international criminal procedure

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

Volume III of the International Criminal Law Practitioner Library completes the review of international criminal law begun in Volumes I and II, which analyse the forms of responsibility and the elements of the core crimes. This volume reviews the procedural law and practices of the international criminal tribunals from inves-tigation to trial, appeal, and punishment, and examines the framework within which the substantive law operates. The authors present a critical study of those procedures that are essential to effective investigations and fair trials, and explore how the ICC, ICTY, and ICTR – as well as the SCSL and other international-ised tribunals, where relevant – have shaped the evolution of international criminal procedure in order to meet new challenges and changing circumstances. The key jurisprudence and rule amendments up to 1 December 2009 have been surveyed, making this a highly relevant and timely work.

gideon boas is a Senior Lecturer in Law at Monash University Law Faculty and an international law consultant.

james l. bischoff is an Attorney-Adviser in the Office of the Legal Adviser of the United States Department of State. He participated in this series in his personal capacity, and the views expressed are his and his coauthors’ own. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Department of State or the United States Government.

natalie l. reid is an Associate with Debevoise & Plimpton LLP, New York.

b. don taylor i i i is an Instructor in Law at Washington University in St. Louis School of Law.

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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-11630-5 - International Criminal Procedure: International Criminal Law Practitioner LibrarySeries, Volume IIIGideon Boas, James L. Bischoff, Natalie L. Reid and B. Don Taylor IIIFrontmatterMore information

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http://www.cambridge.org/9780521116305

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

International Criminal Law Practitioner Library Series

Volume iii

GIDEON BOAS

JAMES L. BISCHOFF

NATALIE L. R EID

B. DON TAYLOR I I I

The views expressed in this book are those of the authors alone.They do not necessarily reflect the views or official positions

of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the United Nations in general, the United States Department of State,

or the United States government.






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© Gideon Boas, James L. Bischoff, Natalie L. Reid and B. Don Taylor III 2011

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Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication dataInternational criminal procedure / Gideon Boas ... [et al.].

p. cm. – (International criminal law practitioner library ; vol. 3)Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-521-11630-5 (hardback)1. International criminal courts–Rules and practice. 2. Criminal procedure (International law) 3. Criminal justice, Administration of. I. Boas, Gideon.

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v

Contents

Foreword xivTable of authorities xviiiTable of short forms lxxxviii1 The nature of international criminal procedure 1

1.1 What is international criminal procedure? 21.1.1 The sources of international criminal procedure 21.1.2 The structure of rulemaking at the international

criminal tribunals 51.1.3 A coherent body of international rules of procedure? 81.1.4 Principles and rules 111.1.5 Human rights: the legal principles behind international

criminal procedure 121.2 Common law versus civil law: the old debate in a new light 141.3 Scope of this book and terminology used 17

2 Creation and amendment of rules of international criminal procedure 212.1 The ad hoc Tribunals 23

2.1.1 Creation of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence 232.1.2 Structure of the ICTY and ICTR Rules 252.1.3 Amending the ICTY and ICTR Rules 262.1.4 Quasi-judicial legislating and the separation of powers

in the ad hoc Tribunals 302.1.5 ICTY and ICTR Regulations 37

2.2 The International Criminal Court 382.2.1 Structure of the ICC procedural framework 382.2.2 Creation and amendment of procedural rules in the Rome

Statute and ICC Rules 39






Contentsvi

2.2.3 Quasi-legislating via the backdoor: the Regulations of the Court and Registry 41

2.3 Conclusion 443 Procedures related to primacy and complementarity 46

3.1 Primacy 483.1.1 Deferral of cases from national authorities

to the ICTY or ICTR 513.1.2 Admissibility of cases in the ICTY 573.1.3 Referral of cases from the ICTY or ICTR to national

authorities 583.1.4 Other procedures on cooperation deriving from

the primacy regime 643.2 Complementarity 67

3.2.1 Situations and cases 683.2.2 Trigger mechanisms placing a situation before the ICC 693.2.3 Admissibility of cases in the ICC 72

3.2.3.1 Definition and scope of the admissibility factors 733.2.3.1.1 State inaction 733.2.3.1.2 Unwillingness 783.2.3.1.3 Inability 803.2.3.1.4 Non bis in idem 813.2.3.1.5 Gravity 82

3.2.3.2 Proceedings on admissibility 853.2.3.2.1 Preliminary examination by the

Prosecutor and pre-trial chamber authorisation for proprio motuinvestigation 85

3.2.3.2.2 Preliminary rulings on admissibility 893.2.3.2.3 Challenges to admissibility 91

3.2.4 Self-referral 933.2.5 Security Council deferral 953.2.6 Other procedures on cooperation deriving from the

complementarity regime 963.3 Conclusion 98

4 Investigations, rights of suspects, and detention 1024.1 Investigations 104

4.1.1 Initiating investigations 1044.1.2 The prosecution’s investigative powers and duties 1054.1.3 Prosecutorial requests for state assistance 106






Contents vii

4.1.3.1 The ad hoc Tribunals 1064.1.3.2 The ICC 107

4.2 Rights of suspects during investigations 1084.2.1 The right against self-incrimination 1094.2.2 The right to the assistance of counsel during interviews 1104.2.3 The right to prior advisement in a language

the suspect understands 1104.2.4 The right to have any interview recorded 1114.2.5 The right not to be coerced, threatened, or tortured 1114.2.6 The right to be free from arbitrary arrest 1124.2.7 The right to judicial review of the legality

of arrest or detention 1134.3 Detention and release pending trial and appeal 118

4.3.1 Conditions of detention 1184.3.2 The length of pre-trial detention 1194.3.3 Release pending and during trial 122

4.3.3.1 The ad hoc Tribunals and the SCSL 1234.3.3.2 The ICC 129

4.3.4 Detention and release pending appeal on the merits 1324.4 Conclusion 133

5 Defence counsel, amici curiae, and the different forms of representation of accused 1365.1 Legal representation as a human right 1375.2 Defence counsel representation 139

5.2.1 The appointment and assignment of defence counsel 1405.2.1.1 Defence counsel at the ad hoc Tribunals 1405.2.1.2 Defence counsel at the ICC 1435.2.1.3 Defence counsel at the SCSL 1455.2.1.4 Defence counsel at the Special Tribunal

for Lebanon 1475.2.2 Professional conduct of counsel 148

5.2.2.1 Hierarchy and primacy of sources 1495.2.2.2 Obligations to the client 1495.2.2.3 Obligations to the tribunal 1515.2.2.4 Obligations to others in the proceedings 152

5.2.3 Conflicts of interest 1535.2.4 Misconduct 1535.2.5 Termination, suspension, and withdrawal 1545.2.6 Fees and costs 155

5.3 Self-representation 156






Contentsviii

5.3.1 Self-representation at the ad hoc Tribunals 1565.3.1.1 Milošević case 1575.3.1.2 Šešelj case 1585.3.1.3 Krajišnik case 160

5.3.2 Self-representation at the SCSL 1615.3.2.1 Norman case 1615.3.2.2 Gbao case 162

5.4 Standby counsel 1635.5 Imposing defence counsel 1655.6 Amici curiae 166

5.6.1 Amici curiae at the ad hoc Tribunals 1665.6.2 Amici curiae at the SCSL 1685.6.3 Amici curiae at the ICC 1685.6.4 Amicus curiae as de facto defence counsel 169

5.7 Legal associates and unrepresented accused 1715.8 Conclusion 173

6 Pre-trial proceedings 1766.1 Charging instruments 178

6.1.1 Review of proposed charges 1796.1.1.1 The applicable standards 181

6.1.1.1.1 A prima facie case 1816.1.1.1.2 ‘Reasonable grounds’

and ‘substantial grounds’ 1836.1.1.2 The prosecution’s burden and the court’s

considerations 1846.1.2 Amendment of charges 186

6.1.2.1 Challenges to the form of the charging instrument 1916.1.3 Withdrawal of charges 195

6.2 Joinder and severance 1976.2.1 Joinder of charges 1986.2.2 Joinder of accused 2006.2.3 Joinder of indictments or trials 2016.2.4 Severance 207

