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and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of analytical chemistry.

Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director

1. Sensitive Spectrophotometric and Flame Photometric Methods for Determination of Diclofenac Sodium in Pharmaceuticals Nagaraju Rajendraprasad, Kanakapura Basavaiah 1

2. Physico-chemical Analysis of Some Soil Sample around Jaypee Nagar Industrial Area in Postmonsoon Season Session 2012–2013 of Rewa, District MP (India) Mukesh Singh, Mahendra Kumar Bhatnagar, Manoj Kumar Solanki 11

3. Electrodeposition of Bright Zn–Co–Fe Alloy Coatings on Mild Steel and Their CharacterizationR.S. Bhat, A. Chitharanjan Hegde 17

4. Stability Indicating Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Enrofloxacin in Pharmaceuticals

Nagaraju Rajendraprasad, Kanakapura Basavaiah, Doora Mahadevaswamy Pramod 26

5. Brief Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry

Amit Kumar 38

Contents

IJAAC (2016) 1–10 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Analytical & Applied Chemistry Vol. 2: Issue 2

www.journalspub.com

Sensitive Spectrophotometric and Flame Photometric Methods for Determination of Diclofenac Sodium in Pharmaceuticals

Nagaraju Rajendraprasad1*, Kanakapura Basavaiah2

1Department of Chemistry, JSS College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Ooty Road, Mysore, Karnataka, India 2Department of Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India

ABSTRACT

Diclofenac sodium (DFS) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Two new analytical methods have been developed for the assay of DFS in its pure form, tablets and injections. Spectrophotometric method is based on the oxidation of drug with known excess of cerium(IV) and oxidation of methyl orange (MO) by residual oxidant and measurement of absorbance of unreacted MO at 470 nm. Flame photometric method is based on the measurement of emission radiation of sodium from DFS by flame emission spectrometry. The methods were applicable for quantification of DFS over 1.25–12.5 and 1.0–10.0 µg mL-1 for spectrophotometric and flame photometric method, respectively. The molar absorptivity and Sandell sensitivity values for spectrophotometric method were calculated to be 2.05 × 104 L mol-1 cm-1 and 0.015 µg cm-2, respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.2 and 0.62 (Spectrophotometric method) and 0.05 and 0.16 µg mL-1 (Flame photometric method). Intra-day and inter-day precisions were satisfactory with %RSD values of ≤2.11, and the respective accuracies were excellent with %RE values of ≤3. The methods were also validated for robustness, ruggedness and selectivity. The methods were applied to the determination of DFS in its tablets and injections with good accuracy and precision. The results were also compared with those obtained by a reference method. These methods promise the usefulness of them as routine analytical procedures for quantification of DFS in pure form and in dosage forms. Keywords: determination, diclofenac sodium, flame photometry, pharmaceuticals, spectrophotometry INTRODUCTION Diclofenac Sodium (DFS), chemically known as 2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid, monosodium salt (Figure 1), is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug.[1,2]

Cl

Cl

HN

O

ONa

Fig. 1. Structure of DFS.

British Pharmacopeia (BP)[3] and United States Pharmacopeia[4] describe monographs for assay of DFS by potentiometric titration with 0.1 N perchloric acid. Various analytical methods have been reported by different workers for the determination of DFS in pharmaceuticals and these include spectrofluorimetry,[5,6] gravimetry,[7] Raman spectroscopy,[8], adsorptive differential pulse voltammetry,[9] capillary electrophoresis,[10] micellar electrokinetic chromatography,[11] gas chromatography-

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgesic

IJAAC (2016) 11-16 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved


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Physico-chemical Analysis of Some Soil Sample around Jaypee Nagar Industrial Area in Postmonsoon Season Session 2012–2013

of Rewa, District MP (India)

Mukesh Singh1, Mahendra Kumar Bhatnagar1, Manoj Kumar Solanki2* 1Department of Chemistry, Govt. SSS PG College, Shahdol, MP, India

