international journal of computational biology and bioinformatics vol 2 issue 2
TRANSCRIPT
International Journal of
Computational Biology
& BioinformaticsIJCBB
Jul–Dec 2016
Mechanical Engineering
Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering
Architecture
Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E,Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India
E-mail: [email protected]
¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications
¬ International Journal of Production Engineering¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering
and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and
Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and
Automation
« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging
Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog
Signals
« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning
« International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure Planning
« International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning Development
« International Journal of Town Planning and Management
Applied Mechanics
5 more...
1 more...
2 more...2 more...
5 more...
Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms
Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology
« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences
Physics
« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization
« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial
Pollution
Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and
Planning
Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication
Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and
Circuits
Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical
Engineering
Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular
Engineering
« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour
« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing
« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis
« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics
« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements
5 more...4 more...
3 more...
Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and
Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and
Applications3 more...
Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing« International Journal of Neurological Nursing« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing« International Journal of Oncological Nursing
5 more... 4 more...
Subm
it
Your
Article 2
017
www.journalspub.com
International Journals Publisher
JournalsPub is a multi-disciplinary international journal boosting innovative & eminence research work
by Division of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. Launched in 2014 under the support and guidance by our
Honorable Editorial Board Members from renowned institutes.
Objectives of JournalsPub
JournalsPub is international scholarly journal that publishes peer reviewed journal in the frontier areas of
Applied Sciences, Medical and Engineering.
JournalsPub publishes Original Research Papers, Review Papers, Popular Articles, Short
Communications & Case Study.
Publishing special issues on Proceedings of Conferences, Seminars and Symposia.
JournalsPub Publishes issues twice a year (bi-annually) in English-language which is available online
(open access) and in printed version with a goal to promote an extensive academic awareness.
JournalsPub desires to set a good benchmark in the publishing industry by launching more than 100+
new International Journals to help the scientific community to enhance communication within the
research communities and maintain a balance between the existing and emerging interdisciplinary
technologies.
JournalsPub aims to provide quality research articles for Academic Researchers, Industrial
Professionals, Engineers, Scientists, Professors, etc. working in the areas of Applied Sciences, Medical
and Engineering to contribute and communicate innovative work.
Salient Features
An umbrella of 100+ journals that covers Applied Sciences, Medial and Engineering Arena.
The first and one of the rapidly emerging publication website in Country as well as overseas for its
excellence and exposure.
Universal transmission and reflectivity.
A Rigorous, Fast and Constructive Peer Review Process
Speedy Publication of Manuscripts
Eminent Editorial Board Members from renowned organizations.
Free Registration, Online Submission, Processing, Publication & Online Access of Manuscripts.
The journal publishes novel research articles with emphasis on theoretical and experimental work.
International Journal of
Computational Biology and
Bioinformatics
JournalsPub (Division of Dhruv Infosystems Private Ltd.) having its Marketing office located at Office No. 4, First Floor,
CSC pocket E Market, Mayur Vihar Phase II, New Delhi-110091, India is the Publisher of Journals. Statements and
opinions expressed in the Journal reflect the views of the Author(s) and are not the opinion of JournalsPub unless so stated.
Subscription Information and Order
Cost of Journal
National Subscription
Rs. 3000/- per Journal (includes 2 print issues), Single Issue copy purchase Rs.1800/copy
International Subscription
Online Only- $99, Print Only-$149 (includes 2 print issues)
Online + Print-$199 (includes 2 print issues + online access of published back volumes )
To purchase print compilation of back issues please send your query at [email protected]
Subscription must be prepaid. Rates outside the India include speed delivery charges. Prices subject to change without
notice.
Mode of Payment: At par cheque, Demand draft, and RTGS (payment to be made in favor of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. ltd.,
payable at Delhi/New Delhi.
Online Access Policy
A). For Authors:
In order to provide maximum citation and wide publicity to the authors work, JournalsPub also have Open Access Policy;
Authors who would like to get their work open access can opt for Optional Open Access publication at nominal cost as
follows:
India, SARC and African Countries: INR 1500 including single hard copy of Author's Journal.
Other Countries: USD 200 including single hard copy of Author's Journal.
B.) For Subscribers:
Online access will be activated within 72 hours of receipt of the payment (working days), subject to receipt of correct
information on user details/Static IP address of the subscriber.
The access will be blocked:
If the user requests for the same and furnishes valid reasons for blocking due to technical issue. Misuse of the access rights
as per the access policy.
