international journal of social science & linguistics...rural tourism in the development of...

International Journal ofSocial Science & Linguistics

Vol. 7, Issue 1-2

IJSSL

Jan-June.- 2019

ISSN No :2319-2755

A Peer Reviewed Referred Journal

IJSSL-JIF-3.630Impact Factor AssessmentYear 2017

Associated & Edited By Society for Social Action & Research (SSAR), Varanasi

Published & Printed By Karuna Publishing Cottage, Idar, Gujarat.

PatronProf. A.P. Pandey Vice- Chancellor, Central University, Manipur

Prof. S.S. Sarandevot Vice Chancellor JRN, Rajasthan Vidyapeeth(Deemed University,) Udaipur, Rajasthan, India

Prof. S.N. Chaturvedi Deen, Social Science Faculty, M.G. KashiVidyapeeth, Varanasi

Chief EditorProf. Karuna S. Trivedi Principal

Mahila Arts College, Idar, GujaratEditorDr. Tarun Kumar Dwivedi HOD Economics Dept.

Kooba P.G. College, AzamgarhCo- EditorDr. Veena Dwivedi Dept. of Social Work JRN Rajasthan

Vidyapeeth, (Deemed University), UdaipurDr. Rakeshwari Prasad Asst. Prof. ( Economics)

S.B.P.G. College, VaranasiManaging EditorDr. Pankaj Kumar Singh Associate Professor, Dept. of Geography

Udai Pratap College, VaranasiSri Rahul Trivedi Director, Karuna Publishing Cottege,

Idar, GujaratEditorial Board NationalProf. Prabhunath Dwivedi Ex. Professor, Sanskrit M.G..K.V.P., Varanasi

& Shanti Niketan, KolkataProf. Shradhanand Professor (Hindi) M.G..K.V.P, VaranasiProf. Pradeep Kumar Pandey Professor & Head (Economics) M.G.K.V.P.,

VaranasiProf. Anand Verdhan Sharma Pro.Vice Chancellor, M.G. International Hindi

University, Vardha, MaharastraDr. Vimlesh Kr. Singh Yadav Asst. Prof. Sanskrit, Bhavans College

Kaushambi, AllahabadDr. Anamika Singh R.S.K.D. P.G. College, Jaunpur


IJSSL

Vol. 7, Issue 1-2

Advisory Board InternationalDr. Teun Goudriaan, Vakgreeb oosterse Talenen culturen, NetherlandDr. Andre Padoux , State university of New york, Paris, FranceProf. Francesco Sferra, University degli di Napoli, Italy

Advisory BoardProf. R.B.S. Verma Principal, School of Social, Work, Udaipur,

Rajasthan (India)Dr. Devendra Pratap Singh Principal, Kooba P.G. College, AzamgarhDr. Anil Kumar Singh, HOD, Miletry Science, G.R.P.G. College, JaunpurDr. Ajay Kamble HOD.Geography Bhavans College, MumbaiDr. H.B. Gupta, Professor & HOD, Deptt. Of E.I.E.H.E., BhopalDr. Ashok Tiwari Principal, Maa Gayatri B.ED. Collage, Chhapri,

Dahod, GujaratGhanshyam Deka, Department of Geography Pachhunga

University College, MizoramDr. Himmat Singh C. Rajput, Dean, Faculty of Rural Studies,

H.H.G. University, PatanDr. Harshad S. Raval Assistant Professor, M.S.K. Law College, Bharuch

GujaratPriyadhan De R.A., Ambuja Cement Foundation

Dist - Murshidabad ,West Bengal

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CONTENTS (1)

Editorial Notes Page No.

Articles1. Rainfed Farming and Sustainable Agriculture 1-5

Dr. Sharad Kumar2. Technology Transforming the lives of Farmers 6-9

Dr.Rakeshwari Prasad3. Attacking Rural Poverty Through Technology 10-14

Dr. Manas Behera4. The Contribution of Communication of Rural Development 15-18

Dr. Shyam Sundar Mishra, Yadavendra Dubey5. Role of Information and Communication Technology in.... 19-21

Devendra Prasad Pandey6. Rural development Programme & Information Technology 22-26

Dr. Vandana Pandey, Dr. Prabha Shankar Pandey7. Technological Effect on The Development of Women.. 27-30

Prof. Savitaben Patel8. Information Technology and India’s Economic Development 31-37

Dr. Ashokbhai C. Tadavi9. Inportance and Impact of Information Technology... 38-41

Dr. Narender K. Patel10. Information Technology and Rural Development in India 42-46

Prof. Naginbhai D. Patel11. Taking Informatin Technology to The Heart of India 47-51

Prof. Ramanbhai K. Solanki12. The Role of Informatin and Communication ... 52-58

Prof. Jyotiben M. Chaudhary13. Smart Villages Through Informatin Technology... 59-62

Dr. Savitaben Ratubhai Chaudhari14. Broadband connectivity key to rural development 63-66

Dr. Keshavbhai Bhanabhai Chaudhari

15. Role of Information Technology in Development of Rural India 67-69Jyotsana Rawal

16. India Shining Needs Sustainable Rural Development 70-72Dr. Govind Bhai M. Chaudhari

17. Application of ICT in Rural Development.... 73-77Dr. Daxa Joshi

18. High Technology for Sustainable Development of Rural Poor 78-81Chandresh Kanhaya Lal Barot

19. Rural Development by Useing Technology in Agruculture 82-84Dr. Rohini Bhatt

20 Role of Rural Tourism in the development of rural India 85-91Dr. Rajendra Sharma

21 Role of National Rural Livelihood Mission 92-94Garima Maurya

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CONTENTS (2)

Editorial Notes Page No. Articles

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Editorial

With the Cooperation of educationist & Researcher, Issue of these general is in our hand. Weare trying to make more better we also keep. Hope with you that you will send your articleaccording to newly resources and on excellent research papers.

The basic purpose of the Indian Space Program is to develop space-based technology andapplication programs, which fulfill the country's development requirements. As a space-assistivehelper, he provides many important tools for the overall and rapid development of rural areas,especially the villages. India has been one of the leading countries in the world to create capabilityfrom end to end in both telecommunications and communication areas.

Applications with considerable capacity of space-technology are being developed. Largenumber of villages are being monitored in the area of wide variety, they are being evaluated andthey are being assisted by using geospatial testing technology so that they can be well developedby soil and water conservation.

According to the National Telecommunication Agency (NRSC) under the Integrated WatershedManagement Program, MNREGA, Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, Mapping of Assetsunder National Agriculture Development Scheme, Development of Peripheral Land, Space BasedInformation Assistance for Diverse Planning. Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) havedeveloped geospatial measures.

The objective of the Integrated Watershed Management program is to bring ecologicalsustainability in all watershed projects with traditional use of land and water resources. Theimplementation of this program can be ensured to build more water resources at the micro leveland the level of ground water can be increased by accumulating washed rain water.

After integrating high-resolution satellite data into innovative ways, the Vector Database andvarious activities from the States have been fully geo-tagged. At the highest level of government,this project was identified as an important remote sensing application project which providedoperational requirements. Challenging the use of high-resolution satellite data in the wake of changesin the area from the watershed initiatives or the reasons for climate change, such a change wasunique in itself. Especially due to other projects, and inclusion of land overlay and surface andunderground hydrological changes in the study, the result may be far-reaching.

In these issue total 33 papers are included. In which mainly, Rainfed Farming and SustainableAgriculture, Technology Transforming the lives of Farmers, Attacking Rural Poverty ThroughTechnology, The Contribution of Communication of Rural Development , Role of Informationand Communication Technology in...., Rural development Programme & Information Technology,Technological Effect on The Development of Women.., Information Technology and India’s EconomicDevelopment , Application of ICT in Rural Development....,High Technology for SustainableDevelopment of Rural Poor, Rural Development by Useing Technology in Agruculture, Role ofRural Tourism in the development of rural India, Role of National Rural Livelihood Mission, Gaon keVikas Me upgarah Taknik ka yogdan, Garamin Vikas aur Saksharta, Bharatpur jile, me shuddh boyegate kshetra ka adhyayan. etc.

Article are kepting different throught. These included instent cases of indian lailty. We hopethat will find review of these issue.

