% (w/w) concentration of commercial antiseptics. The preliminary results demonstrated the potential of polychaete in wound healing treatment, and its prospect for further analysis. Keywords: Polychaetes, Marphysa moribidii, Wound healing, Acute wound, Masson’s trichrome stain

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OT4-48

Effect of Various Environmental Parameters on Lichen Diversity in Kodaikanal Hills of Tamil Nadu, India P. Ponmurugan, R. Kalidoss, K. Arunprasath, M. Mariraj, M. Shenbagam, and N. Rajaprabu Biomedical Research Lab, Department of Botany, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore – 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India. *Corresponding author: drponmurugan@gmail.com Abstract: Lichens are fascinating legendary organism with the novel combinations of about 10% algal relationship and 90% fungal association to form a complete lichen thallus. Lichen metabolites exert a wide variety of biological actions including antibiotic, antimycobacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, antipyretic, antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects, besides lichens are also having anti-snake venom activity. Lichens are biological indicators of air pollution in which various lichen species have different degrees of sensitivity to air pollution. The population of lichens is being declined now due to the environmental disturbances like industrial and automobile smokes and environmental factors like high sunshine with least temperature and low rainfall with least relative humidity. Due to climate change, the occurrence of both higher and lower plants in forest areas is deteriorated considerably. To keeping this in view, a survey was undertaken to study the distribution of lichen communities in Kodaikanal hills belonging to Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu in India. The results indicated that the distribution of lichens was registered the maximum in high altitude areas of the Kodaikanal hills. The distribution of lichen colonies was abundant, while the temperature was low along with sunshine and RH was high along with rainfall pattern. Sunshine was negatively correlated with lichen distribution, but rainfall was positively correlated. These biologically important hills exhibited a total of 61 different lichen species covering 13 families with 33 genera in our survey. The results revealed that lichens were growing well in the pH range of 4.3 - 5.5 in silver oak tree barks and 4.5 - 6.0 in rocks which coincided with the buffering action of bark and rock. There was a direct relationship between the moisture content of tree barks and rocks and lichen adherence. Estimation of various micro and macro elements including ash contents were found to be more in fruticose than in foliose and lest in crustose lichens. From the observations, it revealed that there was a drastic reduction in lichen density due to low tree bark moisture content and pH values owing to change in environmental parameters at Kodaikanal hills. Keywords: Lichens, Environmental parameters, Diversity, Kodaikanal hills of India OT4-49

Spatial Relationship of PM10 Concentration using GIS Application

Abdul Hamid Mar Iman1, and Siti Hajar Ya’acob1*

1Sustainable Science Program, Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan Jeli Campus, Locked Bag No.100, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia Malaysia *Corresponding author: hajar.y@umk.edu.my Abstract: Concentration reading of common air pollutants is continuously collected from ambient air quality monitoring activity across the country. However, association of the concentration with potential pollution sources using spatial analysis is in need to better profile the air pollution phenomena. The objective of this study is to employ spatial analysis in conjunction with GIS application as an evidence of underlying spatial relationship of PM10 concentration accumulation. PM10 variables within 16 years observation (2000-2015) from 37 fixed monitoring stations across Peninsular Malaysia were assessed. Spatial association analysis was performed using Exploratory Regression, Ordinary Least Square

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Regression, spatial autocorrelation and Hot Sport analysis in ArcGIS software version 10.5. Generally, Variance Inflation Factor for all exploratory variables was below 7.5 which indicate no multicollinearity among explanatory variables. The adjusted R2 was found in the range 0.3 – 0.4 for selected submodel. Only industrial land use, RH and ADT were consistently appearing as significant variable in the selected submodel. The initial profiling through GIS based approach able to identify relevant spatial relationship that lead to identification of monitoring areas either belongs to a hotspot or cold spots. The outcome would benefit authority and decision makers for minimizing the loss of air pollution data quality as well as on guard the public health concern without significant financial burden. Keywords: Spatial Relationship, PM10, GIS, Hot Spot OT4-50

Alginate Stabilized Silver Sulfide/Sulfur Nanocomposite: Synthesis, Characterization and Its Red/Near-IR Light Driven Photodegradation Activity Wei Chuen Yoong1, Chui Fung Loke1, Joon Ching Juan2 , Khatijah Binti Mohamad Yusoff3, Norhafizah Mohtarrudin4,Tetsu Tatsuma5, and Teck Hock Lim,1

1Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, 53300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 3Faculty of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 4Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 5Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan *Corresponding author: limth@tarc.edu.my Abstract: A simple, aqueous-based method was developed for the synthesis of silver sulfide/sulfur (Ag2S/S) nanocomposite by injecting a silver nitrate solution into an aqueous mixture of sodium alginate and sodium thiosulfate under UV irradiation. The alginate-stabilized Ag2S/S nanocomposite was produced in the form of segregated spherical nanoparticles with diameters centered around 90 nm. The nanocomposite was characterized by High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDAX) and Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD). The nanocomposite was found to contain both sulfur and non-stoichiometric acanthite (a form of naturally-occurring Ag2S mineral) and was stable in water with a zeta potential measured to be -40 mV from Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analysis. At pH 5.6, the nanocomposite was able to degrade methylene blue under red/near-IR irradiation (600-2000 nm) much more effectively when compared to the control. The effect of pH and catalyst loading on the photodegradation efficiency would be discussed. The nanocomposite has potential in treating polluted water in rural areas where solar radiation itself could be used to drive the degradation of dyes, with additional benefits such as the established anti-microbial effects of Ag2S and S reported in literature. Keywords: Near- IR Photodegradation, Methylene Blue, Silver sulfide (Ag2S) Nanoparticles

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OT4-51

Synthesis and Characterization of Indium Hydroxide/Silver/C Nanocomposite from the Galvanic Reaction Between Indium Nanoparticles and Silver Nitrate and Its Photoactivity Pui Munn Wong1, Teck Hock Lim1, Joon Ching Juan2, and Jau Choy Lai3

1Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, 53300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 3Faculty of Chemical & Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia *Corresponding author: limth@tarc.edu.my Abstract: Indium metal nanoparticles (sub-10 nm) stabilized on conductive carbon was reacted with silver nitrate in dark in water at room temperature in a galvanic manner as a mean to produce indium hydroxide/silver/C nanocomposite. The carbon chosen imparted colloidal stability, high surface area and water dispersibility, suitable for photodegradation of dyes in water. The size and shape of the silver nanoparticles were found to be similar to that of the indium nanoparticles started with. The nanocomposite was characterized by High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The galvanic reaction between indium nanoparticles and silver nitrate was also tracked with UV-Vis spectroscopy in a control experiment without carbon in order to establish replacement efficiency. The nanocomposite was tested as a photocatalyst to degrade methylene blue and its performance would be discussed. Keywords: Photodegradation, Methylene Blue, Photocatalyst, Indium hydroxide, Silver nanoparticles OT4-52

Waste Water Treatment by Metal Nano-Catalysts Irshad Ul Haq Bhat1*, and Darshilla A/P Rive Chandram2

1School of Fundamental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Campus Jeli, 17600, Kelantan, Malaysia *Corresponding author: irshadbhat78@gmail.com Abstract: Organic colourants like azo dyes are used to colour textile fibres, leather, plastics, papers, hair, mineral oils, waxes, foodstuffs and cosmetics. These colourants now comprise more than 70% of all organic dyes available commercially. The azo dyes pose very serious health risks to humans if leached into water bodies. Azo dyes have damaged ecosystems when discharged into water bodies from dyeing factories, particularly in developing countries. Thus, treatment of wastewater apart from conventional methods is a need to address the present challenge of non-sustainability and availability of clean water. In this study, Palladium and Nickel catalysts supported on tannin, chitosan framework was used to monitor the degradation of organic pollutants. The new nano Pd catalyst along with support was well characterized by spectroscopic techniques. The efficiency of nanocatalysts was carried out by investigating the degradation of azo dyes and phenolic compounds. The concentration of analytes before and after the catalytic reaction has been analyzed spectrophotometrically at a different loading concentration of catalysts monitoring the rate of reaction at different pH value. The results revealed that the optimized pH for nickel and palladium to degrade the dyes used was pH 6. The catalytic activity showed that 80mg of palladium and 60mg of nickel, respectively, possesses the highest degradation efficiency. The results revealed that nano-catalysts have a good potential to degrade organic

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contaminants from polluted water at lower amounts. Keywords: Azo Dyes, Phenol, Nanocatalyst OT4-53

Optimization of Calcination Temperature of Nano-Hydroxyapatite (Nano-HAp) Extracted from Spotted Sardinella (Amblygaster sirm) Bone Mohamad Rais Hasan1, Nor Fazliyana Mohtar1*, and Mohd Sabri Mohd Ghazali2

1School of Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2School of Fundamental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: fazliyana@umt.edu.my Abstract: Hydroxyapatite (HAp), chemical formula of Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 is a mineral component found in bone structure which has a wide application in various fields. In relation to that, the development of HAp becomes an attractive research line. Several sources could be used for HAp extraction either synthetically or naturally. However, such sources (porcine and bovine bones) have certain issue which limiting the consumption for HAp. Present study has shifted the focus towards the HAp extraction from marine sources such as the bone of spotted sardinella (Amblygaster sirm). This study aims to extract Nano-Hydroxyapatite (Nano-HAp) from Amblygaster sirm bone through calcination process at temperatures ranged from 600 to 1000˚C followed by milling process. Further characterization of HAp extracted from Amblygaster sirm bone was carried out by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), chromameter, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and compared to the commercial HAp. Overall findings have demonstrated that the optimum calcination temperature was found at 700˚C and yield percentage was 55%. The properties of HAp extracted from Amblygaster sirm bone were found to be similar to that of standard HAp. Such findings are very crucial for the application of HAp derived from marine sources, thus contributing to meet the requirements for Halal and Kosher markets. Keywords: HAp, Fish Bone, Calcination, TGA, Chromameter, XRD, FT-IR OT4-54

Effect of High Dose Gamma Irradiation on the Texture and Microstructure of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 (Bi-2212) Superconductor Zaahidah ‘Atiqa Mohiju1, P. Senduradesigen1, Yusof Abdullah2, and Nasri A. Hamid1

1Nuclear Engineering and Energy Group, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia 2Materials Technology Group, Industrial Technology Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author: nasri@uniten.edu.my Abstract: The effect of high dose gamma irradiation on the texture and microstructure of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 (Bi-2212) superconductor is studied in order to observe the sustainability of the material in radiation environment such as gamma radiation. The prepared samples have been irradiated with 100 kGray (kGy) of gamma irradiation and investigated by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microsopy (SEM). The texture coefficient (TC) for both the non-irradiated and irradiated samples has been calculated. The XRD patterns of the samples showed the Bi-2212 phase as the

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dominant phase. However, reduction in the intensity of Bi-2212 phase is observed in the gamma irradiated sample. Furthermore, the calculated TC value of the irradiated sample has lower value when compared to the non-irradiated sample. The SEM micrograph of the irradiated sample showed random grains orientation with poorly connected inter and intra-grain microstructure that are in agreement with the calculated TC value. Keywords: Bi-2212 Superconductor, Gamma Irradiation, Texture Coefficient OT4-55

Local Knowledge of Edible Gelam Mushroom Terengganu Lee Shyen Yee1, Aqilah Mohammad1*, Chong Ju Lian1, and Thilahgavani Nagappan1 1School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: aqilahmohammad@umt.edu.my Abstract: An edible wild bolete mushroom identified as Boletus griseipurpureus was found growing seasonally nearby Gelam trees (Melalueuca sp.) in Setiu Wetlands, Terengganu. It is locally known as ‘gelam mushroom’ which named after the tree it grows and has been a seasonal delicacy to local communities. Nevertheless, the local knowledge on growth, utilization and market of this mushroom species is poorly documented. Therefore, this study is the first attempt to document the local knowledge on the consumption of gelam mushroom in Terengganu. Interview sessions with locals were conducted at residence area located in Setiu and Besut. Wet markets were visited to approach more respondents. Based on the interviews, Boletus griseipurpureus was found fruiting after a long drought period then followed by heavy rain in several days. A local recipe of making ‘kerabu kulat gelam’ also was obtained from one of the respondents. The findings of this study will not only provide an understanding towards edible wild mushroom utilisation by local communities in Terengganu but also as an attempt to preserve the local knowledge for future generation. Keywords: Edible, Bolete, Boletus griseipurpureus, Local knowledge, Terengganu OT4-56

Removal of Congo red using Cellulose Triacetate Polymer Inclusion Membrane Tou Yit Gui1, Noor Fazliani Shoprawe2, and Nurul Syazana Abdul Halim1

1Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, 17600, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia 2Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, 17600, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia *Corresponding author: syazana@umk.edu.my Abstract: In this study, polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) made from cellulose triacetate (CTA) and Aliquat 336 is used to extract an anionic Congo red dye from aqueous solution. Important parameters such as Aliquat 336 concentration (0, 20, 30, 40 and 50 wt. %) pH of Congo red (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10), Congo red initial concentration (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 ppm), temperature (27, 30, 40, 50 and 60℃) and stirring speed (150, 200, 250,300 and 350 rpm) was study in order to optimize the extraction capacity. The CTA PIMs was also characterized by Fourier Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). From this study, 87% of Congo red was successfully removed after 24 hours by using CTA PIM with 50 wt.% Aiquat 336. The optimum condition was found to be at pH 2, with temperature and stirring speed of 30℃ and 150 rpm respectively. Keywords: Polymer Inclusion Membrane, Cellulose Triacetate, Aliquat 336, Congo Red, Dye Removal

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OT4-57

Modification of Glassy Carbon Electrode using Graphite Nanoparticles-PTA-Nafion for Bisphenol A Detection in Drinking Water Azrilawani Ahmad1*, and Law Chia Huei1

