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International Journal of

Biomedical Engineering

Jul–DEC 2016

IJBE

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International Journal of Biomedical Engineering is Bone plates, bone cements, cell biomaterial are the

focused area of the journal. Journal is a peer-reviewed journal that accepts both research and review papers.

Experimental and theoretical papers are accepted in this journal.

Focus and Scope of the Journal Bone plates

Bone cement

Artificial ligaments and tendons

Dental implants for tooth fixation

Blood vessel prostheses

Heart valves

Skin repair devices

Surface modification of biomaterials with proteins

Synthetic biodegradable polymer

Drug and gene vector design

Cell biomaterial

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Dr. Bhanu Kiran Goriparthi GITAM University Visakhapatnam Andhra

Pradesh India,

Dr. Pierson Rathinaraj Institute of Bio-Medical Technologies

Auckland University of Technology Auckland, New Zealand.1142, New Zealand

Prof. Nil Ratan Bandyopadhyay School of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Engineering Science and

Technology, Shibpur, India

Bimal Prasad Singh CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials

Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

Dr. Omprakash Yemul SRTM University Nanded, India

Dr. S. KrishnakumarAssociate Professor, Department of Biomedical

Engineering, Faculty of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama University, Chennai,

India

Dr. Tapati Jana Sarojini Naidu College for Women, Dumdum,

Kolkata, (West Bengal) India

Dr. PV. Mohanan Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura,

Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.

Dr. Rajesh Das Department of Applied Sciences, Haldia

Institute of Technology, Haldia, (West Bengal) India

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University, Kolhapur, Maharastra, India

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India

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University, India

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India

From the Editor's Desk

Dear Readers,

We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly

journal, International Journal of Biomedical Engineering. This journal is part of the

Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Biomedical Engineering issues,

from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies.

This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Biomedical Engineering as

an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and

technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Biomedical Engineering community,

addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International journals of

Biomedical Engineering in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of

mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range

of topics in Biomedical Engineering in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific

community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journals of

Biomedical Engineering focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Bone plates, Bone cement,

Dental implants for tooth fixation, Heart valves, Skin repair devices, Synthetic biodegradable polymer and

Drug and gene vector design.

The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Biomedical

Engineering and solutions in the area.

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Engineering. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an

innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new

developments in the field of Biomedical Engineering.

This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we

would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the

editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project.

It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Biomedical Engineering

readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of it.

Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director

1. An Algorithm for ST Segment Detection Using Correlation Technique Sandhya Singh, Shahanaz Ayub, Gaurav Gupta 1

2. Design and Development of a Passive Knee Ankle Foot Orthosis P. Talukdar, S. Bag, S. Bhattacharjee 7

3. The Role of Foot Ankle Joint Mobility and Standing Plantar Pressure Distribution Variation to Diabetic Foot UlcerationR. Periyasamy, D. Joshi, S. Anand 13

4. Some Experimental Studies on Properties of Acrylic Dielectric Elastomers as Actuator for Artificial Skeletal Muscle Application Yogesh Chandra, Jitendra Mehta, RaviPrakash Tewari 23

5. A Comparative Short-Term Study for Efficiency in Similar Dance Routines of Different Dance Forms for Different Groups Jessee Moirangthem, Aparna Priya, Dinesh Bhatia 29

Contents

IJBE (2016) 1-6 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Biomedical Engineering Vol. 2: Issue 2

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An Algorithm for ST Segment Detection Using Correlation

Technique

Sandhya Singh, Shahanaz Ayub, Gaurav Gupta* Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology, Jhansi, UP, India

ABSTRACT A novel algorithm for ST segment analysis is developed using the correlation technique. In

electrocardiogram, the ST segment is important, it has close relationship with myocardial

ischemia and myocardial infraction. In this paper ST detection is divided into two parts,

firstly R-R peak detection to check the heart rate variation from normal heart rate 60-

100BPM next part is detection of seven ST segments from ECG strip. Analysis has done on

consecutive seven ST segments. In the analysis of ST segment heart rhythm is regular and

correlation coefficient of ST segments are comparatively low with respect to respect to

normal ST segment. The algorithm is implemented in MATLAB and is able to successfully

detect ST segment.