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1

Rainfed Farming and Sustainable Agriculture

*Dr. Sharad Kumar

Rainfed agriculture, or ‘dryland farming’, sustains 67% of the arable landarea in India. They are called ‘Grey’ because they are dry most of the yearand lack a sufficient amout of fundamental input that is so essential foragriculture. Unreliable rainfall distribution is the leading factor inhibitingthe development of rainfed agriculture. This erratic rainfall is also the primarycause of droughts and floods in India. In addition, soils in these regions aredegraded and have poor fertility, and farmers are resource- poor with small,scattered, marginal holdings. Efficient rain water management and integratednutrient supply systems would be needed in rainfed areas.According to Mr. Jawaharlal Nehru. “Everything else can wait, but notagriculture”. This is even true today. On the beginning of new millennium,the challenge before of the wind of globalization, keeping in view ofenvironmental conservation and conservation of natural resources.To make India food secure nation, it is necessary either to bring more areaunder cultivation or increase productivity of existing agriculture. Land isshrinking day by day because of increasing pressure of urbanisation andindustrialisation. Therefore the need is to increase the productivity of existingagriculture and minimise the use of water. Optimum fertilisers with anotherinput play an important role in maximissing the agricultural production.Towards the end of sixties, the Government adopted the agricultural strategy“Green Revolution”, i.e. the period from 1967 to 1978. Green Revolution inIndia ushered the use of hybrid seeds that were particularly responsive tochemical fertilizers. The Green Revolution I of 1967-68 was the result ofintroduction of new high yielding varieties of Mexican wheat and dwarf ricevarieties. The Green Revolution II of 1983-84, stressed on the expansion ininput supplies to the farmers and water management. Mexico improvedvarieties of wheat dramatically increased yields because they were moreresponsive to controlled irrigation and chemical fertilizer. The benefits ofGreen Revolution remained largely confined to the Notth Northwest partsof country.

*Associate professor and Head, P.G. Department of Economics and ResearchHindu P.G. College, Zamania, Distt.-Ghazipur (U.P.), India,

ISSN No. - 2319-2755IJSSL : JIF- 3.630

IJSSL, Vol.-7, Issue-1-22

Introduction:-

The eighties saw the effect of GreenRevolution waning, with problem of stagnation,decline of yields on irrigated land, waterlogging,increased soil salinity rapid rate of landdegradation, contamination and over-exploitation of groundwater resources resultingin drought. Extensive use of chemical inputs haspolluted surface water and groundwater, causingenvironmental and health hazards. Use ofpesticides generates new breed of resistant pests.Green Revolution basically focused onproduction but widened the regionalimbbalances. Even Seed Companies have givena wrong impression around the world thathybrids are more productive. Increasedproductivity means more for thefarmers. Itseemed like a miracle. But the miracle was shortlived. It didn’t take too long for the farmers todiscover that in order to reap the promisedharvests, large amount of chemical fertilizer wererequired. Most of the bybrids were ill suited totheir new growing environments which resultedin unhealthy, less nutrient plants that had pestand disease problems. These called forexpensive chemical pesticides. But this was notthe concern of the chemical companies whowere making big profits. The new hybrids wereprogressively replacing all the traditional varieties.The older varieties were not saved in case theymight be needed in the future-they were eaten.The chemical companies (who own most of thebig seed companies) were gaining market controlof the seed supply. Because most of the farmerswere now growing hybrid varieties, they couldnot have their own seed for replanting the next.The come back to the seed company each year

for a new supply. The seed companies dubbedthis “The green Revolution” The only green thingabout it was the greenbacks that went in to theirpockets. So need is to go for non-hybrid naturalone, which would be more fruitful in the longrun.

The Green Revolution cannot thereforebe considered to be a 100 per cent success.With recognition of “Green Revolution Fatigue”the time has reached to take serious actions todecrease the ill effects of green revolution.Simultaneous efforts need to be made topromote a more sustainable form of agriculturaland identify sources for future spurt in agriculturalproductivity.

Sustainable Agriculture

In the context of agriculture,“sustainability” refers to the capacity to remainproductive while maintaining the resource base.According to Gips 1986, “agriculture issustainable if it is ecologically sound,economically viable, socially just, humaneandadaptable”. Sustainable agriculture is beingrepresented by farming systems in which the useof purchased chemical-based inputs issignificantly decreased in comparison toconventional agricultural systems; soil erosion iscontrolled and weeds managed. There ismaximum efficiency of on-farm and purchasedinputs, maintenance of soil fertility by properaddition of plant nutrients, and the basicutilization of biological principles throughout thefarming operation.

An Indian agricultural expert has calledfor an “evergreen Revolution” in growing food

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crops that would combine science, economics,and sociology boost production in a way thatcan be maintained for decades to come. It israther an integrated and complete approach. Itcannot be restricted to any single crop or to afew states. Instead it willl cover almost all-majorcrops of India or all agro-climatic zones of India.Green revolution was mainly due to high yieldingvarieties, fertilizers and irrigation facilities,whereas Evergreen Revolution would becontributed by integration of several factors likeSoil Management, Water Management,Integrated Weed Management, Integrated PestManagement, Integrated Nutrient Management,Tissue culture, Genetic Engineering etc.

Plant Tissue Culture can be used ascommercial tool for growing Orchid in Kerala.The programme was aimed at housewives.Interest was generated through articles onfloriculture in a leading women’s magazine.Tissue Culture planting material and other inputswas provided at reasonable costs. Technicalknow how was imparted through regular trainingprogrammes and workshops. Marketingassistance was provided. Over a thousandhousewives have benefitted from thisprogramme.

Dryland and fertigation

Crop Rotation is a planned sequenceof growing different annual or perennial crops inthe same field. Rotations are the opposite ofcontinuous cropping, which is growing the samecrop in same field year after year. Crop rotationscan be used to improve or maintain goodphysical, chemical, and biological conditions of

the soil. Rotation also reduces fertilizer needs.Crop rotation can be an important part of anintegrated pest management i.e. pesticide costsmay be reduced by n aturally breaking the cyclesof weeds, insects and diseases Grass andlegumes in a rotation protect water quality bypreventing excess nutrients or chemicals fromentering water supplies. They can be used toreduce the average rate of erosion from a field.Including a grass or legume in a rotation can bevery effective for reducing soil erosion andeliminate the need of fertiliser. Leguminous plants(like peas) have bacteria living in nodules on theirroots, which are able to ‘fix’ the nitrogen fromthe soil, so that it may be released lateer for thenext crop. Catch Cropping is one of its tools,which is used for filling gaps. Sometimes onecrop come to an end a couple f moths beforeyour next begins on the same spot of ground.Suitable crops for filling such gaps include springonions, radishes and lettuce. Growing smallcrops in the spaces alongside larger plants, oralongside plants, which are so slow, growing thatbefore they reach maturity the smaller crop hasbeen harvested. Some plants (such as spinach)may be grown this way because they benefitfrom the shade given by the larger frop. Suitablevarienties fro intercropping include radishes,lettuce etc.

The best answer to the challenge is“fertigation”, whereby both water and fertilizersare delivered to crops simultaneously throughthe irrigation system. Fertigation ensures thatessential nutrients are supplied precisely at thearea of most intensive root activity. Fertigationinvolves specialised irrigation techniques such asmicro-irrigation enabling the application of water



by means of drippers, micro-sprinklers andmicro-sprayers. This, combines the benefits ofdrip irrigation efficient fertiliser application forincreasing the productivity.

Well-balanced fertigation results in:Nutrient availability to the plant is im-provedNutrient uptake efficiency is increasedFertilizer application rates and waterrequirements are reduced.

Suggestion & Conclusions:-

Now there is need to cut down chemicalfertilsers and pesticides and improve resistanceof crop from various diseases. This will end upNo-No in international market. Probioticefertilizer are a complete substitute since they arecomposed of agricultural wastes, animal manureand local soil. The fertilizer nourishes themicrobes in the top soils and the plant root zoneswhich in turn nourish the plant, based on thetheory of indirect nutrition. Gujrat s happy tohave shifted from chemical to probioticfertilizers. To protect the plants, farmers usuallyspray a mixture of buttermilk, old millet flouranimal manure which in kept is and earthen potwhich is immersed in a pile of dung for fortnightfermentation. This spray stimulates resistance andboosts up immunity in plants.

Biofertilisers a solution for GreenMillennium. Biofertilisers are derived fromvarious nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubalizing microorganisms. These organismsare found in soil, water and leaves surface. AFarmer has to be educated or trained in farm

production of biofertilisers like Azolla and bluegreen algae.

Azotobacter was one of these nitrogen-fixing organisms and was till then being used asa soil inoculares or for seed treatment. On dryweight basis, azolla contains 13-30 per centcrude protein in addition to 4.4-6.3 per centcrude fat. It is also rich in potassium, phosphorus,calcium, magnesium and sulphur.

BGA forms scum likes greenish biomasson the surface of water during rainy season inponds and flooded rice fields. The BGA fixatmospheric nitrogen from the atmosphere intheir heterocyst and provide it to the soil eitherby exosmosis (or) on the death and decay oftheir living biomass, Besides fixing nitrogen, thesealgae excrete Vitamin B 12, ascorbic acid andauxins, which may also improve the growth ofrice plants. There are also convincing reportsthat BGA possess the properties of solubalizingthe bound phosphate of the soil.