1School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: azrilawani.ahmad@umt.edu.my Abstract: Plastics bottles are widely available and are the most ideal container for drinking water or beverages. However, some of them may leach BPA which is one of their materials under certain condition such as heat. The three most used types of plastic bottles which are polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) plastic bottles under different heat were studied in this research for its BPA contents using graphite nanoparticle with phosphotungstic acid and nafion (GN–PTA–nafion) modified GCE for their short analysis time, inexpensive and great sensitivity. The modified GCE were characterised using scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The GN–PTA–nafion modified GCE that consists of graphite nanoparticle with large surface area showed a better and faster electron transfer that increased the selectivity and stability, whereas the phosphotungstic acid (PTA) increased the reproducibility and repeatability of the electrode for BPA detection. Keywords: Bisphenol A, Plastic Bottles, Glassy Carbon Electrode, Electrochemical Detection OT4-58

Green and Efficient Oxidation of Benzaldehyde Using Sodium Stearate

Chia Poh Wai1,3*, Kan-Su-Yin2, Julius Yong Fu Siong3, Vicit Rizal Eh Suk4, and Misni Bin Misran4

1School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Kuala Nerus, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia 2School of Health Sciences, Kuala Nerus, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia 3Institut of Marine Biotechnology, Kuala Nerus, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia 4Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia *Corresponding author: *pohwai@umt.edu.my Abstract: A green and efficient method for the conversion of benzaldehyde to their corresponding benzoic acids was developed using sodium stearate as surfactant. Under the improved protocol, the products were obtained in good to excellent yields (84-92 %) in the presence of 15 % w/v NaOH and catalyzed under amphiphilic condition. Wide range of substituted benzaldehydes were found to tolerate to the current protocol. In addition,the current protocol was found to be superior compared to previous protocols, in which the amount of NaOH used was low and the sodium stearate was cheaply available compared to other catalysts reported in literature. The current method complies with the goal of sustainable development goal and it is of interest to the academia and industrial in the future. Keywords: Green Chemistry, Sodium Stearate, Surfactant, Oxidation, Benzaldehyde

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OT4-59 Vertebrate Flower Visitors and Their Role as Pollen Vector of Durian (Durio spp.) in Hulu Terengganu, Terengganu Nor Zalipah Mohamed, Low Suey Yee, Muhammad Nur Hamzah Zulfemi, Siti Nor Shaffinaf Mohamad Shukri, and Aida Hidayah Abu Samah

School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: zalipah@umt.edu.my Abstract: Flower visitors come to feed on flowers and always often act as pollinating agents when they help to transfer the pollen grains from the anthers to the stigma of the flowers. However, not all flower visitors help in pollination of the trees, depending on their foraging activities at the flowers. We conducted this study to determine the role of vertebrate flower visitors (birds and bats) of durian trees at Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI) station in Jerangau, Hulu Terengganu. Nettings were conducted during the flowering events in April 2018 for 9 nights. For each trapping nights, 5-13 mist nets were set up in front of the Durio zibethinus and Durio lowianus flowering trees. Netted bats and birds were swabbed using clean cotton wool buds individually for pollen load on their bodies to determine their role as pollen vector of the durian trees they are visiting. From the total 89 net-nights of trapping efforts, we recorded a total of 148 bats from four species, and 26 birds from 13 species. From the total of 129 bats observed, only 36% were found to carry pollen grains on their bodies while visiting the durian trees, while 42% of birds caught were with durian pollen loads. Although durian flowers showed nocturnal pollination syndrome in which bats are known to be the main pollinators, the high number of birds recorded carrying durian pollen grains on their bodies indicate the important role of birds in pollination of the durian trees in Terengganu. Keywords: Bats, Birds, Durio lowianus, Durio zibethinus, Pollination OT4-60

Bacterial Communities Associated with Fine Roots of Dipterocarpaceae in Pasoh Forest Reserve, Malaysia Aqilah Bakray1,2,4*, Andy F.S Taylo 2, David Johnson3, David Burslem1 , and Sabine Both1 1Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, Scotland United Kingdom 2The James Hutton Institution, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, Scotland UK 3School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom 4School of Environment and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia *Corresponding author: nuraqilah@ukm.edu.my

Abstract: A study on the effect of plant species and soil chemical of the bacterial root communities associated with 25 species within 6 genera of the Dipterocarpaceae were examined in Pasoh Forest Reserve. Characterization of the bacterial communities were carried out by using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) of the 16S rRNA region. The results show Protobacteria, Firmicute, and Chloroflexi were the most dominant bacteria, with Paenibacillus, Candidatus, and Clostridium the most abundant genera. Plant genotype and distinctions structuring the diversity and composition of root associated bacteria were drawn between 2 pairs: Dipterocarpaceae, Hopea, Vatica and Shorea, Vatica. Plant genus significantly influenced root-associated bacterial richness. The distribution of root associated bacteria was also influenced by the soil properties, including total carbon (T_C) and total nitrogen (T_N).

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Keywords: Bacteria communities, Dipterocarpaceae OT4-61 Biodegradation of PAH-Polluted Soil by Indigenous Bacteria Fazilah Ariffin1*, Noraznawati Ismail2, and Darah Ibrahim3

1School of Fundamental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2Institute Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 3Industrial Biotechnology Research Laboratory (IBRL), School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia *Corresponding author email: fazilah@umt.edu.my

Abstract: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are pollutants and phenanthrene is one of the PAH compounds shown to be toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic. The efficient way to execute this issue in the environment is by bioremediation process. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the degradation activity of phenanthrene and survival of phenanthrene-degrading bacteria by inoculating the bacterial culture into soil treated with phenanthrene as a carbon source. Addition of Acinetobacter sp. P3d, Bacillus sp. P4a, Pseudomonas sp. P6 to soil microcosms supplemented with phenanthrene resulted in phenanthrene degradation. The degradation resulted in more visible, particularly when all the three bacterial cultures were mixed together. The degradation rate for Consortium A was 100% followed by Consortium B (87.45%), Consortium D (76.58%) and Consortium C (76.13%) for only 30 days of cultivation. Based on this study, pure culture of the Acinetobacter sp. P3d and mixed cultures of consortia A; Acinetobacter sp. P3d, Bacillus sp. P4a and Pseudomonas sp. P6 were selected as a potential bacterial culture to carry out bioremediation study in the phenanthrene contaminated soil.

Keywords: biodegradation, phenanthrene, soil bacteria, Acinetobacter sp. P3d, Bacillus sp. P4a, Pseudomonas sp. P6 OT4-62 Systematic Significance of Leaf Anatomical Characteristics in Selected Moraceae Species in Peninsular Malaysia Noraini, T1*., Syazwani, B1., Hamidun, B2., Ruzi, A.R1. and Khairul Bariah, D1

1Center of Ecosystem Management and Natural Resource, Faculty Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600,Bangi, Selangor 2Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), UKM 43600, Bangi, Selangor *Corresponding author: ntalip@ukm.edu.my

Abstract: Leaf anatomy and micromorphology study were undertaken on the leaf epidermis of nine chosen Moraceae species in Peninsular Malaysia. The species are Antiaris toxicaria, Prainea limpato, P. scandens, Streblus asper, S. elongatus, S. ilicifolius, Ficus binnendykii, F. binnendykii var. coriacea and F. pellucidopunctata. The objective of this study is to detemine and identify the similarities and differences of leaf epidermis anatomical characteristics of studied species. Methods that were used in anatomical study were epidermal peel technique, leaf clearing technique and transverse section using sliding microtome. Meanwhile, the method that was used in micromorphological study was observation of leaf adaxial and abaxial epidermis using scanning electron microscope. The result showed that there were similarities and variations in leaf epidermis anatomical and micromorphological characterisitics of studied species. Variations found in the type and stomatal structures, type and presence of trichomes,

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anticlinal wall pattern, cuticular ornamentation and in the type of waxes. Common anatomical characters in all species studied are presence of hipostomatic stomata. In conclusions, the findings from this study have shown that the leaf epidermis anatomical and micromorphological characteristics have taxonomic value and can be used in differentiation and identification of studied species in Moraceae family.

Keywords: Moraceae, Leaf Anatomy, Epidermal, Epidermis OT4-63 The Diversity of Anuran Species in Urban Forest in Selangor Nadia Simon1, Marina Mohd. Top @ Mohd. Tah1,2, Nadirah Rosli3, Siti Fara Najua Mohd. Nasir1, Muhammad Faris Abdul Aziz1, Mohamad Roslan Mohamad Kasim3, and Mohamad Azani Alias3

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 2Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 3Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author: marinamohd@upm.edu.my Abstract: This study aimed at determining anuran diversity in Compartment 12 and 13 of Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve (AHFR), Puchong, Selangor. The study determining species diversity, richness and evenness, analyzing correlation between the anuran species with the microclimate and updating anuran species status. Fieldwork was carried out from October 2016 to February 2017 investing six person of sampling effort. Fifteen of 300 m nocturnal transect lines have been used in this inventory at three different study areas; walking trails, streams, and swampy. A total of 119 individuals belonging to 18 species came from five anuran families were recorded. Most abundant species recorded were Fejervarya cancrivora, Leptobrachium hendricksoni, and Pulchrana laterimaculata. Compartment 12 found to have the highest species diversity and evenness compared to Compartment 13. Stream has the highest species composition with Ingerophrynus parvus and Leptobrachium hendricksoni each with eight individuals respectively. Anuran species recorded were higher associated with temperature and soil moisture. This study also recorded Amnirana nicobariensis, Kalophrynus pleurostigma, and Pulchrana laterimaculata for the first time for AHFR. Therefore, this further research is needed by increasing forest coverage for the anuran diversity study as a reference for future study. Keywords: Anuran, Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve, Urban forest, Diversity, Microclimate OT4-64

Synthesis of Magnesium/Aluminium-Layered Double Hydroxide for the Removal of Phenol Red Dye from Aqueous Solution Mazidah Mamat1*, Nurdiyana Roslan2, and Nur Amirah Mohd Nasir2

1Advanced Nano Materials Group, School of Fundamental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2School of Fundamental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: mazidahmamat@umt.edu.my

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Abstract: An anionic clay type of magnesium/aluminium-layered double hydroxide (MAL) was successfully synthesized via self-assembly method at Mg/Al molar ratio of 3 and pH 10. MAL was then characterized by Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulfur Elemental Analysis (CHNS), Thermogravimetric (TGA) Analysis, Accelerate Surface Area and Porosity Analysis (ASAP) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). MAL has typical XRD pattern with the basal spacing of 0.77 nm. The infrared spectrum and CHNS analysis reveal that the interlayer anion in MAL is nitrate with no carbonate contamination. MAL was then subjected to adsorption studies at different contact times and adsorbent dosages. The adsorption data were tested using pseudo-first and pseudo-second kinetic models and Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin–Radushkevich adsorption isotherm models. The adsorption process can be best described by pseudo-second order and Dubinin–Radushkevich models. Keywords: Layered Double Hydroxide, Dye Adsorption, Pseudo-Second Kinetic Model, Dubinin–Radushkevich Isotherm OT4-65 Electrochemical Corrosion Study for Seabed Sediment in Tropical Climates Ahmed Budiea*1, Nordin Yahaya2, Norhazilan Md Noor2, Abd Halid Abdullah1, Mohd Haziman Wan Ibrahim1, Azeanita Suratkon1, Khairunisa Muthusamy3

1Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Johor, Malaysia 2School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia 3Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Resources, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia *Corresponding author: ahmedm@uthm.edu.my Abstract: Corrosion risk for buried pipeline has been always presented. However, oil/gas pipelines covered underneath seabed sediment could be at higher and unpredictable corrosion ingress. In this study, corrosiveness of such tricky condition has been put for research investigation using steel specimens. These specimens have been cut and prepared from a section of unused steel pipe. The results show that corrosion at near shore sediment was noticeably high and worth considering it as equally important as far offshore sediment or even higher under certain circumstances. To conclude, seabed sediment is an environment that has all the necessary factors for corrosion to start and progress allowing it to have a significant impact on over all structure integrity. Keywords: Seabed Sediment, Corrosion, Tropical Climates OT4-66 LC-MS Based Metabolomics Analysis to Identify Potential Biomarkers Associated with Cadmium Stress in Mangrove Fungus Trichoderma atroviride

Siti Athirah Mohamad Jamali1,2, Mariam Taib2, Syarul Nataqain Baharum3 , and Kamalrul Azlan Azizan3 1Institute of Marin Biotechnology 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 2School of Fundamental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 3Institute of Biological Systems (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor *Corresponding author: mariamt@umt.edu.my

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Abstract: Mangrove ecosystem is considered as heavy metal basin and therefore, fungi associated with mangroves are suggested to have roles in the detoxification of heavy metals. Several biological mechanisms in fungal tolerance against heavy metals have been implicated, including in Trichoderma sp.; however, reports on metabolite profiles upon induction to heavy metal stress are still lacking. In this study, metabolomics approach using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis was conducted to identify potential biomarkers in the intracellular extract of mangrove fungus Trichoderma atroviride upon exposure to cadmium. T. atroviride was exposed to cadmium in Potato Dextrose Broth for 14 days. Intracellular metabolites of fungal mycelia were extracted using methanol at day 10 and 14 of incubation and analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole high-resolution time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). Using multivariate statistical analysis (MVA), potential biomarker compounds can be identified based on Rt-m/z pairs (p<0.05 and Variable Importance in Projection (VIP) scores of more than 1). The results revealed eleven significant compounds as potential biomarkers in the interaction of T. atroviride with cadmium toxicity, with five are from amino acid group, putatively identified as Arginine, Histidine, Lysine, Tryptophan and N-Acetyl-L-Histidine. Other five unknown Rt-m/z pairs need further identification using other spectroscopic analyses such as NMR. Keywords: Biomarkers, Cadmium Stress, LC-MS, Mangrove Fungus PT4-32 A preliminary study on the potential dye adsorbance by Treated Meretrix lamarckii (M. lamarckii) shells Noor Syuhadah Subki1, and Lim Ying Han1

1Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan Jeli Campus, Locked Bag No 100, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia.

