New York, 28 June 2016

Session 3: Care work

HETUS – ICATUS Comparison

&

A case study:

The gender gap in childcare among

dual earner couples in Italy and EU

Tania CappadozziNational Institute of Statistics

Italy

United Nations

Statistics Division

4th Expert Group Meeting on the revision and finalization of the International Classification of Activities for Time Use Statistics (ICATUS)

Perfect compatibility between Italian HETUS

implementation and ICATUS2016 for major division 4

HETUS08 ICATUS 201638 CHILDCARE

4 UNPAID CAREGIVING SERVICES FOR HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS AND RELATED ACTIVITIES

39 HELP TO AN ADULT FAMILY MEMBER

938 TRAVEL RELATED TO CHILDCARE

IT-939 TRAVEL RELATED TO ADULT CARE*

*Travel related to adult care is not comparable with HETUS08 code 939, including both: “Travel related to household care” and “Transporting an adult family member”, WHILE IN ITALY we have subdivided those codes.

Major division

DivisionsHETUS08 ICATUS 2016

38 CHILDCARE 41 Babycare, childcare and instruction

442 Waiting for/accompanying own children

39 HELP TO AN ADULT HOUSEHOLD MEMBER

42 Care for dependent adults

43 Help to other adult household members (non-dependent)

443 Waiting for/accompanying dependent adults or children

444 Waiting for/accompanying other household adults

938 Travel related to childcare 44

(-442,443,444)

Travelling, waiting time or accompanying goods or personsrelated to unpaid caregiving services for household members (Excluding waiting for/accompanying time) IT-939 Travel related to adult care

Part1

HETUS

ICATUS

Comparison

Comparability between the two classification systems decreases considering lower levels (divisions and groups)

Comparison between HETUS and ICATUS for Group:

Childcare

411Caring for babies and children including feeding, cleaning, physical care

412 Providing medical care to children

IT-3812 Supervision 416 Minding children (passive care)

382 413 Instructing, teaching, training, helping children

IT-3831 Talk ing with and reading to child 414 Talking with and reading to babies and children

IT-3832 Playing with child 415 Playing and sports with children

417Meetings and arrangements with schools and

child care service providers

442 Waiting for/accompanying own children

389 Other or unspecified childcare419

Other activities related to babycare, childcare

and instruction (n.e.c.)

383

384 Accompanying child

HETUS08 ICATUS 2016

381

Physical care and supervision

IT-3811 Physical care

Teaching the child

Reading, playing and talking with child

Part1

HETUS

ICATUS

Comparison

HETUS08 The upper age limit of a child is 17 years

ITALYUse EU limit, but in childcare studies the upper age limit generally used is 13 years

421

Assisting dependent adults with tasks of daily

living (feeding, cleaning, getting dressed, and

physical care for dependent adults)

425 Passive careIT392 Medical care of a dependent adult

household member 422 Assisting dependent adults with medical care

424Affective/emotional support for dependent

adults

426Meetings and arrangements with adult care

service providers

443Waiting for/accompanying dependent adults or

children

423Assisting dependent adults with forms,

administration, accounts

429Other activities related to caring for dependent

adults (n.e.c.)

IT391 Physical care to other adult household member 431

Feeding, cleaning, physical care for other adult

household members including for temporary

illness

432Affective support for other adult household

members

444Waiting for/accompanying other household

adults

IT399 Other help to a other adult household member

439 Other activities related to care for other adult

IT3911

ICATUS 2016

Keep company/Accompanying dependent adult household member

IT3931

Other help to a dependent adult household member (voluntary)

399

392

Physical care and supervision of a dependent adult (voluntary)

HETUS08

391

Physical care and supervision of a dependent adult household member

IT393Keep company/Accompanying other adult household member

Help to a non dependent adult household member (voluntary)

Part1

HETUS

ICATUS

Comparison

Comparison between HETUS and ICATUS for Group:

Adult care

HETUS08:Codes to distinguish dependent adult careby other adult care are voluntary

ITALY:has further detailed the EU codes on adult care

The Time Use data in Italy and in EU

● The four editions of the Italian Time Use Survey− 1988-1989 (National survey)− 2002-2003, 2008-2009 (HETUS harmonized) − 2013-2014 (HETUS harmonized) - dissemination

scheduled for October 2016

● The HETUS 1 wave database (Years 2000-2005) https://www.h5.scb.se/tus/tus/ allows an international comparison, up to date only for the Italian second edition data (2002-2003).

