international instruments on human rights - college of law...experts and human rights organizations...

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International Instrumentson Human Rights

Volume II

Islamic and Regional Instruments

M. Cherif Bassiouni

Dar El-Shorouk

Cairo 2003

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to

Mr. Ibrahim Al Moalem, the CEO of Dar El Shoruk Association for his

invaluable contributions in publishing this book the way it looks in your

hand , and extend the same appreciation to Mr. Ahmed Fathy Khalifa, the

Assistant Professor at Ain Shams University and Mr. Nehad El Gamal,

the Coordinator of the IHRLI’s Arab States ICC project at DePaul

University, and Judge Mohamed Abdel Aziz for their aid in providing

and searching for the legal materials, assistance and support.

This is also to acknowledge the support of the Open Society Institute

(OSI) in connection with the finance and distribution of this book to the

Arab Universities and Scientific institutes. As a final note I want to say

that this book was issued as part of the International Human Rights Law

Institute publications.

Professor M. Cherif Bassiouni

Cairo 1/3/2003

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General Introduction

This two volumes series is the first comprehensive publication on hu-man rights to be published in Arabic. Volume I contain 126 United Na-tions instruments and documents as well as excerpts of instrumentswhich criminalize violations of international human rights law. VolumeII contains 55 Islamic instruments, as well as regional European, Inter-American, African and Arab instruments.

While many of the instruments and documents contained in Volume Iare available in Arabic from United Nations sources, most of them arenot however available on the U.N.'s website, nor are they available atU.N. depositories. Almost half of the documents contained in Volume Ihad to be translated, as were the documents contained in Volume II. Thetask of translating this large number of documents was in itself a difficultbut important undertaking for the Arabic-speaking audience.

I undertook a similar task twelve years ago through the InternationalInstitute of Higher Studies in Criminal Sciences (ISISC) with a grantfrom the Ford Foundation which also resulted in the publication of fourvolumes, but focusing only on United Nations instruments.(1) ISISC wasable to distribute over 3,000 copies of the four-volume set to Arab lawfaculty libraries, selected government law libraries, experts and human

(1) HUKUK AL-INSAAN (Arabic), 1 HUMAN RIGHTS: INTERNATIONAL AND REGION-

AL INSTRUMENTS (M. Cherif Bassiouni, M.S. Dakkak, & A. Wazir, eds.) (Dar-ilm lil-

Malayan Publishers, Beirut, Lebanon, 1988); 2 HUKUK AL-INSAAN (Arabic), 2 HUMAN

RIGHTS: APPLIED STUDIES, (M. Cherif Bassiouni, M.S. Dakkak, & A. Wazir, eds.) (Dar-

ilm lil-Malayan Publishers, Beirut, Lebanon, 1988); 3 HUKUK AL-INSAAN (Arabic), 3

HUMAN RIGHTS: SELECTED STUDIES, (M. Cherif Bassiouni, M.S. Dakkak, & A. Wa-

zir, eds.) (Dar-ilm lil-Malayan Publishers, Beirut, Lebanon, 1989); 4 HUKUK AL-INSAAN

(Arabic), 4 HUMAN RIGHTS: TEACHING METHODS, (M. Cherif Bassiouni, M.S. Dak-

kak, & A. Wazir, eds.) (Dar-ilm lil-Malayan Publishers, Beirut, Lebanon, 1989).

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rights organizations. As a result of these publications and a significanteducational program developed at ISISC between the mid-70s up tillnow, during which some 2,200 Arab jurists participated in human rightsseminars, the human rights movement in the Arab world acquired moresolid roots. Those who came to Siracusa developed into a significant net-work which contributed to strengthening human rights in the Arabworld.(2)

In 1998, the international community celebrated the Fiftieth anniver-sary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the adoption ofthe Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Geno-cide. That same year, another historically significant instrument was alsoadopted in Rome, the Treaty for the Establishment of the InternationalCriminal Court,(3) for which I had the honor of serving as Chairman ofthe Drafting Committee of the Rome Diplomatic Conference.

Since WWII, there has been significant progress in the elaboration andadoption of international and regional human rights law instruments, aswell as in the establishment of enforcement mechanisms and the diffu-sion of a culture of legality and respect for human rights all over theworld. These developments are the result of a historic evolution whichare the product of civilization's progress in the course of millennia which

(2) See International Institute of Higher Studies in Criminal Sciences, 30th Anniversary volume

(2002).

(3) See Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, U.N. Doc. A/Conf.183/9 (17 July

1998); ALMAHKAMA ALJINAIYA ALDAWLIA: NASHA'ATOUHA WA NIZAMUHA

ALASASI, MA'A DIRASA LI TAREKH LIGAN ALTAHQIQ ALDAWLIA WA'L MAHA-

KIM ALGINAIYA ALDAWLIA ALSABIQA (Arabic), (THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMI-

NAL COURT: ITS CONCEPTION AND ITS STATUTE WITH A STUDY OF THE HIS-

TORY OF THE INTERNATIONAL INVESTIGATION COMMITTEES AND THE PAST

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNALS) (Nadi Al-Qudat, The National Association

of Judges, Cairo, Egypt, 2001); THE STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL

COURT: A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY (compiled by M. Cherif Bassiouni, 1999); Ratifi-

cation and National Implementing Legislation, 71 REV. INT'LE DE DROIT PENAL (M.

Cherif Bassiouni ed., 2000).

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reflect the existence of commonly shared fundamental human values.These values derive from the three-monotheistic faiths and their influ-ence on the evolution of human civilization, notwithstanding the diversi-ty of these civilizations. The sum and substance of these values can besummed up in three fundamental principle values, namely, freedom,equality and justice.

The post-WWII evolution of human rights can be examined from twoperspectives. The first is the historical perspective and the second is thesubject matter one. The former views the evolution of human rights on atemporal basis by observing the evolution of human rights instruments inthe chronology of their adoption. The latter distinguishes the subject mat-ter of these instruments and classifies them on the basis of the intendedprotected human and social interests.

From the perspective of the subject matter evolution of human rights,we can observe that the first stage of international human rights law de-velopment as concerned with individual, civil and political rights whichare frequently referred to as the first generation of human rights. It wasfollowed by the second generation whose focuses on collective rights,namely economic, social and cultural rights. Though it is individuals whoare the intended beneficiaries of economic, social and cultural rights,these rights are nonetheless couched in collective terms. Lastly, the thirdgeneration of rights deals with concerns about the quality of life and itsenjoyment, and applies to the environment, economic development, andhuman development.