*Corresponding author: syuhadah@umk.edu.my Abstract: Dyestuff manufacturing and consuming industry has led to water pollution through their discharge of untreated wastewater. Presence of dyes pigments in water bodies may cause carcinogenic, mutagenic and caused harm to the entire aquatic ecosystem. This research has carried out to examine the adsorption potential of treated Meretrix lamarckii (M. lamarckii) shells towards Malachite Green (MG) dye removal. Activation with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) were used for the conversion of seashells into TS1 and TS2 respectively. Following that, batch adsorption studies were carried out at 30°C by using TS1 and TS2 to study the effect of contact time, pH, initial concentration of adsorbate and adsorbent dosage on dye removal percentage. The optimized contact time for TS1 was 210 minutes, with best performance in pH 10 aqueous medium, 10 mg/L initial concentration of MG and optimum dosage of 1.0 g. Whereas for TS2, the optimized contact time was shorter than TS1, which was only 90 minutes to attain equilibrium state. The optimized pH and initial concentration of adsorbate was the same as TS1. While optimized adsorbent dosage for TS2 was lower than that of AC 1, which was 0.8 g. Based on the results obtained, TS2 was found to be more effective in MG dye removal than TS1. High efficiency of TS2 was due to the presence of alkyl halide group and its larger total surface area. From the study, it can be concluded that treated M. lamarckii possess high adsorption efficiency and potentially to become a new introduce adsorbent in wastewater treatment technology. Keywords: Adsorbance, Malachite Green Dyes, Meretrix lamarckii Shells

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PT4-33 Updating a One-Hundred and Ten 110-Years of Study on Spiders from Libya, With New Records. A Checklist of One-Hundred and Ten Years (110) of Spider biodiversity from Libya, with additional new records Housameddin Elkrew1, 2*, Amirrudin b. Ahmad1, Abdulmaula Abdulmagid Hamza1, Taher Shaibi3, and Hoda Mohamed Elmareme3. 1School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia. 2Department of Microbiology, Biotechnology Research Centre, Tripoli, Libya. 3Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya. *Corresponding author: p3637@pps.umt.edu.my

Abstract: Leaf Information on diversity and distribution of Spiders in Libya is limited, due to lack of updates and lack of a systematic checklist for these arthropods in the country. Here we present the first checklist for Spiders of Libya, based on published literature between 1908 and 2016. Majority of the historic research was published in Italian, during the occupation period. The checklist include 330 species belongs to 167 genera and 36 families, among them 20 species and 5 genera are new records for Libya. The specimens of the 20 new records were collected from the area extending from Tripoli to Msallata (Tripolitania, Northwest of Libya). This checklist will serve as a baseline information for further research on the biodiversity of spiders from this North African country. Keywords: Spider Diversity, North Africa, Libya, Checklist, New Records PT4-34 pH and L-glutamine: the pivotal components that control in vitro cancer cell growth Feyza Başak 1and Afzan Mat Yusof 2,3*

1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Karabük University Demirçelik Campus Building of Faculty of Science 4th Floor, 78050 Karabuk, Turkey 2Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Nursing, International Islamic University of Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia 3Integrated Cellular and Molecular Biology Cluster (iMolec), International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia *Corresponding author: afzan@iium.edu.my Abstract: L-glutamine is one of the essential supplements of in-vitro growth medium for cancer cells. The amino acid L-glutamine is well known as the vital source of nutrition in cancer cell growth for its ability to provide carbon and nitrogen. A common phenomenon of cancer cell is the rapid production of lactic acid through aerobic glycolysis. Apart from nutritional value, the released ammonia from L-glutamine may neutralize the acidic environment to ensure continuous cell growth. The current study is to observe the effect of L-glutamine concentration in culture media for cancer cell lines. Detection of L-glutamine consumption by the cells was carried out after 8hrs of incubation period. Numerous culture media were prepared adding L-glutamine concentration of 0 mM, 5 mM and 10 mM with different pH range. The cell density was calculated after 8 hrs of incubation using trypan blue staining method. UV-VIS spectrophotometer was used to detect the concentration of L-glutamine consumption. The result shows that the cell density did not increase significantly in the media without L-glutamine supplement whereas, a rapid increase was observed in L-glutamine supplemented growth media in HCT-8 and HT-29 cell lines. The L-glutamine consumption was found higher in the media with low pH, However, a relatively low L-glutamine consumption was observed in media with higher pH condition. The result c

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onfirms the necessity of L-glutamine in cancer cell growth. In addition, higher L-glutamine uptake in acidic condition supports the role of L-glutamine in acid resistance activity in cancer cell growth. Keywords: L-Glutamine, Cancer Cell Growth, Aerobic Glycolysis, Acid Resistance PT4-35 Beta Thalassaemia Mechanisms and the Current Therapeutic Approaches Uday Younis Hussein Abdullah1* , Hishamshah M. Ibrahim2, and Haitham Mohammed Jassim3 1Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Medical Campus, 20400 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia 2Paediatric department, Hospital Kuala Lumpur (HKL), Jalan Pahang 50586 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 3Emergency Department, Rockingham Peel Group, South Metropolitan Health Service, 33 Elanora Drive, Rockingham 6967, PO Box 2033, West Australia, Australia. *Corresponding author: udayyounis@unisza.edu.my Abstract: The major problem in β-thal is the impaired production of betaglobin chains with continuous production of the other globin chains. The hallmarks of the disease are the α-globin or β-globin chain imbalance that leads to intra medullary (ineffective erythropoiesis) and extra medullary (peripheral) haemolysis and their subsequent pathophysiological mechanisms. Free globin precipitation in the erythroblasts lead to premature cell death inside bone marrow and lead to the formation of multiple inclusions resulting in shortening of red cells lifespan. The cumulative results of the disease mechanisms including anaemias, iron overload and hypercoagulability with organ damage. The complex pathophysiology of β-Thal leads to morbidities affecting many organ systems. Keywords: Haemolytic Anaemia, Beta Thalassemia, Globin Chain, Therapy PT4-36 Surface Modification of Nano-Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-4-Hydroxybutyrate) With Immobilized RGD Peptides for Cardiac Tissue Engineering Chai, J. Meng1*, and Sevakumaran Vigneswari1 1School of Fundamental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: junmeng1994@gmail.com Abstract: Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) is a microbial biopolymer produced via bacterial fermentation under limited nitrogen and excess carbon conditions. Among various types of PHAs, P(3HB-co-4HB) had gained great attentions due to their biodegradability, biocompatibility and non-cytotoxicity. However, P(3HB-co-4HB) is hydrophobic. Therefore, in order to increase the cell-scaffold interactions and to enhance the cell proliferation, P(3HB-co-4HB) copolymer was fabricated into nano-fibers via electrospinning and surface modification was carried out by increasing the porosity of the scaffold and introducing macromolecules in the form of RGD peptides. RGD peptide is a tri-amino acid sequence which is highly effective in cell adhesion and cell-extracellular matrix interactions for efficient biomaterial applications. The main focus of this study is to immobilize RGD peptides on electrospun P(3HB-co-4HB) nanofibers scaffold in enhancing the cardiac cells attachments and proliferation. Aminolysis was carried out by covalently bonding the amino group onto the electrospun nanofibrous scaffold using 1,6-hexanediamine. The NH2 active sites created were further immobilized with RGD peptides via a cross-linking reagent, glutaraldehyde. The incorporation of RGD peptides on nano-P(3HB-co-4HB) was determined by ninhydrin assay. The immobilization of RGD peptides onto the

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surface of the P(3HB-co-4HB) nanofibrous scaffold was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), organic elemental analyser (CHN analysis) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results proved that RGD peptides were successfully immobilized on nano-P(3HB-co-4HB) matrix. The biocompatibility of electrospun nano-P(3HB-co-4HB)-RGD scaffolds were evaluated using cardiac myoblast cells, where the cells were found to attach and proliferate significantly on the scaffolds. PT4-37

Effect of Bromelain on Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei Muhd Razhiman Abdullah and Hazlina Ahamad Zakeri*

School of Fundamental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: hazlina@umt.edu.my Abstract: This study was carried out to solve two problems, namely, to reduce the amount of waste produced from pineapple industry and to reduce the feeding cost for the Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, which has become a major problem to aquaculture industry. Bromelain is an enzyme that can be found abundant in pineapples. This enzyme is a proteolytic enzyme that can aid in the digestion of proteins. In our study, bromelain was extracted from the pineapple’s flesh and stem. The stem was found to contain a much higher bromelain’s activity than the flesh. The extracts from both parts were then treated to the Pacific white shrimp. The weight and length of the shrimps as well the activity of bromelain in the shrimp were measured every 10 days. The results showed that the weight, length and the enzyme’s activity increased as more bromelain was given. Thus, it can be deduced that bromelain can be used as part of the shrimp’s diet supplement to enhance their growth. Indirectly, it can reduce the feeding cost of the shrimps. It can also reduce waste from pineapple industry by using the part of pineapple that do not used in the industry. Keywords: Bromelain, Pacific White Shrimp, Pineapple, Growth, Shrimp Feed PT4-38 Synthesis and Characterization of RGO-Fe3O4 Nanocomposite for Electrochemical Applications Karthi Suresh, and Farhanini Yusoff School of Marine Science and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. *Corresponding author: farhanini@umt.edu.my Abstract: Technological advancements require more energy consumption throughout the day. More than 60 % of current energy production is based on fossil fuels, a non-renewable energy. Fuel cell was invented as an alternative for energy production, however, bears expensive costing in such like usage of the platinum electrode. Platinum is used commonly due to its high activity and better current responses compared to any other materials. Usage of platinum electrode also releases gases that harm the environment thus leading to global warming. The production of reduced graphene oxide/iron oxide (rGO/MNP) become a promising substitute for the platinum electrode, which gives almost equal current responses when applied. Application of rGO which was synthesized through modified Hummers’ method was initiated due to its larger surface area and abundance of active sites after reduction from GO. Physical and electrochemical characterization was carried out to ensure the quality and accuracy of the synthesized nanocomposite. Physical characterization such as FTIR shows the presence of iron

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peak in the spectrum of rGO indicating the existence as a whole nanocomposite. Other analysis such as XRD, SEM, TEM, BET, and TGA shows that the nanocomposite desired was obtained. Drops of rGO/MNP was then casted onto bare glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to analyze the sample electrochemically. Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) show that the sample undergoes reversible process, stable and rapid electron transfers with better current responses and minimal resistance charge transfer (RCT) as an improvisation of GCE carried out. Environmentally friendly method of synthesis is the plus point for the nanocomposite. By using this low-cost nanocomposite, the dependency on fossil fuels will reduce hence will slow the pace of its depletion. Keywords: Electrochemistry, Eco-friendly, Environment, Graphene, Magnetite, Electrode, Iron oxide

PT4-39 Microstructure of Electroplated Cu-Sn-Zn Ternary Alloy in The Effect of Different Complexing Agent Rozainita Rosley1, Suzi Salwah Jikan2, Nur Azam Badrulzaman3, Siti Noraiza Ab. Razak1, and Siti Fatimah Zaharah Mohamad Fuzi2

1Centre for Diploma Studies, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Pagoh, Johor, Malaysia 2Faculty of Applied Science and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Pagoh, Johor, Malaysia 3Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86000 Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia *Corresponding author: rozainita@uthm.edu.my Abstract: In the present work carbon was electrochemically coated with Cu-Sn-Zn ternary alloy coatings from an electrolyte containing copper chloride, tin chloride and zind chloride. The morphology and chemical composition of the deposits were examined by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), respectively. The results exhibited that Cu-Sn-Zn coatings with sodium formate as complexing agent contain a large amount of copper. It is found that sodium formate was the suitable complexing agents in production of Cu-Sn-Zn ternary alloy. Keywords: Electrodeposition, Copper, Tin, Zinc and Coating PT4-40 Fe3O4@SiO2-Schiff base Pd(II) Complex as Magnetically Separable Catalyst for Suzuki-Miyaura Reaction: Synthesis, Characterization and Preliminary Catalytic Study Hassanain Hafiz Mohd Asnan1, Siti Kamilah Che Soh1, and Wan Fatihah Khairunisa Wan Nor1 1School of Marine and Environmental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: sitikamilah@umt.edu.my

Abstract: In this work, superparamagnetic Fe3O4@SiO2 supported Pd(II) Schiff base catalyst has been prepared for Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction. Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles were initially synthesized via co-precipitation technique with additional of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) as surfactant. Then, the synthesis of Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles were prepared via a direct silica coating using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS). The surface functionalization of Fe3O4@SiO2 was further decorated with amine and ketone followed by the complexation with palladium(II) acetate to obtain supported catalyst, Fe3O4@SiO2-SB-Pd(II). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR),

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Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) and surface area (BET) have been applied to investigate the structure and morphology of the resultant catalyst. Pd content of the catalyst was determined by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analyzer. The preliminary catalytic activity of the synthesized catalyst was carried out in Suzuki-Miyaura reaction of 4-bromoacetophenone and phenylboronic acid. The results showed the supported catalyst could be easily recovered from reaction media via external magnetic field and can be reused for subsequent catalytic activity. Keywords: Heterogeneous Catalyst, Magnetic Separation, Magnetite Nanoparticles, Suzuki-Miyaura Reaction PT4-41 Pathways of Fire: Flammability of Melaleuca cajuputi Litters to Predict Fire Effects on Heath Ecosystem Nik Mohd. Shibli Nik Jaafar and Siti Aishah Zakaria