Keywords: arrhythmia, correlation, ECG, MATLAB, R wave, ST segment

INTRODUCTION ST segment defined as part of ECG

located between point J and J+X ms In

ECG (electrocardiogram) monitoring, ST

segment the change of electric potential in

the period which from the end of

ventricular depolarization to the origin of

repolarization. In normal conditions, ST

segment shows horizontal level, but some

heart disease condition ST segment will be

affected and drifted in different direction

and shown in Figure 1. ST segment

variation in large amount shows different

kind of heart disease attack. The

importance of the ST segment has been

highlighted by the Suzuki et al. ST

segment is the indicator of myocardial

oxygen supply/demand ratio. ST segment

is used for detection of myocardial

infraction, the ST segment may become

irregular.ST segment analysis is important

for diagnose sudden cardiac attack or heart

failure. The analysis of ST segment

requires the detection of isoelectric level,

onset and offset of QRS and T wave. The

first step of ST type classification is

calculate ST offset level, it include J+X,

R+X, regional search, and T wave

methods. The J+X method is firstly

determine the end point of QRS, named J

point, and then select the point which after

several milliseconds after J point as J+X

point, using the value of this point as the

offset level, R+X method is the same with

the above method, just use the R point

replace J point because R point is easily

determined than J point.[1]

Second method

is T wave method, the T wave method is

using the onset point the T wave as the

offset level of ST segment.

The shape recognition of ST segment is

very important for heart disease especially

in sudden cardiac attack and for

recognizing various heart disease, this

feature not can help to analysis the reason

of ST change, but help people to determine

the heart disease. In this field many people



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Design and Development of a Passive Knee Ankle Foot Orthosis

P. Talukdar1*

, S. Bag1, S. Bhattacharjee

2

1JIS College of Engineering, Kalyani, West Bengal, India

2Royal School of Engineering and Technology, Guwahati, India

ABSTRACT Persons suffering with Poliomyelitis, Muscle Dystrophy, Multiple Sclerosis, spinal cord

injury or Quadriceps Muscle injury leads to mobility impairment which locks the knee and

the ankle from full extension during both the stance and swing phases of Gait cycle. Locking

the knee results in abnormal gait pattern characterized by hip hiking and leg circumduction

during swing as a result of which they suffer from pain, depression and ultimately they feel

humiliated. So, the persons with such weaknesses and impairments are often prescribed with

a knee-ankle-foot-orthosis. In this study an orthotic devices are designed to assist in

improving the muscular or skeletal structure of the legs, ankles, knees and feet. In this study

the important design factors such as size, weight and noise etc. were considered to ensure

wide consumer acceptance. The newly developed orthotic devices are light weight, cost

effective and fulfilled all the design criterion of controlling the motion, correction of

deformity and foot drop, compensation of weakness, making it as comfortable to wear. The

clinical trial shows its effectiveness.

Keywords: assistive device, knee-ankle-foot-orthosis, muscle dystrophy, pathological gait,

rehabilitation

INTRODUCTION Walking is a fundamental part of one’s

daily life and a key component in overall

quality of life. The efficiency and

effectiveness of gait depends on joint

mobility and muscle activity, where both

are selective in terms of timing and

intensity.[1]

The forces and motions

generated during gait are attributed to

three main functional tasks: weight

acceptance, single limb support and limb

advancement.[2]

Weight acceptance and

single limb support occur during swing

when foot is off the ground. The ability of

walk can be impaired by injuries as well as

numerous neurological and muscular

pathologies.[3,4]

In 2015 census, it was published that

India’s population is 1.28 billion out of

which 23.73% lives in urban areas and

76.27% lives in rural areas. In their 58th

round survey over disabled person, the

National Sample Survey Organization

found that the percentage of locomotive

disability is much higher compare to other

disabled condition such as mental

disability, visual disability, hearing

disability, speech disability etc.[5]