● The dissemination of HETUS 2 wave (Years 2008-2015) is scheduled for December 2016

Part2

Case study

Ranking of European countries

by childcare time

01:10

01:0000:58

00:56 00:55 00:5400:51 00:50

00:48

00:4300:41

00:37

00:2600:24 00:23

00:00

00:20

00:40

01:00

01:20

Sweden United

Kingdom

Spain Italy Norway Slovenia Poland Germany Finland Belgium France Estonia Lithuania Latvia Bulgaria

Ho

urs

an

d m

inu

tes

Among Europe, Italy is one of the countries in which employed parents spend more time caring for children

Part2

Case study

Time devoted to childcare by people employed living in couple with children* in European Countries

Part2

Case study

Italy is the European country with the highest gender gap in time devoted to childcare (+0:46)

0:400:43

0:32

0:44

0:26

0:54

0:29

0:38 0:40

0:12

0:27

0:46

0:19

0:42

0:18

1:26 1:28

1:171:22

1:04

1:26

1:01

1:09 1:08

0:39

0:50

1:07

0:35

0:55

0:29

0:00

0:20

0:40

1:00

1:20

1:40

Ho

urs

an

d m

inu

tes

Men Women

+0:46 +0:45+0:38

+0:38

+0:32

+0:32

+0:31 +0:28

+0:27

+0:23

+0:21

+0:11+0:16

+0:45

+0:13

Gender gap in childcare in EU

Time devoted to childcare by people employed living in couple with children* in European Countries by gender

0:23

0:12 0:13 0:12

0:28

0:14

0:20

0:130:15 0:14

0:04

0:29

0:07

0:03

0:22

0:59

0:450:43

0:39

0:52

0:37

0:42

0:32 0:330:30

0:20

0:42

0:19

0:13

0:31

0:00

0:20

0:40

1:00

1:20

Spain Slovenia Italy France Sweden Belgium UnitedKingdom

Poland Germany Estonia Latvia Norway Lithuania Bulgaria Finland

Ho

urs

an

d m

inu

tes

Men Women

+0:36

+0:33

+0:27

+0:24

+0:23+0:22

+0:19+0:18

+0:16

+0:16

+0:09

+0:13

+0:30

+0:12

Most of gender gap in EU is in

Physical care

Part2

Case study

Time devoted to Physical care and Supervision by people employed living in couple with children* in European Countries

A focus on Childcare in Italy

gender gap for type of activities

Italian mothers respond to the differentneeds of children and most of their childcare time is devoted to physical care and supervision (60.5%)

While Italian fathers spend most of their childcare time to play with children (41.8%).

Part2

Case study

31.8%

55.3%

36.0%

60.5%

41.5%

16.2%41.8%

17.1%5.4% 7.9%

6.7% 10.4%21.1% 20.6% 15.5% 12.1%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Men Women Men Women

2002-2003 2008-2009

Physical care and supervision Playing with childTeaching the child Other childcare

The “Childcare budget time” for partners living in dual earner couples with children* in Italy

Part2

Case study

A focus on Childcare in Italy

gender gap for type of activities

68.4

79.8

42.1

71.266.166.8

78.0

38.9

72.6

65.6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Total childcare Physical care andsupervision

Playing with child Teaching the child Other childcare

%Asymmetry index* in childcare

by type of activity

2002-20032008-2009

gender equality line

more workload

on women

more workload

on men

The gender gap in childcare is slowly decreasing: from 68.4% in 2002-2003 to 66.8% in 2008-09 (-1.6 percentage points), mainly due to the increasing contribution of fathers to children's play time.

Some final remarks

Regarding ADULT CARE activities, is the European classification system (HETUS) to be adapted possibly by increasing the types of activities and absolutely removing the voluntary on this topic.

Warning!

The code 443 Waiting for/accompanying dependent adults or children: it’s ambiguous and problematic to assign to Childcare or to Adult care.

Thanks for your attention!

It is very important to detail the different types of CHILDCARE activities to conduct appropriate studies on this issue and the ICATUS seems to be very suitablefor this group of activities.