School of Marine and Environmental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: nmshibli75@gmail.com Abstract: Impacts of wildfire on humans are increasing as we continue to encroach into fire prone landscapes. Effective fire risk management can only be achieved if we understand and quantify how ecosystems change in response to fire outbreak. There have been limited studies on the effect of fire and forest fire management especially on coastal forest ecosystems that are commonly found on the East Coast of Peninsula Malaysia. To better manage the coastal forests ecosystem, we need to quantify trajectories of changes in response to fire within individual vegetation communities. Here, we quantify the flammability pathways for Melaleuca cajuputi dominated vegetation communities in Setiu, North of Terengganu. A total of 6 study plots were measured across the range of heathland and flammability of forest litter was measured ex-situ using ecological point based mechanistic fire behavior model. It was estimated that the average amount of litter in the M. cajuputi forest was 103.3 t/ha and the fire spread speed mean was 1.045 mm/s. Thus, within an hour, a hectare of M. cajuputi forest land could burnt down. In addition to coastal weather that usually has high average temperature reaching 38.4oC and low air humidity averaging 55% makes it not only vulnerable for fire, high winds from the coast make it hard to control the wildfire, affecting not only safety of communities but also has impact on recovery of the forest landscape and increased post-fire human-wildlife conflict. Incorporating these results into a landscape analysis will improve the quantification of fire risk for better fire management in the future. Keywords: Fire Risk, Melaleuca cajuputi, Coastal Landscape, Sustainable Management PT4-42 55 years of Studies on Peninsular Effect: A Review on Theory, Methods and Significance for Biodiversity Conservation Baizul Hafsyam Badli-Sham1*, and Amirrudin Bin Ahmad1, 2

1School of Marine and Environmental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Management, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: baizulhf93@gmail.com

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Abstract: For almost five decades, ecologist has studied the peninsular effect that predicts the decrement of species density or species richness as moving from mainland base towards the distal tip of a peninsula. For over 38 studies that have been conducted throughout the world, most of the findings always discrepant from each peninsula and research designs that left the controversial theory remained vague. Despite many available statistical and spatial tools nowadays, lacks studies have been implemented by these approaches for in-depth assessment on the peninsular effect. As most of these studies were primarily focused on species density or richness as a unit, few are keen to explore this theory beyond that theme such as functional trait and taxonomic make-up. Plus, none has evaluated the effectiveness of various methods and sound statistical tools to scrutinize this theory. Thus, this review aims to scrutinize the theory and the prior findings from previous literature, examine current methods and potential approaches, and the significance for biodiversity conservation. The gathered information on peninsular effect studies from various peninsulas was compiled and critically reviewed, made the comparison on applied methods in relation to each observation on peninsular effect. Findings obtained by this study would fuel the efforts to comprehensively assess and monitor the biodiversity in macro-scales and shed the insights for better understanding of biogeography conservation. Keywords: Biogeography, Peninsular Effect, Species Richness PT4-43 Nervous System Regeneration: An Ultrastructure Investigation of Stem Cell Like Blastema of Diopatra Claparedii (Polychaeta: Onuphidae) Mohd Ulul Ilmie Ahmad Nazri1, Zolkapli Eshak2, Izwandy Idris3,4, Othman Ross3,5, and Wan Iryani Wan Ismail1*

1School of Fundamental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2Imaging Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, UiTM Puncak Alam, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia 3School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 4South China Sea Repository & Reference Centre, Institute of Oceanography & Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 5Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: waniryani@umt.edu.my Abstract: Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s affect more than 50,000 people in Malaysia. However, effective treatments are still lacking. Regenerative medicine concerns to regrow, repair or replace worn out cells that lead to failing tissues or organs. A tropical polychaete called Diopatra claparedii Grube, 1878 capable to regenerate its nervous system including the brain and blastema tissue might initiate this process. This study aimed to investigate the ultrastructures of a blastema tissue from a regenerating worm. Worms were amputated with blade at the segment 4 and allowed to heal for 6 days or until the blastema tissue appeared in an aquarium containing artificial seawater (28 ̊C, 23 ppt) . Then, the blastema tissue was embedded in a resin blocks prior to TEM viewing. Our investigation revealed that blastema cells consist of numerous mitochondria indicating high synthetic activites, lysosomes and its residual bodies (lipofuscin), multiple nucleoli and secretory granules. In a conclusion, the regeneration process involves cell stressing in order to regrow new tissues and it is believed initiated from the blastema tissue developed at the amputation site. Keywords: Nervous system regeneration, Blastema, Ultrastructure, Cell stress, Polychaete

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PT4-44 Theoretical Analysis on the Effect of Dopants Toward Sensitivity of Optical Fiber Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Based Sensor Azizah Hamzah1, Mohd Hazimin Mohd Salleh2, Siti Fatimah Norizan2, and Siti Shafiqah Ahmad Shaharuddin2

1Department of Computational and Theoretical Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia 2Department of Physics, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia *Corresponding authors: zyzahamzah@gmail.com

Abstract: The influence of the different dopants and different doping concentrations of the core fiber toward the sensitivity performance of fiber optic SPR based sensor were examined theoretically and numerically being simulated using MATLAB programming software. Various of fiber core dopants that made up of pure silica (SiO2), germanium oxide (GeO2), phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), boron oxide (B2O3) and fluorine (F) with the range of concentration from 0% to 13.5.% for GeO2 were tested and its dispersion relation were investigated. The sensitivity performance of the sensor then calculated through the shift of the resonance wavelength produced over certain changes of the index of refraction in sensing media. The dopant that capable of producing of a higher shifting in resonance wavelength will be selected as an ideal core material and thus can be utilized in SPR fiber optic system to produce sensor with high sensitivity detection. Keywords: Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), Optical Fiber, Fiber Core Dopants, Sensitivity PT4-45 Investigation of Liquid Flow Interaction at Various Viscosity of Sucrose Solution on Groove and Un-groove Channel for the Fabrication of Paper-based Microfluidic Analytical Devices Nur Liyana Zamri 1*, Mohd Hazimin Mohd Salleh2, and Ahmad Fakhrurrazi Ahmad Noorden2

1Department of Biotechnology, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia 2Department of Physics, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia *Corresponding author: n.liyanazamri@gmail.com Abstract: Recently, the use of paper-based microfluidic analytical devices (μPADs), fabricated by patterning paper into hydrophilic and hydrophobic channel are really encouraging in diagnostics field especially in resource-limited countries due to its simplicity, low-cost and user-friendly. However, these devices are less sensitive with slow reaction time. Here, the parameters that affect the flow of liquid in the channel was investigated and discussed. Wax was drawn on the paper by applying handcrafted technique and heated on the hotplate within 3 minutes for the diffusion of wax into the paper. The liquid sample was pipetted into the channel to study the liquid lateral flow on the microfluidic channel paper. Different viscosities of sucrose solution ranging up to 70% of solutes were tested on two different surfaces of channel which were un-groove and groove on three different types of paper that were filter paper type 1, chromatography paper type 1 and blue litmus paper. From the investigation, it can be concluded that low liquid viscosity flowing on the groove channel of filter paper type 1 show the highest flow rate compared to other counterpart. Thus, these results could emphasize upon the reaction time of μPAD.

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Keywords: Paper-Based Microfluidic Analytical Devices (Μpads), Flow Rate, Groove and Un-Groove Channel, Sucrose Solution Sample PT4-46 Utilization of Nickel/ Aluminium – Layered Double Hydroxide as A Potential Adsorbent for Different Types Of Dyes Nurdiyana Roslan1, Mazidah Mamat1,2*, Ku Halim Ku Bulat1, Cai Pei Eng1, and Siti Syakirah Jamal Safuan1

1School of Fundamental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2Advanced Nano Materials Group, School of Fundamental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: mazidahmamat@umt.edu.my Abstract: Mass quantities of water are constantly being used in the textile industries. It is one of the top ten water-consuming industries therefore making it one of the largest contributors to water pollution worldwide due to its release of dye residues in wastewater. Wastewater that is polluted with dyes can cause adverse effect to the environment because it blocks sunlight hence, retarding photosynthetic activity that restricts the aquatic plant’s growth. Therefore, in this study, a type of anionic clay, nickel/aluminium-layered double hydroxide (NiAL) was synthesized as a potential adsorbent for dyes namely crystal violet (CV), chlorazol black (CB), alizarin red (AR), and methyl orange (MO). Co-precipitation method was used to synthesis the NiAL with molar ratio of 2 and pH 8. The success in attaining NiAl was confirmed by using Powder X-Ray diffraction (PXRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR). Then, the material was further characterized using Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur elemental analyzer (CHNS), Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The NiAL was then used as an adsorbent for removal of AR, CB, CV, and MO dyes in aqueous solution which was tested at different masses and contact times. However, NiAL favors the adsorption of MO dye compared to the others. The data obtained was further analyzed using several isotherm and kinetic models. Adsorption data for all dyes by NiAL fit the Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second order kinetic model.

Keywords: Layered Double Hydroxide, Adsorption, Dye, Langmuir Isotherm, Pseudo-Second Kinetic Model

PT4-47 Identifying Ground Water Potential Zone in UMK Jeli Campus Using Electrical Resistivity Methods Mohammad Muqtada Ali Khan*, Zakiyah Ainul Kamal, Syakir Sulaiman, Nor Shahida Shafiee, Nursufiah Sulaiman, and Arham Muchtar Achmad Bahar

Department of Geoscience, Faculty of EarthScience, University Malaysia Kelantan Campus Jeli, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan Malaysia *Corresponding author: muqtada@umk.edu.my Abstract: Universiti Malaysia Kelantan campus Jeli is developing rapidly and consistently where most of the water supply needs are met by surface water and potable water sources. These resources may not be sufficient to fulfill all requirements particularly during dry spells and during any disruption in water supply. Keeping this in view, geological mapping and electrical resistivity survey were carried out in UMK Jeli campus to obtain detailed information on groundwater occurrences as an alternative source

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at promising sites to fulfill the water requirement and to avoid water scarcity in future. As per the existing geological information, the area is mainly composed of weathered granitic rocks. The Schlumberger array with a sixty one electrode of 400 meter were selected for this study and spread five resistivity survey lines, where data were recorded by using ABEM Terrameter SAS 4000. The average result of resistivity values of five lines was in range from 15 to 2000 ohm meter. This resistivity data was processed using RES2DINV software to obtain two-dimensional (2D) resistivity profiles which provided a clear view of the distribution of basement granitic rock, as well as potential groundwater zones by demarcating all the secondary permeable zones in the granites, particularly shown in survey line 3, line 4 and line 5. Moreover, the various aspects of the present investigation will enhance the new groundwater sources in the campus to meet existing challenges and those anticipated in future in terms of both quality and quantity of groundwater for new water supply. Keywords: Groundwater, Potential, Electrical resistivity, Survey, UMK Campus Jeli PT4-48 Bat Inventory and Preliminary Diet Analysis of Female Individuals Taphozous melanopogon (Black-bearded Tomb bat) in Gunung Keriang, Kedah, Malaysia Nur Izzati Abdullah1, and Nurul ‘Ain Elias2

1School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, USM Penang, Malaysia 2School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, USM Penang, Malaysia *Corresponding author: nurulain.elias@usm.my Abstract: Gunung Keriang, Kedah (218 meter from sea level) is a limestone cave that surrounded by paddy field. Bats are known to serve as a great pollinator, seed disperser and insect pest controller in our ecosystem. However, the information on ecosystem services by bats is unclear in Malaysia. We predicted the bats of Gunung Keriang actively forage and feed on insect especially the rice pest in paddy field area. We used two harp traps and two mist nets in July 2018 and February 2019. For only four nights of trapping, we recorded 616 individuals from 16 species and six families. Two species were fruit-eating bats, Cynopterus brachyotis and Eonycteris spelaea. Myotis siligorensis is the most abundance among family of Vespertilionidae (n=162). The dominant species from family Hipposideridae were Hipposideros larvatus (34 individuals), while for family Rhinolophidae, Rhinolophus pusillus recorded the highest individuals captured (211 individuals). Bats with single species captured was Cynopterus brachyotis, Hipposideros cineraceus, Hipposideros bicolor and Miniopterus magnater. Fecal sample analysis showed that insects from the order Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera were the common insect consumed by female individuals of Taphozous melanopogon. However, this was only from small sample size (6 individuals). In the future, we expect more information can be discovered by analyzing larger sample size, regardless gender to demonstrate the role of bats as insect pest controller in the paddy field areas. Keywords: Insect-Eating Bats, Diversity, Insect Regulator, Agricultural Area

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GREEN ENGINEERING (T5) OT5-67

Feasibility Study of Olive Oil as Environmental Friendly Dielectric Fluid for Sustainable Micro Electric Discharge Machining (µEDM) Muhammad Basril Muhammad Asri, Azuddin Mamat, and Norazkifni Faizura Dzulkifli

CPDM, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia *Corresponding author: muhammadbasril@siswa.um.edu.my Abstract: Micro-EDM known as a non-conventional machining which is electro-thermal machining that base on the eroding effect of the electric spark between workpiece and electrode, in present of flushing dielectric fluid. Basically, this study is to focus on the improvement of the quality of micro hole fabricated using micro-EDM machine. The improvement about effect of circularity, material removal rate (MRR) and electrode wear ratio (EWR) is analyzed by using brass and stainless steel as workpiece. Distilled water and olive oil are used as dielectric fluid for more sustainable and environmental friendly machining. The detail analysis on MRR and EWR are investigated the lifespan of the tool in the present of environmental friendly dielectric fluid. Besides that, the circularity of micro hole also has been analyzed to verify on the quality of the hole on the workpiece material. The main purpose of the different parameter used in micro-EDM process such as electrode diameter, workpiece thickness, workpiece material, feed rate, nominal capacitance is to get an ideal performance of micro hole produced. Furthermore, Taguchi Method are conducted in the design of experiment whereby L9 orthogonal array is used as this experiment contains 4 machining parameters with three level each. The parameter consists of electrode diameter, workpiece thickness, feed rate and nominal capacitance on the brass and stainless steel workpiece. The electrode for micro-EDM process is fixed with the tungsten carbide which are tungsten carbide have a good strength compare to workpiece. As a conclusion, the result showed that when thinner brass workpiece, larger electrode diameter, higher feed rate and higher nominal capacitance are used will increase the MRR and lower the EWR of this machining. The circularity show that if used thicker workpiece, smaller electrode diameter, lower nominal capacitance and lower feed rate will have the best result. Keywords: Sustainable, micro EDM, Dielectric, Olive oil OT5-68 Effect of Dried Sewage Sludge on Compressive Strength of Concrete