6.3 Orders and warrants 2076.3.1 Warrants 2086.3.2 Pre-trial orders 210

6.4 Guilty pleas and plea bargaining 2136.4.1 Guilty pleas at the ad hoc Tribunals 215

6.4.1.1 Legal requirements for a valid guilty plea 2166.4.1.1.1 Is the plea voluntary? 217






Contents ix

6.4.1.1.2 Is the plea informed? 2186.4.1.1.3 Is the plea unequivocal? 219

6.4.1.2 The plea proceeding 2196.4.2 Plea bargaining at the ad hoc Tribunals 2216.4.3 Admissions of guilt and plea bargaining at the ICC 225

6.5 Disclosure and its limits 2276.5.1 Disclosure by the prosecution 227

6.5.1.1 Non-exculpatory materials 2286.5.1.2 Exculpatory materials 2306.5.1.3 Electronic disclosure 2336.5.1.4 Materials not subject to disclosure 2346.5.1.5 Delayed disclosure 236

6.5.2 Disclosure by the accused 2386.5.2.1 Tangible objects and witness statements 2386.5.2.2 Certain defences 239

6.5.3 Sanctions for non-disclosure 2406.5.4 Confidential material from other cases 241

6.6 Pre-trial case management 2426.6.1 Pre-trial case management at the ad hoc Tribunals

and the SCSL 2436.6.2 Limiting the scope of the trial at the ad hoc Tribunals

and the SCSL 2446.6.3 Pre-trial case management at the ICC 247

6.7 Conclusion 2487 Trial proceedings 250

7.1 Composition of the trial bench 2537.1.1 Qualifications of judges and election to the tribunal 2537.1.2 Appointment, composition, and general duties

of trial judges 2557.1.3 Disqualification from sitting on the bench

in a given case 2567.1.4 Temporary or permanent absence of a judge after trial

has begun 2597.2 Location of trial 2627.3 Trial chamber control over the proceedings 263

7.3.1 Orders on length of trial and evidence presentation 2647.3.2 Sanctions for courtroom disruption and misconduct 266

7.4 Public nature of trial and exceptions 2667.4.1 Trial in private or closed session 2687.4.2 Protective measures for witnesses and documents 268






Contentsx

7.4.3 Testimony by video-link 2717.5 Trial in accused’s presence and exceptions 272

7.5.1 Waiver of right to presence 2737.5.2 Absence due to disruption 273

7.6 Stages of trial 2767.6.1 Transition from pre-trial phase 2777.6.2 Opening statements and presentation of evidence 2787.6.3 Reopening of a party’s case 2827.6.4 Witness proofing 2847.6.5 Mid-trial proceedings for judgement of acquittal 2877.6.6 Presentation of sentencing evidence 2907.6.7 Deliberations on guilt and sentence 292

7.7 Reconsideration of a chamber’s own prior decision 2927.8 Offences against the administration of justice 294

7.8.1 Definition of the offences 2967.8.2 Procedural steps 298

7.9 Conclusion 2998 The role and status of victims in international criminal

procedure 3038.1 Victims in national criminal proceedings 305

8.1.1 Adversarial and inquisitorial domestic systems 3068.1.2 Relevant international law on victim treatment in

national systems 3078.2 Victims at the ICTY, ICTR and SCSL 309

8.2.1 Victims as witnesses 3098.2.2 Victims and reparation 310

8.2.2.1 The unlawful taking of property 3108.2.2.2 Compensation for non-property injuries 310

8.3 Victims at the ICC 3118.3.1 Victim participation 311

8.3.1.1 Who is a victim? 3118.3.1.2 The victim’s general participatory right under

Article 68(3) 3128.3.1.3 Participation under Article 15(3): proprio motu

investigations 3148.3.1.4 Participation under Article 19(3): jurisdiction or

admissibility challenges 3148.3.1.5 Participation under Rule 119(3): release pending

or during trial and appeal 3158.3.1.6 General regulation of the modalities of victim

participation 316






Contents xi

8.3.1.6.1 Applications 3168.3.1.6.2 Opening and closing statements 3168.3.1.6.3 Legal representatives 3178.3.1.6.4 The Office of Public Counsel for Victims 3188.3.1.6.5 Notice 3198.3.1.6.6 Reviewing the record of the pre-trial

proceedings 3208.3.1.6.7 Where the chamber desires input 320

8.3.1.7 Pre-trial participation in situations 3208.3.1.8 Pre-trial participation in cases 322

8.3.1.8.1 The confirmation hearing 3238.3.1.9 Participation in trial proceedings 325

8.3.1.10 Participation in interlocutory appeals 3298.3.1.11 Participation in appeals from a conviction

or acquittal 3308.3.2 Victim reparations 330

8.4 Victims at the ECCC 3328.4.1 Victim participation as a civil party 3328.4.2 Victims and reparations 333

8.5 Conclusion 3339 Evidence 335

9.1 Admission and assessment of evidence 3369.1.1 Admissibility of evidence 338

9.1.1.1 A low threshold 3399.1.1.2 Few exclusions 342

9.1.2 Evaluation of evidence 3439.1.3 Treatment of hearsay 3479.1.4 Evidence in cases involving sexual violence 350

9.2 Methods of adducing evidence 3529.2.1 Witnesses 352

9.2.1.1 Live testimony and witness statements 3529.2.1.2 Experts 357

9.2.2 Other documentary evidence 3609.2.3 Judicial notice and uncontested facts 361

9.3 Privileges 3669.3.1 Professional privileges 3669.3.2 Testimonial privileges 368

9.3.2.1 Compelled incrimination 3689.3.2.2 War correspondents 3699.3.2.3 International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) 371

9.4 Conclusion 373






Contentsxii

10 Judgement and sentencing 37510.1 Judgement 377

10.1.1 Requirement of a reasoned, written judgement 37710.1.2 Majority concurrence in the verdict and separate

opinions 38310.1.3 Proof beyond a reasonable doubt 38510.1.4 Structure of the judgement 38710.1.5 Concurrent and cumulative convictions 38810.1.6 Sentencing judgements 39010.1.7 Delivery of judgement and notice of appeal 391

10.2 Sentencing 39210.2.1 Purposes of sentencing 39310.2.2 Factors for determining the sentence 394

10.2.2.1 Gravity of the crime 39610.2.2.1.1 Inherent gravity of the crime 39710.2.2.1.2 Gravity of the crime as committed 39710.2.2.1.3 Form of participation of the accused 39810.2.2.1.4 Impact on victims 400

10.2.2.2 Individual circumstances of the convicted person 400

10.2.2.3 Cooperation with the prosecution 40110.2.2.4 Other aggravating circumstances 40310.2.2.5 Other mitigating circumstances 40410.2.2.6 Sentencing practice in a national system 40710.2.2.7 Time served 408

10.2.3 Consecutive or concurrent sentencing 40910.2.4 Problems in the application of sentencing factors 409

10.3 Other penalties 41010.3.1 Fines 41010.3.2 Restitution, forfeiture, and reparations 411

10.4 Procedures upon conviction or acquittal 41210.4.1 Status of the convicted person and transfer

to national prison 41310.4.2 Procedure upon acquittal or conviction to time served 415

10.5 Enforcement of sentence and procedures for early release 41610.6 Conclusion 418

11 Appeal and revision 42311.1 Structure of chambers in the international criminal tribunals 42511.2 Evolution of the right of appeal under international law 42611.3 Stare decisis at the international criminal tribunals 428






Contents xiii

11.3.1 Status of appellate precedent at the ad hoc Tribunals 43011.3.2 Status of appellate precedent at the ICC 432

11.4 Interlocutory appeals 43511.4.1 Interlocutory appeals as of right 43511.4.2 Interlocutory appeals at the lower chamber’s discretion 43611.4.3 Standard of review on interlocutory appeals 439

11.5 Appeals against acquittal, conviction, or sentence 44111.5.1 Bases for appeal 44111.5.2 Standard of review 442

11.5.2.1 Errors of law 44311.5.2.2 Errors of fact 44411.5.2.3 Procedural error 446

11.5.3 Appeals against the sentence 44711.5.4 Submissions on appeal 448

11.6 Additional evidence on appeal 45011.7 Revision 451

11.7.1 New facts 45311.7.2 Standard for revision at the ad hoc Tribunals and SCSL 455

11.7.2.1 Final decision 45511.7.2.2 Criteria 456

11.7.3 Standard for revision at the ICC 45811.7.3.1 Criteria 458

11.7.4 Revision versus reconsideration 45911.8 Conclusion 460

12 Conclusion 46212.1 International criminal procedure: a coherent body

of international law 46312.2 Innovation and the sui generis nature of international

criminal procedure 46712.3 Judicial appropriation of power at the international

criminal tribunals 470

Index 475






xiv

Foreword

This is the third volume in the International Criminal Law Practitioner Library Series. Volumes I and II dealt with substantive international criminal law, particu-larly forms of individual criminal responsibility and the core crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. The present volume is devoted to inter-national criminal procedure, the most controversial and most important aspect of international criminal law.