2Department of Chemistry, Govt. Engineering College, Rewa, MP, India

ABSTRACT

In the present study, various physico-chemical factors were assessed for the whole year during pre- and postmonsoon season session 2012–2013 to determine the impact cement dust on the soil quality around Jaypee Nagar industrial area. Physico-chemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, phosphorus, potassium, CEC, calcium, magnesium, sulphate, are taken. Most of the samples are within permissible limit. The positive correlation was observed among most of the Physico-Chemical parameters except DO. The study reveals that the huge influx of cement dusts is the key factors enhancing pollution load on the soil quality around Jaypee Nagar industrial area. The accumulation of cement dust and other industrial waste materials over the years have contributed considerably in raising the physico-chemical parameters, including the uptake of essential nutrients by plants. These favourable conditions and higher nutrient availability were considered capable of supporting crops grown in the area. Keywords: cement dust, chemical properties of soil, Jaypee Nagar industrial area INTRODUCTION Soils are the medium in which crops grow, and so they are essential to the provision of the food and fibre to sustain mankind. Soil is not only a medium for plants to grow or a pool to dispose of undesirable materials, but also at the contamination of the soil system by considerable quantities of persistent toxic compounds, chemicals or other substances, resulting in the reduction of its productivity/fertility with respect to the qualitative and quantitative yield of the crops[1] transmitter of many pollutants to surface water, groundwater (H. Kaur, 2012). The development of cement industry and activities like mining activity of raw materials (lime stone, dolomi), crushing, grinding etc. required in the cement plant (The process of cement manufacturing, various types of pollutants which are released from these factories and

their immediate and long term impacts; has caused adverse impact on water, air and land giving rise to environmental pollution.[2] The process of cement manufacture requires strict regulation and distribution. During manufacture, various pollutants such as SOx, NOx and CO2 and particulate matter are released that might be harmful for the near-by residents and biodiversity of that area.[3,4] Besides, cement dust also contains heavy metals like chromium, nickel, cobalt, lead and mercury. These metals are severely hazardous for human health, flora and fauna, and whole ecosystem.[5]

IJAAC (2016) 17-25 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 17


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Electrodeposition of Bright Zn–Co–Fe Alloy Coatings on Mild Steel and Their Characterization

R.S. Bhat1*, A. Chitharanjan Hegde2

1Department of Chemistry, Nitte Mahalinga Adyanthaya Memorial Institution of Technology, Nitte, Karnataka, India

2Electrochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Srinivasnagar, India

ABSTRACT

Sulphate bath having ZnSO4. 7H2O, CoSO4. 7H2O, FeSO4.7H2O and thiamine hydrochloride (THC) and citric acid (CA) in combination, was optimized for deposition of bright Zn–Co–Fe alloy coating on mild steel. Bath constituents and operating parameters were optimized by Hull cell method, for highest corrosion performance against coating. The effect of current density on deposit characters viz., corrosion resistance, hardness, thickness, CCE were evaluated. Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods were used for the corrosion behaviours measurements. The composition of deposits was determined by colorimetric method. Surface morphology of the deposits was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A new sulphate bath, for bright Zn–Co–Fe alloy coating on mild steel has been proposed, and results were discussed. Keywords: corrosion resistance, cyclic polarisation, electrodeposition, surface morphology, ternary Zn–Co–Fe alloy INTRODUCTION Many efforts have been made to develop best corrosion resistant steel plates especially for industrial applications such as automotive body panels, steel sheet fabrications, building construction materials etc. In recent times, it has been shown that electroplated zinc-iron group metal alloys are suitable materials for this application.[1] Zn–Ni alloy coatings are being extensively studied instead of cadmium coating due to their good corrosion resistance properties[2], better form ability, and improved welding characteristics.[3] Owing to its low price, Zn–Fe alloy is widely used for electro-plating. Both Zn–Ni and Zn–Fe alloys are widely used as ideal substitutes for cadmium, which creates two environmental hazards viz., cadmium and

cyanide. It was observed that the addition of Fe to Zn–Ni alloy has led to the formations of ternary Zn–Ni–Fe alloys, which improve the appearance of the alloy and increase its corrosion resistance.[4] Zn–Ni–Fe alloys are favoured owing to their levelling action.[5] Further, the ternary Zn–Co–Ni alloys have high corrosion resistance compared to either of the binary Zn–Ni and Zn–Co alloys.[6] The higher corrosion resistance of ternary Zn–M alloys as compared to Zn–M alloys is because of considerable increase in wt. % noble metals in the deposit. The use of specific bath additives was also beneficial for corrosion resistance even with low amounts of M in the deposit. It is observed that ternary Zn–Co–Ni alloy is considered



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Stability Indicating Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Enrofloxacin in Pharmaceuticals

Nagaraju Rajendraprasad1*, Kanakapura Basavaiah2, Doora Mahadevaswamy Pramod1

1PG Department of Chemistry, JSS College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Mysuru, Karnataka, India 2Department of Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore, Karnataka, India