Amminudin Ab Latif, Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya and Doh Shu Ing

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Resource, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang *Corresponding author: amminudinlatif@gmail.com.my Abstract: Sewage sludge is a waste product generated from the wastewater treatment process at the treatment plant. The amount of sewage sludge is still increasing every year as the population increased. Thus, the need for large landfill is the main problems to dispose the sewage sludge. The proper procedure also required to manage the sewage sludge because it contains heavy metals or toxicity waste material. Lack of good management of sewage sludge will give a negative impact to the environment and also social development. The high demand for cement also contributed to carbon dioxide emission. The research for replacement of cement by sewage sludge ash is significant to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide and reduce the number of the disposal area. In this study, the various percentage of dried sewage sludge (DSS) has been added to replace the cement. Sewage sludge was dried in the oven with 100°C for 24 hours, then sieve through the sieve size 300 µm. DSS then used in concrete as cement replacement with the replacement percentage of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% by weight. The strength

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performance of concrete cube specimens was investigated after 7 and 28 days of curing. From the results, it is clearly showed that the compressive strength of concrete specimens increased with the replacement of cement in concrete with 5 % to 10 % DSS. But the maximum strength was achieved is still lower compared to the control sample. However, the compressive strength of concrete specimens decreased when the DSS replacement of cement is more than 10 % by weight. Based on XRF test, it is showed that DSS has a good potential to replace cement in concrete since the high similarity of the chemical composition of DSS compared to cement. Keywords: Sewage Sludge, Dried Sewage Sludge, Compressive Strength OT5-69

Experimental Study of a Heat-Pipe Heat Exchanger as a Passive Cooling Equipment for a Tropical Climate Condition

Z Abdullah1, F S Ahmad1, Z Engsa1 and B P Huynh2

1HVAC&R Department, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysia France Institute, 43650 Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia 2Faculty of Engineering & IT, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia *Corresponding author: zulkarnaini@unikl.edu.my Abstract: In a tropical climate condition where the outside ambient temperature can reach up to 308 K, a slight decrease of temperature will contribute to the electricity consumption of the cooling capacity, while increasing the power intake of an air-conditioner. A heat- pipe heat exchanger is a passive cooling tool with a refrigerant-filled tubes, proposed to improve room temperature by pre-cooling the outside air without consuming any energy sources. The heat- pipe heat exchanger lowered the air temperature that passing through its tubes before entering the room and releases the room’s warm air back to the outside ambient. The realism of using heat-pipes heat exchanger was carefully studied through experimental works to show the exchange and distributions of heat. The heat pipe is a row of 3 x 3 fin-type straight copper tube heat exchanger, 12 mm internal diameter with the length of 1 m and utilizing R134a as a refrigerant medium. A wooden box with the size of 1200 x 600 x 1140 mm is used for an air collector insulator to analyze the air-temperature process. Two positions where the heat-pipe is attached, are experimented to show the distribution of air inside the box. Case 1 with an inclining of 10° horizontal and Case 2 with 90° vertical position is tested. It is found that the R134a heat-pipe heat exchanger is capable of transferring an average of 3.3 K difference temperature compare to the outside ambient air. Experimentally, when applying a heat-pipe heat exchanger to the inlet air, cooling energy consumption could be saved to about 26 % compared to the box sensible cooling capacity. Keywords: Computational Fluid Dynamics, Heat-Pipe Heat Exchanger, Passive Cooling

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OT5-70 Revisit of Automated Grain Sizing Technique (AGS) at Characterizing Grain Size Distribution Mohd Sofiyan Sulaiman1*, Goh Qiu You1, Siti Nurhidayu2,3, Muhammad Fadhli Ahmad1 and Ahmad Jusoh1

1School of Ocean Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 3Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author: sofiyan@umt.edu.my Abstract: Automated grain sizing technique (AGS) has been widely used to characterize grain size distribution of a channel bed. A handful number of literatures were made available portraying wide range of AGS application for river study and coastal study. However, the accuracy of this technique is subjected to further validation and verification. The accuracy of AGS technique is hindered due to over-segmentation and pixel resolution of image sampling. Another drawback is the distance between pixel centers measured on the ground which may reduce the accuracy of AGS. This paper discusses the grain size distribution (GSD) of AGS technique taken at different ground sample distance. The GSD outcomes using AGS technique were compared with the conventional sieving and the correction factor is proposed to reduce errors between these two techniques. It is observed that different ground sample distance does not give significant impact on the GSD. However, GSD using AGS and conventional sieving is varied due to over-segmentation of image sampling. Implying correction factor gives better results and nearly unity between two techniques. Keywords: Automated Grain Sizing, Grain Size Distribution, Sieving, River Bed, Bed Material, Correction Factor OT5-71 Hydrocarbon Penetration in Multi-Porosity Soil Mohd Fadhli Abd Rashid1, Noraliani Alias1, Kamarudin Ahmad2, Radzuan Sa’ari1, and Mohd Zamri Ramli3

1Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia 2 Department of Geotechnics and Transportation, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia 3 Institute of Noise and Vibration, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia *Corresponding author: noraliani@utm.my Abstract: In geo-environmental practice, climate change contributes to deficiencies of water resources for domestic, industrial and agricultural activities with a limitation on recharge and discharge ability the most important resources for civilization and population growth in Malaysia. Groundwater contamination is crucial, particularly due to the amount of leakage hydrocarbon liquids. In addition, vibration process either from man-made or natural phenomenon affect the migration of hydrocarbon through subsurface soil till the groundwater surface cause by dynamic stress that imposed on soils. Remediation, protection, and management action should be addressed for geo-environmental in green engineering. Therefore, this paper presents the investigation and discusses the characteristics vibrated

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double-porosity soil behaviour and penetration pattern phenomena of Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (LNAPL) through unsaturated laterite soil with 25% and 30% water content. The apparatus of experiment is vibrating table, accelerometer, acrylic soil column, mirror, LNAPL, and Nikon D90 digital camera. Compress 10 cm height unsaturated soil in acrylic soil column. Accelerometers were attached at surface of soil and vibrating table, whereas to observe and collected increasing and maximum acceleration. 3.61 Amplitude was chosen for vibrating the soil sample then instantaneously poured LNAPL onto the soil surface. The LNAPL migration pattern in laterite soil was monitored and recorded using digital image processing technique (DIPT) at certain time intervals. The images were processed with Surfer software and Matlab routine for plotting the LNAPL migration pattern using hue-saturation-intensity (HSI) value. As the result, the amplification and the rate migration of LNAPL was increased with increasing of moisture content. However, the rate of migration of LNAPL was decreasing with vibration impact to the soil due to the rearrangement and porosity of soil structure identified as expected influence the speed of liquid penetration. Keywords: Migration, Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid, Unsaturated Soil, Vibration, Digital Image Processing Technique OT5-73 Life Cycle Assessment of a Static Concentrator Przemyslaw Zawadzki1, Firdaus Muhammad-Sukki2, Siti Hawa Abu-Bakar3, Nurul Aini Bani4, Abdullahi Abubakar Mas’ud5, Jorge Alfredo Ardila-Rey6, Abu Bakar Munir7 1Subsea 7, Greenwell Rd, Greenwell Base, Aberdeen AB12 3AX, Scotland, United Kingdom 2School of Engineering, Robert Gordon University, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, Scotland, United Kingdom 3Universiti Kuala Lumpur British Malaysian Institute, Batu 8, Jalan Sungai Pusu, 53100 Gombak, Selangor, Malaysia 4UTM Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 5Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Jubail Industrial College, P O Box 10099, Jubail 31961, Saudi Arabia 6Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Santiago de Chile 8940000, Chile 7Faculty of Law, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia *Corresponding author: f.b.muhammad-sukki@rgu.ac.uk Abstract: In recent years, there has been a significant raise of concerns over global warming and its effect on the environment. This has led to an increased use of renewable energy sources such as wind, solar and various bio-energy. Despite all the technological advancements amongst all renewable energy sources, solar energy for Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) was found to have developed the least. Integrating a concentrator into the BIPV design has resulted in a new technology known as the Building Integrated Concentrating Photovoltaic (BICPV). One of the concentrator designs that could be used is known as the Rotationally Asymmetrical Compound Parabolic Concentrator (RACPC). This paper evaluates the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for the RACPC. The LCA of the RACPC has found a cost reduction of 28.56% and a reduction of 11.73% of embodied energy material manufacture when compared to a conventional PV module. The Energy Payback Time for a RACPC and a conventional PV was calculated to be 8.03 and 6.65 years respectively. Moreover, the Energy Return on Investment ratio was calculated to be 3.11 for a conventional PV and 3.76 for a RACPC. Keywords: Solar Energy, Solar Photovoltaic, Rotationally Asymmetrical Compound Parabolic Concentrator, Life Cycle Assessment

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OT5-74 The Influence of Chemical Properties of Organosolv Lignin Aggregates at Different Lignin Concentration on the Efficacy of Lignin Esterification M.H. Hamzah1,2, S. Bowra3, P.W. Cox4 and M.J.H. Simmons1 1School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, United Kingdom 2Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor 3Phytatec (UK) Ltd., Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, United Kingdom 4Chemical Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, United Kingdom *Corresponding author: hazwanhamzah@upm.edu.my Abstract: Lignin in its unmodified state has inherent complex and heterogeneous chemical structure. Despite the fact that it is difficult to use directly unmodified lignin in various bio-based material applications due to its degree of cross linking inter-unit linkages and steric hindrance effects. The present research explored the lignin aggregates deconstruction at different ethanol concentration of soluble lignin extract of Miscanthus x giganteus which had been subjected to sequential subcritical water mediated hydrolysis (SE) of increasing severity. Subsequently, the effect of two different lignin concentrations using similar ethanol concentration on the esterification efficacy was examined. It was demonstrated that lignin agglomerates, which are widely known to form post extraction, could be de-agglomerated by simply reducing the ethanol concentration from 50% to 1% and therefore intramolecular forces. Although the finding does not offer an adequate explanation regards to the driving forces of lignin aggregates at different ethanol concentration, the esterification reaction to attach C12 fatty acids to lignin derived from SE at 50% ethanol concentration (5 mg/mL) demonstrated that the amount of hydroxyl groups available increased the level of fatty acid incorporated onto the lignin macromolecule with 81.2% esterification conversion. A modified lignin produced has the potential to be used as a precursor for added value bio-based materials. Keywords: Lignin, Subcritical-Water, Lignocellulosic, Modification, Esterification OT5-75 Bioleaching of Kaolin with Bacillus Cereus: Effect of Bacteria Source and Concentration on Iron Removal Yap Hao Jun1, Yong Shih Nee2, Sylvia Chieng2 and Kuan Seng How1

1Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia 2Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author: kuansh@utar.edu.my Abstract: The presence of iron impurities in kaolin can negatively affect its whiteness index and refractory properties. Bacteria of the Bacillus species have been found to be effective in removing iron from kaolin based on previous work. This work examines the bioleaching of iron from kaolin using B. cereus. Two strains were tested: the first from an external laboratory and the second isolated from kaolin sample. Bioleaching experiments were conducted at 30 °C for 5 days. Changes in surface morphology of the kaolin were investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) while chemical composition of kaolin was analysed with energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Dissolved Fe (II) concentration was measured spectrophotometrically using the phenantroline method. Evident changes

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in the surface morphology of kaolin were observed in the presence of kaolin. Results also reveal higher Fe removal obtained by B. cereus isolated from kaolin (53.86%) compared to B. cereus purchased (33.92%). When concentration of bacteria was progressively increased, and bioleaching time extended to 10 days, presence of dissolved Fe (II) increased, indicating augmented bioleaching activity with increase of bacteria count. Keywords: Bioleaching of Kaolin, Fe Removal of Kaolin, Bacterial Bioleaching OT5-76 Sterols Extraction from the Cocoa Shell Waste by using Microwave Assisted Hydrodistillation

Nurhamizah Ibrahim, Nurul Aini Azman, Mohd Sabri Mahmud and Said Nurdin Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia. *Corresponding author: mohdsabri@ump.edu.my Abstract: Phytosterols are naturally occurred sterols found in plants and are relevant to many pharmacological benefits of human health. Thus, plant wastes or by-products such as cocoa shell can be their cheap and abundant sources and an efficient extraction technique is required to recover them at high quality and yield. Microwave heating is introduced in this study to assist extraction using hydrodistillation (MAE-HD) with the aims to improve the extraction yield and the efficiency of extraction time. The effect of different parameters, such as water to cocoa shell powder (CSP) ratio (2:1, 4:1, 6:1, 8:1 and 10:1), microwave power (180W, 200W, 220W, 240W, 260W and 280W) and extraction time (30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 min) were employed to extract the phytosterols from CSP. They were optimized by using One-Factor-At-a-Time (OFAT) and central composite design experiments with phytosterol analysis using the Liebermann-Burchard method. An optimum time of phytosterol extraction was evidenced at 250W microwave power for 90 minutes at water-CSP ratio of 8:1 with the yield of 2.49% (w/w).