Within each of these generations which overlap in their historic evolu-tion, we can observe their progression through five stages, though not allof these rights have necessarily gone through each of these stages in asystematic manner.(4)

Stage 1 is usually a period of intellectual ferment in which scholars,experts and human rights organizations identify a particular human or so-

(4) M. Cherif Bassiouni, The Proscribing Function of International Criminal Law in the Process

of International Protection of Human Rights, 8 YALE J. WORLD PUB. ORD. 193. Boston,

USA (1982)

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cial interest which is deemed to require recognition and protection. It re-sults in the identification and formulation of a given right. Stage 2 is usu-ally the stage of promulgation of such a right in the nature of a generalprinciple sometimes included in guiding principles or declarations adopt-ed by international bodies. These instruments do not necessarily have atthe time of their adoption, binding legal force, e.g., the Universal Declar-ation of Human Rights (1948).(5) The third stage is the inclusion of cer-tain rights in specific international legal instruments with binding legaleffects on the State parties to the treaties which embody them. Thesetreaties usually deal with a greater degree of specificity with what wascontained in greater generalities in the stage of promulgation, e.g., the In-ternational Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)(6) and the Inter-national Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966).(7)

The fourth stage is usually characterized by greater specificity and partic-ularity in the formulation of certain specific rights, which are containedin the treaties elaborated in the third stage. The fourth stage may also in-clude the development of implementation mechanisms and measures toenforce some of the rights stipulated in instruments developed in the pre-ceding stages. Lastly, the fifth stage is the criminalization of the viola-tions of certain specific rights protected by international treaties elaborat-ed in the previous stages, such as the International Convention on theSuppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid (1973)(8) and theConvention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or DegradingTreatment or Punishment (1984).(9)

By way of illustration, we can see that the Universal Declaration onHuman Rights which was not developed as a binding international legalinstrument contained the enunciation of a variety of rights whose textualformulation either enunciates these rights or identifies them in generalterms. This was followed by the two covenants respectively elaborating

(5) See document 1.

(6) See document 6

(7) See document 11

(8) See document 36

(9) See document 77

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with greater detail and with more specificity on civil and political rightsand on economic, social and cultural rights. Thereafter, other treatiesdealt with specific rights, such as the elimination of racial discrimina-tion,(10) elimination of discrimination against women,(11) elimination ofdiscrimination against workers,(12) and then finally the criminalization ofApartheid as the most odious form of racial discrimination.(13) Anotherexample is the enunciation of rights and protections of individuals de-tained or held in custody,(14) leading to the adoption of a conventionwhich criminalizes torture.(15)

In the field of international humanitarian law we can also noticea similar evolution both in time and as subject matter with theelaboration of the 1907 Hague Convention and Annex Regula-tions(16) applicable to international armed conflicts followed bythe 1929 Geneva Convention on the Protection of Prisoners ofWar,(17) the four 1949 Geneva Conventions(18) and their two Pro-

(10) See document 35






(16) Convention Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, Oct. 18, 1907, 36 Stat. 2277,

T.S. No. 539, 3 MARTENS NOUVEAU RECUEIL (ser. 3) 461, reprinted in 2 AM. J. INT'L

L. 90 (1908) (Supp.), 1 FRIEDMAN 308, 1 BEVANS 631.

(17) Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners, signed at Geneva, 47 Stat. 2021, 118

L.N.T.S. 343, 30 Martens Nouveau Receuil (ser. 3) 846, entered into force 19 June 1931; A

MANUAL ON INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW AND ARMS CONTROL

AGREEMENTS (M. Cherif Bassiouni ed., 2000).

(18) Conventions signed at Geneva, Aug. 12, 1949: (a) Convention for the Amelioration of the

Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field (Geneva Convention I), 75

U.N.T.S. 31, 6 U.S.T. 3114, T.I.A.S. No. 3362. (b) Convention for the Amelioration of the

Condition of Wounded, Sick, and Shipwrecked Members of the Armed Forces at Sea (Gene-

va Convention II), 75 U.N.T.S. 85, 6 U.S.T. 3217, T.I.A.S. No. 3363. (c) Convention Rela-

tive to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (Geneva Convention III), 75 U.N.T.S. 135, 6

U.S.T. 3316, T.I.A.S. No. 3364. (d) Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Per-

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tocols of 1977.(19)

It goes without saying that the legislative evolution in the fields of in-ternational humanitarian law and international human rights law has notalways followed the above-described pattern or, for that matter, of anydefinitive pattern. This is probably due to the fact that international legis-lative process is the result of the interaction of many factors and influenc-es that impact upon it.

These factors and influences include international political considera-tions, as well as the occurrence of historic events which condition orcompel the need to recognize and establish certain human rights in needof protection. At times the process is driven by such historic events andat times it is the product of the commitment of certain governments, or-ganizations and individuals who are able to bring about the formulationand adoption of international legal instruments for the protection of hu-man rights. Thus, for example, the events of WWII and the intellectualcontributions of Raphael Lemkin who brought about the adoption in1948 of the Genocide Convention. In 1975, the combined efforts of Am-nesty International, the International Association of Penal Law (AIDP)and the International Commission of Jurists(20) at the Fifth United Na-

sons in Time of War (Geneva Convention IV), 75 U.N.T.S. 287, 6 U.S.T. 3516, T.I.A.S. No.

3365; A MANUAL ON INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW AND ARMS CON-

TROL AGREEMENTS (M. Cherif Bassiouni ed., 2000).

(19) Protocol Additional to Geneva Conventions of Aug. 12, 1949, and Relating to the Protection

of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, opened for signature Dec. 12, 1977, U.N. Doc.

A/32/144 Annex I, reprinted in 16 ILM 1391, SCHINDLER/TOMAN 551 [Protocol I]; Pro-

tocol Additional to Geneva Convention of Aug. 12, 1949, and Relating to the Protection of

Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts, opened for signature, Dec. 12, 1977, U.N.

Doc. A/32/144 Annex II, reprinted in 16 I.LM 1391, SCHINDLER/TOMAN 619 [Protocol

II]; A MANUAL ON INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW AND ARMS CON-

TROL AGREEMENTS (M. Cherif Bassiouni ed., 2000).

(20) See M. Cherif Bassiouni & Daniel Derby, An Appraisal of Torture in International Law and

Practice: The Need for an International Convention for the Prevention and Suppression of

Torture, 48 REV. INT'LE DE DROIT PENAL 17 (1977).

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tions Conference of Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice that broughtabout the adoption of a Resolution which in time evolved into the adop-tion of the 1984 Convention on the Prohibition of Torture.(21) Similarly,the work of the International Association of Penal Law since 1924, aswell as that of a number of experts resulted in time, with the involvementof a wide range of government and NGOs, in the adoption in 1998 of theTreaty for the Establishment of an International Criminal Court.(22)

There is no doubt that the evolution of international human rights law, its in-struments, implementation and enforcement mechanisms and their worldwidedissemination could be credited in large part to NGOs, a relatively limited num-ber of concerned governments and the work of the United Nations.(23)

As for international humanitarian law, there is no doubt that the Inter-national Committee of the Red Cross, the world community would nothave reached the level of progress it has so far. NGOs have also played aprimary role in the dissemination of the knowledge and culture interna-tional human rights law, much as they have assumed the functions ofwatchdog and of disseminators of violations by different governments.The investigations and disclosures they have been able to make have pro-duced a powerful tool for the enforcement of human rights by means ofnaming and shaming those who commit violations of established norms.But NGOs have also played an important positive role in producing stud-ies and research, as well as in hosting meetings and organized conferenceswhich helped international organizations and governments. Among theseorganizations which disserve special recognition are Amnesty Internation-

(21) See document 76 .