ABSTRACT

Enrofloxacin (EFX) is a first fluoroquinolone veterinary antibiotic and used for the treatment of some urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin infectious diseases in pets and livestock. Three simple, selective and stability indicating UV-spectrophotometric methods have been developed and validated for the assay of EFX in bulk drug and in its dosage forms. The first proposed method (method A) is based on the measurement of the absorbance of EFX in 0.1 N NaOH at 271 nm. The second (method B) and third (method C) methods are based on measurement of absorbance of EFX in 0.1 N HCl and in 0.1 M glacial acetic acid at 277 nm. The calibration graphs are linear over the range 1.0–10.0 µg/mL in all three methods. The correlation coefficient (r) values are evaluated and are found to be 0.9992, 0.9987 and 0.9998 with the apparent molar absorptivity values are 3.17 × 104, 4.42 × 104 and 3.96 × 104 L mol-1cm-1, for method A, method B and method C, respectively. The values of Sandell sensitivity, limits of detection and quantification have also been described. The accuracy and precision of the methods are evaluated based on intra-day and inter-day variations. The stability of the drug is studied by subjecting EFX to an acid and alkaline hydrolysis, oxidative and thermal degradation. The proposed methods are successfully applied to the determination of EFX in tablets and the results obtained are comparable with the published reference method and satisfactory. Keywords: assay, enrofloxacin, stability indicating, pharmaceuticals, UV-spectrophotometry INTRODUCTION Enrofloxacin (EFX), also known as 1-cyclopropyl-7-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (Figure 1), is a veterinary antibiotic and it is used to cure urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin infectious diseases in pets and livestock.[1] In the United States Pharmacopeia (USP)[2] the nonaqueous potentiometric titration of EFX in acetic acid medium with 0.1 M perchloric acid is employed. This procedure is applicable for the assay of EFX only to macro-size samples.

Fig. 1. Structure of EFX.

Various analytical techniques such as liquid chromatography,[3–19] colorimetry and fluorimetry,[20] fluorescene spectroscopy combined with



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Brief Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry

Amit Kumar Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

Medicinal chemistry is an interdisciplinary scientific field of chemistry which combines the applied and basic sciences. In simple words, medicinal chemistry is an interwoven science that combines the basics of chemistry, pharmacy, and drug discovery and designing. It comprises the discovery, development, identification, and interpretation of the mode of action of biologically active molecules and compounds at molecular level. Earlier in United States, medicinal chemistry was first initiated as the division of pharmaceutical chemistry (1909- 1920) and later got modified to the division of medicinal products (1920-1948). Afterwards, this applicative scientific arena got its name by the American Chemical Society as ‘the division of medicinal chemistry’.[1]

Medicinal chemistry has so far largely been applied for drug design and development. Synthesized drugs are carefully assessed for their characteristics. These include absorption, distribution inside the body, induced metabolic activities, excretion and possible toxic effects (if any), collectively referred to as ADMET. The ADMET assessment of therapeutic drugs profoundly influences the decision of the experts in the pharmacy committee and the school of pharmacy education for the approval of drug for use. Based on the assessment, the pharmacists provide recommendations and counseling to the patients and other health care professionals with respect to the safe and optimum dose of the usage of such drugs or medicines. Medicinal chemistry thus, helps to provide a sound and thorough

knowledge about the basics of chemical drugs and their optimum skills for treatment of several diseases. At the same time, it helps the pharmacists become competent in analyzing their dugs for future improvement. Several tools and techniques are used for drug discovery and designing in medicinal chemistry. Some of these are:[2]

(1) Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR)

(2) Molecular modelling (3) Drug target binding forces (4) Combinatorial library design (5) Bioinformatics (6) Structure based drug design (7) Virtual screening and docking (8) X-ray crystallography, Nuclear

Magnetic Resonance and Mass spectroscopy

(9) Peptidomimetics (10) Analog design, rational drug design (11) Chirality (12) Study of structural basis for toxicity Medicinal chemistry has helped in the area of academic pharmacy. Education staff constantly tries to develop creative ways of reinforcing medicinal chemistry for benefit of future generation. An interesting theory introduced by Alsharif and colleagues viz., structurally based therapeutic evaluation (SBTE), makes use of the concepts of drug structures in making therapeutic decisions and emphasizes the significance of medicinal chemistry to the pharmacist. All 7 criteria of therapeutic decision making (drug history/drug response, patient compliance, current medical history, past medical

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« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

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