Advertising and Commercial Reprint Inquiries: JournalsPub with wide circulation and visibility offer an excellent media
for showcasing/promotion of your products/services and the events-namely, Conferences, Symposia/Seminars etc. These
journals have very high potential to deliver the message across the targeted audience regularly with each published issue.
The advertisements on bulk subscriptions, gift subscriptions or reprint purchases for distribution etc. are also very
welcome.
Lost Issue Claims: Please note the following when applying for lost or missing issues:
Claims for print copies lost will be honored only after 45 days of the dispatch date and before publication of the next issue
as per the frequency.
Tracking id for the speed post will be provided to all our subscribers and the claims for the missing Journals will be
entertained only with the proofs which will be verified at both the ends.
Claims filed due to insufficient (or no notice) of change of address will not be honored.
Change of Address of Dispatch should be intimated to JournalsPub at least 2 months prior to the dispatch schedule as per
the frequency by mentioning subscriber ID and the subscription ID.
Refund requests will not be entertained.
Legal Disputes
All the legal disputes are subjected to Delhi Jurisdiction only.
If you have any questions, please contact the Publication Management Team:
[email protected]; Tel: +91 0120-4347644.
International Journal of Computational
Biology and Bioinformatics
International Journal of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics is a concerning recent advancement and
emerging technology in computational biology and bioinformatics. Journal also covers a wide range of
topics including synthetic biology and structural genomics. Journal publishes both experimental and
theoretical papers.
Focus and Scope of the Journal Computer simulation
Mathematical biology
Molecular modeling
Network biology
Structural genomics
Synthetic biology
Systems biology
Bioinformatics
Computational genomics and proteomics
Biomedical image processing, modelling and simulation
Sequence assembly, search, and alignment
Computational biomedical data engineering
International Journal of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics is published twice a year (bi-annual) in
India by JournalsPub - An International Journals is an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. The outlooks
stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or
value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information
before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written
permission to the publisher.
To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English
reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub
PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM
INTERNAL MEMBERS
Associate Manager
ChairmanMr. Puneet Mehrotra
Managing Director,JournalsPub,
New Delhi
Hidam Renubala
Ankita Singh
Deepika Bhadauria
Rekha Rani
Commissioning Editors
Dr. Chhavi Goel
Manisha Dhoble
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. P Mary AnupamaDepartment of Biotechnology, ANITS,
Sangivalasa, Visakhapatnam (A.P.), India
Dr. Ir. Sreenivas Reddy BathulaDepartment of Biotechnology, Bapuji Institute of Engineering & Technology, Karnataka, India
Dr. Xiaojun ChenInstitute of Biomedical Manufacturing and Life
Quality Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), China
Dr. NayiraCollege of Medicine,
Imam University, Saudi Arabia
Dr Rahul RaghavanDepartment of Biotechnology, University of
Calicut, Kerala, India
Dr. Abid QureshiInstitute of Microbial Technology,
Bioinformatics Center, Chandigarh, India
Dr. Divya VermaDepartment of Botany Kalindi College, University of Delhi New Delhi, India.
Dr. Aumreetam DinabandhuICAR - NRC on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa
Campus, New Delhi, India
Dr. Sanjay Mahendrakumar Dave Department of Biotechnology,
Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Gujarat, India
Ashish RunthalaDepartment of Biological Sciences, Birla
Institute of Technology & Science Rajasthan, India
From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics. This journal
is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Computational
Biology and Bioinformatics issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent
studies and the validation of emerging technologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Computational Biology and
Bioinformatics as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of
scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of Computational Biology and
Bioinformatics, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area.
The core vision of International Journal of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics in JournalsPub is to
propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and
professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Computational Biology and
Bioinformatics in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to publish their
papers at excellently, well-timed & successfully. International Journal of Computational Biology and
Bioinformatics focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Computer simulation,
Mathematical biology, Molecular modeling, Network biology, Structural genomics, Synthetic biology,
Systems biology, Bioinformatics, Computational genomics and proteomics, Biomedical image processing,
Modelling and simulation, Sequence assembly, search, and alignment, Computational biomedical data
engineering etc.
The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of
Computational Biology and Bioinformatics and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have
contributed to the creation and the success of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics. We are very
thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We
are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of
Computational Biology and Bioinformatics.
This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we
would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the
editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Computational Biology and
Bioinformatics readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Computational Biology
and Bioinformatics.