(22) See 18 NOUVELLES ETUDES PENALES 45 (1999); THE STATUTE OF THE INTER-

NATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT: A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY (compiled by M. Cher-

if Bassiouni, 1999); M. Cherif Bassiouni, Negotiating the Treaty of Rome on the Establish-

ment of an International Criminal Court, 32 CORNELL INT'L L.J. 443 (1999).

(23) See THE STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT: A DOCUMEN-

TARY HISTORY (compiled by M. Cherif Bassiouni, 1999); M. Cherif Bassiouni, Negotiat-

ing the Treaty of Rome on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, 32 COR-

NELL INT'L L.J. 443 (1999).

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al, the International Commission of Jurists, Human Rights Watch, NGOCoalition for an International Criminal Court and ISISC. The latter in par-ticular has in the last 30 years organized almost 300 conferences, semi-nars and meetings of experts at which some 16,000 jurists from 140 coun-tries participated.(24) Among these meetings were training seminars andtechnical legal assistance programs, as well as the hosting of meetings ofexperts attended by government officials and representatives of interna-tional organizations during which international instruments were elaborat-ed which found their way through the United Nations to becoming adopt-ed. Thus, in 1977, a committee of experts convened at Siracusa to draftthe text of what became the 1984 Convention Against Torture.(25) In thesame vein, a committee of experts in 1984 developed the Basic Principlesof the Rights of Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, which the UnitedNations adopted in 1985.(26) And lastly, between 1995 and 1998, it hostedseveral meetings of the General Assembly Committee on the Establish-ment of an International Criminal Court whose work contributed signifi-cantly to the adoption of the Treaty establishing the ICC.

These two volumes are intended to offer the Arab reader a comprehen-sive perspective on international and regional human rights law. It pro-vides scholars, researcher, government officials, NGO representativesand students of human rights a single source in which to find a collectionof texts otherwise unavailable to them. It is hoped that this contributionwill enhance human rights in the Arab world.

In each volume the included instruments are divided in accordancewith a certain methodology based on subject matter and historic evolu-tion. It also contains the description of treaty bodies established to imple-ment certain treaties.

(24) See International Institute of Higher Studies in Criminal Sciences, 30th Anniversary volume

(2002).

(25) UN Doc. submitted by AIDP(E/CN.4/NGO/213, 1 February 1978)

(26) Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, U.N.

GA Resolution A/RES/40/34 (29 November 1985); International Protection of Victims, 7

NOUVELLES ETUDES PENALES (M. Cherif Bassiouni ed., 1988).

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Volume I contains all the United Nations instruments on human rightsand is divided as into eleven chapters:

Chapter 1 addresses the "International Bill of Human Rights," and isdivided in four sections dealing with universal instruments, instrumentsdealing with civil and political rights, and economic, social and culturalrights. Section three is divided into ten sub-sections covering Social Se-curity, Right to Food, Rights of Indigenous and Tribal Peoples, SocialDevelopment, Social Policy, Right of Correction, Right to Shelter, Scien-tific and Technological Progress, Right to Privacy, and the InternationalCommitment to fighting HIV/AIDS. Chapter 2 addresses "Prevention ofDiscrimination," and contains three sections, each dealing with the re-spective categories on protected persons, and includes Prevention of Ra-cial Discrimination, Prevention of Discrimination against Women, andPrevention of Discrimination against Workers. Chapter 3 deals with the"Rights of Workers." Chapter 4 deals with "Prevention and Prohibition ofSlavery and Slave-Related Practices." Chapter 5 deals with "Protection ofPrisoners and Detainees held in the Custody of States." It is divided intofour sections, which include: Enforced Disappearances, Rights of Prison-ers, Protection Against Torture, and the Death Penalty. Chapter 6 dealswith "Rights and Principles Concerning the Administration of CriminalJustice." Chapter 7 deals with "Nationality and the Rights of Refugees."Chapter 8 deals with "Specific Social Rights," and is divided into fivesections, which include: Marriage, Children, Youth, the Physically Dis-abled, and the Mentally Disabled. Chapter 9 deals with "CollectiveRights and the Right of Self-Determination." Chapter 10 deals with "Pro-cedures for the Enforcement and Protection of Human Rights." Chapter11deals with "Penal Protection of Human Rights."

Volume II contains all the Islamic and regional instruments on humanrights, and is divided in two parts. The first part consists of the main Is-lamic documents related to human rights developed in the early days ofIslamic state, starting with the era of Prophet Mohamed (PBUH) and hissuccessors. The second part deals with regional instruments, and is divid-ed into four chapters. Chapter 1 deals with "European Human Rights In-struments." Chapter 2 deals with "Inter- American Human Rights Instru-

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ments." Chapter 3 deals with "African Human Rights Instruments," andChapter 4 deals with "Arab Human Rights Instruments."

The documents contained in these two volumes reflect the evolution inits various stages, of different protections of human rights established byInternational and Regional norms and regimes.

This publication is to serve the needs of scholars and researchers aswell as activists in the field of human rights but it is also of interest toeach person who sees human beings in light of how the Quran and othermonotheistic faiths have represented God's creation.

"Verily We have honored the children of Adam. We carry them on the landand the sea, and have made provision of good things for them, and have pre-ferred them above many of those whom We created with a marked preferment".

Ï UÒ³ÓÏO]DÄ ÒsÓÏ� rÌ¼UÒMÎ�Ò“Ò—Ò§ ÏdÎ×Ò³Î�«Ò§ ÓÏd?Ò³ÎÄ wÏ� ÎrÌ¼UÒMÎKÒLÒŠÒ§ ÒÂÒœ¬ wÏMÒÐ UÒMÎ�]dÒ& ÎbÒIÒ�Ò§˚ år}Šd�« sLŠd�« tK�« r�Ðò

¨ (27)r}EF�« tK�« ‚b Æ˝ÚöOÏCÎHÒð UÒMÎIÒKÒš Îs]LÓÏ� ÔdOÏ¦Ò& ¢vÒKÒŽ ÎrÌ¼UÒMÎK]CÒ�Ò§

¢O mankind! Lo! We have created you male and female, and have made

`you nations and tribes that ye may know one another. Lo! the noblest of you,

in the sight of Allah, is the best in conduct. Lo! Allah is Knower, Aware".

ÒqÏzU?Ò³?Ò�Ò§ UÚÐu??ÌF?Ìý ÎrÌ&UÒMÎKÒF?ÒłÒ§ ¢vÒ¦?½Ì√Ò§ Ôd?Ò&Ò– sÓÏ� rÌ&UÒMÎIÒKÒš U]½≈ Ì”U?]MÄ U?ÒNÌÓ¹Ò√ UÒ¹˚år}?Šd�« sL?Šd?�« tK�« r�Ðò

¨(28)r}EF�« tK�« ‚b Æ ̋dOÏ³Òš rOÏKÒŽ Òt]KÄ ]Ê≈ ÎrÌ&UÒIÎðÒ√ Ït]KÄ ÒbMÏŽ ÎrÌJÒ�ÒdÎ&Ò√ ]Ê≈ «uÌ�Ò—UÒFÒ²Ï�

M. Cherif Bassiouni1 MARCH 2003

(27) Noble Qu'ran, Surat AlEsraa, Ayat 70

(28) Noble Qu'ran, Surat Al-Hujurât, Ayat 13

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Table of Contents

Acknowledgments : .........................................................................................................