Vermicomposting is garbage disposal atits best because recycling is done on-site. Itcontributes not only to water conservation,energy conservation, and soil preservation, buthelps one get closer to a zero waste goal.Vermiculture is the process by which organicmaterial is fed to a variety of worm species withthe purpose of converting the organic materialin to increased worm biomass and vermicast.Vermicast is the excreta from worms which isbiogenic fertilizer. This helps in plant growth andis soil conditioner. The worm biomass has beensold for bait, animal feed and acts as smallcompostion systems. It is important from the

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point of view of abatement of pollution hazardscreated by large amount of organic waste in ourcountry and increases soil fertility level.

Information technology will also have ahuge impact in helping farmers adapt their cropsand management to their environment allowingfarmers to get vital information about weather,disease and pest epidemics, input market prices,crop management advice, and many oter things.The availability of direct web-site link to differentagricultural institutions in India that can beexploited by farmers and public extension systemfor information dissemination.

Today we have amazion tools ofbiotechnology and information technology toachieve sustainable development in agriculture-A commitment to Science with a Human Face.So, what we need is marriage between traditionaland modern approach that will ensure food andnutritional security resulting for sustainabledevelopment.

REFERNENCES:-

1. Arbinda Ghose (Yojana Vol. 45) :Diversifying Agriculture.

2. Barbier, Edward B. Economics andecology: new frontiers andsustainable development.

3. Bhatia and Singh (Yojana Vol. 45):Rainfed Agriculture : Research andDevelopment.

4. Edward Wolf: Beyond the Green

Revolution: New Approaches forThird World Agriculture.

5. Gordon Conway: The Doubly GreenRevolution : Food For All In the 21st

Century.6. Jasbir Singh: Agricultural

development in South Asia: Acomparative sdudy in the greenrevolution experiences.

7. Lawrence Pringle : Twist, Wiggle andSquirm : A Book about Earth Worms.

8. Mary Appelhof, Kalamazoo: “WormsEat My Garbage.”

9. Mitra G.N. (Yojana Vol. 44) : Vision2021 for Progressive Agriculture inOrissa.

10. Oxford Paperback Encyclopedia :Agricultural Biotechnology.

11. Santra and Bhowink (Yojana Vol. 44)Vermiculture and development ofagriculture.

12. Simmons, G, ‘Humanity andEnvironment: A Cultural Ecology”.

13. Stuart W. Styles, Charles M. Burt:Drip and Micro irrigation for Trees,Vines, and Row.

14. Thomas Ruehr, Charles M. Burt :Fertigation.

15. Twist, Wiggle and Squirm: A Bookabout Earth worms.

16. World Bank Technical Paper, No 133:Agricultural Biotechnology : Next“Green revolution” ?

17. ht tp; \ \www.grain. jouy. inra.f r/linksframe.html

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Technology Transforming the lives of Farmers

*Dr. Rakeshwari Prasad

The present era is augmented onInformation and Communication Technology.This technology has proved its potential invarious sectors of development in urban and rurallandscapes. Urban areas are seems to moreinclined to accept and adopt Information andCommunication Technology due to advantagesof literacy and better infrastructure as comparedto rural areas. Due to such suitable situations ofurban landscapes good amount of success ofthis technology is visible in the form of smartcities and better livelihood of residing humanbeings. But the problems, consequences andopportunities in urban areas are different foreffective utilization of Information andCommunication Technology for sustainabledevelopment of rural masses. Digital Technologyhas become a great enabler for Farmers’empowerment, which has been a major focusarea for the government. If we have to create avibrant Agri and Rural business ecosystem, it isnecessary to create a technology platform tobring farmers, financiers, and suppliers togetherin one marketplace.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR)heralds an exponential pace of technologicalchange, building on the digital revolution tocombine technologies, spawn new ones, andtransform systems, industries, countries - evensociety itself.

For developing countries, advances incomputing power, connectivity, artificialintelligence, biotechnology and GIS, and newer,more capable technologies hold tremendouspromise. Inclusive agriculture, rural growth andstructural transformation from agriculture to high-productivity manufacturing and other economicsectors can be accelerated, as technologicalchange transforms individuals’ lives and enablesdeveloping countries to progress at speeds andon scales previously inconceivable.

India contains the largest number of poorpeople in the world: 270 million, according tothe World Bank. Employment growth is criticalin low-productivity agriculture, which accountsfor nearly three-quarters of the poor population.But automation threatens to create moreunemployment. Public policy must be directedtoward increasing the productivity of poorpeople rather than just offering handouts.

The Government of India is confrontingthese challenges. As more young men aremigrating from rural poverty to urban areas toseek employment, they are contributing to a rapidfeminisation of agriculture. Women, especiallydependent on agriculture, perform most of thebackbreaking labour. Their low productivity inagriculture, itself increasingly affected by climatechange, demands action by policymakers. Any

*Dept.Of Economics,S.B.P.G.College,Baragaon,Varanasi

ISSN No. - 2319-2755IJSSL : JIF- 3.630

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transformation of agriculture requires removingthe constraints on women; the discontent of ruralyouth could become the agitations of ruralwomen farmers, dissatisfied with lack of accessto land, irrigation, credit, inputs and markets.

Aware of these issues, in 2016 India’sPrime Minister Narendra Modi introduced a newnational policy to double farmers’ incomes by2022. It targeted poverty reduction, foodsecurity and climate change, which is hurtingagriculture with rising temperatures, increasinglyfrequent floods and droughts, and a greaterincidence of pests and diseases. The Ministryof Agriculture & Farmers Welfare launched anational scheme called Pradhan Mantri KrishiSinchai Yojana (PMKSY) with the aim ofirrigating every Indian farm and improving water-use efficiency.

Through its Digital India programme,Government of India is working to transform thecountry’s rural economy and create skilled jobsin rural areas. For the estimated 156 millionIndian rural households, most living in povertyaccording to India’s National Sample SurveyOrganization (NSSO), there is need forinvestment in transportation, power, and internetaccess to create more employment for womenand youth in rural areas.

The Ministry of Communication andInformation Technology, along with otherministries, is working to reform states’ servicedelivery, through GOI’s Goods and Services Tax(GST) system, to establish a uniform interfacefor taxpayers with a common IT infrastructure,shared between the central government and thestates. Digital India’s strategic cornerstones, theCommon Services Centres, are meant to

provide access points for delivery of variouselectronic services to villages, to promote digitaland financial inclusion, encourage ruralentrepreneurship, and build rural capacities andlivelihoods, offering a bottom-up approach tosocial change, particularly among India’s ruralcitizens. New technologies enable small farmersto shift from input-intensive to knowledge-intensive agriculture. Precision agriculture canimprove the timeliness of planting, secure thebest market prices through market informationand e-market reforms, provide fertiliser subsidiesvia direct bank transfers that eliminate or reducethe cost of financial intermediaries, and improveagricultural extension. Combined with improvedseed supply and land and water management,which can in turn increase double and triplecropping, farmers’ income can grow.

In April 2016, Modi launched eNAM(National Agriculture Market), an online platformfor farmers that integrates agricultural marketsonline, allowing farmers and traders alike to viewall Agriculture Produce Market Committee-related information and services, commodityarrivals and prices, and buy and sell trade offers,thus helping farmers bid for the best pricesacross markets. GOI also launched a cropinsurance scheme, the Pradhan Mantri FasalBima Yojana (PMFBY) in 2016, which nowcovers 37 million farmers.

Additionally, Government of India isinvesting in mapping all of India’s aquifers, andusing technology to manage water demand.Quantifying the relationship between rainfall andgroundwater levels under alternative modes ofirrigation and farming should enable prioritisationof prospective water and irrigation investments.



Greater investment in research,meanwhile, is needed to develop multi-resistantcrops. India has lagged behind its Asianneighbours in genomics, even resisting theapproval of genetically modified crops developedby its own scientists. Arguably, such crops donot involve multinational monopolies, can begrown by poor farmers, and offer increasedresistance to extreme climatic conditions.

Digitised land registration, mobile phonesand ‘Uberised’ tractor services all arecontributing to improved farm management.Digital India Land Records ModernisationProgramme (DILRMP) is updating millionsof land records, providing title guarantees andincreased security of land tenure to farmers whilestimulating land rentals by nonviable smallholdersand land consolidation.

To facilitate communications, Digital Indiais implementing plans to connect 2.5 millionGram Panchayat (local governments) with high-speed internet by 2018, with hundreds ofthousands already internet-enabled.Government of India has also mandated that allmobiles phones must support at least one of 22Indian languages, other than English and Hindi,beginning July 2017. With only 27percent ofvillages having banking services within 5kilometres, the government is licensing newbanks and using mobile phone paymenttechnology to an increasing extent. Mobilecoverage is high over 1 billion of India’spopulation of 1.4 billion are connected.

The Need for safety netsComplementing efforts to increase

agricultural productivity and employment is

India’s triple innovation system (TAM),consisting of Jan- Dhan (the Prime Minister’sinitiative to open universal bank accounts,depositing Rs1000 per household), Aadhaar (aunique 12-digit ID number for citizens) andmobile phones.