While substantive international criminal law is accepted as a branch of inter-national law, doubts have been raised as to whether there is a body of law that can legitimately be called international criminal procedure. In large measure these doubts arise from the fact that international criminal procedure embraces both the accusatorial system of the common law and the inquisitorial system of the civil law. The argument is made that it lacks coherence and certainty because these two sys-tems are as yet still engaged in a struggle for supremacy. The present careful and comprehensive study of the rules and principles of international criminal proced-ure refutes this argument and shows convincingly that international criminal pro-cedure is a sui generis system, with a common foundational source – international human rights law and the basic norm of the right to a fair trial.

The authors accept that different international criminal courts are governed by different rules under their different founding Statutes. Indeed, much of the study is dedicated to comparing and contrasting these differences. Significant differences are the judge-made rules of the ad hoc criminal tribunals for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and Rwanda (ICTR) and the detailed Rules of Procedure and Evidence prepared by the Preparatory Commission following the Conference at which the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) was adopted; the different jurisdictional rules which confer primacy of jurisdiction upon the ICTY and ICTRbut upon national courts rather than the ICC under the principle of complemen-tarity; and the different approaches of the ad hoc tribunals and the ICC to victim






Foreword xv

participation in the proceedings. Such differences, however, are no greater than the differences between different members of the accusatorial system (the United States and England) or inquisitorial system (Germany and France) and do not undermine the inherent unity of the system of international criminal procedure.

The authors correctly show that the sui generis system of international criminal procedure accommodates both the accusatorial and inquisitorial systems. Certainly there is an accusatorial or adversarial slant to the proceedings before international criminal tribunals, but at the same time there are many features of the proceedings which are foreign to the common law, such as active judicial intervention, victim participation, flexible rules of admissibility of evidence which know few exclu-sionary rules, the discouragement of plea bargaining and the rejection of ‘witness proofing’.

Treatises on national systems of criminal procedure tend to take the more basic features of the proceedings for granted and to plunge immediately into legal tech-nicalities. Not so the present work. The authors trace the law governing proceed-ings before international criminal courts in a readable manner which provides a clear picture of the whole process. Thus the reader is given a complete account of the investigation, arrest, charging, pre-trial, trial, appeal, and sentencing. Broad principle is not sacrificed on the altar of detail but nevertheless the detailed rules are thoroughly examined, analysed and, where necessary, criticised. Problems particularly relevant to international criminal tribunals receive special attention. These include the privileged position of the International Committee of the Red Cross to giving evidence; special rules relating to the admissibility of evidence in cases involving sexual violence; and the problem of self-representation in the trials of Milošević, Šešelj and Krajišnik in which the accused sought to use the court as a political platform.

Some aspects of international criminal procedure are novel and receive par-ticular attention. Victim participation is unknown to common law systems but features prominently in the Rome Statute of the ICC. At present the rules gov-erning this participation are in their infancy. On the one hand it is fair that victims should be given greater recognition in criminal proceedings, but there is a real danger that the participation of several hundred witnesses in proceed-ings will unduly prejudice the accused and add substantially to the length of proceedings. The principle of complementarity, which allows national courts to deal with prosecutions in the first instance, is, like victim participation, a hall-mark of the ICC. Yet to date few states have initiated proceedings in national courts, largely because most states have either failed to incorporate the Rome Statute into domestic law or because states lack the political will to prosecute international crimes. Consequently the judges of the ICC have readily accepted






Forewordxvi

cases referred to the ICC by states parties – self-referrals – despite the fact that the Rome Statute makes no provision for self-referrals. As the authors correctly state, the judges have so watered down the principle of complementarity that it is beginning to resemble the primacy of jurisdiction practised by the ad hoctribunals.

The ad hoc tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda have been in existence for over fifteen years while the ICC is yet to celebrate its tenth anni-versary. Consequently, the practice and jurisprudence of the former far exceeds that of the latter in substance. Despite this, the authors have endeavoured to strike a balance in the attention they give to different tribunals. Certainly the study is not, as might be expected, weighted in favour of the ad hoc tribunals. This is wise as it supports the principal thesis of the authors that there is a com-mon system of international criminal procedure. Reports that the ICC does not pay particular attention to the jurisprudence of the ad hoc tribunals are disturb-ing. The ICC has much to learn from the ad hoc tribunals and should not hesi-tate to seek guidance from this jurisprudence. Indeed while the ICTY and ICC co-exist in the same city – The Hague – one would expect joint judicial seminars to enable the ICC to learn from the experience of the ad hoc tribunals. Judges in all tribunals have asserted their power and expanded the law contained in their founding Statutes. While judicial creativity is to be welcomed, judges of the ICC should learn from the experience of their forerunner. Certainly the present study will assist them in this task.

In recent years justice has come to compete with peace as a foundational value of the international order. International courts have become an indispensable part of the pursuit for justice. Consequently it is important that such courts should be fair, transparent, and effective. This will not be achieved if international courts are allowed to operate in a cocoon, free from comment and critical assessment. It is essential that the practices and decisions of the prosecutor, defence coun-sel, registrar, officers of the courts, and particularly judges be subjected to close scrutiny for without such scrutiny, the goal of international justice will not be achieved. Suggestions that international courts, particularly the ICC, are still too young and too fragile to be exposed to the kind of criticism directed at national courts in democratic countries are without substance. Only incisive and robust, but fair and constructive, criticism will ensure that courts – particularly the ICC – will meet the expectations that the international community has placed on them. The authors, all young international criminal lawyers who have seen and expe-rienced international criminal courts from within, are to be congratulated on a study that accurately portrays and analyses the law and practice of international courts; that compares and contrasts the jurisprudence of different courts; and, above all, that does not hesitate to criticise where criticism is needed and which






Foreword xvii

proposes ways in which weaknesses in the practice and jurisprudence of the courts may be remedied. This is more than a book about international criminal procedure. It is at the same time a timely evaluation of the performance of inter-national criminal courts.

John DugardThe Hague






xviii

Table of authorities

Court and tribunal statutes

Rome Statute preambular para. 4, 68preambular para. 5, 80preambular para. 6, 68preambular para. 10, 67Art. 1, 47, 67Art. 5(1), 199Art. 8(2), 74Art. 11(1), 67Art. 12(2), 67, 70Art. 12(3), 67, 96Art. 13, 105Art. 13(a), 70Art. 13(b), 70, 96Art. 13(c), 71Art. 14, 70Art. 14(1), 70Art. 15, 71, 105Art. 15(1), 104Art. 15(2), 86Art. 15(3), 87, 314Art. 15(4), 88Art. 15(5), 88Art. 15(6), 87Art. 16, 70, 105Art. 17, 47Art. 17(1), 78, 92Art. 17(2), 78, 81

Art. 17(3), 81Art. 18(1), 89, 90Art. 18(2), 90Art. 18(3), 90Art. 18(4), 90Art. 18(5), 90Art. 18(6), 91, 211Art. 19, 89Art. 19(1), 72, 91Art. 19(2), 91Art. 19(3), 91, 314Art. 19(4), 91, 92Art. 19(5), 91Art. 19(6), 92Art. 19(7), 91Art. 19(8), 208Art. 19(10), 92Art. 19(11), 92Art. 20(2), 82Art. 20(3), 81Art. 21, 7Art. 21(1), 432Art. 31(1), 239Art. 33, 406Art. 36, 253Art. 36(3), 253Art. 36(9), 253, 433