General Introduction........................................................................................................

Part 1. Islamic Human Rights Instruments

Introduction : .......................................................................................................................

1. The Treaty of Medina (1 A.H.) ...................................................................................

2. The Peace Accord of Hudeibiya (6 A.H.) ...............................................................

3. The Peace Accord of Najran (10 A.H.)...................................................................

4. The Farewell Speech of the Prophet (10 A.H.) ....................................................

5. The Inaugural Speech of Abou-Bakr (11 A.H.) .....................................................

6. The Admonition of Abou-Bakr to the troops before the Syrian Campaign

(12 A.H) ..............................................................................................................................

7. Pledge of Umar Ibn-el-Kattab to Abou-Mousa Al-Asha'ri on Rules of

Judgments (14 A.H.) ...................................................................................................

8. The Jerusalem Pledge of Umar Ibn-el-Khattab (15 A.H.) .................................

9. The Peace Accord of Amr-ibn-el-As with the People of Egypt (20 A.H.)...

10. The Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (1990)................................

Part 2. Regional Instruments

Chapter 1. European Human Rights Instruments

Introduction : .......................................................................................................................

11. European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Funda-

mental Freedoms (1950) ............................................................................................

12. Protocol No.1 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights

and Fundamental Freedoms (1952) .......................................................................

13. Protocol No. 2 to the European Convention for the Protection of Human

Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, conferring upon the European Court of

Human Rights competence to give advisory opinions (1963).........

79

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35

36373839

49

54

69

71

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14. Protocol No. 3 to the European Convention for the Protection of Hu-

man Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, amending Articles 29, 30 and

34 of the Convention (1963) ..................................................................................


man Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, securing certain rights and

freedoms other than those alreadyincluded in the Convention and in

the first Protocol thereto (1963) ...........................................................................


man Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, amending Articles 22 and 40

of the Convention (1966) ..........................................................................................


man Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, concerning the abolition of

the death penalty (1983) ...........................................................................................


man Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1984)................................................




man Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1994) ...............................................







24. European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or

Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1989) .....................................................

25. Protocol No. 1 to the European Convention for the Prevention of Tor-

ture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1993) ..........

26. Protocol No. 2 to the European Convention for the Prevention of Tor-

ture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1993) .........

27. European Convention on the Exercise of Children's Rights

(1996)................................................................................................................................

73

75

78

80

82

86

90

93

95

110

113

119

121

123

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28. European Agreement relating to Persons Participating in Proceeding of

the European Court of Human Rights (1996) ....................................................

29. Treaty Establishing the European community (revised) (1997).................

30. European Social Charter (revised) (1996) ..........................................................

31. Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2000) .................

Chapter 2. Inter- American Human Rights Instruments

Introduction : .......................................................................................................................

32. Charter of the Organization of American States (1948)...............................

33. American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man (1948) .................

34. American Convention on Human Rights (1969) ..............................................

35. Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in

the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1988) ..........................

36. Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights to Abolish the

Death Penalty (1990) ...................................................................................................

37. Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture (1987) .............

38. Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradi-

cation of Violence against Women (1994) .........................................................

39. Inter-American Convention on Forced Disappearance of Persons

(1996)..................................................................................................................................

40. Inter-American Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimi-

nation against Persons with Disabilities (1999) ................................................

41. Proposed American Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

(1997)..................................................................................................................................

42. Statute of the Inter-American Court on Human Rights (1980)...................

43. Rules of Procedure of the Inter-American Court on Human Rights

(1991) .................................................................................................................................

44. Statute of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (1980)...............

45. Regulations of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights

(1992)..................................................................................................................................

46. Rules of Procedure of the Inter-American Commission on Human

Rights...................................................................................................................................

133138143170

185188196203

229

239241

247

254

260

267280

290312

319

346

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Chapter 3. African Human Rights Instruments

Introduction : .......................................................................................................................

47. African [Banjul] Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (1981) ...............

48. Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the

Establishment of an African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights

(1997) ...............................................................................................................................

49. Rules of Procedure of the African Commission on Human and Peoples'

Rights (1995) ..................................................................................................................

50. African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (1990) ....................

51. The Addis Ababa Document on Refugees and Forced Population Dis-

placements in Africa (1994) .....................................................................................

52. Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Af-

rica (1974) ........................................................................................................................

53. The Kampala Declaration on Intellectual Freedom and Social Responsi-

bility (1990) ....................................................................................................................

Chapter 4. Arab Human Rights Instruments

Introduction : .......................................................................................................................

54. Draft Charter of Human Rights and the People in the Arab World

(1986)..................................................................................................................................

55. Arab Charter on Human Rights (1997)..................................................................

375379

394

403432

451

467

476

483

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Æ ±π∏∏ ¨ÊUM³�HUKUK AL-INSAAN (Arabic), 1 HUMAN RIGHTS: INTERNATIONAL AND REGION-

AL INSTRUMENTS (M. Cherif Bassiouni, M.S. Dakkak, & A. Wazir, eds.) (Dar-ilm lil-

Malayan Publishers, Beirut, Lebanon, 1988); 2 HUKUK AL-INSAAN (Arabic), 2 HUMAN

RIGHTS: APPLIED STUDIES, (M. Cherif Bassiouni, M.S. Dakkak, & A. Wazir, eds.) (Dar-

ilm lil-Malayan Publishers, Beirut, Lebanon, 1988); 3 HUKUK AL-INSAAN (Arabic), 3 HU-

MAN RIGHTS: SELECTED STUDIES, (M. Cherif Bassiouni, M.S. Dakkak, & A. Wazir,

eds.) (Dar-ilm lil-Malayan Publishers, Beirut, Lebanon, 1989); 4 HUKUK AL-INSAAN (Ara-

bic), 4 HUMAN RIGHTS: TEACHING METHODS, (M. Cherif Bassiouni, M.S. Dakkak, &

A. Wazir, eds.) (Dar-ilm lil-Malayan Publishers, Beirut, Lebanon, 1989).

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See, International Institute of Higher Studies in Criminal Sciences, 30th Anniversary volume.