Keywords: Cocoa Shell, Phytosterol, Microwave Assisted Hydrodistillation, Central Composite Design PT5-49 Effects of Ball-to-Powder Weight Ratios to the Properties of Pulverized Kaolin Particles Shahrul Azwan Shakrani1, Afizah Ayob1, Mohd Asri Ab Rahim1, and Salina Alias2

1School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia 2Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Pulau Pinang, Jalan Permatang Pauh, 13500, Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia *Corresponding author: shahrulazwan.shakrani@gmail.com Abstract: Kaolin particles were pulverized in order to reduce size by using high-energy ball milling under various ball-to-powder weight ratios. The elemental composition and particle size analysis of milled kaolin particles were carried out by using X-ray Fluorescence and Particle Size Analyzer. The increased in ball-to-powder weight ratios have raised the amounts of oxide minerals such as K2O, MgO, Fe2O3, TiO2, CaO, SO3 and LOI in the kaolin particles while reducing the concentration of SiO2, Al2O3, P2O5 and MnO as compared to the control sample. Kaolin particles have reached to an average of 944 nm in size after milling for 4 hours under ball-to-powder weight ratio of 4 which is much smaller than unpulverized kaolin particles at the average mean size of 9.985µm. The energy dissipation has produced a very strong energy impacts and fractures in order to produce the number of collisions between balls

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and container wall in the high-energy ball milling process to allow the reduction of particles size of kaolin. This enables kaolin particles to be reduced in size and produced in practically simple, effective and low cost process using high-energy ball milling. Keywords: Kaolin, High-Energy Ball Milling, Ball-to-Powder Weight Ratios, Elemental Composition, Particle Size Analysis PT5-50

Particle Size Analysis of Kaolin Subjected to Elevated Temperatures using Various Dispersing Agents Shahrul Azwan Shakrani1, Afizah Ayob1, Mohd Asri Ab Rahim1, and Salina Alias2

1School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia 2Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Pulau Pinang, Jalan Permatang Pauh, 13500, Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia *Corresponding author: shahrulazwan.shakrani@gmail.com Abstract: The stability of kaolin particles are largely influenced by nature and behaviour of dispersing agents introduced to the system. This study analyzed the particle size of kaolin particles subjected to elevated temperatures by using various dispersing agents such as ultrapure water, acetone and sodium hydroxide. It was found that kaolin particles in ultrapure water formed a stable dispersion as compared to acetone and sodium hydroxide without further aggregation. This simple and low cost methodology can be useful while characterizing kaolin particles size with limited resources. Keywords: Kaolin, Elevated Temperatures, Particle Size Analysis, Dispersing Agents PT5-52

Green Building Construction in Peninsular Malaysia: The Status in the Use of Wood and Wood Products Hazirah Ab Latib1, Jegatheswaran Ratnasingam1, Ng Wai Cheng2, and Rasmina Halis1 1Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 2IB Design & Consultancy, Unit 8B, Jalan 14/2A, Taman Kuchai Lama, 52000 Kuala Lumpur *Corresponding authors: hazirahablatib@yahoo.com The Malaysian government as encouraging the construction of green buildings in the country in order to mitigate the climate change problem. In this context, the use of wood and wood products in the construction sector is being aggressively pursued. The objective of this study was to determine architects’ preferences for wood and wood products for specific applications and to assess the attributes that influenced its utilization in the construction sector in Peninsular Malaysia. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 500 practicing architects, with a response of 27%, throughout Peninsular Malaysia. The applications of wood and wood products by architects were focused primarily on non-structural applications rather than structural applications. It was found that cost, customer demand, durability, natural beauty, availability and ease of design and workability were primary considerations for architects in specifying wood and wood products in building construction. Factor analysis of the results showed that building regulations, material quality and beauty, customer demand and design and assembly were the primary determinants influencing architects specifying and using wood and wood products in building construction. It is apparent that the use of wood and wood products in building construction in Peninsular Malaysia can be further improved through awareness and confidence boosting in the material among the general public as well as architects and specifiers.

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Keyword: Construction, Attributes, Wood, Wood Products, Architects, Preferences PT5-53 Biodegradable Packaging of Pharmaceutical Product in Malaysia Region: An Overview Muhammad Ali Aizat Abu Bakar1, Salmah Karman1, Suriani Ibrahim2 and Wan Safwani Wan Kamarul Zaman1

1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia *Corresponding author: salmah_karman@um.edu.my Abstract: Due to the increasing production value of medicine global wide, an outstanding amount of resources has been used in management of clinical waste disposal. One of the contributors for the accumulation of clinical waste are pharmaceutical packaging, which may potentially cause effect on environment if the wastage is not being managed well. One of the countermeasures suggested are solving toward biodegradable packaging, as the environmentally friendly packaging are superior than conventional packaging in term of disposability and low manufacturing energy demand. Yet, the implementation for biodegradable alternatives by the pharmaceutical manufacturer in Malaysia are slow due to durability, unique packaging design, equipment demand, climatic factor and the complex nature of the drug. The main question for the framework of study are is Malaysia possible in successfully integrating biodegradable packaging in their pharmaceutical industry? Past research papers are mostly discussing on fundamental details only, which touched the excessive drug packaging wastage on generalized way. In this study, the biodegradable packaging of pharmaceutical product in Malaysia is comprehensively overviewed. The possibility for implementation from manufacturer until end consumer and its impact are also been reviewed. Based on findings, there may a minimal concern by pharmaceutical manufacturer, as environmental consideration may not lead to any packaging compromise, in term of accessibility and safety. Hospitals also mostly not include environmentally friendly option in their drug procurement strategy, and respective container when bulk purchasing. End consumer may also exhibit weak green purchase intention as they mainly influenced by availability of pharmaceutical product by doctor’s prescription. Hence, Malaysia may has a fast shifting with proper government initiatives. Malaysia government has recently encouraged industries transition through MESTECC Malaysia’s Road map Towards Zero Single-Use Plastics, thus, future work is needed to study the policy influence in shifting Malaysia towards biodegradable-oriented pharmaceutical packaging.

Keywords: Biodegradable, Industrial Pharmacy, Green Packaging, Clinical Waste, Biomaterial PT5-54

Wind Speed Modelling for Malaysia in Considering of the Complex Terrain Factor Yong Kim Hwang1, Mohd Zamri bin Ibrahim1, Marzuki Ismail2, Ali Najah Ahmed3,4, and Aliashim Albani1

1Eastern Corridor Renewable Energy Research Group, School of Ocean Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia. 2School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.

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3Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Selangor, Malaysia 4Institute for Energy Infrastructure (IEI), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding Author: zam@umt.edu.my Abstract: Wind map is an important component for wind energy exploration and exploitation. However, the best approach and process for producing a high accuracy and reliable wind map is still a debate among researchers. The aim of this study is to increase the accuracy of the wind map by controlled the input data used and modelling of the wind flow over complex terrain. Malaysian Meteorological Department (MMD) stations’ wind data as the input of the spatial modelling and the number of the stations were increased to 37 stations. Besides, the optimized Artificial Neural Network Measure-Correct-Predict method was used to substitute and fill up the missing data. The spatial modelling was conducted to establish the wind map by interpolating the point source of wind data and extrapolate the wind flow at 10 m height. Moreover, the wind flow over complex terrain were considered in modelling by include the surface roughness as new factor. The results reveal that current wind map, after added surface roughness as a factor of extrapolation, had been improved 33.833% than previous wind map. Moreover, the current wind map was simulated wind speed for a station up to 0.835 of correlation coefficient. As a conclusion, after added number of input and surface roughness, the current wind map was the best in presenting the wind speed in Malaysia with acceptable accuracy. Keywords: Spatial Modelling, MCP, Surface Roughness, Wind Map, Malaysia

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MANAGEMENT SCIENCES AND POLICY (T6) OT6-77

A Journey towards Sustainability: A Review on Sustainable Development Implementation in Malaysia Mohd Idham Bin Mohd Yusof1, and Mariani Ariffin2

1Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia Faculty of Administrative Science and Policy Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Seremban Campus, Persiaran Seremban Tiga/1, Seremban 3, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia 2 Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia *Corresponding author: gs52109@student.upm.edu.my Abstract: Since its inception, Malaysia is committed in developing the country. As a member of the United Nations (UN), Malaysia has always becoming the frontrunner in fulfilling the development agenda as proposed by the International Organization. The government ever since has embracing the concept of sustainability through its national framework. This can be seen when this country adopting the Local Agenda 21 (LA21), Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and now the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In 2017, Malaysia is among the earliest countries to present the Voluntary National Report (VNR) on the SDGs progress. With a participatory from various parties, this was done at the Higher Level Political Forum (HLPF) in the UN. This has made Malaysia as a good example among the developing and Islamic countries. It serves as the best platform for Malaysia and the other members to share theirs’ best practice and learn from each other as a community of practice. This paper seeks to examine sustainable development implementation in Malaysia through review of literatures and content analysis. It aims to analyze the sustainability efforts in Malaysia by identifying the themes of the development, the attention of the government towards the sustainability, its various policies, the involvement of the actors and the challenges throughout its implementation. It’s not easy for the country to make its people aware on the meaning of sustainability. It requires political commitment and integrated actions by its key players as the driving forces. Sustainable development will always be the focus for Malaysia as this global effort will make this country a better place for the future generation. Keywords: Sustainable Development, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Malaysia, Policy, Practices OT6-78 Sustainable Transport Policy Framework on the Development of Railway Lines in Klang Valley: Viewpoints from Policy Makers Imran Yussof, Boon-Kwee Ng and Suzana Ariff Azizan

Department of Science and Technology Studies, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia *Corresponding author: suzana_ariff@um.edu.my Abstract: The railway infrastructure developments in Malaysia, especially in the area of Klang Valley, are moving forward for a better yielding result in terms of economic, social and environmental. This qualitative study attempts to examine the sustainable transport policy framework in the case of railway development in Klang Valley by garnering insight from respective experienced policy makers with expertise ranging from land planning, development, regulatory, macroeconomic, fiscal reform, and stakeholder engagement. Insights derived from the interviews indicate that the institutional setup,

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infrastructure and financial readiness with proper impact assessment have been coordinated well within what the international indicator benchmark that they targeted. Essentially, the overarching concept of sustainable in the policy context shown tremendous efforts and good results as compared to the early inception of railway lines development i.e. LRT 1, LRT 2 and KTM Commuter services. The experience in handling land acquisition of Jalan Sultan and Ampang Park Plaza are essentially an exemplary good stakeholder management plan by both developer, government and public domain affected. However, serious efforts need to be made in ensuring the maintenance culture and procurement of materials are in line with sustainable practice. Keywords: Transportation policy, urban development, sustainable indicator, Malaysia OT6-79 Firm Performance in Exports: Evidence from Malaysian Small and Medium Enterprises Liew Ke Xin , Au Yong Hui Nee and Krishna Moorthy Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Kampar *Correspondingauthor:nikiliew0814@gmail.com Abstract: Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) are the driving force of economic growth and competitive environment in developing countries like Malaysia. Malaysian Government also enters into many free trade agreements such as APEC, ASEAN FTA and so on, which contribute to 30 % of world GDP. But yet only 5 % of Malaysian SMEs are willing to step out from the local market. This indicates that most of the owners or managers in Malaysian SMEs are risk averse and avoid taking risk to expand their business to global. The purpose of this study is to examine how Export Commitment and E-commerce break the export barriers and improve Malaysian SMEs’ export performance. 97 sets of questionnaires from present and potential SME exporters of Malaysia have been collected and analysed using SmartPLS. The study revealed that Export commitment and E-commerce are significant in breaking export barrier and breaking Export barrier is significant in improving Firm performance. The findings of this study contribute to the owners and managers of the Malaysian SMEs to improve their firm performance by having more export commitment by using E-commerce. Keywords: Export Commitment, E-Commerce, Export Barrier, Firm Performance, Smes OT6-80 Multiple Regression Analysis of Academic and Non-Academic Responsibilities with Academicians’ Job-Related Stress Yunita Awang, Norazamina Mohamed, Suraya Ahmad, Noor Emilina Mohd Nasir

Faculty of Accountancy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: yunita@tganu.uitm.edu.my Abstract: Academicians are important assets in achieving universities’ excellence. Their tasks are commonly associated with teaching and research. However, recently the academicians’ workloads are no longer confined to academic tasks only, but also extended to the non-academic responsibilities such as the involvement in administrative post, students’ development activities, community services and professional development. The issues of numerous responsibilities among academicians need to be given serious attention as the attempts to fulfil many responsibilities may lead to stress among the academicians. Thus, this paper attempts to examine the relationship between academic and non-academic responsibilities with job-related stress among academicians. This study used self-administered questionnaires which were distributed to 391 lecturers in 10 faculties from three branch

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campuses of UiTM Terengganu. Preliminary analysis based on 120 valid returned questionnaires indicate the respondents’ perception that they are moderately stressful with their job. However, the results of multiple regressions show that academic responsibilities are not significant predictors of the respondents’ job-related stress, and the non-academic responsibilities give low contribution to their job-related stress. The findings would assist the management in exploring academicians’ reaction to their present job demands and offer empirical evidence on the effect of academic and non-academic responsibilities towards academicians’ job-related stress.