Between them, these factors haveprovided a platform for expansion of India’spublic safety nets. The Public Distribution System(PDS), the world’s largest safety net of its kind,distributes food grains and essential commoditiesvia a network of over 521,000 Fair Price Shops(FPSs). More recently, the Modi governmenthas focused on reforming PDS using newtechnologies. There is now far less pilferingthanks to the digitisation of 230 million Rationcards, 56percent of which are strengthened witha universal ID and Aadhaar. Several states havenow installed electronic point-of-sale devices atFPSs to track sales of food grains tocardholders on a real-time basis. A muchdebated policy shift - in-kind cash transfers inplace of food distribution - is also being facilitatedby digital technology.

Since 2014, liquid petroleum gas (LPG)subsidies to over 176 million consumers havetransferred over Rs.400 billion directly tobeneficiaries’ bank accounts. Through GOI’s‘LPG Give It up Campaign’, 12 millionconsumers voluntarily gave up their subsidies toprovide greater access to LPG for their moreunderprivileged neighbours. Nearly 6.3 millionnew LPG connections have been provided topoor families in 2015–16, with a target ofproviding 50 million LPG connections over threeyears.

Further, the Mahatma Gandhi National

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Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme,(MGNREGS), the largest in the world,guarantees up to 100 days of rural employmentfor those in need of employment at Rs100 day.Using DBTs to pay beneficiaries has reducedtransfer costs, waste and corruption - andsidestepping any possible misallocation of fundstransferred from central to state to district toPanchayat for distribution.

The limits of technologyDespite technology’s promise, there

remains a need for substantial increase in old-fashioned investments to catch up with thebacklog in physical infrastructure and educationto achieve a geographically more dispersed

development away from the 100 big cities.Around 25percent of Indian adults cannot reador write, and the gender divide must beaddressed with investment, particularly in ruralwomen’s education and training. Geographicalapplication of new technologies is still limited inrural areas; many farmers remain unaware ofthese advances. Insufficient connectivity in ruralareas along with a lack of basic computerknowledge and literacy hinder development.Substantial investment is needed in physicalinfrastructure, power, broadband, transportationand education, particularly in rural regions andamong the poorest populations in order to trulyreap the benefits of the Fourth IndustrialRevolution.

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ATTACKING RURAL POVERTY THROUGH TECHNOLOGY

*Dr. Manas Behera

Introduction

The Concept of Inclusive Developmenthas already occupied the centre stage ofdevelopment discourses today throughout theworld. So far as India is concerned the allpervasive poverty in its rural areas is the majorstumbling block in the way of achieving the goalof inclusive development. The fruits of growthcould not be distributed equitably and the majorimpediment was the hierarchical, unequal socio-economic structure in the rural areas. So therewas a need to have more equitable distributionof the fruits of growth. This means that therewas a need for inclusive development. Thedemocratic political system that emerged out ofthe constitution with its commitment to socio-economic political equality could not challengethe existing unequal power relations in the ruralIndia. To understand the dynamics of this processone has to understand the political economy ofthe rural areas. The discourses on ruraldevelopment need to be situated in the contextof the power structure, power relations adpower struggles in the rural areas. The multiple

forms of inequalities, social, economic andcultural that exists in rural societies actuallyobstruct democratization of the society andgovernance structures and stifle the voices ofthe marginalised. There is a link between theperformance of the institutions of decentraliseddemocracy and the level of discriminations in aparticular state or geographical area.Decentralisation encourages realignment ofpower in terms of class, gender, caste etc. andobviously invites resistances from the hegemonicgroups. Institutional arrangement and safeguardsmust be there to protect the democratic spacecreated for the marginalised. The use oftechnology for the rural development just reflectsthe socio-economic divide in the rural areas.Technology itself is neutral but its use, accessand possession is not. This paper argues thatuse of technology can bring radical changes inattacking poverty in rural areas and in advancingsubstantially towards the goal of inclusive ruraldevelopment. But more relevant is the question;who are the owners of this technology and whatwill be the level of access of the marginalized to

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*Department of Political Science, R.D.Women’s UniversityBhubaneswar-751022, Odisha

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the use of technology and the role of state indismantling the divide in the use and ownershipof the technology in rural areas for development.

Methodology

This paper is based on the case study of aBlock in Odisha on the questions of access andownership of the technology in both agriculturaland non-agricultural sectors and on the questionsof impact of technology on the lives of the ruralpeople, particularly the marginalized. Themarginal and middle farmers, agricultural labour,petty traders and unemployed youth were takenas samples and the sample size was 200. Thestudy was done in the Binjharpur Block of JajpurDistrict in Odisha. The respondents were askedquestions through a structured questionnaire andalso personal interviews were held to have aclear understanding of their engagements withtechnology in their day to day life and theirapproach towards technology.

Sample-

1-Middle and Big farmers-44%

2-Rural labour-30%

3-Petty Traders-12%

4-youth-14%

The respondents were asked whether theyuse technology, what kind of technology, whetherthey are owners of the technology or use it onrent, what kind of access they have to availabletechnologies etc. to assess the status oftechnology in the life and production process of

the rural poor. Again they were asked whatimpediments or deprivations they face whenthey don’t have access to technology or havelimited access to it. The technology was divedbroadly into two groups agricultural and nonagricultural. The sample is categorized on thebasis of landholdings, owners of shops, tradeself-employed, wage earner etc. Out of 200respondents 88 are middle and big farmers, 60are rural labour, 24 are petty traders, and 28are unemployed youth. The farmers have fiveacres of land or more. The secondary sourcesof data on the levels of development of the block,particularly the agricultural sector were used ininterpretation and analysis of the data of theprimary sources. The concept of technology wasused in an inclusive sense.

Findings

1- The findings are very interesting andchallenge the stereotypes on this issue.

2- The respondents were asked on theownership of agricultural technology liketractors, pump sets, harvesting machinesetc. and out of 200 only 39 are ownersand all of them belong to middle and bigfarmers.

3- All farmers (88) have mobile phones, all24 traders have mobiles, and only 11 ofthe 60 labourers and 20 of the 28 youthhave mobiles.

4- All the respondents have electricityconnection.

Attacking Rural Poverty Through Technology


5- 146 respondents have television sets intheir homes.

6- 96 respondents are aware of internet

7- 132 respondents have motorcycles whichincludes all 24 traders.

8- All the farmers use tractor in their paddyfields and 30 owners of tractors give theirtractors on rent to others.

10- There is no use of manual ploughing andsome agricultural labourers who are sharecroppers use tractors on rent.

11- There is concrete road connectivity to thevillages of all respondents and publictransport is available in 76% of the villagesof the respondents.

12- Pumpsets are in demand due to lack ofsufficient irrigation.

13- 78% of the farmers have cows, oxen assecondary source of income

14- All labourers have goats as secondarysource of income.

15- There is no cold storage available for theproducts in the entire block.

16- 72% of the farmers are engaged in singlecrop.

17- Traditional paddy seeds are mostly usedand they are preserved manually

18- Localised use of hybrid seeds are therebut limited to places with availability ofwater.

19- Transport of paddy from field to home ismostly through tractors and use of manuallabour is almost absent.

Interpretation and Analysis of Data, -Agriculture and Technology

Use of technology in agriculture is on therise and not inclusive. Those who wereeconomically elites have now access andownership of technology. The use of technologyin agriculture has adverse impacts on thelivelihoods of agricultural labour. The use oftractor has led to unemployment of the labour inthe paddy fields during times of ploughing theland. Again they are in demand in other phasesof cultivation when there is no use or less use ofmachinery in the process of cultivation. Theymigrate or become dependent on MGNREGAfor work or search for other works likeconstruction works or other household worksfor wage. They have to move to places otherthan their nearby villages which take away theirtime and money and energy. As these labourershave no knowledge of driving the tractornormally the drivers are from middle class andcaste. The jobs of agricultural labour are lostand shifted upwards as driving is technical innature. Thus while technology saves cost for thefarmers on the other hand it affects employmentof agricultural labour.

Petty Traders and Technology

Here petty traders mean mobileshopkeepers engaged in the marketing of

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stationery, clothes, utensils, vegetables, milkproducts. The concrete road connectivity has ahuge positive impact on them as it saves theirtime and makes them more productive as theyutilize their time to reach more customers in moreplaces. All most all of them use motorcycles.Mobile phones help them in remaining in touchwith the customers and assessing their needs anddemands. The milk products are not damagedbecause of the saving of time in transport. Theycould carry more items in bikes than in bicyclesearlier. But their access to technology is limitedand they would perform better in their businessif they would have more acces to technology.ifthey could have small cold storage boxes theycan carry vegetables, milk products and otherpershable items or to customers at distantvplaces and for longer time. There is nogovernmental support for them so far as use andownership of technology is concerned. If loansfrom cooperative banks on a reduced interestcan be made avilable to them then they can havethe required technology for their small business.But the data shows access to loans by publicsector banks or cooperative banks in the ruralareas is very limited for the marginalised . A largespace in this area is occupied by private moneylenders who charge exorbitant rates of interstand they are without any state control. Thus ifthere will be no state intervention inprovidingaccesss and ownership of technology then thesame divide and inequality will continue in thissector.