Puneet Mehrotra
Managing Director
1. Postural State Assessment during Quiet and Sensory – Conflicted Stance through EEG Neha Hooda, Neelesh Kumar 1
2. In Silico Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis in Human Glutamate Dehydrogenase Usra Latief, Vivek Dhar Dwivedi 8
3. Effect of Gender and Performance on EMG Activity of Selected Knee Extensor Muscles during Isometric Contractions of Fully Extended Knee in AthletesManvinder Kaur, Sanjeev Nara, Sateesh Reddy Avutu, Dinesh Bhatia, Dhananjoy Shaw 16
4. Analysis of Ground Reaction Force and Temporal Parameters during Human Gait for Design of Sensor MechanismRatan Das, Devendra Mohan, Pallabi Baruah, Neelesh Kumar 22
5. A Review on Principles of Bioinformatics and Its Methods Based on Sequence TechniquesSona Singh 27
Contents
IJCBB (2016) 1-7 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Postural State Assessment during Quiet and Sensory – Conflicted Stance through EEG
Neha Hooda*, Neelesh Kumar
Biomedical Instrumentation Division, CSIR-CSIO, Chandigarh, India
ABSTRACT The body balance is not totally sub-cortically controlled. It results from a qualitative and congruent sensory input from three major sources, namely visual, proprioceptive and vestibular information. The nervous system undergoes through complex sensory and cognitive integration and continuous reassessment of the same in order to maintain balance. Present study investigated the cortical map changes in four different states of upright standing by means of calculating the EEG power spectral density distribution and its relation with postural sway. The prevailing role of the visual and proprioceptive input has been accentuated and the supra-spinal regulation of upright stance and balance were demonstrated by contemporary techniques. The results suggested that the prefrontal and parietal cortical areas play key role in solving the sensory conflicts. Keywords: EEG, postural sway, power spectral density, proprioceptive
INTRODUCTION Brain is the central processor for complete working and bodily movements. Walking and posture stability is a complex sensory-motor skill in that context.[1] The central nervous system plays an integral role in integrating the afferent information from the visual, somatosensory and vestibular systems and delivering the efferent signals.[2] Studies have ruled out the past assumption that postural stability is only under the control of subcortical structures i.e. cerebrum, brainstem and spinal cord.[3] Recent studies have presented the significant involvement of prefrontal cortex in postural regulation.[4] Since evolution transformed humans from being four legged species to two legged ones, the task of maintaining upright stance has become more cognitively demanding as well. Quiet standing involves the rhythmic change of centre of pressure due to postural sway. Also as the
environmental surroundings change incessantly in an unpredicted order, successful maintenance of stable posture requires periodic changes. For balance control during limb movement and postural sway, proprioceptive signal feedback from foot-sole is used by central nervous system.[5] Most effective measurements involve the characterization of centre of foot pressure (COFP) and body centre of mass (BCM) during standing or walking while studying the symmetry in force distribution.It has been observed that visual and sensory feedback reflects sensitive changes in parietal and premotor regions of the brain, respectively.[6] Due to this cortical contribution, postural stability measures have been suggested as a rehabilitation assessment tool for lower limb,[7–9] as well as neural disabilities.[8] Upright stance management is however a complex task
IJCBB (2016) 8-15 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 8
International Journal of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
In Silico Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis in Human Glutamate Dehydrogenase
Usra Latief1, Vivek Dhar Dwivedi2*
1Department of Zoology, Uttaranchal College of Science and Technology, Dehradun, India 2Faculty of Science and Environment, Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakoot,
Satna, Madhya Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT
In the present study, various in silico analysis tools were used to analyze the structural and functional effect of non-synonymous or amino acid-changing single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) in the human glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) protein associated with HI/HA syndrome. Total 16 nsSNPs data were collected from various published literatures and analyzed to identify high-risk nsSNPs by evolutionary conservation analysis using ConSurf server. I-Mutant tool was used to examine whether these high-risk nsSNPs alter the structural stability of GDH protein. I-Mutant result revealed that each high-risk nsSNPs except N410 and S445 decreases the stability of GDH protein. In addition, ConSurf identified a number of other conserved residues and short patterns that may be structurally and functionally relevant. A 37 amino acid long conserved motif from 370 to 406 was also identified having 15 highly conserved and buried residues and 7 highly conserved and exposed residues. This study is very extensive in silico analysis of HI/HA syndrome associated mutations in the human GDH protein and can be a valuable for the better understanding of the effect of nsSNPs on structural stability of the human GDH. Keywords: GDH, HI/HA syndrome and mutation, nsSNP INTRODUCTION The hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia (HI/HA) syndrome has been recognized as the most prevalent form of inborn hyperinsulinism (HI) in which affected infants have both fasting and protein sensitive hypoglycemia together with continuously increased plasma ammonia levels.[1,2] A lasting increment in insulin secretion causes hyperinsulinism.[3–5] ATP/ADP ratio in B cells is responsible for the secretion of insulin. Glucose and leucine regulate insulin secretion by regulating glutaminolysis by glucose and by the direct action of glucose and leucine on glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH).[6,7] GDH is an enzyme found in the mitochondria of the cell.[8–12] GDH oxidizes glutamate to α-ketoglutarate using