Syracuza, Italy (2002).

v� ÊöŽù« «c¼ W?ŽU³ÞØ …œUŽ≈ XLð b�Ë ¨ W?¦�U¦�« UN²�?Kł v� ©√® ≤±∑ r�— …b×²L�« r�ú� W?�UF�« W}F?L−�« —«d� ©≥®Æ©±ππ¥ v� ¡«eł√ W�Lš ≠ Êu²ÝË e½d}Ð® ©±Ø√Ø≥® W}ÝUÝ_« ozUŁu�« ∫vL�UF�« ÂUEM�«Ë v�Ëb�« Êu½UI�«

©W?}?ŽU?L?−�« …œUÐù« W?}?�U?Hð« b?FÐ U?L?}?�® ±π∏πØ±±Ø≤µ UÎ|—U?Ý `³?√ Èc�«U. N.T.S 78) 0 ≤∑∑® ±π∏¥ØØ±≤Ø∑ ©¥®¡e−�« ©XÝË s¹dÐ® (IIE) s}}�Ëb�« ÂUEM�«Ë Êu½U?I�« ozUŁË s� s}²}ÝUÝ√ s}?²I}ŁË v�ILM v� ÁdA½ b?}Ž√ Èc�«Ë

Æ©±ππ¥® ©µ®U.N. Doc. A/Conf.183/9 (17 …b?×?²?L�« r�_« o?zUŁË v� W?}�Ëb�« W?}zUM?−�« W?LJ×?LK� vÝU?Ý_« ÂU?EM�« dE½« ©µ®≠ W?}�Ëb�« W?}zUM−�« W?LJ×?L�« »U?²� v� v?½u}?�Ð n|d?ý œu?L?×� —u?²?�b�« dE½« Õd?A�« s� b|e?L� ªJuly 1998) v�Ë_« WF?³D�« ÆWIÐU?��« W}�Ëb�« UL?�U×L�«Ë W?}�Ëb�« o}I?×²�« ÊU−� a|—U?²� WÝ«—œ l� vÝUÝ_« U?N�UE½Ë U?NðQA½ «– U?ÎC|√ dE½« ª©≤∞∞≤®dB?� ¨…d¼U?I�« ¨WC?NM�« —«œ sŽW?}½U¦�« W?F?³D�«Ë ¨©≤∞∞±® dB?� ¨…d¼U?I�« …UC?I�« ÈœUM�ªv½u}?�Ð n|dý —u?²�bK� v�|—Uð o}Łuð ≠W?}�Ëb�« W}zUM−?�« WLJ×LK� v?ÝUÝ_« ÂUEM�« W|e?}K−½ù« WGK�UÐ Ÿu?{uL�«n|d?ý —u??²?�bK� Æv?�Ëb�« vzUM−�« Êu½U??I�« WK−??LÐ W?}MÞu�« U??F|d?A??²�« o|dÞ sŽ W?}??�U?Hðô« ‰U??L?Ž≈Ë o|b??B?²�«

Æ©≤∞∞∞® v½u}�ÐSee Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, U.N. Doc. A/Conf.183/9 (17 July

1998); ALMAHKAMA ALJINAIYA ALDAWLIA: NASHA'ATOUHA WA NIZAMUHA

ALASASI, MA'A DIRASA LI TAREKH LIGAN ALTAHQIQ ALDAWLIA WA'L MAHA-

KIM ALGINAIYA ALDAWLIA ALSABIQA (Arabic), (THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMI-

NAL COURT: ITS CONCEPTION AND ITS STATUTE WITH A STUDY OF THE HISTO-

RY OF THE INTERNATIONAL INVESTIGATION COMMITTEES AND THE PAST

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNALS) (Nadi Al-Qudat, The National Association

of Judges, Cairo, Egypt, 2001); THE STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL

COURT: A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY (compiled by M. Cherif Bassiouni, 1999); Ratifi-

±≤

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ÆWH�U�L�« U�uJ×K� dýU³� bI½ t}łuð ÂbŽË W}ÝU�uKÐb�UÐ r�²ð U� UÎ³�Užo×�« vK?Ž œdð v²�« U??�U?N?²?½ô« l{Ë r²| U??N?}?�Ë ∫W??}zUM−?�« W|U?L??×�« WKŠd??� ∫U?Î�??�U?šs� t?}³?JðdL� W?Žœ«— UÐu?I?Ž ÷d�Ë vL|d?−ð h½ —UÞ≈ v� W?|UL?×�UÐ vMF?L�«ÈdBMF�« e}?}L²�« ‰UJý√ l}Lł vKŽ ¡UC?I�« v²}�UHð« q¦� W}�Ëœ W?}�UHð« ‰öš©±∞® ±π∑≥ ÂU?Ž U?N?}KŽ W??³?�U?F?L�«Ë Èd?BMF�« qB?H?�« W?L|d?ł lL?�Ë ¨±π∂µ ÂU?Ž

cation and National Implementing Legislation, 71 REV. INT'LE DE DROIT PENAL (M.

Cherif Bassiouni ed., 2000).

v�Ëb�« vzU?M−�« Êu½U??I�« nzUþË Õd??ý ¨ v½u??}?�?Ð n|d?ý Æœ ‰U??I??� lł«— Ÿu?{u??L�« «c¼ ‰u??Š Õd??A�« s� b|e??L� ©∂®œb?F�« ÂU??F�« vL�U?F�« ÂUE?MK� q}| …b|d?ł v?� ¨≤±¥ v�≈ ±π≥ W?×?H? ÆÊU??�½ù« ‚u?I?×� W??}�Ëœ W|U?L?Š v�≈ W??}?�«d�«

Æ ±π∏≤ …b×²L�« U|ôu�« ¨sDÝuÐ Æq|dÐ√ lÝU²�«M. Cherif Bassiouni, The Proscribing Function of International Criminal Law in the Process of In-

ternational Protection of Human Rights, 8 YALE J. WORLD PUB. ORD. 193. Boston, USA (1982)

See document 1. ± r�— WI}Łu�« dE½« ©∑®See document 6. ∂ r�— WI}Łu�« dE½« ©∏®

±¥

Ë√ W}?ÝUI�« WÐu?IF�« Ë√ WK?�UFL?�« »Ëd{ s� Ád}?žË V|cF?²�« WC¼U?M� W}�U?Hð«ËÆ©±±®WM}NL�« Ë√ W}½U�½≈ö�«

…œU?L�UÐ ÂU??Ž √b?³?L?� e?}??}?L?²�« Âb?Ž v� o?×�«Ë …«ËU?�?L�« √b?³??� œ—Ë ‰U?¦?L�« q}?³??Ý vKF?�Ìq� W?žU?} bMŽ ÂU?F�« √b?³?L�« «c¼ —uDð rŁ ¨ÊU?�½ù« ‚u?I×?� vL�UF?�« ÊöŽù« s� W?FÐU?��«W|œU??B??²??�ô« ‚u??I?×?K� v�Ëb�« b??N??F�«Ë W??}??ÝU?}??�?�«Ë W?}?½b?L?�« ‚u?I??×K?� v�Ëb�« b??N??F�« s�e}?}L²�« lM� ∫‰Ë_« ¨‰UJý√ WŁöŁ v� qB?H� tłË vKŽ Áb|b×?ð rðË ¨W}�UI?¦�«Ë W}ŽUL?²łô«Ë∫v½U¦�«Ë ª ©±≤®±π∂µ ÂUŽ ÈdBMF�« e}}L²�« ‰UJý√ l}Lł vKŽ ¡UCI�« W}�UHð« q¦� ÈdBMF�«…√d?L?�« b?{ e?}??}?L??²�« ‰UJý√ l}??L?ł vKŽ ¡U??C?I�« W??}?�U?Hð« q?¦?� …√d?L?�« b?{ e?}??}?L??²�« lM�—u??ł_« v� …«ËU??�??L�« v²??}??�U?H?ð« q¦??� ‰U?L??F�« b??{ e??}??}?L??²�« l?M� ∫Y�U??¦�«Ë ª©±≥®±π∑πÂU?ŽhM�« l{Ë rð rŁ Æ ©±µ®±πµ∏ÂU?Ž W?MN?L�«Ë Â«b??�?²??Ýô« ‰U?−??� v� e?}??}?L??²�«Ë ©±¥®±πµ±ÂU?ŽÆ©±∂® ±π∑≥ ÂUŽ UN}KŽ W³�UFL�«Ë ÈdBMF�« qBH�« WL|dł lL� W}�UHð« —UÞ≈ v� vL|d−²�«