Marginalised and Technology

The data shows that so far as access andownership of technology for production,marketing etc. are concerned the marginalised,deporived sections in the rural areas likeagricultural labour, marginal and small farmers,women of these sections are victims ofinaccessability to technology, even the minimumlike tv or mobile. Both categories of socio-economic divisions in the rural areas like casteand class are overlapping.The poor as well asthe dalits and backwards are being alienated fromtechnology. The use of technology will lead totheir unemployment or partial employment. Theincreasing dominance of technolgy in agricultureand other areas of production in rural areas willincrease their unemployment. In the absence ofany viable alternatives they will be forced todeprivation. What is happening is that there is alarge scale migration of youth from thesessections to urban areas where they work in lowpaid jobs and in inhuman conditions. The failureand lapses of MGNREGA in this block hasmultiplied their problem. The use of machines inMGNREGA works again createsunemployment for them. Here the technology,instead of empowering the poor marginalisesthem.

Manual Scavenging and Technology

There is a lot of talk on swacchata todayand there is nothing wrong in that. But from thesurvey and from the interactions with the

Attacking Rural Poverty Through Technology


respondents in this study an interesting pictureemerged. In the entire block most of the residentshave buildings or most are constructing buildingsfor residence.The latrines, toilets with modernfacilities are part of these pucca houses and theyneed to be cleaned. One major problem is thecleaning of sagety tanks of latrines and they haveto be cleaned manually as there is technologyavilable for this task. So there is the need of theservices of manual scavengers who are hired fromnearby municipality, Jajpur. Interestingly the riseof technology that is concrete buildings sustainedand strengthened manual scavening due to lackof technology. The manual scavengers are mostlyyoung people without alternative employmentand without technology. So the bigger questionis how the manual scavenging can be abolishedwhen there is incresing use of it due to technologyand also due to non-avilability of technology.There is nothing spiritual in it. It is caste basedand class based expolitation in a new patterndue to lack of technology and avinability oftechnology.

Conclusion

The entire study points to the fact that thereis no alternative to technolgy at this point of timeof history. But technology is not neutral. Thequestions of who is its owner, who is allowed touse it, how it is used, for whom is it used etc.are relevant to determine the benefits oftechnology. Technology can bring radicalchanges in the life of the rural people, particularlythe marginalised if it is inclusive. Ruraldefvelopment today is simply unthinkable withouttechnology. But technolgy in itself can not makeit inclusive. There is the need of state interventionto make technology serve the purpose ofachieving inclusive development. Theinequalitues shoud not sustain throughtechnology, rather the reverse should happen.Technology should become an effective tool todemolish the social, economic, culturalinequalities existing in rural society. Education,particularly skills based training can be a gamechanger. The marginalised should be the focus.Otherwise technology in the hands of a few willbe used to dominate the majority.

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The Contribution of Communication of Rural Development

*Dr. Shyam Sundar Mishra**Yadavendra Dubey

Although poverty, famine, and nutritionproblems are still the major problems in thewhole world, indifference towards the rural areagradually increases. Today, more than half of thepopulation in India lives in the rural areas. More-over, one of the determinant sectors in our coun-try is still the agricultural sector. Therefore, therural area is the field that most needs economic,social and cultural assistance. However, unfor-tunately, it is at the top of the list of the mostneglected areas. The communication studiescarried out in the rural areas contribute greatlyto the people in the rural areas to take morepart in the economic, social and political life, tothe problems in the rural areas to be brought tothe public agenda and to the provision of infor-mation exchange and cooperation betweenpeople and institutions in the rural areas. Infor-mation and Communication Technologies (ICTs)can be used to support communities in their ef-forts for social and economic developments.

ICT can play an important role in manyaspects of rural development. It can also helpto better govern various aspects of ruraldevelopment. The working definition (used bythe British Council) emphasizes that“Governance involves interaction between the

formal institutions and those in civil society.Governance refers to a process wherebyelements in society wield power, authority andinfluence and enact policies and decisionsconcerning public life and social upliftment.” Theconcept of good government impliesaccountability, transparency, participation,openness and the rule of law. According toWorld Bank, “good governance is epitomizedby predictable, open and enlightened policy-making, a bureaucracy imbued with professionalethos acting in furtherance of the public good,the rule of law, transparent processes, and astrong civil society participating in public affairs.Poor governance (on the other hand) ischaracterized by arbitrary policy making,unaccountable bureaucracies, unenforced orunjust legal systems, the abuse of executivepower, a civil society unengaged in public life,and widespread corruption.” ICT can strengthenthe role of each governance pillar in ruraldevelopment and poverty reduction. It canfacilitate speedy, transparent, accountable,efficient and effective interaction between thepublic, citizens, business and other agencies.This not only promotes better administration andbetter business environment, but also saves timeand money in transactions costs of governmentoperations.

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* Assistant Professor, Sudhakar Mahila P.G. College** Research Scholar, Dept. of Political Science, U.P. College


The Role of ICT in RuralDevelopment: There are many examples aboutthe role of ICT in strengthening rural livelihoods,providing market information and loweringtransaction costs of poor farmers and traders.One of them is the Grameen Bank. GrameenBank, best known as a micro-credit institution,has also pioneered in ICT related activities withthe poor. As poor people are often unaware oftheir rights, entitlements and the availability ofvarious government schemes and extensionservices, ICT can also improve their access tothe information they need. Through info kiosksor with the help of mobile phones farmers canaccess information on market prices or onextension services. Timing is often crucial whenit comes to the sale of produce. Workers canalso get information on available jobs andminimum wages. In a tribal district in MadhyaPradesh, in India the most commonly usedservices related to various grievances, marketinformation and land records: The ‘Gyandoot’community network, aimed at creating a costeffective, replicable, economically self-reliantmodel for taking benefits of InformationTechnology to the rural population, is an intranetnetwork using Wireless in Local Loop (WLL)technology to set up in 5 blocks with 21 kiosks,each catering to about 15-20 villages in tribalDhar district in Madhya Pradesh. The successis largely due to targeting the information interestof the people: rates of agriculture produce, landrecord rights, computer training, castecertificates, online public grievance redressal,health services, e-mail, rural e-auction,matrimonial alliances, information on governmentprogrammes, information for children, online

employment exchange, availability of applicationsfor jobs, local weather report, e-news papersetc. Between January 2000 and June 200l,68500 villagers used various services. The mostcommonly used services were grievanceredressals (41%), market rates (25%), land-records (20%). Interestingly, one out every sixusers of the network was illiterate with noknowledge of reading or writing. It is adisappointment that only 13 % of users arewomen. (Samiullah and Rao 2002) The lack ofsystematic and transparent recording and publicdocumentation of government data needed bythe poor has a negative effect on developmentoutcomes. This is the case, for example, withland records. Without land records as collateral,they cannot apply for loans, and often theycannot get assistance from government povertyalleviation programs intended for small farmers.(Warschauer 2003). Often for the poor, gettingaccess to even the most common type ofgovernment information or documentation canbe a nightmare requiring multiple visits and bribesas well as wasting their time. ICT can be usedto address such malpractices and to speed upprocessing of documents: 4 In Andhra Pradesh,India, networked computers have been used inthe reform of processes to register deeds andstamp duties. Using traditional methods, this took13 cumbersome steps in a highly opaque processthat invited bureaucratic delay and corruption.It took from three to as many as 15 days—andthe process involved the registration of over 120million documents a year. Using a newnetworked system, the same task can beaccomplished in just over two hours, with farless opportunity for graft. Again in Andhra

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Pradesh, a program to computerize the issuanceof caste certificates, essential for obtaininggovernment service vacancies and access toeducational scholarships, managed to decreasethe time for certificate issuance from 20 to 30days to only 10 minutes. (World Bank 2001).

