international center for agricultural research in the dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf ·...

34
The Outlook for Food Security in the Middle East and North Africa Rosenberg International Forum on Water Policy Mahmoud Solh Director General International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)

Upload: others

Post on 28-Jun-2020

1 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf · Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine – 25% global wheat exports

The Outlook for Food Security in the Middle East and North Africa 

Rosenberg International Forum on Water Policy

Mahmoud SolhDirector General

International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)

Page 2: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf · Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine – 25% global wheat exports

Outline

Introduction: The Global Context

Challenges in the Middle East & North Africa

Food security in the MENA region

The case of wheat: a staple food in MENA

Yield gaps

Enhancing food security: Examples

Towards long‐term food security 

The role of ICARDA

Page 3: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf · Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine – 25% global wheat exports

The Global Context

Page 4: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf · Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine – 25% global wheat exports

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Price Inde

x

ANNUAL FOOD PRICE INDICES 1990‐2011  (2002‐2004=100)

Food Price IndexMeat Price IndexDairy Price IndexCereals Price IndexOils Price IndexSugar Price Index

Source:  FAO 2011. http://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/foodpricesindex/en/

The global food crisis of 2008 …continues 

Page 5: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf · Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine – 25% global wheat exports

New developments

Severe drought in USA ‐ worst in 50 years 

Increase in international prices of maize and soybeans 

The FAO Food Price Index climbed 6% in July 2012

Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine  –25% global wheat exports – expected to be reduced

International wheat quotations increased by 19% percent 

Iran’s wheat harvest also affected by a severe drought. 

The countries of the Middle East and North Africa – the world’s largest cereal importers – remain vulnerable to rising wheat prices 

Page 6: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf · Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine – 25% global wheat exports

Implications

High food prices = major threat to food security. 

Impact hits the poor hardest –they spend a higher percentage of their income on food.  

OECD‐FAO Agricultural Outlook 2012: global agricultural annual output growth will slow to 1.7% over the next 10 years, down from a trend of over 2% in recent decades. 

Limits to expansion in crop area in MENA region coupled with increasing water scarcity

Additional production must come from increased productivity ‐ including reducing productivity gaps in developing countries  

Page 7: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf · Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine – 25% global wheat exports

Challenges in the Middle East & North Africa 

(MENA region)

Page 8: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf · Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine – 25% global wheat exports

MENA region is the most water scarce region in the world

Per capita total annual renewable water resources (TARWR) population data from 2009

Page 9: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf · Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine – 25% global wheat exports

Relative change of mean annual precipitation 1980/1999 to 2080/2099, scenario A1b, average of 21 GCMs(compiled by GIS Unit ICARDA, based on partial maps in Christensen et al., 2007)

Climate Change:  Relative change in mean annual precipitation 1980/1999 to 2080/2099

Page 10: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf · Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine – 25% global wheat exports

Absolute change of mean annual temperature 1980/1999 to 2080/2099, scenario A1b, average of 21 GCMs(compiled by GIS Unit ICARDA, based on partial maps in Christensen et al., 2007)

Absolute change of mean annual temperature1980/1999 to 2080/2099

Page 11: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf · Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine – 25% global wheat exports

Climate change affects not only food production ... 

Loss in food productionDirect natural resource degradation Changes in abiotic and biotic stresses

Infrastructure damage, asset losses Loss of income and employment opportunities 

Increased livelihood risks, pressure on food pricesHigher dependency on food imports and food aidIncreased  variability in abiotic and  biotic  stresses

Human health risks, nutrition

Access 

Availability

Utilization

Stability

... it affects all four dimensions of food security

Source: FAO Policy Learning ProgrammeModule 2: Specific Policy Issues – Climate Change Session 2.1

Page 12: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf · Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine – 25% global wheat exports

Food security in the MENA region

Page 13: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf · Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine – 25% global wheat exports

MENA Region is the largest grain importer(2010 million metric tons)

Sources: adapted from USDA 2011 

Global Trade: Net cereal imports (in million MT), by region, 2010

+91.2

+6.3

North America

Latin America and the Caribbean

Sub-SaharanAfrica

‐18.0

+17.5

Europe‐65.8

Arab Countries

+16.1

Former Soviet Union

‐58.8

Asia

Oceania

Net ExportsNet Imports

+‐

+18.6

Page 14: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf · Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine – 25% global wheat exports

‐10

40

90

140

190

240

1970 1980 1990 2000 2015 2030

million tonn

es

East AsiaSouth Asia

Near East/North AfricaLatin AmericaS.S.Africa

Historical Development Projections

Cereals imports, by region 1970‐2030

Cereal imports projected to rise further in the future

Source: FAO, 2002 World Agriculture: towards 2015/30 http://www.fao.org/es/ESD/gstudies.htm

Page 15: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf · Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine – 25% global wheat exports

Projected cereal imports in MENA 2000-2030Sub‐region and country  Population growth

2000–2030 (%)Income growth2000–2030 (%)

Increase in net cereal imports 2000–2030 (%)

Arabian Peninsula: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Yemen 105  190  89

Near EastIraq  95  24  48Jordan  74  238  61Lebanon  30  186  52Syria  78  189  98

North AfricaAlgeria 47  210  18Egypt  59  168  137Libya  57  211  72Morocco  45  193  ‐17Sudan  66  254  naTunisia  29  200  4