Art. 36(9) Art. 37, 253Art. 39, 425, 426Art. 39(1), 255Art. 39(2), 259Art. 39(4), 258Art. 40, 253Art. 40(4), 258Art. 41(1), 258Art. 41(2), 256, 257, 258Art. 42(1), 70Art. 51(1), 39Art. 51(2), 39Art. 51(3), 44Art. 52, 7Art. 52(1), 7, 41Art. 52(2), 41Art. 53, 87, 319Art. 53(1), 85, 86Art. 53(3), 87Art. 54(1), 106Art. 54(2), 105Art. 54(3), 105, 106, 234Art. 55(1), 110, 111, 112,

145Art. 55(2), 109, 110, 140Art. 56, 208, 213






Table of authorities xix

Art. 56(1), 108Art. 56(2), 140, 144Art. 56(3), 436Art. 57, 208, 210Art. 57(2), 180Art. 57(3), 107, 108Art. 58, 113, 181Art. 58(1), 129, 181Art. 58(2), 184Art. 58(7), 69, 181, 184Art. 59(3), 129Art. 59(4), 129Art. 59(5), 129Art. 60(2), 129Art. 60(3), 129Art. 60(4), 120Art. 61(1), 140, 181Art. 61(2), 272Art. 61(3), 192Art. 61(4), 181, 186, 195Art. 61(5), 181Art. 61(6), 181Art. 61(9), 186, 190, 195Art. 61(11), 144, 255, 277,

322Art. 62, 262Art. 63(1), 272Art. 63(2), 274Art. 64(2), 144, 263Art. 64(3), 264, 277Art. 64(4), 258Art. 64(5), 201Art. 64(6), 267, 268, 281Art. 64(7), 266, 268Art. 64(8), 225, 264, 278Art. 64(9), 266Art. 65, 391Art. 65(1), 225Art. 65(2), 226Art. 65(4), 226Art. 66(3), 385Art. 67(1), 120, 140, 144,

145, 150, 192, 227, 266,280, 355, 367, 378

Art. 67(2), 228, 231, 232

Art. 68, 152, 267, 268Art. 68(2), 266, 268, 271Art. 68 (3), 321, 322Art. 69, 353Art. 69(1), 266Art. 69(3), 281Art. 69(4), 338, 342Art. 69(6), 361Art. 69(7), 342Art. 70, 295Art. 70(1), 98Art. 70(3), 98, 411Art. 70(4), 98Art. 71, 295Art. 72, 97Art. 72(7), 272Art. 74, 377Art. 74(1), 259, 260Art. 74(2), 378Art. 74(3), 255, 383Art. 74(5), 378, 384, 391Art. 75, 330, 411Art. 75(1), 331Art. 75(2), 331Art. 75(3), 331Art. 75(4), 331Art. 75(5), 331, 416Art. 76(2), 291Art. 77, 392Art. 77(1), 392, 409Art. 77(2), 411, 412Art. 78(1), 395, 400Art. 78(2), 395, 408, 409Art. 78(3), 409Art. 79(1), 330Art. 79(2), 411, 412Art. 81, 377, 391, 424,

425, 427Art. 81(1), 442Art. 81(2), 447Art. 81(3), 133, 413, 415Art. 82, 377, 425, 426,

427Art. 82(1), 129, 436, 437Art. 82(4), 436

Art. 83, 424Art. 83(2), 441, 442Art. 83(4), 377Art. 84, 424, 425, 451Art. 84(1), 428, 453, 454,

458, 459Art. 84(2), 459Art. 85(1), 112Art. 85(2), 459Art. 85(3), 459Art. 87(5), 96, 98, 108Art. 87(6), 108Art. 87(7), 98, 213Art. 89, 97Art. 90, 97Art. 91, 97Art. 91(2), 113Art. 92, 97Art. 92(1), 113Art. 92(3), 113Art. 92(4), 113Art. 93, 108Art. 93(1), 97, 98Art. 93(3), 97Art. 93(4), 97Art. 93(5), 97Art. 93(7), 98Art. 94, 97Art. 96, 97Art. 99(1), 97Art. 101, 97Art. 103(1), 413Art. 103(2), 98Art. 103(3), 414Art. 103(4), 414Art. 104, 414Art. 105, 98Art. 105(1), 416Art. 106, 98Art. 106(1), 416Art. 106(2), 416Art. 107, 418Art. 109, 412, 416Art. 110, 98Art. 110(1), 416






Table of authoritiesxx

Art. 110(2), 416Art. 110(3), 418

Art. 110(4), 418Art. 110(5), 418

Art. 112(2), 98Art. 121(3), 39

ICTY Statute Art. 7(4), 405Art. 9, 47Art. 10, 54Art. 10(3), 54, 409Art. 12, 36, 425Art. 12(2), 255Art. 12(5), 260Art. 12(6), 261Art. 13, 36, 253Art. 13 bis, 253Art. 13 bis(3), 253Art. 13 quarter, 32Art. 13 ter, 253Art. 13 ter(1), 253Art. 13 ter(2), 256Art. 14(5), 256

Art. 15, 5, 23Art. 18, 104, 140, 181Art. 18(1), 104Art. 18(2), 64, 105, 106, 210Art. 18(3), 110Art. 18(4), 179, 192Art. 19, 181Art. 19(1), 179, 188Art. 19(2), 208, 209Art. 20(1), 263, 268Art. 20(3), 215Art. 20(4), 266, 268Art. 21, 140Art. 21(2), 266Art. 21(4), 120, 161, 192,

227, 272, 280, 355, 367

Art. 22, 152, 267, 268Art. 23(2), 378, 383, 391Art. 24, 392, 447Art. 24(1), 395, 407Art. 24(2), 395, 400Art. 24(3), 310, 411Art. 25(1), 391, 424, 442Art. 25(2), 424, 427, 442Art. 26, 424, 425, 451,

453, 455, 457Art. 27, 65, 413, 416Art. 28, 65, 416Art. 29, 47, 107Art. 29(1), 64Art. 29(2), 64Art. 31, 262

ICTR Statute Art. 6(4), 405Art. 8, 47Art. 8(2), 53Art. 9, 54Art. 9(2), 54Art. 9(3), 409Art. 11, 36, 425Art. 11(2), 255Art. 12 bis, 253Art. 12 bis(3), 253Art. 12 quarter, 32Art. 12 ter, 253Art. 12 ter(1), 253Art. 12 ter(2), 256Art. 12, 36, 253Art. 13(5), 256Art. 14, 5, 152

Art. 17, 140, 181, 367Art. 17(1), 104Art. 17(2), 64, 105, 106,

210Art. 17(3), 110Art. 17(4), 179, 192Art. 18, 181Art. 18(1), 179, 182Art. 18(2), 208, 209, 210Art. 19(1), 263, 268Art. 19(4), 266, 268Art. 20, 140Art. 20(2), 266Art. 20(4), 120, 161, 192,

227, 272, 280, 355Art. 21, 267Art. 22(2), 378, 383

Art. 23, 392Art. 23(1), 395, 407Art. 23(2), 391, 395, 400Art. 23(3), 310, 411Art. 24, 442Art. 24(1), 391, 424Art. 24(2), 424, 427Art. 25, 424, 425, 451,

453, 455, 457Art. 25(1), 442Art. 25(2), 442Art. 26, 65, 413, 416Art. 27, 65, 416Art. 28, 61, 107Art. 28(1), 64Art. 28(2), 64

SCSL Statute Art. 1, 15Art. 1(1), 52Art. 6(4), 405Art. 8, 47Art. 9, 54

Art. 9(2), 54Art. 9(3), 409Art. 12, 254, 425Art. 12(3), 255Art. 12(4), 260, 261

Art. 13, 254Art. 13(1), 253Art. 14, 6, 54, 180, 430Art. 14(1), 22Art. 14(2), 6






Table of authorities xxi

Art. 15, 104Art. 15(2), 105, 106Art. 17(2), 263, 266, 267Art. 17(4), 120, 161, 192,

227, 272, 280, 355, 367Art. 18, 378, 383, 391Art. 19, 392

Art. 19(1), 392, 395, 407Art. 19(2), 395, 400Art. 19(3), 310, 412Art. 20, 427Art. 20(1), 391, 442Art. 20(2), 424, 442Art. 20(3), 442