s� ÌqJÐ oKF²| U?L}� qŁU?L� —uDð ÀËbŠ WEŠö?� UMMJL| v�Ëb�« v½U�½ù« Êu½UI�« ‰U?−� v�Ës}½«u?IÐ WIKF?²?L�« W×zö�« o×?K�Ë ¨±π∞∑ ÂUF� ÈU¼ô …b¼U?F?L� W³?�M�UÐ Ÿu?{uL�«Ë s�e�« vK�U?Ž©±∏®»d×�« ÈdÝQÐ WU��« ±π≤π ÂUF� n}Mł …b¼U?F� p�– bFÐ UNF³ð ¨©±∑®W|d³�« »d×�« ·«dŽ√Ë

See document 11 . ±± r�— WI}Łu�« dE½« ©π®See document 36. ≥∂ r�— WI}Łu�« dE½« ©±∞®

See document 77. ∑∑ r�— WI}Łu�« dE½« ©±±®See document 35. ≥µ r�— WI}Łu�« dE½« ©±≤®See document 44. ¥¥ r�— WI}Łu�« dE½« ©±≥®See document 47. ¥∑ r�— WI}Łu�« dE½« ©±¥®See document 48. ¥∏ r�— WI}Łu�« dE½« ©±µ®See document 36. ≥∂ r�— WI}Łu�« dE½« ©±∂®

¨ ¥∂±©≥œb?F�«® q}�|— u?�u½ s}ð—U?� ≥∂ ¨±π∞∑ ¨±∏ ¨W|d³�« »d?×�« ·«dŽ√Ë s}½«u?� Â«d?²ŠUÐ W?U��« W?}�U?Hðô« ©±∑®Æ ∂≥± ”U½UH}Ð ± ¨≥∞∏ ÊU�b|d�± ¨©±π∏∞® π∞ v�Ëb�« Êu½UIK� W}J|d�_« …b|d−�« v� t²ŽU³Þ b}Ž√

Convention Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, Oct. 18, 1907, 36 Stat. 2277,

T.S. No. 539, 3 MARTENS NOUVEAU RECUEIL (ser. 3) 461, reprinted in 2 AM. J. INT'L

L. 90 (1908) (Supp.), 1 FRIEDMAN 308, 1 BEVANS 631

e}Š XKšœ v²�«Ë¨ ∏¥∂©≥œbF�«® q}�|— u�u½ s}ð—U� ¥∑ ¨n}Mł v� WF�u?L�« ¨ ÈdÝ_« WK�UFLÐ WU��« W}�UHðô« ©±∏®v½u?}??�Ð n|d?ý Æœ `K?�?²�« vKŽ WÐU??�d�« U?}??�U?Hð«Ë v�Ëb�« v½U??�½ù« Êu½U?I�« q?}�œ ª ±π≥± u?}½u| ±π v� –U??HM�«

Æ©≤∞∞∞®Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners, signed at Geneva, 47 Stat. 2021, 118

L.N.T.S. 343, 30 Martens Nouveau Receuil (ser. 3) 846, entered into force 19 June 1931; A

±µ

Æ©≤∞® ±π∑∑ ÂUF� s}}�U{ù« s}I×KL�« «c�Ë ©±π®±π¥π ÂUF� lÐ—_« n}Mł U}�UHð« rŁ

Êu½U??I�«Ë v�Ëb�« v½U??�½ù« Êu½U??I�« ‰U??−??� v� vF|d??A?²?�« —uD²�« Ê√ ÊU??}?³?�« sŽ vMžË¨d?š¬ q�K?�ð È√ Ë√ ¨ÊU?}?³�« W??H�U?Ý W?}?−??NML�« «– U?ÎLz«œ l³??²| r� ÊU?�½ù« ‚u?I??×� v�Ëb�«v� …dŁR?� …b|b?Ž q�«u?Ž q?ŽU?Hð ÃU?²½ ô≈ u¼ U?� v�Ëb�« l|d?A?²�« Ê√ v?�≈ U?Î³�U?ž p�– lłd|Ë

Æv�Ëb�« l|dA²�« qŠ«d� vKŽ ·UDL�« W|UN½



v{d?L�«Ë vŠd?−�« ‰U?Š s}?�?×?²� n}Mł W?}?�U?Hð« ©√® ∫±π¥π fD?�ž√ ±≤ v?� n}Mł v� W?}?�U?Hðô« pKð XF?�Ë ©±π®75 U.N.T.S. 31, 6 U.S.T. 3114, T.I.A.S. No. ©v�Ë_« n}?Mł W??}?�U??Hð«® Ê«b??}??L�« v?� W?×?K�??L�« «u??I�UÐn}Mł W?}�UH?ð«® —U×³�« v?� W×K�?L�« «uI�UÐ v�d?žË v{d�Ë vŠd?ł ‰UŠ s}?�×²� n?}Mł W}?�UHð« ©»®3362. »d×�« ÈdÝ√ WK�UF� ÊQ?AÐ n}Mł W}�UHð« 75 U.N.T.S. 85, 6 U.S.T. 3217, T.I.A.S. No. 3363. ¨©W}½U¦�«W|U???L??Š ÊQ???AÐ n?}Mł W???}??�U???Hð« 75 U.N.T.S. 135, 6 U.S.T. 3316, T.I.A.S. ¨©W???¦�U??¦?�« n}Mł W???}??�U???Hð«®75 U.N.T.S. 287, 6 U.S.T. 3516, T.I.A.S.¨©W?FÐ«d�« n}Mł W}?�U?Hð«® »d×�« X�Ë v� s?}}½b?L�« ’U�?ý_«

Æ©≤∞∞∞® v½u}�Ð n|dý Æœ `K�²�« vKŽ WÐU�d�« U}�UHð«Ë v�Ëb�« v½U�½ù« Êu½UI�« q}�œ No. 3365; Conventions signed at Geneva, Aug. 12, 1949: (a) Convention for the Amelioration of theCondition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field (Geneva Convention I), 75

U.N.T.S. 31, 6 U.S.T. 3114, T.I.A.S. No. 3362. (b) Convention for the Amelioration of the

Condition of Wounded, Sick, and Shipwrecked Members of the Armed Forces at Sea (Geneva

Convention II), 75 U.N.T.S. 85, 6 U.S.T. 3217, T.I.A.S. No. 3363. (c) Convention Relative to

the Treatment of Prisoners of War (Geneva Convention III), 75 U.N.T.S. 135, 6 U.S.T. 3316,

T.I.A.S. No. 3364. (d) Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of

War (Geneva Convention IV), 75 U.N.T.S. 287, 6 U.S.T. 3516, T.I.A.S. No. 3365; A MANU-

AL ON INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW AND ARMS CONTROL AGREE-

MENTS (M. Cherif Bassiouni ed., 2000).