a cofactor, NAD and/or NADP. It has been reported that the HI/HA syndrome is the cause of diffuse and moderate hyperinsulinism.[13–16] In this syndrome, GDH activity is increased due to its decreased sensitivity to allosteric inhibition by guanosine triphosphate (GTP). The regulatory mutations in the GDH enzyme, encoded by GLUD1 gene, were found to be responsible for the HI/HA syndrome.[17] The cytogenetic location of GLUD1 gene was mapped to 10q23.3. It is about 45 kb long and contains 13 exons coding for a 505-amino acid mature enzyme.[18,19] The human
IJCBB (2016) 16-21 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 16
International Journal of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Effect of Gender and Performance on EMG Activity of Selected Knee Extensor Muscles during Isometric Contractions of Fully
Extended Knee in Athletes
Manvinder Kaur1, Sanjeev Nara1, Sateesh Reddy Avutu2, Dinesh Bhatia2*, Dhananjoy Shaw3 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology,
Murthal, Haryana, India 2Biomedical Engineering Department, North Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, Meghalaya, India
3Indira Gandhi Institute of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
ABSTRACT
Muscular fatigue is described as a condition, wherein the ability of muscles to contract and produce force is reduced under sustained contraction. The quantification of muscular fatigue by surface electromyography (EMG) provides a non-invasive method for easily accessing and measuring the physiological processes occurring during sustained muscular work. The isometric contraction consisted of performing knee extension with an angle between 180º and 170º with a load of 30 repetition maximum (RM) on the CYBEX exerciser. Vastus Medialis (VM) and Vastus Lateralis (VL) leg muscles were chosen for recording the EMG activity simultaneously. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between the gender as well as performance (high and low) in these athletes. EMG activity of males was found to be superior to females across the experimental protocol.
Keywords: electromyography, fatigue, gender, isometric, performance INTRODUCTION Muscular endurance is an inherent requirement of performing sport, especially high intensity sports such as (judo, weightlifting etc.). Also, endurance is related to the muscles acting about the knee joint rather than endurance of the knee joint. The muscular endurance of knee joint is considered to be one of the important factors in the competitive ability of an athlete.[1] In daily life, the knee joint is considered and established to be most prone to and suffering from different musculoskeletal injuries such as Anterior Cruciate ligament injuries, patella femoral joint injuries for both athletes and non-athletes as per the established literature.[1,2] Muscles of this joint should have high muscular endurance specifically of the athletic population for the maintenance of corporal stability and avoiding occurrence
of frequent injuries.[2] It is well documented in literature that muscle strength endurance represents one of the most important motor abilities in intense physical sporting activities.[3,4] Knee stabilization in any sporting task is important because knee serves as an important transmission between the ankle and hip joints.[5] Strengthening and balancing the muscles that surround the knee, helps in taking off the pressure around the knee joint and reduction in the amount of overall weight absorbed by the ligaments, meniscus and cartilage in the knee.[5,6] Isometric training exercises that involve the static contraction of the muscle are required for strengthening of the muscles and knee stability without the
IJCBB (2016) 22–26 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 22
International Journal of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Analysis of Ground Reaction Force and Temporal Parameters during Human Gait for Design of Sensor Mechanism
Ratan Das*, Devendra Mohan, Pallabi Baruah, Neelesh Kumar Central Scientific Instruments Organization (CSIR-CSIO), Chandigarh, India
ABSTRACT
Study and analysis of human ground reaction forces, spatial and temporal parameters forms an integral part of clinical gait analysis. Constrain stages keep on being the highest quality level for such estimations. This paper displays the investigations of various segments of ground response powers and stride stages utilizing active drive stages. Data for dynamic gait from different subjects were recorded and analyzed for measuring vertical ground reaction force during normal walk. A comparative analysis is also done for plotting variation of different spatio-temporal parameters during slow and normal speed. The objective of this study was to explore, understand and quantify the variation of gait parameters so that this information could be incorporated for effective design and development of portable gait analysis modules. Keywords: force plate, gait, ground reaction force, spatial parameter, temporal parameter INTRODUCTION Human gait is a complex biomechanical process involving muscle actions. Ground reaction force (GRF) is developed during gait as a result of the force applied to the ground when the foot is in contact with it. Since GRF is external force acting on the body during locomotion, it is of great interest to gait analysis and can be used for validating the state of disorder of patients’ movement[1, 2]. When a foot is in contact with the ground, for example, vertical as well as shear (horizontal) forces are produced. The three components of GRF vector during gait are vertical force (Fz), anterior/posterior force (Fx), and medial/lateral force (FLy). Figure 1 shows