In our

country, a large number of population

suffer from lower limb deformities with

impairments like stroke, polio, multiple

sclerosis, spinal cord injuries and cerebral

palsy etc. Such impairments are very often

treated with “Lower limb orthosis” as a

means of improving functionality during

gait.[6,7]

These are the devices which

externally assist a person to support and

improve the muscular or skeletal structure

of the legs, ankles, knees and feet. The



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The Role of Foot Ankle Joint Mobility and Standing Plantar

Pressure Distribution Variation to Diabetic Foot Ulceration

R. Periyasamy1*

, D. Joshi2, S. Anand

2

1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India

2Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India

ABSTRACT

Background: Foot ulceration is a common cause for hospitalization among type 2 diabetes

subjects in India. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of foot ankle joint

mobility and standing plantar pressure distribution variation in causing foot ulceration and

its association with duration of diabetes. Methods: The thirty nine subjects with age ranged

from 40 to 75 years were participated in this study and classified into three groups: 13

subjects with diabetic neuropathy (DN), 13 subjects without diabetic neuropathy (DWN) and

13 subjects with healthy feet. Neuropathy status was assessed using 10gm Semens Weinstein

monofilament. Joint mobility parameters such as ankle dorsiflexion/plantar flexion and

Metatarsophalangeal–I dorsiflexion/ plantar flexion are measured by goniometer. Plantar

pressure distributions parameter-Power ratio (PR) was measured during barefoot standing

using portable Pedopowergraph system. Results: Our result shows that metatarsophalangeal-

I dorsiflexion (MTH-I DF)/plantar flexion (MTH-I PF) of both feet of type 2 diabetes subjects

had significant correlation (p<0.0001) over duration of diabetes. Mean range of ankle

dorsiflexion (ANKDF) and MTH-I DF was significantly (p<0.05) reduced in DN group than

DWN group. Also there was significant (p<0.05; p<0.01) change in PR value between DN

and CG groups under the fore foot and hind foot. The degree of joint mobility was more

restricted in subjects with longer duration of diabetes. Plantar pressure distribution

parameter-PR was higher in subjects with longer duration of diabetes. Conclusions: We

conclude that increased forefoot PR value and reduced ankle joint mobility have clinical

significance in diabetic neuropathic subjects and may be responsible for the occurrence of

foot sole ulcers but additional prospective studies are needed. In future we will investigate

the plantar pressure distribution parameter-PR and joint mobility variation in diabetes with

obese and deformity subject.

Keywords: duration of diabetes, foot and ankle joint mobility, goniometry, plantar pressure

distribution parameter-PR, type 2 diabetes, ulceration

INTRODUCTION

Plantar ulceration is a significant

complication of diabetes mellitus and often

precedes lower extremity amputation

(Apelqvist J 1993, Boyko EJ 1996,

Larsson J 1998).[1–3]

The most frequent

underlying etiologies for ulceration are

neuropathy, trauma, deformity, high

plantar pressures and peripheral arterial

disease (Armstrong et al 1998).[4]

Diabetic

neuropathy is one of the most important

risk factor for plantar ulceration because it

was associated with limited joint mobility

(LJM) and increased peak plantar

pressure(Smith KE et al 2000, Singh N et

al 2005).[5,6]

However altered plantar

IJBE (2016) 23–28 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 23


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Some Experimental Studies on Properties of Acrylic Dielectric

Elastomers as Actuator for Artificial Skeletal Muscle Application

Yogesh Chandra, Jitendra Mehta, RaviPrakash Tewari*

Department of Applied Mechanics, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, UP,

India

ABSTRACT

In this paper, experimental studies have been performed to get the properties of acrylic

dielectric elastomer for design and development of artificial skeletal muscles. The various

tests i.e. uniaxial tensile test, compression test, frequency and stretch dependent permittivity

test and oscillatory shear test of a commercially available acrylic dielectric elastomer (VHB

4910, 3M, USA) film have been performed and methods for the preparation of samples,

experimental procedures, use of various machines with different setups are discussed. The

uniaxial tensile (different stretch rates) test/compression test were performed on the UTM,

whereas permittivity of this material was determined from measured capacitance using LCR

meter. Variations of permittivity with different pre-strain values and with different applied

voltage frequencies are also studied. Oscillatory shear test was performed on the Rheometer

with cylindrical specimen. Finally results of all tests are discussed and compared with

observations of various researchers.