Source: World Bank, FAO and IFAD. 2009

Page 16: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf · Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine – 25% global wheat exports

The Case of WheatStaple Food in MENA 

Page 17: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf · Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine – 25% global wheat exports

Wheat: a staple food in MENA

Wheat  = 37% of total food supply (calories) in MENA

Average annual per capita consumption: North Africa (Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia) = 174 kg  Middle East = 158kg Total MENA = 166kg  World average = 66kg

The region imports almost half its wheat needs, but at an increasing cost

Page 18: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf · Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine – 25% global wheat exports

Wheat production, imports and consumption in MENA

0

20

40

60

80

Million Tonn

es

Consumption

Production

Import

Page 19: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf · Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine – 25% global wheat exports

The increasing cost of wheat imports in MENA

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

Million USD

Page 20: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf · Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine – 25% global wheat exports

Yield gaps

Page 21: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf · Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine – 25% global wheat exports

Productivity  in MENA

Actual farm yields of crops in the MENA region are far below their potential.   

Evidence that productivity gains are slowing

If production of wheat is to exceed population growth rates, yields must increase further. 

Limited scope for expansion in area

Future increases in production must come from increases in productivity per unit of water and land.  

Page 22: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf · Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine – 25% global wheat exports

Yield Gap Analysis

0 3,000 6,000 9,000

Syria

Morocco(rainfed)

Morocco(irrigated)

kg/ha

Average farmer yield

Research station/On‐farmdemonstration yield

Simulated potential yield

Wheat yield gaps in Morocco and Syria: Mean yields for 1995-2004

Page 23: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf · Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine – 25% global wheat exports

Wheat yield gap analysis: Morocco and Syria 

MoroccoSyria 

(rainfed)Gap AnalysisSettat‐Berrechid 

(rainfed)Tadla

(irrigated)

Gap 1  (kg/ha) 1028 2115 1655

Gap 2 (kg/ha) 2228 3825 2520

Gap 1 (%) 88% 45% 82%

Gap 2 (%) 192% 82% 125%

Gap 1 = difference between average farmers’ yield and research station/on-farm demonstration yield

Gap 2 = difference between average farmers’ yield and simulated potential yield

Page 24: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf · Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine – 25% global wheat exports

Enhancing food security: Examples

Page 25: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf · Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine – 25% global wheat exports

Impact in Syria 

Formerly a wheat importer, the country became self‐sufficient – and an exporter. 

Between 1991 and 2004 wheat production rose from 2.1 million to 4.5 million tons, with a combination of new  high‐yielding varieties, supplemental irrigation technology  and supportive policies. 

Page 26: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf · Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine – 25% global wheat exports

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Prod

uctio

n (m

illio

n to

ns)

Whe

at a

rea

(mill

ion

ha)

Prec

ipita

tion

( 100

mm

)

Area NeededPrecipitation

Actual AreaLinear (Area Trend)

Actual ProductionLinear (Production Trend)

.

Impact of improved wheat production technologies in Syria

Page 27: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf · Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine – 25% global wheat exports

Results from two years of a project on Enhancing Food Security Project in Arab Countries 

Page 28: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf · Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine – 25% global wheat exports

No. Cultivar Grain Yield (ton/ha) Increase

In demonstrationOut of

demonstration ton/ha %

1 Sids 12 8.83 -- -- --

2 Misr 2 8.71 -- -- --

3 Misr 1 8.57 -- -- --

4 Sakha 94 8.00 6.70 1.30 19.4

5 Gemmiza 9 7.98 6.98 1.00 14.3

6 Giza 168 7.87 6.67 1.20 18.0

7 Sakha 93 7.54 6.25 1.29 20.6

8 Gemmiza 10 -- 5.75 -- --

Mean 8.21 6.47 1.20 18.1

Average grain yield (ton/ha) of  improved wheat cultivars in and out of demonstration plotsAverage of 91 demonstrations in Sharkia Governorate of Egypt*

Enhancing Food Security in Arab CountriesEgypt, 2010 ‐ 2011 season

* Water saving averaged 25%

Page 29: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf · Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine – 25% global wheat exports

Gra

in y

ield

(ton

s/ha

)

Large scale demonstration fields in rainfed conditionsat Fernana Site, Tunisia, 2010-2011

3.143.49

Average grain yield (tons/ha) of improved wheat cultivars 12% to 20% increase over farmers’ varieties

3.222.80

Page 30: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf · Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine – 25% global wheat exports

Towards long‐term food security 

Page 31: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf · Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine – 25% global wheat exports

What can make the difference?

Enabling policy environment to support sustainable productivity growth and encourage better farming practices 

Greater priority to and investment in enhancing water productivity

Strengthening the agriculture innovation system (research, education, extension) Investment in S & T and research Effective technology transfer mechanisms Capacity development & institutional support

Page 32: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf · Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine – 25% global wheat exports

The role of ICARDA

Page 33: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf · Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine – 25% global wheat exports

35 years of applied research experience in MENA

Conservation and use of genetic diversity  to develop improved, adapted crop varieties  

Crop improvement: plant breeding and improved crop management and IPM practices

Improving water productivity: Technology, policy and institutional innovations 

Diversification and intensification of production systems

Conservation agriculture: reducing production and energy costs

Capacity development  

Page 34: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry ...ciwr.ucanr.edu/files/168767.pdf · Wheat production in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Ukraine – 25% global wheat exports

THANK YOU