Public sector inefficiency, corruption, andwaste leave insufficient resources to supportpublic services and anti-poverty programs.Since effective and efficient delivery of basicservices by the public sector matters most tothe poor, weak governance hurts themdisproportionately. (ADB 2002)

ICT with the Rural Poor : An enablingregulatory and policy environment is alsorequired for the ICT sector, including coherentnational plans, that integrate ICT-baseddevelopment. They should help to build nationaland regional internet backbones and communityaccess points; adopt enabling policies fortelecommunications and electronic 6 commerce;encourage the creation and dissemination oflocally relevant content and applications that fitwith the cultural and social context, reflectingthe linguistic diversity; significantly expandeducation and training programs, both in generaland with regard to ICT in particular; and help tocreate a facilitative environment and access toICT for the civil society, private sector andgovernment. (Drake 2001). Care should betaken so that ICT programs are not justtechnology-driven but respond to the needs ofthe poor, when it comes to content, language,skills, design, and price. It is important toaddress the sectors and areas that are of direct

relevance to poverty reduction and where theuse of ICTs can make a difference. Localcommunities should be involved in the design ofuniversal access programs through consultations,surveys and demand studies. Hardware toocould be developed in close consultation withthe poor, and in line with the developing countryconditions, responding to various constraintssuch as lack of mains energy supply orinterrupted supply. Techniques such as voice mailtranslation of content and icon-based telephonescould be used. Such research and developmentalready exists in developing countries. India andIndonesia are developing their own customized,low-cost IT terminals and devices. (ITU, Ibid).iv In the long run, it is necessary to developfinancing frameworks that attract privateinvestment. In India private sector involvementhas brought down the mobile call rates. It is anindicator that the private sector – with the rightgoals and accompanying policies – can be afriend of the poor. It will be difficult to predictthe future, not only regarding the kind oftechnologies that will emerge, but also regardingthe reaction of the consumers: what they willadopt and for what purposes, and what theywill reject. Increasingly, the technology needsto be developed in close consultation with thepeople, including the poor.

Conclusion: It has been argued here thatICT can contribute to poverty reduction, if it istailored to the needs of the poor and if it is usedin the right way for right purposes andcomplemented with required reforms. Like alltechnologies, ICT offers tools and applicationsbut no solutions. The solutions to the problem

The Contribution of Communication of Rural Development


of poverty are what they have always been:economic growth, enabling infrastructure, thecreation of livelihoods, social capital, educationand healthcare, and sufficiently democraticgovernment to ensure that economic benefits arenot cornered by the powerful elites. By providingcheap and 7 efficient tools for access to

information and exchange of ideas andknowledge, ICT can become an enabling toolfor wider socioeconomic development. Whenproperly used, it can greatly increase the abilityof the poor people to benefit from economicdevelopment and from development programsmeant to help them.1

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Role of Information and Communication Technologyin Rural Development

*Devendra Prasad Pandey

The rural development in India is one ofthe most important factors for growth of theIndian economy. The strategy of ruraldevelopment mainly focuses on povertyalleviation, better livelihood, provision of basicamenities and infrastructure development.

People in rural areas like to have freedelivery of information. Experience has shownthat if the information has direct relevance topeople and has a potential to result in commercialgains, people are willing to pay for such services.

One of the key components of improvingsocio-economic status of people in villages is toensure that their products find right kind ofmarkets and reach these markets in minimumtime without number of middle men involved init. The reach of information and communicationtechnology (ICT) in rural areas will provideunique opportunities to producers of ruralproducts, agriculture/agro-processing products,rural handicrafts etc. to have direct access tomarkets. Internet will enable advertising of ruralproducts produced even in the remotest villagesto global markets. The agriculture extensionworker can access latest information on farmtechnology and products, and disseminate thesame to villages.

The broad information inputs required by

farmers in the new scenario can be classified as(i) Awareness Databases (ii) Decision SupportSystems -_ information that facilitates foamierto make a proper SWOT analysis to takeappropriate decisions, (iii) systems that facilitateIndian farmers to forge appropriate alliances forcollective benefit, (iv) information on newopportunities (iv) monitoring systems forcorrective measures.

Watershed development through GISGovernment and NGOs are using GIS

and remote sensing technologies in watersheddevelopment in rural areas. Developmentthrough watershed approach is one of thedevelopmental options. Watershed managementis the study of the relevant characteristics of awatershed, aimed at the sustainable distributionof its resources and the process of creating andimplementing plans, programmes and projectsto sustain and enhance watershed functions thataffect the plant, animal and human communitieswithin a watershed boundary. Watershed is ahydrological unit bounded by natural ridges andallows the run off due to rainfall to drain in awell defined drainage pattern of streams flowingwithin the watersheds boundary. It aims atalleviating habitat and inhabitant impoverishmentthrough a holistic approach of conservation and

*M.A. Economics Students

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sustainable exploitation of natural responsibilityand harmonious co-existence manner. Awatershed is an area of land and water boundedby a drainage divide within which the surfacerunoff collects and flows out of the watershedthrough a single outlet into a lager river (or) lake.Land and water are the two most valuable andessential resources which forms the basis of allthe life and forms key resources in all economicactivities ranging from agriculture to industry.Watershed management is no longer theexclusive domain of soil and waterconservationists, it now needs equal contributionfrom social scientists, doctors and experts ofother disciplines also.

As an integral part of area developmentprogramme, land resources developmentprogrammes are taken upon micro watershedbasis as the shape of the watershed controls,the natural resources like water. Soil andproductivity of the land for successfulimplementation of agriculture, forest and othermicro level development in each hectare of awatershed the micro watershed and the villagebecomes the most adaptable unit. For regionalplanning and management the micro watershedsand villages are the most workable units. Usingsatellite data and GIS technology, maps of landuse/land cover, drainage, soil, etc. helps inmanaging natural and human resources.

e-chaupal’s rural marketing strategyITC’s e-chaupal strategy to tap rural markets isanother application of ICT in rural areas. Undere-chaupal, a farmer visits the centre with hisinterest to sell his commodity. He is advised byan expert through internet enabledcommunication system on current market rates

in different locations. Based on his choice, he isoffered to sell his commodity or store in godown. The e-Choupal model has beenspecifically designed to tackle the challengesposed by the unique features of Indianagriculture, characterised by fragmented farms,weak infrastructure and the involvement ofnumerous intermediaries, among others. ‘e-Choupal’ also unshackles the potential of Indianfarmer who has been trapped in a vicious cycleof low risk taking ability - low investment - lowproductivity - weak market orientation -lowvalue addition - low margin - low risk takingability. This made him and Indian agribusinesssector globally uncompetitive, despite rich &abundant natural resources. Such a market-ledbusiness model can enhance the competitivenessof Indian agriculture and trigger a virtuous cycleof higher productivity, higher incomes, enlargedcapacity for farmer risk management, largerinvestments and higher quality and productivity.

Further, a growth in rural incomes will alsounleash the latent demand for industrial goodsso necessary for the continued growth of theIndian economy. This will create another virtuouscycle propelling the economy into a highergrowth trajectory. Appreciating the imperativeof intermediaries in the Indian context, ‘e-Choupal’ leverages Information Technology tovirtually cluster all the value chain participants,delivering the same benefits as vertical integrationdoes in mature agricultural economies ‘e-Choupal’ makes use of the physical transmissioncapabilities of current intem1ediaries -aggregation, logistics, counter-party risk andbridge financing -while disinter mediating themfrom the chain of information flow and market

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signals.Real-time information and customized

knowledge provided by ‘e-Choupal’ enhancethe ability of fam1ers to take decisions and aligntheir farm output with market demand andsecure quality & productivity. The

Aggregation of the demand for farm inputsfrom individual farmers gives them access to highquality inputs from established and reputedmanufacturers at fair prices. As a directmarketing channel. Virtually linked to the ‘mandisystem for price discovery. ‘e-Choupal`eliminates wasteful intermediation and multiplehandling. Thereby it significantly reducestransaction costs.

Launched in June 2000, ‘e-Choupal’, hasbecome the largest initiative among all Internet-based interventions in rural India. ‘e-Choupal’services today reach out to over 4 millionfarmers growing a range of crops - soyabean,coffee, wheat, rice, pulses, shrimp - in over40,000 villages through 6500 kiosks across tenstates (Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Uttarakhand,Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Kerela and TamilNadu). The problems encountered while setting

up and managing these ‘e-Choupals’ areprimarily of infrastructural inadequacies,including power supply, telecom connectivity andbandwidth, apart from the challenge of impartingskills to the first time internet users in remoteand inaccessible areas of rural India.

Agriculture is one of the most importantsectors of nation, and could benefit tremendouslywith the applications of ICTs especially inbringing changes to socio-economic conditionsof poor in backward areas. Agricultureconstitutes a major livelihoods sector and mostof the rural poor depend on rain-fed agricultureand fragile forests for their livelihoods. Fannersin rural areas have to deal with failed crops andanimal illness frequently and due to limitedcommunication facilities, solutions to theirproblems remain out of reach (World Bank,2009). However, connectivity technologies havebeen the greatest achievement in ICT and haveunleashed new functionalities for the businesscommunity. There are certain problems forapplication of ICT in rural areas like poorconnectivity, low bandwidth, power supply butthese problems can be solved through politicalwill and corporate partnership.

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Role of Information and Communication Technology


Rural development Programme & Information Technology

*Dr. Vandana Pandey**Dr. Prabha Shankar Pandey

India is the second populous country inthe world having more than one hundred crorepopulation and the majority of its population inIndia (about 73%) is living in rural areas. Theliving standard of this rural mass is very poor.Thus under such a situation, development of poorareas must receive greater attention in the variousschemes designed for the development of IndianEconomy.