W|U?L??×Ð oKF?²?L?�« ¨±π¥π fD�?ž√ ±≤ v� œu?I??F?L�« n}Mł U??}?�U?Hð« v�≈ v?�U?{ù« ‰Ë_« å‰u?�uðËd?³?�«ò o×KL�« ©≤∞®…b?×²?L�« r�_« ozUŁË ¨±π∑∑ d³?L?�|œ ±≤ v� t}KŽ l}?�u²�« »U?Ð `²� Èc�«Ë ¨W?×K�L�« W?}�Ëb�« U?Ž“UML�« U|U×?{o×K?L�« ª©‰Ë_« ‰u??�u?ðËd??³�«® µµ± ÊU???�uðË d�bM?}??ý ±∂ v� t???²??ŽU???³Þ b??}???Ž√ Èc�«ËA/32/144 Annex I, r�—U|U?×?{ W|U??L?×Ð oKF?²?L�« ¨±π¥π fD?�?ž√ ±≤ v� œu?I?F?L�« n}Mł U??}?�U?Hð« v�≈ v�U?{ù« v½U?¦?�« å‰u?�uðËd?³�«òr�— …b×²?L�« r�_« ozUŁË ¨±π∑∑ d³L�|œ ±≤ v� t?}KŽ l}�u²�« »UÐ `²� Èc?�«Ë ¨ W}�Ëb�« d}ž W×K�?L�« UŽ“UML�«Êu½U?I?�« q}�œ ª ©v½U?¦?�« ‰u?�uðËd?³?�«® ∂±π ÊU?�uðË d�bM}??ý ±∂ v� t?²??ŽU?³Þ b??}?Ž√ Èc�«ËA/32/144 AnnexII,

Æ©≤∞∞∞® v½u}�Ð n|dý Æœ `K�²�« vKŽ WÐU�d�« U}�UHð«Ë v�Ëb�« v½U�½ù«Protocol Additional to Geneva Conventions of Aug. 12, 1949, and Relating to the Protection

of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, opened for signature Dec. 12, 1977, U.N. Doc.

A/32/144 Annex I, reprinted in 16 ILM 1391, SCHINDLER/TOMAN 551 [Protocol I]; Proto-

col Additional to Geneva Convention of Aug. 12, 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Vic-

tims of Non-International Armed Conflicts, opened for signature, Dec. 12, 1977, U.N. Doc.

±∂

À«bŠ_« iFÐ —u?Nþ sŽ ÎöC� ¨W?}ÝU}��« «—U?³²Žô« sL?C²ð «d}ŁQ?²�«Ë q�«uF�« pKðs}?F� o×Ð ·«d?²?Žô« Ë√ ¡UA½≈ …—Ëd?{ v�≈ dEM�« XH� v�≈ ÈœR?ð Ë√ vC²?Ið v²�« W?}�|—U?²�«W?Žu?�b?� qŠ«d?L�« pK?ð ÊuJð ‰«u?Š_« iFÐ v� Æt?²|U?L?Š v�≈ W??łU?×�«Ë ÊU?�½ù« ‚u?I?Š s�Ë√ WM}?F?� U�u?JŠ —«dù W?−?}?²½ ÊuJð d?šü« iF?³�« v�Ë ¨W?}�|—U?²�« À«b?Š_« Ác¼ q¦?LÐ‚u?IŠ W?|UL?×Ð W?}MF?� W}�Ëœ W?}½u½U?� W?}�¬ vM³ðË s|uJð vKŽ …—b?I�« rN|b� œ«d?�√ Ë√ U?LEM�¡UDF�« —u??Nþ v�≈ W?}?½U?¦�« W?}??L�U?F�« »d??×�« À«b?Š√ X³??³?�ð ‰U??¦?L�« q}??³?Ý vKF??� ÆÊU?�½ù«v�Ë Æ ±π¥∏ ÂUF� W?}ŽUL−�« …œUÐù« W?}�UHð« vM³ð …—ËdCÐ ÈœU?½ Èc�« ¨s}JL}� n�«d� ÈdJH�«Êu½U?IK� W?}�Ëb�« W?}?F?L−�«Ë W?}�Ëb�« u?H?F�« W?LEM� s� Ìq� œu?N?łd?�U?C?²� W−?}?²½Ë ±π∑µ ÂU?ŽW?L|d?−�« lML� f�U?��« …b?×²?L�« r�_« d?LðR?� ¡UMŁ√ ©≤±®s}?}½u½U?IK� W}�Ëb�« W?M−K�«Ë vzUM−�«ÂU?F?� V|c?F?²?�« lM� …b¼U?F??� ¡U?A½≈ v�≈ ·UD?L�« tÐ vN?²?½« —«d?� vM³ð v�≈ W??}zUM−�« W�«b??F�«ËÊu½UIK� W}�Ëb�« W}FL−K� ±π≤¥ ÂUŽ cM� …dL²�L�« œuN−�« œ√ ¨q}³I�« «c¼ s�Ë Æ©≤≤®±π∏¥ U??�uJ×�« i?FÐ XKšbð X?�u�«—Ëd??� l�Ë ¨s}??B??B??�??²??L�« iFÐ v�≈ W??�U??{ùUÐ ¨vzU?M−�«

Æ©≤≥®±ππ∏ ÂUŽ W}�Ëb�« W}zUM−�« WLJ×L�« ¡UA½≈ qł√ s� W}�uJ×�« d}ž ULEML�«Ë

t??I?}??³DðË ¨tðU??}�¬Ë ¨ÊU?�½ù« ‚u??I?×� v?�Ëb�« Êu½U?I?�« —uDð Ê√ pAK� ‰U??−?� „U?M¼ f}�t??²?³??F� Èc�« —Ëb?K� d?}??³??� b?Š v?�≈ t?I??I??×ð v� qC??H�« lłd| r�U??F�« d??³??Ž Ác?}??HMð qzU??ÝËËÈc�« —Ëb�« sŽ ÎöC� ¨ÊU�½ù« ‚uI×Ð W}MF?L�« U�uJ×�« iFÐË ¨W}�uJ×�« d}ž ULEML�«W}J|d?�_« ‰Ëb�« WLEM�Ë UÐË—Ë√ fK−� q¦� W?}L}K�ù« ULEML�« «c?�Ë ¨…b×²L�« r�_« t?³FKð—uD²Ð oK?F?²| U?L?}?� d?L?Š_« V}KBK� W??}�Ëb�« WM−K� V�?×| t?ð«– d?�_«Ë ÆvI|d?�_« œU?×ðô«Ë

A/32/144 Annex II, reprinted in 16 I.LM 1391, SCHINDLER/TOMAN 619 [Protocol II]; A



v�≈ W??łU?×�« ∫tðU??I?}??³DðË v�Ëb�« Êu½U??I�« —uEM� s?� V|c?F??²�« r}?}??Ið ¨vÐd|œ ‰U??}½«œË v½u??}?�Ð n|d??ý Æœ dE½« ©≤±®Æ©±π∑∑® ±∑ v�Ëb�« vzUM−�« Êu½UI�« WK−� s� ¥∏ œbF�« ¨V|cF²�« lL�Ë lML� W}�Ëœ …b¼UF�

See M. Cherif Bassiouni & Daniel Derby, An Appraisal of Torture in International Law and

Practice: The Need for an International Convention for the Prevention and Suppression of

Torture, 48 REV. INT'LE DE DROIT PENAL 17 (1977).