Art. 21, 424, 425, 451,453, 455

Art. 21(1), 455, 457Art. 22, 413Art. 22(1), 414Art. 22(2), 416Art. 23, 416

Art. 2 new, 426Art. 23 new, 15Art. 36 new, 426Art. 39, 333

UNTAET Regulation 2000/11 on the Organisation of Courts in East Timor, as amended by Regulation 2001/25, 14 September 2001, Sections 10.3, 14, 15, 333

Statute of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, UN Doc. S/RES/1757 (2007), Annex, 147, 272Article 7, 147Art. 13(1), 147Art. 13(2), 147Art. 15(1), 147Art. 22, 272

Charter of the International Military Tribunal of the Far East, 19 January 1946, 4 Bevans 20 Art. 17, 426

Charter of the International Military Tribunal, 8 August 1945, 82 UNTS 279 Art. 26, 426Art. 29, 426

Statute of the International Court of Justice, 26 June 1945, entered into force 24 October 1945, 3 Bevans 1179, T.S. 993

Art. 38(1), 3, 464, 428Art. 59, 428Art. 61, 452Art. 61(1), 426

Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice, 6 LNTS 390, 114 BFSP 860, 16 December 1920, entered into force 20 August 1921, 426

Rule 3, 40Rule 14(1), 44Rule 20(3), 145Rules 20–22, 140

Rule 21(2), 144Rule 21(3), 144Rule 22(1), 144, 145Rule 27(3), 140

Rule 33, 258Rule 34(1), 257Rule 34(2), 258Rule 35, 258

Court and tribunal rules

ICC Rules

ECCC Statute






Table of authoritiesxxii

Rule 38(2), 259Rule 39, 260, 261Rule 44, 292Rule 45, 70Rules 46–48, 71Rule 47, 86Rule 48, 85Rule 49, 87Rule 50, 314Rule 50(1), 87, 314, 319Rule 50(2), 87Rule 50(3), 87Rule 50(5), 88Rule 51, 78Rule 52, 90Rule 53, 90Rule 54, 90Rule 55, 90Rule 55(1)–(2), 90Rule 56, 90Rule 57, 91Rule 58, 91Rule 59(1), 315, 319Rule 59(3), 91Rule 62, 92Rule 63(2), 338Rule 63(4), 351Rule 63(5), 338Rule 66(1), 266Rule 68, 356Rule 69, 361Rule 70, 350, 351Rule 71, 350Rule 73, 150, 151, 368Rule 73(1), 367Rule 73(2), 367Rule 73(3), 366Rule 73(4), 373Rule 73(5), 373Rule 73(6), 373Rule 74(2), 369Rule 74(3), 368, 369Rule 74(4), 369Rule 74(5), 369Rule 74(7), 369Rule 74(8), 379

Rule 74(9), 379Rule 75, 369Rule 76(1), 230Rule 76(2), 230Rule 77, 230Rule 78, 238Rule 79(1), 239Rule 79(3), 240Rules 79–84, 210Rule 80, 239Rule 81, 234, 238Rule 82(1), 235Rules 85–88, 267Rule 86, 268Rule 87, 210, 268Rule 87(3), 270Rule 89(1), 316Rules 89–93, 210Rule 90, 317Rule 90(2), 317Rule 90(3), 317Rule 90(4), 317Rule 90(5), 317Rule 90(6), 317Rule 91, 279, 358Rule 91(2), 319Rule 91(3), 319Rule 92(2), 319Rule 92(3), 319Rule 92(5), 319Rule 92(6), 319Rule 93, 320Rule 93(1), 331Rule 94, 331Rule 94(1), 331Rule 94(2), 331Rule 95, 331Rule 96, 331Rule 97(2), 332Rule 100(1), 262Rule 100(3), 263Rule 103(2), 169Rule 104(2), 86Rule 105(1), 87Rule 105(2), 87Rule 105(3), 87

Rule 105(4), 87Rule 105(5), 87Rule 107, 87, 320Rule 108, 87Rule 109, 320Rule 110(2), 87Rule 112, 111Rule 112(1), 111Rule 112(2), 111Rule 114, 213Rule 115, 98 Rule 116, 213Rule 118(2), 129Rule 119, 210Rule 119(1), 131Rule 119(3), 315Rule 121(2), 140Rule 121(3), 192, 230Rule 121(4), 186Rule 121(10), 320Rule 125, 320Rule 128, 186, 320Rule 130, 255, 277Rule 131, 320Rule 132, 277Rule 132(1), 278Rules 132–134, 210Rule 133, 92Rule 134, 277Rule 136, 207, 320Rule 136(1), 201Rule 139, 227, 320, 391Rule 140, 264, 265, 279Rule 140(1), 278Rule 140(3), 358Rule 141, 343Rule 141(2), 282Rule 142, 343Rule 142(1), 292Rule 143, 291Rule 144, 378Rule 144(1), 391Rule 145, 395, 405Rule 145(1), 401Rule 145(2), 400, 402,

403, 404






Table of authorities xxiii

Rule 145(3), 392, 409Rule 146, 392Rule 146(1), 411Rule 146(2), 411Rule 146(5), 411Rule 147, 392, 409Rule 148, 411, 412Rule 150, 391Rule 159, 459Rule 161, 459Rule 162, 99Rules 162–169, 98Rule 162(2), 199Rules 163–172, 295Rule 165(4), 199

Rule 170, 266Rule 171, 266Rule 172, 266Rules 181–184, 97Rule 186, 97Rules 187–189, 97Rule 188, 113Rule 191, 320, 358Rule 196, 97Rule 199, 414Rule 200, 414Rule 201, 414Rule 203, 414Rule 205, 414Rule 210, 415

Rule 211, 98Rule 211(1), 416Rule 212, 416Rule 213, 418Rules 217–222, 416Rule 218, 412Rule 218(1), 412Rule 218(2), 412Rule 218(3), 411Rule 218(4), 411Rule 223, 98, 418Rule 224, 98, 418Rule 224(3), 418

Rule 2, 199Rule 2(A), 109, 309Rule 4, 262Rule 6(B), 27Rule 7 bis, 65Rule 9(i), 54Rule 9(ii), 54Rule 9(iii), 54Rule 10, 55Rule 11, 55, 65Rule 11 bis, 25, 59, 99,

435Rule 11 bis(A), 59Rule 11 bis(B), 59Rule 11 bis(C), 60Rule 11 bis(D), 61, 62Rule 11 bis(F)–(G), 61Rule 11 bis(I), 435Rule 12, 54Rule 13, 65Rule 15(A), 256, 257, 258Rule 15(B), 258, 259Rule 15(C), 258Rule 15(E), 33, 34Rule 15 bis, 260Rule 15 bis(A), 260Rule 15 bis(C), 83, 261Rule 15 bis(D), 261, 262,

436

Rule 15 bis(F), 261Rule 15 bis(G), 260, 261Rule 15 ter, 260Rule 17, 255Rule 23, 28Rule 28(A), 58, 83, 99Rule 34, 309Rule 34(A), 309Rule 39, 105, 106Rules 39–40, 64, 210Rules 39–43, 14Rule 40, 107Rule 40 bis, 113Rule 42(A), 109, 110Rule 42(B), 110Rule 43, 112Rules 44–46, 140Rule 44(A), 141Rule 45(A), 141Rule 45(B), 141Rule 45(E), 156Rule 46(A), 153Rule 46(B), 153Rule 47, 14, 179, 180, 181,

184Rule 48, 201, 202Rule 49, 198Rule 50, 186, 188Rule 51, 195

Rule 53(B)–(C), 180Rule 54, 64, 143, 208,

264Rule 54 bis, 64, 65, 211Rule 54 bis(C), 436Rule 55, 208Rules 55–58, 64Rule 58, 62, 65Rule 59(B), 65Rule 61, 272Rule 61(E), 65Rule 62(A), 215, 216Rule 62 bis, 216, 220,

391Rule 62 ter, 392Rule 62 ter(A), 222Rule 62 ter(B), 222Rule 62 ter(C), 222Rule 65, 210, 309Rule 65(A), 123Rule 65(B), 124, 125Rule 65(C), 126Rule 65(D), 124, 436Rule 65(I), 132, 133Rule 65 bis, 210Rule 65 ter, 210, 264Rule 65 ter(A), 243Rule 65 ter(B), 243Rule 65 ter(D), 243