The Government of India has started anumber of programmes to provide specificfacilities to rural areas for its rapid development.It is now recognised that development planningin India has to concentrate on changing scenarioof rural areas by generating of more employmentas it is the only effective way of povertyalleviation, reduction of inequality and meaningfulgrowth.

The process of economic developmentCarried out in a country has benefited mostlythe relatively developed areas and also therelatively better off people. Inspite of variousattempts the benefit has not been pouringtowards the backward areas and its backwardpeople. To face such a situation, designing ofspecial programme for attacking poverty directlybecame very much important. Thus for the

alleviation of rural poverty, poor people shouldbe endowed with productive assets or skills fortheir fruitful self employment by which they canearn greater incomes and thus cross the povertyline.

The basic objective of rural developmentprogramme is that to promote employment andrenovate the rural environment along with thetransfer of productive assets, so that they canearn sufficient income to cross the poverty line.

Accordingly, since the inception ofeconomic planning in India, the first planintroduced the community DevelopmentProgramme and on 2nd October 1952 the first55 Community Development Projects wereinaugurated where each project was having 3Development Blocks. With the passage of timemore and more such project were developedand at the end of the fifth plan about 5028 Blockswere developed to cover almost all villages ofthe country. The community developmentprogrammes had undertaken ambitious schemesfor allround development of rural areas whichincluded improvement to agricultural techniques,exploring supplementary sources of employment,extension to minor irrigation facilities,improvement to transportation facilities,

*Lecturer – Commerce**Lecturer – Economic Sri Agrasen Kanya A.P.G. College, Varanasi.

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provision for social services and developmentof co-operatives and Panchayats. Till the end offifth plan about Rs. 671 Crore were spent onthese community development projects.

In spite of all these attempts thecommunity development programme could notmake much headway as it failed to enthuse thevillages into the sprit of self-help, self-relianceand co-operative efforts. Thus the plannersbecome very much worried about the failure ofthis community development programme as itfailed to attract more and more rural peoplewithin its fold.

In the mean time lot of changes havetaken place. At the center, the ministry ofcommunity development and co-operation wasabolished and was replaced by a new Ministryof Rural Development for accelerating the paceof rural development of the country. Accordinglysince the sixth plan onwards, Various selfemployment Programmes and wageemployment Programmes were introduced. Inthe former category, the integrated RuralDevelopment Programme (IRDP) wasundertaken in 1980. Again in the later category.The Food for Work Programme (FWP) wasinitiated in 1977-78 for generating additionalgainful employment and to create durablecommunity assets by utilizing surplus foodgrainsaccumulated as buffer stocks in the economy.But this FWP has created a little impact on themarket wage rate, generation of employmentetc. Thus later on April 1, 1981, the NREPbecame regular programme in the economicplanning of the country since the Sixth Plan andvarious other employment programmes werealso introduced which include (TRYSEM)

Training for Rural Youth for Self employment,(DWCRA) Development of woment andChildren in Rural Area, (JRY) Jawhar RozgarYojana. In this connection Government of Indiahas started National Rural employmentprogramme. Rural Landless EmploymentGuarantee Programme, Jawahar Rozgar Yojana(JRY), National Social assistance Programme(NSAP), Rural Group Life Insurance Scheme(RGLIS), The Swarna Jayanti Shahari RozgarYojana (SJSRY), Swarna Jayanti GramSwarozgar Yojana (SGSY), Jawahar GramSamridhi Yojana (JGSY), Sampoorna GrameenRozgar Yojana, Pradhan Mantri GramodayaYojana (PMGY), Food for Work Programme,Annapurna National Rural EmploymentGuarantee Scheme.

National Rural Employment GuaranteeScheme

Employment Guarantee Act is not a newthough. The national Rural Employment Act2005 (nerein after reffered as NREGS), whichconfers legal right to employment on the ruralcitizen is a landmark in the history of independentIndia. It seeks “to provide for enhancement oflivelihood security of the households in ruralareas of the country by providing at least onehundred days of guaranteed employment inevery financial year to every household whoseadult members volunteer to do the unskilled workwith the schemes made under the Act”. Initiallystarting from 200 most backward district of thecountry, it will be extended to the whole countrywithin a period of five years.

National Rural Employment Act 2005is a prominent step of recent Government. It is



a legal act, which is, provides employmentGuarantee to rural masses, shelter in casualcircumstances and meal for surviving life. Themain feature of this scheme is as under: -

(a) To register the employment seekers toGram Panchayat level with full particulars.And after getting registered & properenquiry of particulars submitted a job cardwith photograph is issued to registeredcandidate.

(b) Providing employment opportunities andunder this scheme target of providingemployment to registered persons areminimum 100 days together in a financialyear, and 1/3rd opportunities are availableto women. And no upper limit is fixed onthe number of days of employment.

(c) Minimum required person for starting anew work under this scheme is fixed 50applicants.

(d) At state level the minimum wage rate isleft to state govt. but at national level it fixedas minimum average wage rate at Rs. 60per man a day.

(e) Under this scheme no work can beallowed to be given to contractors & onlythe work shall be performed manually andnot by machines.

(f) This scheme is tried to be implemented byinstitutional mechanism through thefollowing sub-schemes:-

(i) Central Employment GuaranteeCouncil (CEGC) – At central level thisscheme will be constituted to deal with thematters of dissemination of information,

implementation, supervision, monitoringand grievance rederssal.

(ii) District project coordinator (DPC) – Atdistrict level implementation of NREGS willbe done by District project coordinator.And the main functions of this scheme willbe performed by District Panchayat thefunctions are :-

Consolidation of block plans for inclusionin the shelf of projects to be approved byZP,

According necessary sanctions andadministrative clearance.

Coordinate the programme officers.

Reviewing, monitoring & supervision ofPO’s

Conduction of periodic inspections of theworks in progress.

Redressal of grievances.

Preparing budget for the next year.

All the above functions will be performedby District Panchayat & it will getassistance for performing above functionsby District project coordinator.

(iii) State Employment Guarantee Scheme– At state level, State EmploymentGuarantee council (SEGC) will beconstituted, which will comprise ofmembers nominated by the stategovernments consisting of upto 5 non-officials nominated from the PRIs.

(iv) Programme officer at the block level– Programme officer at the block level

25

under the overall direction, control andsupervision of the District projectcoordinator, will assist.

(g) Panchayati Raj institutions (PRIs) i.e.Gram Panchayat at village level, PanchayatSamiti at block level and Zila Parishad playa pivotal role in successful implementationof NREGS

Gram Panchayat – Gram Panchayat withthe helps of its people will prepare anoutshell of the projects & planning underNREGS and afterwards the programmeofficer scrutinize it and approve it. Theyare also responsible for execution &supervision of scheme and also GramPanchayat is responsible for registration foremployment seekers.

Intermediate Panchayat – At block levelthere is intermediate Panchayat which willapprove block level plans and provide afinal touch is provided for its execution Andafter the approval Panchayat Samitiforward it to Zila Parishad for supervision& monitoring the projects taken up at theGram Panchayat and block level.

District Panchayat – It is also known asZila Parishad and as it is mentioned inabove point that ZP supervise the shelfproject at block level and monitor theprefects at Gram Panchayat.

(h) Funding of NREGS is shared by bothcentral govt. & State govt. The Centralgovt. establishes NREGF i.e. NationalRural Employment Guarantee Fund atcentral level. And it meets the cost of-

100% wage expenditure of unskilledmanual work.

75% material cost and payments made andsemi-skilled works.

Part of administrative expenses.

State government establishes State ruralemployment guarantee fund & it bears costof -

(I) Unemployment allowance if any

(II) 25% of expenditure on material &payments made to the skilled & semiskilledworkers.

(III) Part of administrative expenses.

(i) Transparency & Accountability is must inNREGS. District project coordinator isresponsible for ensuring transparency &accountability under the scheme.

(j) Unemployment allowance is provided toentitled applicant, if the authorities fails toprovide job within 15 days of demand forjob, which is equal to 1/4th of the wagesfor the first 30 days & afterwards the rateis @ 50% of the wages.

(k) The works which should be taken up underthe scheme are water harvesting andconservation, irrigation work, renovationof traditional water bodies, landdevelopment draught proofing including aforestation, flood control measuresincluding drainage in waterlogged areas,etc.

(l) Social security provisions are provided tothose who are employed under the scheme



like daily allowance equal to 50% wagesin case of hospitalization, free medicalfacilities along with accommodation, ex-gratia payment of Rs. 25000 in case ofdeath are permanent disability. Delay inpayments will invite penalty to be paid ascompensation.

(m) A provision is there of fine upto Rs. 1000in case of contravention of the provisionsof the act. If the govt. is prima facie satisfiedabout misutilisation of founds under thescheme, then it can order for stoppage ofproviding funds for the scheme.

A Rapid progress in implementation of NationalRural Employment Guarantee Act.