See document 76. ∑∂ r�— WI}Łu�« dE½« ©≤≤®Æœ® v�|—Uð o}Łuð ∫W?}�Ëb�« W}zUM−�« W?LJ×LK� vÝU?Ý_« ÂUEM�« ª©±ππ∑® …b|bł W?}zUMł UÝ«—œ ±≥ œb?F�« dE½« ©≤≥®WLJ×L�« ¡UA½≈ v?�≈ W}�«d�« U�Ë— W}�UHð« vKŽ W?{ËUHL�« ¨v½u}�Ð n|dý Æœ UÎC|√ d?E½«Ë ª©±πππ v½u}�Ð n|dý

Æ©±πππ® ¥¥≥ v�Ëb�« Êu½UIK� q}½—u� …b|dł s� ≥≤ œbF�« ¨W}�Ëb�« W}zUM−�«See 18 NOUVELLES ETUDES PENALES 45 (1999); THE STATUTE OF THE INTERNA-

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d??A½ v� U??�??Oz— «Î—Ëœ W??}?�uJ?×�« d??}?ž U??LEM?L�« X³??F� U??L?� Æv?�Ëb�« v½U??�½ù« Êu½U??I�«W³�«dL�« v� ‰UFH�« r¼—Ëœ v�≈ W�U{ùUÐ ¨ÊU�½ù« ‚uI×� v�Ëb�« Êu½UI�UÐ W�UI¦�«Ë W�dFL�«WK}?ÝË o?Kš v�≈ Èœ√ U?L?� U?�uJ?×�« iFÐ q³?� s� Àb??×ð v²�« U?�U?N?²?½ô« sŽ ÕU?B?�ù«ËÆ U�U?N²½ô« Ác¼ q¦?� v³Jðd� b?I½Ë b|b×ð o|dÞ sŽ ÊU?�½ù« ‚uI?Š W|UL?ŠË o}³D²� W�U?F�r}EMðË W�U?C²Ý«Ë ÀU×Ð_«Ë U?Ý«—b�« ‰U−� v� W}?�uJ×�« d}ž ULEML�« —Ëœ s?Ž ÎöC�d?}??ž U?LE?ML�« Ác¼ r¼√ s�Ë Æ U??�uJ×�«Ë W??}�Ëb�« U?LEM?L�« b?ŽU??Ý v²�« «d?LðR??L�«¨s}?}½u½U??IK� W?}�Ëb�« WM−?K�«Ë ¨W?}�Ëb�« u?H?F?�« W?LEM� ∫¡UM¦�«Ë d?�c?�« o×?²?�ð v²�« W??}?�uJ×�«qł√ s� W}�uJ×�« d}ž ULEML�« n�U×ðË ¨ågð«Ë f²?|«— ÊU�u}¼ò ÊU�½ù« ‚uIŠ v³�«d�ËW??}zUM−�« ÂuKF?�« v� U?}K?F�« U?Ý«—bK?� v�Ëb�« b?N??F??L�«Ë ¨W?}�Ëb?�« W?}zUM?−�« W?LJ?×?L�« ¡U??A½≈vKŽ uÐd| U?� W}{U?L�« UÎ�UŽ s}Łö?¦�« ‰öš rE½ b?� «Îb|b×ð d}?š_« bN?FL�« «c¼Ë (ISISC)d?AŽ W?²?��« ‚uH|U?� U?NðU}KŽU?� v� „—U?ý Èc�«Ë ¡«d³?�K� ŸU?L²?ł«Ë …Ëb½Ë d?LðR?� WzULŁö?¦�«Z�«dÐË W}³|—b?²�« «—Ëb�« sŽ ÎöC� ©≤¥®W�Ëœ sOFÐ—√Ë WzU� s� d?¦�√ s� v½u½U�Ë YŠUÐ n�√W?žU?}??B� «“u?�«d?}?�Ð ¡«d??³?š WM−� XF?L??²?ł« ¨±π∑∑ ÂU?Ž v�Ë ÆW?}MH?�« W?}½u½U?I�« …b??ŽU?�?L�«Èdš√ WM−� —uÞ ¨œbB�« «– v� ¨©≤µ® ±π∏¥ ÂUF� V|cF²�« lM� W}�UHðUÐ p�– bFÐ ·dŽU�WDK��« Â«b�?²Ý« …¡UÝ≈Ë rz«d−�« U|U×?{ ‚uI×� W}?ÝUÝ_« ∆œU³L�« ±π∏¥ ÂU?Ž ¡«d³��« s�¨ ±ππ∏Ë ±ππµ v�U???Ž s}Ð U??L???}??� ¨«Îd???}??š√Ë Æ©≤∂® ±π∏µ ÂU??Ž …b??×??²???L�« r�_« t??²M?³ð Èc�«ËW}zUM−?�« WLJ×L�« ¡U?A½SÐ W}MF?L�« W�UF�« W?}FL?−�« WM−K� …bŽ U?ŽUL²?ł« bN?FL�« ·UC?²Ý«

ÆW}�Ëb�« W}zUM−�« WLJ×L�« ¡UA½ù vÝUÝ√ l�«œ UŽUL²łô« ÁcN� ÊU�Ë ¨W}�Ëb�«

TIONAL CRIMINAL COURT: A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY (compiled by M. Cherif

Bassiouni, 1999); M. Cherif Bassiouni, Negotiating the Treaty of Rome on the Establishment

of an International Criminal Court, 32 CORNELL INT'L L.J. 443 (1999).

s}ŁöŁ —Ëd� Èd�– W³ÝUMLÐ «“u�«d}�Ð W}zUM?−�« ÂuKF�« v� U}KF�« UÝ«—bK� v�Ëb�« bNFL�UÐ ’U��« bK−L�« lł«— ©≤¥®ÆtzUA½≈ vKŽ UÎ�UŽ

See International Institute of Higher Studies in Criminal Sciences, 30th Anniversary volume

(2002).

UN Doc. submitted by AIDP(E/ vzUM−?�« Êu½U?IK� W?}?�Ëb�« W?}?F??L?−�« s� W?�b??I?L�« …b?×??²?L�« r�_« W??I?}ŁË ©≤µ®CN.4/NGO/213, 1 February 1978)

—œUB�«—«d?I�« …b×²L�« r?�_« ¨ WDK��« Â«b�²Ý« …¡U?Ý≈Ë rz«d−�« U|U×?{ ‚uI×� W?}ÝUÝ_« ∆œU³?L�« ÊöŽ≈ dE½« ©≤∂® U?Ý«—œ s� ∑ œb?F�« v� ¨U|U×?CK� W?}�Ëb�« W|U?L?×�« ª©±π∏µ d³?L?�u½ ≤π® A/RES/40/34 W?�U?F�« W}?F?L?−�« s�

Æ©±π∏∏ ¨ v½u}�Ð n|dý Æœ® …b|bł W}zUMł

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