ICTY Rules






Table of authoritiesxxiv

Rule 65 ter(E), 243, 278Rule 65 ter(F), 244, 278Rule 65 ter(G), 244, 278,

279Rule 65 ter(L), 243Rule 66, 210Rule 66(A), 228Rule 66(B), 229Rule 67(A), 238Rule 67(B), 239Rule 67(C), 240Rule 68, 210Rule 68(i), 228, 231, 233Rule 68(ii), 233Rule 68 bis, 210, 240Rule 69, 210, 269Rule 69(A), 236Rule 70, 64, 65, 211Rule 70(A), 234, 238Rule 70(B), 234, 238Rule 70(C), 235Rule 70(D), 235Rule 70(F), 238Rule 70(G), 235Rule 71(A), 33Rule 72(A), 191Rule 72(B), 435, 437Rule 73(B), 437Rule 73(D), 151, 152Rule 73 bis, 210, 264,

277, 472Rule 73 bis(C), 244Rule 73 bis(D), 187, 246,

278Rule 73 ter, 264, 279Rule 74 bis, 217Rule 75, 62, 152, 267,

309Rule 75(A), 268Rule 75(B), 270Rule 75(D), 29Rule 75(F), 270Rule 75(G), 271Rule 75(H), 271Rule 75(I), 271Rule 75(J), 271Rule 77, 295

Rule 77(A), 296, 297Rule 77(B), 297Rule 77(C), 298Rule 77(D), 298, 299Rule 77(G), 392, 411Rule 77(J), 299, 436Rule 77(K), 299Rule 77 bis, 392, 411Rule 78, 266Rule 79, 268Rule 80(A), 266Rule 80(B), 164, 274Rule 81 bis, 271Rule 82, 207Rule 82(B), 202Rule 84, 14Rule 84(a), 278Rule 84 bis, 280Rule 84 bis(B), 280Rule 85, 14, 279Rule 85(A), 281, 290Rule 85(C), 280Rule 86, 282Rule 86(A), 281Rule 87, 292, 343Rule 87(A), 255, 385Rule 87(C), 290, 409Rule 89(A), 338Rule 89(B), 338Rule 89(C), 338, 348Rule 89(D), 342Rule 89(E), 341Rule 89(F) Rule 90(A), 266, 353Rule 90(B), 266Rule 90(C), 358Rule 90(E), 368, 369Rule 90(F), 265, 279Rule 90(G), 265, 266Rule 90(H), 265, 279Rule 91, 295, 298Rule 91(A), 342Rule 91(B), 354Rule 91(C), 298Rule 91(G), 392, 411Rule 91(I), 299Rule 92 bis, 17, 357

Rule 92 bis(A), 353, 355Rule 92 bis(B), 353Rule 92 bis(C), 353Rule 92 ter, 17, 353, 357Rule 92 quater(A), 354Rule 92 quater(B), 354Rule 92 quinquies, 354Rule 93, 340Rule 94(A), 361Rule 94(B), 362Rule 94 bis, 358Rule 94 bis(C), 358Rule 94 ter, 34Rule 95, 112, 342Rule 96, 350Rule 96(i), 309, 351Rule 96(ii), 351Rule 96(iii), 351Rule 96(iv), 309, 351Rule 97, 367Rule 98, 281, 287Rule 98 bis, 278, 288,

289Rule 98 ter, 292, 411Rule 98 ter(A), 391Rule 98 ter(B), 310, 378Rule 98 ter(C), 378, 383Rule 99, 415Rule 99(B), 132Rule 100, 290Rule 100(A), 222Rule 101, 395Rule 101(A), 392Rule 101(B), 401, 407,

409Rule 101(C), 408Rule 102(A), 413Rule 103(A), 41359Rule 103(C), 415Rule 104, 416, 418Rule 105, 310, 392, 411Rule 106, 311Rule 108, 391Rule 115, 450Rule 115(A), 451Rule 115(B), 450, 451Rule 119, 453






Table of authorities xxv

Rule 119(A), 455, 457Rule 120(A), 455

Rule 123, 416Rules 123–125, 65

Rule 124, 416Rule 125, 417

ICTR Rules Rule 2(A), 109, 309Rule 4, 262Rule 7, 65Rule 9(i), 55Rule 9(ii), 55Rule 9(iii), 55, 56, 57Rule 10, 55Rule 11, 55, 65Rule 11 bis(A), 59Rule 11 bis(B), 59Rule 11 bis(C), 59Rule 11 bis(D), 61, 62Rule 11 bis(F)–(G), 61Rule 11 bis(H), 435Rule 12, 54Rule 13, 65Rule 15(A), 256, 257Rule 15(B), 258, 259Rule 15(C), 258Rule 15 bis(A), 260Rule 15 bis(C), 261Rule 15 bis(D), 261, 262,

436Rule 15 bis(F), 261Rule 17, 255Rule 23, 28 Rule 34, 34Rule 39, 64, 105, 106, 210Rule 40, 35, 64, 107, 210Rule 40(A), 107Rule 40 bis, 35, 113Rule 42(A), 109, 110Rule 42(B), 110Rule 43, 111Rules 44–46, 140Rule 45(A), 141Rule 45(I), 156Rule 46(A), 153, 240Rule 46(B), 153Rule 46(C), 153Rule 47, 179Rule 48, 201

Rule 48 bis, 203Rule 49, 198Rule 50, 186Rule 51, 195Rule 53(B)–(C), 180Rule 54, 64, 143, 208,

264Rule 55, 208Rules 55–58, 64Rule 58, 62, 65Rule 59(B), 65Rule 61(E), 65Rule 62(B), 216, 220, 391Rule 62 bis, 221, 391Rule 62 bis(A), 222Rule 62 bis(B), 222Rule 62 bis(C), 222Rule 65, 210, 309Rule 65(A), 123Rule 65(B), 124, 125Rule 65(C), 126Rule 65(D), 124, 436Rule 65(I), 132, 133Rule 65 bis, 210Rule 66, 210Rule 66(A), 228Rule 66(B), 229, 239Rule 67(A), 239Rule 67(B), 240Rule 67(C), 238Rule 68, 210Rule 68(A), 228, 231Rule 68(B), 233Rule 69, 152, 210, 269Rule 69(A), 236Rule 70, 65, 211Rule 70(A), 234, 238Rule 70(B), 234Rule 70(C), 235Rule 70(D), 235Rule 70(F), 235Rule 72(A), 191Rule 72(B), 435, 437

Rule 73(B) Rule 73(F), 151Rule 73 bis, 210, 265,

277Rule 73 bis(B), 244, 278Rule 73 bis(D), 244Rule 73 bis(F), 278Rule 73 ter, 265, 279Rule 73 ter(B), 244, 278Rule 75, 267Rule 75(A), 268Rule 75(B), 270Rule 75(F), 270Rule 75(G), 271Rule 75(H), 271Rule 77, 295, 296Rule 77(A), 296, 297Rule 77(B), 297Rule 77(C), 298Rule 77(D), 298, 299Rule 77(G), 392, 411Rule 77(J), 299, 436Rule 77(K), 299Rule 78, 266Rule 79, 268Rule 80(A), 266Rule 80(B), 274Rule 82, 207Rule 82 bis, 273Rule 84, 278, 279Rule 85, 279Rule 85(A), 278, 281,

290Rule 85(C), 280Rule 86, 282Rule 86(A), 281Rule 87, 292, 343Rule 87(A), 255, 385Rule 87(C), 290, 409Rule 88(A), 391Rule 88(B), 310, 411Rule 88(C), 378, 383Rule 89(A), 338






Table of authoritiesxxvi

Rule 89(B), 338Rule 89(C), 338Rule 89(D), 341Rule 90(A), 353Rule 90(B), 266Rule 90(D), 358Rule 90(E), 296, 368, 369Rule 90(F), 265, 279Rule 90(G), 265, 279Rule 91, 295, 298Rule 91(A), 342Rule 91(B), 298Rule 91(C), 298Rule 91(G), 392, 411Rule 91(I), 299Rule 92 bis(A), 355Rule 93, 340Rule 94(A), 361