Keywords: actuators, compression test, dielectric elastomers, permittivity

INTRODUCTION

This paper reports the experimental studies

on the properties of acrylic dielectric

elastomers, i.e. a type of electroactive

polymers have been recognized as future

materials for actuator technology due to

their tuneable properties such as high

dielectric constant, low elastic modulus,

large actuation strain, high specific energy

density, good fatigue resistance and high

energy absorption capacity.[1–4]

Several

applications have been envisaged for

dielectric elastomer actuators alternative to

conventional actuators for numerous

applications including robotics,

prosthetics, biomedical, actuators such as

mobile mini robots, micro-pumps,

prosthetic devices and flat panel

loudspeakers. These actuators transform

electrical energy into mechanical work.

Researchers have been designed and

fabricated dielectric actuators of different

shapes successfully.

A dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA)

consists of an elastomeric film coated on

both sides with compliant electrodes.

When electric field is applied, the

attractive force between dissimilar charges

on opposite electrodes generates

compressive stress in the thickness

direction.[4]

Recent investigations on the

relative permittivity show that its value

varies with pre-straining, temperature,

frequency and applied compliance

electrodes. In this paper, the permittivity

variation of VHB 4910 for large range of

frequency and high uniaxial stretch value

has been shown. A typical tensile test

result of such elastomer is a stress-strain



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A Comparative Short-Term Study for Efficiency in Similar Dance

Routines of Different Dance Forms for Different Groups

Jessee Moirangthem1, Aparna Priya

2, Dinesh Bhatia

1*

1Department of Biomedical Engineering, NEHU, Shillong, India

2Department of Biomedical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India

ABSTRACT

Dance is an art which requires the active involvement of an individual’s physical and mental

well-being. In the present world, many people are showing keen interest in dance and trying

to learn on their own or through online videos. However, they lack the knowledge of proper

body movements and the biomechanics rules the body should follow in order to execute the

required movement. Such continued practice over a long period of time often awards them

with injuries which may be prominent or long lasting. For this study, two similar dance

routines of two different dance forms were considered, the Araimandi of Bharathanatyam

and Demi-Plie of Ballet. The posture of trained dancers was considered in these dance

routines was studied and incorporated on non-dancers. Also, another group of non-dancers

were instructed to imitate the posture.

Keywords: Araimandi, biomechanics, dance, Demi-Plie, injuries

INTRODUCTION

Biomechanics is the scientific discipline

that studies the mechanical principles of

human movement and provides

information on muscular function and its

characteristics. Dance inquiry involving

the principles and techniques of

biomechanics dates back to the early

1960s with continuous reforms in its

studies.[1–6]

In dance, the body is the

instrument, and as any other instrument, it

has to be well studied and controlled.

During dancing, the body of the dancer is

considered to be in balance when his

evolution is determined by the state of

balance which could be static or

dynamic.[7,8]

Biomechanics of dance,

defined as the science examining internal

and external forces acting on a dancer,

points out mechanical and physiological

effects produced by these. The qualitative

analysis of dance techniques (balances,

jumps, turns and pas de deux), in order to

give, at the end, scientific dignity to a

teaching method based on biomechanical

principles.[9–11]

Dance injuries are seldom caused by one

single trauma or physical factor; rather

they are usually the result of repeated

overload and micro-trauma superimposed

on multiple biomechanical factors. A

sound biomechanical evaluation is

essential in providing complete treatment

for the dancer.[1,5]

Foot and ankle injuries

are among the most common to affect the

dancing population. Being able to not only

identify these injuries but also to

understand their mechanics helps with

treatment. The most common of the foot

and ankle injuries were the lateral ankle

sprain followed by tendinopathies of the

lower extremity musculature and other

injuries such as posterior ankle

plymer

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Jul–DEC 2016

IJBE

international journal of biomedical engineering (vol 2 issue-2)

Education