Keywords: Academicians, Academic Responsibilities, Non-Academic Responsibilities, Job-Related Stress OT6-81 Coastal Community Capital Contribution Willingness Evaluation Impact on Ecotourism and Ecosystem Sustainability Fazilah Musa, Norashikeen Mohd Fozi, and Diana Demiyah Mohd Hamdan

Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, UMS Street, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia *Corresponding author: fazilah.musa@ums.edu.my Abstract: Contribution of mangrove forests in Malaysia's economic growth is usually associated with the fishing sector and one of the main sources of income for coastal communities who many still earn below the poverty line. Nowadays mangrove forests are also being showcase in the tourism sector to contribute in enhancing the Malaysia's economics that is also in line with national policies to increase local communities’ earnings and to create more job opportunities. Thus, community-based ecosystem tourism is being rapidly developed in many mangrove areas in Malaysia. Nevertheless, the social, ecological and economic value of mangrove forests contribution in the tourism sector has not been determined. This study aims to assess coastal community at Marudu Bay, Sabah perspective on mangrove forest contribution as ecotourism destination through Willingness to Pay (WTP) by using the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). A survey was distributed to 400 coastal communities from five selected villages and five bid prices (RM5, RM10, RM15, RM20 and RM30) were used. Logit and linear regression models were applied to estimate the mean WTP by using three different types of models. Results indicated that the estimated mean WTP for Model 1 (full model), Model 2 (restricted model) and Model 3 are RM12.96/person/year, RM16.08/person/year and RM25.68/person/year, respectively. The coastal communities’ responses in willingness to pay were based on bid price and sociodemographics variable. The majority of coastal communities were willing to pay in consideration that Marudu Bay's mangrove conservation initiatives promotes sustainable ecotourism. Subsequently, improve community livelihood potentials. As a conclusion, mangrove ecosystem sustainability needs involvement of stakeholder and coastal communities to discover better ways for mangrove forest management at Marudu Bay, Sabah. Keywords: Coastal Community, Ecotourism Sustainability, Willingness to Pay, Mangrove Conservation, Contingent Valuation Method

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OT6-82 Examining the Convergence of Energy Consumption: Comparison Between Oil Importing Versus Oil Exporting Countries

Nik Norizan bt Fauzi, Raja Rusma Ayuni bt Raja Bungsu, and Siok Kun Sek*

School of Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang *Corresponding author: sksek@usm.my Abstract: Convergence analysis is one way to check for the sustainability. In this study, examination of convergence is performed to check on the sustainability of energy consumption in the main oil importing versus oil exporting groups. In particular, we examined for stochasticc versus beta conditional convergence. In addition, the speed of convergence is compared among countries using time series and panel data analyses. For the purpose of analysis, the generalized method of moments (GMM) and seemingly unrelated regression augmented Dicky-Fuller (SURADF) techniques are applied. The results revealed the achievement of convergence in energy consumption in two panel groups. The speed of convergence is very similar for both groups of countries. However, the speed of convergence is varying across individual countries. The main determinant contributes to energy consumption is oil price.

Keywords: Energy Consumption, Oil Price, Convergence, Panel Data OT6-83 The Development of Human Factors Satisfaction Index for Navigating and Engineering Officers on board Merchant Ship Mohd Naim Fadzil¹, Ahmad Faizal Ahmad Fuad¹, Mohd Saiful Izwaan Saadon², Mohd Hafizi Said¹ and Mohd Sharifuddin Ahmad² ¹School of Ocean Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. ²School of Maritime Business and Management, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. * Corresponding author: m.naim@umt.edu.my

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to assess the developed Human Factors Satisfaction index for selected navigating and engineering officers who worked on board Merchant Ships. Selected Human factors that contributed/ effected to the main operation of the ship had been identified by literature review and survey. These factors are interacting with each other’s and their overall effects helps on board ships organization in attaining an efficient, effective and safe operation. These paper attempts to represent the assessments of the selected human factors quantitatively by a mathematical model using a theoretical approach. In this approach, the index on satisfaction levels will be presented. The extent of human aspects (Human Factors) present on board ship organization, conducive to the Total Quality Management Culture, it’s represented in terms of the “Human Satisfaction Index”. The developed procedure may be useful for shipping companies for self-assessments and improvement. Since human behaviour is difficult to predict, so are the human factors. The paper considers general factors, which may vary depending on type of organization, size of organization and geographical location. For practical implication, it’s will provide a useful methodology for shipping organization to assess human aspects and improve upon therein. Application of the methodology is given with example that may help the industry to use it.

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Keywords: Human Factors, Satisfaction Index, Navigating and Engineering Officers, Merchant Ship

OT6-84

Integrating the Green Skills Into TVET Curricula in Polytechnics Malaysia

Lai Chee Serni1, Noordiana Baharom 1, Lee Ming Foong1 and Ana2

1Faculty of Technical and Vocational Education, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia 2Indonesia University of Education, Jl. Dr. Setiabudhi No. 229, Bandung 40154, Indonesia *Corresponding author: lcsern@uthm.edu.my Abstract: Green skills are very much needed by green industry. Nevertheless, many TVET institutions have not yet embedded green skill elements into the programme’s curriculum because it is still unclear concerning the types of green skills demanded by the green industry. Therefore, this research was conducted to identify the green skills that should be integrated into TVET curricula from the perspective of engineering lecturers in Polytechnics. The nature of this research was descriptive in which the date was collected using self-developed questionnaire. Four Polytechnics located in the East Coast, Northern, Central, and Southern of Malaysia were involved. A total of 332 engineering lecturers from three departments of engineering (Civil, Electrical, and Mechanical Engineering) were invited to participate in this research. The findings revealed that the TVET curricular should contains some of these green skills: problem solving skill related to environmental pollution, interpretative skill on environmental phenomena, research skill on environmental issues, data collection skill, analytical skill, exploitation skill on green technology, management skill on natural resources, design skill, controlling skill on environment pollution, raw material management skill, energy saving skill, recycling skill, and reuse skill. It is suggested that Polytechnics should embed these green skills into their programme curricula in order to produce graduates who are able to meet the needs of green industry. Keywords: Green Skill, TVET, Curriculum, Polytechnics OT6-85 Perception about the Implementation of Environmental Management Practices (EMP)

Aina Syuhaila Muhamad1, Nik Hazimah Nik Mat2

1School of Maritime Business and Management, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2School of Maritime Business and Management, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: nikhazimah@umt.edu.my Abstract: Environmental issue is one of the major concerns toward business sustainability. Even though many approaches have been introduced but the outcome is yet to meet the expectations of business stakeholders. Importantly, the negative impacts of environmental issue lead to health problems, business operations and also the community around the business area. This problem is worsening due to the attitude of the business owners who lack of awareness about the importance of EMP. As Environmental Management Practices (EMP) has been introduced in early 90s, it is to control environmental problems like pollutions and overflowing wastes from becoming worse. Helping organizations in managing their business, guiding in correcting the actions and setting up environment policies to be followed by them are the main purposes of EMP. The adoption of EMP is slowly increasing and many firms are applying it in their daily business operation. Hence, this research was being conducted to identify the level of awareness about EMP among organizational members and their perceptions towards the adoption of these practices in the organization. By using qualitative method, a case study had been conducted at Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) to explore the perceptions of

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students towards EMP implementation by the university. Findings of this study are useful for the management of the university to improve the existing environmental policies that could benefit all the stakeholders.

Keywords: Environmental management practices, Perception, Sustainability, Stakeholders, University OT6-86 Implementing Sustainable Urbanization Development using Geospatial Approach Muhammad Azizol Ismail, Ahmad Nazri Muhamad Ludin, and Nafisa Hosni

Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia *Corresponding author: azizolismail@gmail.com Abstract: There are many factors that contributes to urbanization such as natural increase in population, and migration from rural to urban areas. Failure to regulate sustainable urban growth management will arise significant issues for instances depletion of natural resources, urban sprawl, and environmental pollution. This paper is geared towards investigating and mapping land use land cover (LULC) changes in Iskandar Malaysia, specifically in Iskandar Puteri and western gate development. Satellite images from the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Sentinel 2A for the year of 2000, 2007, and 2017 were deployed in the process of quantification of changes detection by using Supervised Classification technique. Then, the magnitude of the changes was determined. IDRISI Terrset software was used in order to predict the future expansion of study area until 2030. Finally, this paper proposed the delineation of urban growth limit as a sustainable strategy to direct further geographical development. The modelling of urban growth limit was based on socio-economic, bio-physical, and policy variables. The findings and analysis in this paper have proven how prominent geospatial technology could play in implementing sustainable development. The generated results have important policy implication for urban planners, stakeholders, and industrial players. Keywords: Urban Growth Limit Policy, Land Use Land Cover, Compact City OT6-87 Go Green Practice: A Study on Malaysian Higher Learning Institution Students Lee Ming Fong, and Lai Chee Sern

Faculty of Technical & Vocational Education, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia *Corresponding author: mflee@uthm.edu.my Abstract: The issue of climate change and global warming has become hot debate topic throughout the world today. The human being who lives on this earth should actively engage with the activities of being environmentally conscious for the sustainable procurement, even he/she just a student by making a small change in their daily lifestyle. Go green is the practice to show the intension that they are doing something for the planet earth. A survey using a set of questionnaires was conducted to investigate the go green practice level among the higher learning institution students. A total number of 116 bachelor’s degree students in a university was randomly selected for this study. The questionnaire consists of 27 items with total marks of 54 was used to measure the students’ go green practice level. The gathered data was analyzed using mean score, standard deviation, frequency and percentage. The finding shows that the highest score is 46 and the lowest score is 11. The mean score is 27.71 with standard deviation 7.33. Majority of the students tend to have a good practice in Go Green (f = 48,% = 41.4), and

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surprisingly about 2.6% students fall in to the category of nature lover. However, efforts to enhance students’ awareness in Go Green practice need to be strengthening to ensure the environmental sustainability. Keywords: Go Green, Practice, Sustainable PT6-55 Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Occupational Safety and Health among Workers in Petrochemical Companies Mohd Yasir Mohd Mukhtar1, Afzan Mat Yusof1,2* and Muhammad Lokman Md Isa1,2

1Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Nursing, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia, 2Integrated Cellular and Molecular Biology Cluster (iMolec), International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia * Corresponding author: afzan@iium.edu.my Abstract: Petroleum or oil and gas industry is one of the important industrial sectors in Malaysia. The safety in the workplace is one of the vital issues that need to be taken seriously. Every worker should know about the occupational safety and health organization to protect them from any accidents and injuries. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of knowledge, attitude and practice on occupational safety and health among workers in petrochemical companies at Teluk Kalung Industrial Area, Kemaman, Terengganu. A cross-sectional study was conducted among the workers in petrochemical companies. A convenience sampling method was used to collect the data. Descriptive statistics was used to describe the levels of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) among the workers. Chi-square test were used to test the association between level of knowledge with level of attitude, level of knowledge with level of practice and level of attitude with level of practice. From the study, it found that there was significant association between level of knowledge with level of attitude (p=0.002), no significant association between knowledge level and practice level (p=0.386) and was no significant difference between the level of attitude and the level of practice (p=0.117). Therefore, this study found that the knowledge level will affect the attitude level of the workers. Training on occupational safety and health should be held to improve their knowledge and attitude. It is recommended for other researcher to extend this study to other places with same industrial sector as there were few studies of knowledge, attitude and practice on occupational safety and health in petrochemical companies conducted.

Keywords: Oil and Gas Industry, Safety, Knowledge, Attitude, Practice PT6-56

Sustainable Study on The Effect of Basic Training on Seafarer’s Safety Knowledge, Attitude, and Behaviour

Amir Syawal Kamis, Ahmad Faizal Ahmad Fuad, Mohd Saiful Izwaan Saadon School of Ocean Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author:amirsyawal87@gmail.com Abstract: STCW Basic Training (BT) is training required for each seafarer to serve in any ranks on board ship. BT has a validity of 5 years then it will need to be refresh by attending BT(R). BT consists of 4 main courses namely Personal Survival Techniques, Fire Prevention

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and Fighting, Elementary First Aid, and Personal Safety and Social Responsibility. Knowledge, attitude, and behaviour (KAB) approach has been addressed in various fields. The theory of KAB is, training or education of any kind should improve knowledge, attitude, and behaviour, and, knowledge gained should improve attitude, and subsequently improve behaviour. This study determines the impact of BT on seafarer’s knowledge, attitude, and behaviour. The first step of this study is to gather the content of BT. The second step is to identify all related factors to measure safety education, knowledge, attitude, and behaviour. The third step is to develop measurable questionnaires for the survey. The fourth step is data collection, and the final step is data analysis by using factor analysis. Data submitted by respondents determine the impact of BT on KAB. The result shows that BT positively affects the seafarer’s knowledge, attitude, and behaviour. The factors determined in this study can be used by the maritime institute as domains to be emphasised in the BT topic to set seafarers perception with the right attitude; therefore, develop positive behaviour before working onboard a ship.

Keywords: Basic Training, Safety, Knowledge, Attitude, Behaviour PT6-57

Factors Affecting the Ship’s Stability due to Cargo Liquefaction: Nickel Ore and Bauxite

Mohammed Ismail Russtam Suhrab, Muhammad Amirul Ikram Bin Ismail, Nor Hidayah Binti Ibrahim, Ahmad Faizal Ahmad Fuad, Mohd Hafizi bin Said

Dept. of Nautical Science and Maritime Transportation, School of Ocean Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: m.ismail@umt.edu.my Abstract: Ship’s stability is one of the most vital and important elements for the safety of ship and safety of navigation and it is governed by maritime laws same goes to maritime codes. In this research, the focus is on certain cargoes, which are nickel ore and bauxites. During the voyage, the motion of ship especially rolling, pitching, pounding, engine and deck equipment vibration will cause the cargo liquefaction due to the moisture content of the cargo. From 1988 to 2015, there have been 24 suspected liquefaction incidents reported, which resulted in 164 casualties and loss of 18 vessels. The objective of this study is to identify and to rank the factors that contribute to the loss of ship stability while shipping the cargo which may liquefy, especially for nickel ore and bauxite. The methods are used to achieve the objectives are investigating the case studies and journals. The questionnaires were constructed and distributed to mariners using Google form. At the end of the research, it is found that the highest average of frequency is knowledge/ competency problem. Keywords: Ship stability, liquefaction, nickel ore, bauxites PT6-58

Sustainable Development and Malaysia’s Foreign Labour Management Policies: Strengths, Weaknesses and Gaps

Norhana Nawai and Noreha Hashim. School of social and economi development, University Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. *Corresponding Author: nawaihana@yahoo.com Abstract: Sustainable development goals are the blueprint to achieve a better future through addressing global challenges related to poverty,inequality,prosperity, peace and justice. Foreign labor is one of the global challenges that contribute to 6 out of 17 sustainable development goals. Numerous development plans have been carried out to promote sustainable develeopment growth, however, this has resulted in

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ever increasing dependence on foreign labours. This article examines Malaysia’s foreign labour management policies and the associated issues by presenting their evolution until present day. The relevant acts and statutes are analyzed through content analysis so as to identify their strengths, weaknesses and policy gaps. Findings show that there are pressing needs for foreign labour management policies to be improved so that strengths can be maintained, weaknesses can be eliminated, and policy gaps effectively reduced. It is argued that a more effective management and long sighted clear management policies are crucial to ensure that sustainable development in Malaysia can be achieved by 2030.