Rule 94(B), 361Rule 94 bis, 358Rule 94 bis(C), 358Rule 95, 112, 342Rule 96, 350Rule 96(i), 309, 351Rule 96(ii), 351Rule 96(iii), 351Rule 96(iv), 309, 351Rule 97, 367Rule 98Rule 98 bis, 288Rule 99, 415Rule 99(B), 132Rule 100, 391Rule 100(A), 222Rule 101, 395Rule 101(A), 392

Rule 101(B), 401, 407, 409Rule 101(C), 408Rule 102(A), 413Rule 103(A), 413Rule 104, 416, 418Rule 105, 310, 392, 411Rule 106, 311Rule 108, 391Rule 115, 450, 454Rule 115(A), 451Rule 115(B), 450, 451Rule 119(A), 455Rule 120, 453, 454Rule 120(A), 455, 457Rules 123–125, 65Rule 124, 416Rule 125, 416Rule 126, 416

Rule 2, 199Rule 2(A), 109, 309Rule 4, 262, 263Rule 10, 55Rule 11, 55Rule 12, 54Rule 15(A), 256Rule 15(B), 258Rule 15(C), 259Rule 15(D), 258Rule 16(A), 260Rule 16(B), 261Rule 16(C), 260Rule 16 bis, 260Rule 34, 309Rule 39, 105, 106Rule 40, 107Rule 40 bis, 113Rule 42(A), 109, 110Rule 42(B), 110Rule 43, 111Rule 45, 145, 147Rule 45(B), 146Rule 45(C), 146Rule 46(A), 240Rule 47, 180, 192Rule 47(H), 209, 210

Rule 48(a), 201Rule 49, 198Rule 50, 186Rule 51, 195Rule 53(B)–(C), 180Rule 54, 208, 264Rule 55, 208Rule 60, 273Rule 61, 216Rule 62, 216, 391Rule 65, 210, 309Rule 65(A), 123, 124Rule 65(B), 123, 125Rule 65(C), 124Rule 65(D), 126Rule 65(E), 124, 436Rule 65 bis, 210Rule 66, 210, 229Rule 66(A), 228, 229Rule 67(A), 239Rule 67(B), 240Rule 68, 210Rule 68(B), 228, 231Rule 69, 210, 269Rule 69(A), 236Rule 70(A), 234, 238Rule 70(B), 234

Rule 70(C), 235Rule 70(D), 235Rule 70(F), 235Rule 72, 425Rule 72(B), 191, 439Rule 72(E), 436Rule 72(F), 439Rule 73(B), 438Rule 73 bis, 244, 278Rule 73 bis(B), 244, 278Rule 73 bis(D), 244Rule 73 bis(F), 278Rule 73 ter, 264, 279Rule 73 ter(B), 244, 278Rule 75, 267Rule 75(A), 268Rule 75(B), 270Rule 75(F), 270Rule 75(G), 271Rule 75(J), 271Rule 77, 295Rule 77(A), 296, 297Rule 77(B), 297Rule 77(C), 299Rule 77(D), 299Rule 77(G), 392, 411Rule 77(L), 299

SCSL Rules






Table of authorities xxvii

Rule 78, 266Rule 79, 268Rule 80(A), 266Rule 80(B), 274Rule 82, 207Rule 84, 278, 279Rule 85, 279Rule 85(A), 278, 281Rule 85(C), 280Rule 85(D), 271Rule 86, 282Rule 87, 292, 343Rule 87(A), 255, 385Rule 88(A), 391Rule 88(B), 310Rule 88(C), 378, 383Rule 89(A), 338Rule 89(B), 338Rule 89(C), 338, 340Rule 90(A), 353Rule 90(B), 266Rule 90(D), 358Rule 90(E), 369

Rule 90(F), 265, 279Rule 91, 295, 298, 299Rule 91(A), 342Rule 91(C), 392Rule 92 bis(A), 353Rule 92ter, 353Rule 92 quater(A), 354Rule 92 quater(B), 354Rule 93, 340Rule 94(A), 361Rule 94(B), 362Rule 94 bis, 358Rule 94 bis(C), 358Rule 95, 112, 342Rule 96, 350Rule 96(i), 351Rule 96(ii), 351Rule 96(iii), 351Rule 96(iv), 351Rule 96(iv), 351Rule 97, 367Rule 97(iii), 367Rule 98, 288

Rule 99, 415Rule 99(B), 132Rule 100(A), 291Rule 100(B), 391Rule 101, 395Rule 101(A), 392, 395Rule 101(B), 401, 409Rule 101(C), 409Rule 101(D), 408Rule 102(A), 413Rule 103(A), 414Rule 103(B), 413Rule 104, 310, 392, 412Rule 105, 311Rule 108(A), 391Rule 115, 450Rule 115(A), 451Rule 115(B), 450, 451Rule 120, 453, 455, 457Rule 123, 416Rule 124, 417

ECCC Rules Rule 2, 6, 22Rule 23, 332Rule 23(1), 332Rule 23(2), 332Rule 23(6), 332

Rule 23(7), 332Rule 23(8), 332Rule 23(12), 333Rule 29Rule 59, 332

Rule 81(1), 272Rule 81(4), 273Rule 81(5), 273

United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor, Regulation No. 2000/30 on Transitional Rules of Criminal Procedure, UN Doc. UNTAET/REG/2000/30, 25 September 2000, as amended by Regulation No. 2001/25 of 14 September 2001 22,226, 426

Special Tribunal for Lebanon, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, Doc. No. STL/BD/2009/01/Rev. 2, as amended 30 October 2009, Rule 57(I), 148

Court and tribunal codes, directives, and regulations

International Criminal Court

ICC Code Art. 1, 149Art. 4, 149Art. 6(1), 150Art. 6(2), 150

Art. 7(1), 152Art. 7(2), 149Art. 7(4), 152Art. 8, 151

Art. 8(1), 150Art. 8(3), 151Art. 8(4), 151Art. 9(1), 150, 152






Table of authoritiesxxviii

Art. 9(2), 150Art. 9(3), 150Art. 9(4), 150Art. 12(1), 153Art. 12(3), 153Art. 13(2), 149Art. 14(1), 149Art. 14(2), 150Art. 15(1), 150Art. 15(2), 155Art. 15(3), 150Art. 16(1), 153Art. 16(3), 153Art. 17(1), 150Art. 17(2), 150

Art. 18, 154Art. 18(2), 150Art 18(3), 154Art. 18(5), 155Art. 20, 156Art. 21, 155Art. 22, 155, 156Art. 23(a), 151Art. 23(b), 151Art. 24(1), 152Art. 24(2), 151Art. 24(3), 151Art. 24(5), 152Art. 25(1), 151Art. 26, 152

Art. 26(2), 152Art. 27, 152Art. 28, 152Art. 29, 152Art. 30, 149Art. 31, 152Art. 31(b), 150Art. 32, 153Art. 38(4), 154Art. 42(1), 153Art. 43, 153Art. 31(a), 149Art. 38, 149, 154Art. 42, 153

ICC Court Regulations Regulation 10, 255Regulation 13(2) Regulation 15(1), 259Regulation 16, 260Regulation 20, 267, 268Regulation 20(1), 266Regulation 29(1), 208,

296Regulation 29(2), 296Regulation 44, 358Regulation 46, 42Regulation 48, 42Regulation 49, 87Regulation 52, 192Regulation 54, 208, 211,

264, 277, 358Regulation 54(a), 278, 280Regulation 54(a)–(g), 278

Regulation 54(f), 277Regulation 54(l), 277Regulations 54–55Regulation 55, 42, 208Regulation 55(1), 190Regulation 55(2), 472Regulation 57, 391Regulation 62, 450Regulation 67(1), 144Regulation 67(2), 144Regulation 68, 145Regulation 72, 144Regulation 73, 144Regulation 75, 144Regulation 76(1), 144Regulation 77, 144Regulation 77(4), 144Regulation 77(5), 144

Regulation 79(3), 317Regulation 80(1), 317Regulation 81, 144, 318Regulation 82, 317Regulation 85(4), 156Regulation 86, 316Regulations 89–106, 119Regulation 91(2), 119Regulation 91(1), 119Regulation 92, 119Regulation 94, 119Regulation 97, 119Regulation 98, 119Regulation 99, 119Regulation 100, 119Regulations 107–118, 42Regulation 116, 416Regulation 132, 144, 255