the typical nature of GRF during stance phase. The stride cycle is characterized as the time interim between two progressive events of one of the monotonous occasions of strolling [3]. Although any event could be considered to define the gait cycle, it is more convenient (and widely practiced) to use the instant at which one foot contacts the ground (‘initial contact’ or ‘heel strike’) as start of a new gait cycle. In the event that it is chosen to begin with heel strike of the right foot then the cycle will proceed until the right foot contacts the ground once more.
IJCBB (2016) 27–34 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 27
International Journal of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
A Review on Principles of Bioinformatics and Its Methods Based on Sequence Techniques
Sona Singh*
Senior Project Officer, Indian Council of Food and Agriculture, New Delhi, India
ABSTRACT As it is evident, the genetic material is stored in DNA sequences and transcript in RNA and protein sequences, it makes sense to evaluate two or more biological sequences to look for resemblance and disparity that can be used to infer the relatedness of the sequences. These sequences are compared to generate information of their evolution with the help of latest technique of computational biology. Sequence alignment provides a way to arrange the sequences of genetic material to identify regions of similarity that may be an effect of functional, structural or evolutionary relationships between the sequences .This paper is focused on the perceptive of sequence based techniques and construction of algorithms that deal with problems of biological relevance that is widely known as computational biology or bioinformatics. It emphasize on utilizing the competence of computer to gain knowledge from biological data. The majority of issues in computational biology is linked to molecular and evolutionary biology and its focus is on analysis and comparison of the genetic material of organisms. One integral component in forming the outline of computational biology is DNA, RNA and protein. These elements are responsible for storing and utilizing the genetic material in an organism and can be described as strings over finite alphabets. Keywords: alignment, bioinformatics, sequence INTRODUCTION Computational biology sometimes also known as bioinformatics is basically use of computational and statistical analysis to decode the biological information from genome sequences and data related to it. It concentrates on comprehension of the human genome and in general terms, emphasizes on the principles of how DNA controls the biology of any species at the molecular level. It includes both DNA and RNA sequence as well as other post-genomic data like experimental data obtained with technologies that require the genome sequence, such as genomic DNA microarrays. The best way to use computational genomics is to combine it with bioinformatics to explore new possibilities in the field of medicine. It utilizes algorithms and machine learning
procedures to find inconspicuous biological cipher in expansive genomes and uncover the instruments of genome advancement. The expedition of computational biology started in the mid-1960s (1965–1979) with hardbound Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure [1–12]. In the United States, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/), a division of the National Library of Medicine (NLM), at the National Institute of Health (NIH), supports and distributes the GenBank nucleic acid sequence database,
International Journal of
Computational Biology
& BioinformaticsIJCBB
Jul–Dec 2016
Mechanical Engineering
Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering
Architecture
Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E,Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India
E-mail: [email protected]
¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications
¬ International Journal of Production Engineering¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering
and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and
Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and
Automation
« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging
Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog
Signals
« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning
« International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure Planning
« International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning Development
« International Journal of Town Planning and Management
Applied Mechanics
5 more...
1 more...
2 more...2 more...
5 more...
Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms
Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology
« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences
Physics
« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization
« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial
Pollution
Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and
Planning
Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication
Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and
Circuits
Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical
Engineering
Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular
Engineering
« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour
« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing
« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis
« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics
« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements
5 more...4 more...
3 more...
Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and
Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and
Applications3 more...
Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing« International Journal of Neurological Nursing« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing« International Journal of Oncological Nursing
5 more... 4 more...
Subm
it
Your
Article 2
017
www.journalspub.com