Keywords: Immigration Procedures, Sustainability Issues, Foreign Labour Reliance PT6-59

Towards the Collaborative Land and Marine Geospatial Data Integration Development: A Review M A Rosly1, A Ahmad1, Z Tarmidi1, Z Hamisan2 and N Zulkifli3

1Department of Geoinformation, Faculty of Built Environment and Survey, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor 2School of Human Resources Development and Psychology, Faculty of Social Science and Humanities Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor 3Department of Real Estate Faculty of Built Environment and Survey, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor *Corresponding author: adlyquantum88@gmail.com Abstract: Malaysia is one of the sea-surrounded countries besides Thailand, Singapore, Brunei, Indonesia, Philippines and many more. About 515,000 square kilometers of sea level surrounds Malaysia along with lined up along 4,576 km of coastal lines. Coastal area needs to be overall managed to improve its sustainability especially for integrating land and marine spatial data. One of good aspect of coastal area management is a collaborative management. This study highlights the importance to bring the concept of collaboration between agencies to address the issues contained in the realization of integration of geospatial datasets sharing between land and marine. This study comprehensively highlights the concept of collaboration, past studies related to building collaboration strategies, issues and problems in collaboration as well as success factors in the collaboration process. It is imperative to be used in building a collaborative model to enable the process of creating an integrated geospatial data set between land and marine. Keywords: Coastal Area Management, Integrated Spatial Data Sharing, Collaborative Data Sharing PT6-60

Secondary School Teacher Intention Toward Digital Education at Malaysia Siti Nur Aqila Anuar, Noor Fadhiha Mokhtar and Kalsitinoor Set School of Maritime Business and Management, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), Malaysia *Corresponding author: sitinuraqilaanuar@gmail.com Abstract: The Malaysia Education Development Plan (PPPM) 2013-2025 under the Ministry of Education (MOE) have requirement one of the educational transformations which focuses more on digital and Internet materials in schools and is known as the 21 st Century Learning (PAK-21). This study aims to analyse the excellence of Digital Education among Malaysian school teachers and to explore individual skills as a developed component of the Theory Insured (TPB). Also, this cogitation target to examine the role of Attitude as a link between individual skills and intentions to use the Internet

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among Malaysian school teachers and to develop an extended TPB model including Individual Skills. To achieve this goal examines the behaviours of behavioural teachers in secondary schools in Malaysia on this digital education based on the TPB framework. A structured questionnaire has been provided to 210 teachers in the secondary school government in Malaysia to obtain information on their management features and performance. The descriptive and inferential analysis is run using Smart PLS 3.0 package statistics. This study provides strong empirical evidence to show that to increase the use of digital education among teachers in Malaysia.

Keywords: Digital Education, Attitude and Individual Skills PT6-61 Measurement Model of Malaysian Voluntary Saving Decision for Future Retirement Julaina Baistaman1, Zainudin Awang2, and Syukriah Idrus3

1,2Faculty of Economic and Management Science, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 3 Faculty of Business Management, Universiti Teknologi Mara Melaka,78000 Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia *Corresponding author: julaina.baistaman@gmail.com Abstract: Advancement in healthcare and improvement in quality of life has significantly increase longevity of Malaysians. Unfortunately, Malaysian generally does not financially prepare for their future retirement. Insufficient saving for retirement among Malaysian to sustain retirement life becomes huge concern nowadays. Fewer past studies had been done to access voluntary saving decision among Malaysian working adult as this study aims to provide insight of factual findings for decision making and policy implementation. In order to solve the problem, we need to identify the indicators in order to measure voluntary saving behavior and acting further steps to be taken to improve the behavior. This study was conducted to develop a scale to measure voluntary saving decision and testing the validation of the measurement using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The study needs to validate the measurement model of voluntary saving decision for its unidimensionality, validity, reliability and fitness indexes for model fitness. Measurement items were considered accepted by observing regression weight for standard loading, average variance extracted (AVE) for convergent validity, square root of AVE for discriminant validity, composite reliability for reliability of items and at least three fit indexes for model fitness. The result reveals that the measurement model of voluntary saving decision had achieved the requirement for construct validity and successfully developed which suitable to be used in areas of research, evaluation, training, campaign or any kind of program in order to improve Malaysian preparation for future retirement. Keywords: Saving Decision, Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Retirement, Malaysia PT6-62

Comparative Assessment of Unsupervised Land Use Classification Analysis by Using Proprietary GIS and Open Source Software Muhammad Azizol Ismail, Ahmad Nazri Muhamad Ludin, and Nafisa Hosni

Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia *Corresponding author: azizolismail@gmail.com

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Abstract: Land use and land cover (LULC) is the basic assumption to identify the global ecology or environmental changes. Thus, it is paramount to detect the nature and magnitude of these changes in order to determine its direction of future expansion. However, an accurate and up-to-date land use land cover (LULC) information is necessary in understanding and assessing the environmental consequences of such changes. To accomplish that, Remotely Sensed data from the Sentinel-2 Satellite was acquired for the purpose of land cover classification analysis in Iskandar Malaysia in year 2017. Usually, land use classification analysis is conducted through proprietary GIS software. However, this decade shows the advancement in software development, thus the emerging of free/open source software in geospatial world. Hence, to execute land cover analysis using Unsupervised Classification technique, proprietary GIS software (ArcGIS 10.3.1) and free/open source software (QGIS 3.6.1) were deployed. The sum of 150 random points was established for the assessment purpose. The results showed the overall accuracy for ArcGIS and QGIS were 82.68% and 76.67% respectively. ArcGIS produced better producer’s accuracy in the forest and agriculture land cover. Meanwhile, QGIS produced better producer’s accuracy in the built-up and water features. To summarize, ArcGIS and QGIS software are reliable to be used in land cover classification. Keywords: Unsupervised Classification, Free and Open Source Software for Geospatial (FOSS4G), Land Use PT6-63

The Impact of Community Based-Enterprises (CBEs) Model on Business Performance: One District One Industry in East-Coast Malaysia Wan Fayyadhana Husna Wan Zulkifli, Muhammad Abi Sofian Abdul Halim, Khatijah Omar, Noor Fadhiha Mokhtar, Zuha Rosufila Abu Hasan

School of Maritime Management and Business, University of Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia *Corresponding author: fayyadhana04@gmail.com Abstract: Literally, the concept of community-based enterprises (CBEs) is an originally practiced by community who are living in a small village located in Oyama, Oita, Japan in 1961 through a program One Village One Product (OVOP). Actually, the model of CBEs which included the factors of cooperation, sustainability and innovation is enhancing the development of business performance among rural communities. In Malaysia, the program of One District One Industry or known as Satu Daerah Satu Industri (SDSI) is virtually practiced the model of CBEs with the purpose is to alleviate poverty among community in rural area. At present, most of rural entrepreneurs are less practiced the factors of cooperation, innovation, and sustainable enterprises as variables in CBEs model in their business activities. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of CBEs model on business performance among entrepreneurs under SDSI program who are operating their business in East-Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Hence, the method of this study is based on stratified random sampling which covers 230 respondents who are operating their business in the East-Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Furthermore, the results indicate that all of the respondents in this study are significantly accepted the factors in a model of CBEs are contributing to their business performance. Then, this research has proved that CBEs model is an essential platform to be implemented in helping the SDSI entrepreneurs as well as improving their business performance. Keywords: Community-Based Enterprise, Business Performance, Cooperation, Innovation, Sustainable

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PT2-64

Incidence of Antibiotic Resistant Coliform in Poultry Meats in Menoufia Governorate,

Egypt

Shawish, R. R.1and Elbagoury, A. M.2

1Department of Food Hygiene & Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Sadat City, Egypt 2Department of Food Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt *Corresponding author: reyad.rabea@vet.usc.edu.eg

Abstract: A total of 100 random samples of fresh chicken cuts (breast, thigh) (50 of each) were collected from different butcher’s shops at Menoufia Governorates examined for coliforms counts, isolation and identification of coliform strains. The obtained results indicated that the coliforms count varied from 2.7x102 to 9.1x104 with an average value of 1.65x104+3.75x103 cfu/g for chicken thigh and 2.3x102 to 6.3x104 with an average value of 9.73x103

+ 2.58x103 cfu/g for chicken breast respectively. Coliform isolates were identified as E. coli, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter diversus, Enterobacter agglomerans, Enterobacter aerogenes Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter hafnii, Serratia liqufaciens and Klebsiella spp. (K. pneumoniae and K. ozaenae), Moreover, the serological examination of E. coli isolates revealed E coli O86: k6, E coli O55: k59, E coli O125:k70,E coli O128:k67, E coli O26:k60

and E coli O111:k58. Antimicrobial resistance among isolated coliform strains was detected by susceptibility to 8 antibiotics by disc diffusion method. Generally, E. coli isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, norfloxacin, streptomycin and kanamycin; Citrobacter freundii isolates were resistant to (ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, Erythromycin, cefoxitin and norfloxacin; Enterobacter agglomerans isolates were resistant to vancomycin, Erythromycin, cefoxitin, streptomycin and kanamycin. While, Enterobacter aerogenes isolates were resistance to vancomycin, cefoxitin and kanamycin. Also, Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella ozaenae strains were resistance to ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and kanamycin and, Serratia liqufaciens strains were resistance to ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, cefoxitin, norfloxacin and kanamycin but Klebsiella pneumonia strain was sensitive to all tested antibiotics (Doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, Vancomycin, Erythromycin, Cefoxitin, Norfloxacin, streptomycin and kanamycin). These data suggest that antimicrobial-resistant coliforms isolates are widely distributed in meat and processing environment in Egypt, which can play a role in dissemination of antimicrobial resistance to other pathogenic and commensal bacteria.

Keywords: Antimicrobial Resistance, Coliforms, Chicken Meat, Egypt PT2-65

Antibacterial Activity of Moringa oleifera Lam. Crude Extracts Against Staphylococcus aureus from Bovine Mastitis Duangkamol Taemchuay and Krongkarn Phulub King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Prince of Chumphon Campus, Chumphon, 86160, Thailand *Corresponding author: dtaemchuay@gmail.com Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus is a contagious pathogen in clinical mastitis and subclinical mastitis from dairy cows. The costly disease is affected to milk productivity and milk quality. The most common antibiotic treatment is intramammary infusion into infected quarters of the udder and intramuscular injection. However, the success rate of antibiotic treatment is low because S. aureus usually penetrates the mammary gland tissue, forms abscesses and resistance

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in bacteria. The conventional antibiotic treatment has been caused of illegal antibiotic residue in marketed milk. Therefore, medical herbs are interested in a new alternative treatment from natural resources. Moringa oleifera Lam. is the herb that has a wide range of medical properties for treatment of disease. The present study was aimed to evaluate antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera Lam. crude extracts against S. aureus. The ethanol extracts are prepared from fresh flowers and fresh leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam. Crude extracts were tested for antibacterial activity using by disc diffusion and broth dilution methods. The results from disc diffusion method showed that the inhibition zones of 13.6 mm. for the fresh flower extracts and the inhibition zones of 15.0 mm. for the fresh leaf extracts. The dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) used as negative controls showed no inhibitory effect. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of crude extracts were determined by the modified resazurin in a microtiter plate. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of crude extracts were determined by touching the loop from each well of MIC resazurin plate and streaking it on a Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA). The MIC/MBC values were 7.81 mg/ml for the fresh flower extracts and 31.25 mg/ml for the fresh leaf extracts. Conclusion, Moringa oleifera Lam. crude extracts could inhibit the growth of S. aureus. from bovine mastitis. Keywords: Antibacterial Activity, Moringa oleifera Lam., Staphylococcus aureus

PT2-66

Microscopical and Molecular Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Nematodes Infecting Small Ruminants in Menofia Governorate Ahmed Elkhatam and Nasr Elbahy Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sadat City University *Corresponding author: elkhtama@yahoo.com

Abstract: Gastrointestinal nematodes are the most common problems affecting the health and productivity of small ruminants. The study was carried out on 45 slaughtered small ruminants (19 sheep and 26 goats) for microscopical and molecular diagnosis of recovered nematodes. The gastrointestinal tracts of slaughtered animals were examined by sieving method for nematode recovery. The recovered nematodes were washed, cleared, mounted and identified. RAPD-PCR was carried out on 8 samples (adults and larvae) by using 3 primers. The results revealed that the infection rate of nematodes was higher in sheep than goats. The recovered nematodes were Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia sp, Ostertagia ostertagi and Trichuris ovis. The infection rate of different nematodes was recorded. Comparison between Trichuris ovis from sheep and goats revealed genetic polymorphism and genetic variability in DNA amplification using three primers. Overall, RAPD-PCR indicated genetic polymorphism and genetic variability between different nematodes and within the same species. Keywords: Nematodes, RAPD-PCR, Genetic polymorphism

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