ICC Registry Regulations Regulations 33–38, 44Regulation 48, 44Regulation 77, 44Regulation 81, 44Regulations 107–118, 44

Regulation 110(2), 332Regulations 114–117, 318Regulation 122, 144Regulation 125(1), 145Regulation 124, 145

Regulation 127, 145Regulation 129, 144Regulation 130, 151Regulation 133, 156

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

Appointment of Inspecting Authority for the Detention Unit, 28 April 1995, 119

Case No. IT-06-89-Misc.1, Order to the Registrar to Separate Convicted and Non-Convicted Detainees Held in the Detention Unit,15 June 2006, 119






Table of authorities xxix

ICTY Code Art. 1(A), 149Art. 3, 149Art. 3(v), 152Art. 4, 149Art. 5, 149Art. 8(A), 150Art. 8(B), 150Art. 8(C), 150Art. 9(A), 154Art. 9(B), 154Art. 9(C), 155Art. 9(D), 155Art. 10(i), 149Art. 10(ii), 150Art. 10(iii), 150Art. 10(iv) Art. 10(v), 150Art. 11, 149Art. 12, 150

Art. 13(A), 150, 151Art. 13(B), 150, 151Art. 13(C), 151Art. 14(A), 153Art. 14(B), 153Art. 14(D), 143Art. 14(E), 153Art. 15, 150Art. 16, 150Art. 18, 156Art. 19(A), 156Art. 19(B), 155Art. 19(C), 155Art. 22(i), 151Art. 22(ii), 151Art. 23(A), 151Art. 23(B), 151Art. 23(D), 151Art. 24, 151

Art. 25, 151Art. 26(i), 153Art. 26(ii), 153Art. 26(iii), 153Art. 27(A), 152Art. 27(D), 152Art. 28(A), 152Art. 28(B), 152Art. 29, 152Art. 29(B), 152Art. 35(i), 149, 150Art. 35(v), 149Art. 36, 154Art. 45, 154Art. 47, 153, 154Art. 47(C), 153Art. 47(F), 153Art. 48, 153

Art. 2, 143Art. 4, 143Art. 5(ii), 142Art. 5(iii), 142Art. 7, 143Art. 8(A), 142Art. 9, 142

Art. 11(A), 143Art. 11(B), 143Art. 11(D), 142Art. 14, 141Art. 14(A), 149Art. 13(A), 143Art. 13(B), 143

Art. 16, 143Art. 17, 151Art. 20, 154Art. 21, 155Arts. 23–31, 156Art. 24(D), 155Art. 33, 143

ICTY Directive

Rules Governing the Detention of Persons Awaiting Trial or Appeal Before the Tribunal or Otherwise Detained on the Authority of the Tribunal, Doc. No. IT/38/Rev. 9 as amended 21 July 2005, 37, 118, 150

United Nations Detention Unit Regulations for the Establishment of a Complaints Procedure for Detainees, UN Doc. IT/96, April 1995, 118, 119

United Nations Detention Unit Regulations for the Establishment of a Disciplinary Procedure for Detainees, UN Doc. IT/97, April 1995, 118

United Nations Detention Unit Regulations to Govern the Supervision of Visits to and Communications with Detainees, UN Doc. IT/98/Rev. 4 amended as of August 2009, 118

United Nations Detention Unit House Rules for Detainees, UN Doc. IT/99, April 1995, 118






Table of authoritiesxxx

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda

ICTR Code Art. 1(2), 149Art. 1(4), 149Art. 3(2), 149Art. 4(1), 150, 154Art. 4(2), 150Art. 4(3), 150Art. 5(a), 149Art. 5(b), 150Art. 5(c), 150Art. 5(d), 149Art. 5(e), 150Art. 5 bis, 156Art. 6, 149

Art. 7, 150Art. 8(1), 150, 151Art. 8(2), 150, 151Art. 9(1), 153Art. 9(3), 153Art. 9(4), 153Art. 9(5), 153Art. 10, 150Art. 12(1), 149Art. 13(1), 151Art. 13(2), 151Art. 13(4), 151Art. 14(2), 151, 155

Art. 15(1), 152Art. 15(2), 151Art. 16, 153Art. 17(1), 152Art. 17(2), 152Art. 18, 152Art. 18(1), 152Art. 18(2), 152Art. 19, 149Art. 20(a), 150Art. 21(1), 154Art. 21(2), 153

ICTR Directive

Art. 2(A)Art. 2(B) Art. 3 Art. 7 Art. 9

Art. 10(A)Art. 10(B) Art. 12(A)Art. 12(B) Art. 14

Art. 15(C) Arts. 18–20 Art. 20 Art. 20(B) Art. 22(B)

Rules Covering the Detention of Persons Awaiting Trial or Appeal Before the Tribunal or Otherwise Detained on the Authority of the Tribunal, 5 June 1998, 37, 118, 119, 241

Internationalised tribunals

Rules Governing the Detention of Persons Awaiting Trial or Appeal Before the Special Court for Sierra Leone or Otherwise Detained on the Authority of the Special Court for Sierra Leone, as amended on 14 May 2005, 118

United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor, Regulation No. 2001/25, UNDoc. UNTAET/REG/2001/25, 14 September 2001, 22, 226, 425

Court and tribunal practice directions

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

Practice Direction for the Determination of Applications for Pardon, Commutation of Sentence, and Early Release of Persons Convicted by the International Tribunal, UNDoc. IT/146/Rev.2, 1 September 2009, 37, 416, 417

Practice Direction on the Procedure for the International Tribunal’s Designation of the State in Which a Convicted Person Is to Serve His/Her Sentence of Imprisonment, UN Doc. IT/137/Rev. 1, 1 September 2009, 414






Table of authorities xxxi

Practice Direction on Procedure for the Investigation and Prosecution of Contempt before the International Tribunal, UN Doc. IT/227,6 May 2004, 295

Practice Direction on Procedure for the Proposal, Consideration of and Publication of Amendments to the Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the International Tribunal

UN Doc. IT/143/Rev.1, 4 May 2001, 28UN Doc. IT/143/Rev.2, 26 February 2002, 28

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda

Practice Direction on the Procedure for Designation of the State in Which a Convicted Person Is to Serve His/Her Sentence of Imprisonment, 23 September 2008, 414

Special Court for Sierra Leone

Practice Direction for Designation of State of Enforcement of Sentence, 10 July 2009, 414

International Criminal Court situations and cases

Prosecutor v. Abu GardaDoc. No. ICC-02/05-02/09-2, Summons to Appear, 7 May 2009 (unsealed 12 May

2009), 209Doc. No. ICC-02/05-02/09-117-Red, Public Redacted Version of ‘Decision on the

Prosecutor’s Application for Protective Measures Dated 22 September 2009’, 9 October 2009, 270

Prosecutor v. BashirDoc. No. ICC-02/05-01/09-3, Decision on the Prosecution’s Application for a Warrant of

Arrest Against Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir, 4 March 2009, 74Doc. No. ICC-02/05-01/09-21 Public Redacted Version of Decision on the Prosecution’s

Application for a Warrant of Arrest Against Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir, 4 March 2009, 208

Prosecutor v. BembaDoc. No. ICC-01/05-01/08-14-tENG, Decision on the Prosecutor’s Application for a

Warrant of Arrest Against Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, 10 June 2008, 74, 84Doc. No. ICC-01/05-01/08-424, Decision on the Evidence Disclosure System and Setting

a Timetable for Disclosure Between the Parties, 31 July 2008, 433Doc. No. ICC-01/05-01/08-320 Fourth Decision on Victims’ Participation, 12 December

2008, 308, 323, 325Doc. No. ICC-01/05-01/08-322 Fifth Decision on Victims’ Issues Concerning Common

Legal Representation of Victims, 16 December 2008, 317, 318Doc. No. ICC-01/05-01/08-349 Sixth Decision on Victims’ Participation Relating to

Certain Questions Raised by the Office of Public Counsel for Victims, 8 January 2009, 325

Doc. No. ICC-01/05-01/08-401, Decision on Application for Leave to Submit Amicus Curiae Observations Pursuant to Rule 103 of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence, 9 April 2009, 169






international criminal procedure

Documents