After the implementation of NREGA inevery State, there are too much problems thathas come in the way of this programme but resultof NREGA is evident of its rapid progress asthe total employment 89.43 Lakh was demandedunder it. These data are the symbol of itssuccessful implementation. NREGA had beenimplemented on 2nd February, 2006 in 27 States.The description of state-vis progress is as under-

The above table shows that NREGAapplied in 200 District of various states and allof the above data presented its progress alongwith success. With the help of above study wecan say that it is running successfully in recentlyat all levels of states.The above table show that in the first round ofNREA is selected 200 cities of Various state.All of the cities are backward from the point ofview of employment graph. We can say that onthe basis of comparative study of NREGA.

Progress is that in Bihar, Uttarpradesh,Jharkhand, Orissa and Madhyapradesh areselected 23, 22, 20, 19 and 18 district for itsfirst stage. Maximum Amount for employmentis issued by the Govt. for 2006-07 of Rs.109384.11 Lakhs and the state which took thisamount is Madhyapradesh. It is more than incomparison of Uttarpradesh. The issued Amountfor NREGA to Uttarpradesh was Rs. 33498.69Lakh. The minimum Amount of Rs. 272.85 Lakhis issued to Arunachal pradesh and the numberof selected city is only one. Bihar is the biggestbackward state regarding employment as 23cities are selected for NREGA in Bihar andissued amount for it is Rs. 40503.38 Lakh forgeneration of employment to rural masses.

If we want that the NREG Act achievehis target successfully, some steps or awarenessshould be taken by us and Government both-1. The government should launch an Intensive

awareness programme for diffusion of itsmotive among masses.

2. Government should use different types ofmedia for creating eagerness and changingthe mindset of the masses.

3. Government should take up some strictsteps for controlling red-tapisim,bureaucracy and corruption.

4. Government should appoint publicinformation officers at the central, stateand Local levels.

5. Government should use different types ofmedia i.e. Print media, Small media likefolk, street theatre doordarshan, radio andinternet, specifically for the purpose ofNREGS.

6. Government should prepare micro-planfor rural area.

27

Technological Effect on The Development of Women(With Special Reference to Gender Imbalances)

*Prof. Savitaben Patel

lssues relating to the woman andtechnology gained importance when the issuesaffecting women’s lives became prominent in thedeveloped world. Technological developmentsthroughout the world were seen to have affectedwomen’s expectations. Opportunities andbehavior. The experience of the developingsocieties shows not only the economicmarginalisation of women (especially ruralwomen) as a result of development but also ashrinkage of their resource-base andopportunities of women’s well-being as persons.

A related issue is whether we should goon treating women as end products in ourdevelopment experience or should we treat themas agents of change.

ObjectivesThe present paper tries to highlight some

of the above issues by first developing ahistorical :onnection between technology and thestatus of women and thereatter elaborating uponthe mbalances arsing out of a misplaced emphasison certain aspects of technology, and then.pinpointing the factors responsible for theseimbalances.

Women and TechnologyIdeas conceding the relationship between

property, production and women’s status,

historically speaking, has been related todifferent types of social structures. Whilequestioning the: meting and gathering societies,some experts have pointed out that the smallbends of hunters: had simple but ingenioustechnologies consisting of bows. Arrows spears,needles. Skin- Loathing and leaf or woodshelters. Social life was more or less egalitarianand the division of incur was based on sex andage. The men were engaged in hunting and tithingthe women: gaged themselves in gathering of wildplants, fruits and nuts. The women also did mostof the joking, processing and storage of food.Household crafts such as basket making, leatherwork and designing clothes were mostly doneby women. lt has also been pointed out thatwomen : eyed an important role in the culturaldevelopment of these societies, through theiroverall section was more or less subordinate tothat of men. In this regard, social anthropologistsNice a distinction between two types of rolesone that of food procurers and the other that ofTed processors, In those societies where womenplay a vital role in food procurement theyrelatively high social status than those wherewomen merely process food.

ln the context ofagricultural societies, thehoeing is done by women while hunting. Fishing

*Sociology department,Smt. A.S. Chaudhary Mahila Arts & Home Science college, Mahesana, Gujarat.

ISSN No. - 2319-2755IJSSL : JIF- 3.630


ni cattle grazing are undertaken by men. Sincewomen in these societies play a vital role in fiedprocurement” they drive only limited supportfrom their husbands but enjoy considerablefreedom and economic independence. With theincreased dependence onplough agriculture insubsequent epochs the status of women.however, shows a considerable decline.

Do the Women Get Proper Access toAppropriate Technology? To minimise the loadof unpleasant housework is another importantaspect of modern industrial technology. TheUnited Nations Conference on the Decade forWomen (1980) was the first to highlight thenecessity of reducing the daily burden of women.Chalking out the strategies for the developmentof women, the Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-85)document on Women and Development ignoresthe dimension of domestic work and emphasizesonly the threefold strategy of education,employment and health. It adopts the family asa unit of development only for the purpose ofreducing the burden of child-bearing throughhealth education and by limiting the size of thefamily. The economic emancipation of the familywas to be achieved by securing a fair share ofsalaried. self and wage employment opportunitiesfor women.

In the rural areas, research studies pointout that modern household technology isavailable to a very small proportion to the elitewomen. Knowledge and awareness ofhousehold technology among rural women isvery poor. The burden of house work andproductive work on elite women is much less ascompared to the lower socio-economic start ofthe village society because of the availability ofhired household help and their non-participation

in productive work. The provision of basictechnology such as accessible water points,electricity, bio-gas. Smokeless chulhas, (stoves)and solar cookers to the rural women can, onthe one hand.

Considerably reduce their burden ofhouse work and on the other, help them acquireknowledge and skills through a non-formalapproach. Some government and non-governmental agencies have been working in thisdirection but experience tells us that like all othergovernmental projects they fail to make animpact. Failure in the Development of a ScientificTemper Apart from the fact that our earlier planpriorities failed to look into the dimension ofintermediate technology affecting the status ofwomen, such as household technology (until theseventh five year plan), we have also failed inthe development of a scientific temper. In sucha social system, it is the peop1e’s capacities andachievements that matter rather than theirascribed status or origin. An important aspectof a scientific ethos is that knowledge must bemade available to all the people, men as well aswomen, and the society must identify the areaswhere scientific innovations can change the lifeof different people by making the best possibleuse of it.

Gender imbalancesOne of the first instances of gender

imbalance is the sex ratio. The 1981 censusfigures show that the overall sex ratio stands at933 females to 1000 males and the rural-urbandisparities are wider; 951 in rural as against 878in urban areas. In the 1991 census. The overallsex ratio has further declined to 929 females asagainst, 1000 males, but the rural-urbandisparities seem to be narrowing down to 941

29

in rural as against 893 in urban areas. A notablefeature of our developmental process is that theoverall sex ratio has declined from 941 in 1961to 929 in 1991. The process of narrowinggender gap seems to have begun with the 1991census. The gap further widens while going upthe ladder of education from the level of primaryto secondary and higher education. The 1991census figures for employment show an increasein the work participation rates of women.Women’s share of employment is confirminglargely to agriculture and allied activities wheretheir role is that of paid or unpaid unskilledagricultural labour.

However. there is also a positive side tothe impact of science and technology. Variouslegislative measures which have tended totranslate the constitutional commitments havehelped in the improvement of the legal status ofwomen. On the quantitative side. The averageage at marriage for girls has risen to 18.3 yearsin 1981 as against 16.6 years in 1961. and Thelife expectancy has improved from 44.7 yearsin 1961 to 52.9 years in 1981 and 55.9 berween1981-1988.The sex ratio also marginallyincreased from 930 in 1971 to 933 in 1981. Anexplanation of gender imbalances. Therefore, hasto be sought within the socio-politicalframework. The continuing subordination ofwomen in our society is a manifestation of genderideology. Whereas science and technology havebeen increasingly used for raising the productivityof men, the productivity of women wasdismissed to a lower position because of theinterplay of various socio-cultural practices suchas differential socialization. Segregation andseclusion of women and also because of a tight

social control over traditional male bastions suchas the institution of patriarchy.

ConclusionThe above analysis helps us conclude that

the development of a sciatic temper such as theinculcation of modem occupational skills will helpwomen become independent and self-reliant andalso pave the way for the removal of povertyand ignorance in the country. However In thepropagation of the sciatic temper, a balance hasto be struck between the positive and negativeeffects of science and technology. An uncheckeduse of science and technology could bring forthfar more destruction than development as isevident from the indiscriminate adoption andpropagation of the technologies of the developedworld by the under developed world. The useof technology has to be in tune with the socio-cultural environment and its introduction has tobe evaluated on the criteria of availability,practicality and profitability. The marginalizationof women relates to the loss of control over theirwork. Time and health and also their inability tohandle new technology. The goal of science andtechnology, therefore, should not be theexploitation of human kind but the attainment ofsustainable development. A controlled orregulated use of science and technology mustbecome an integral part of all developmentalapproaches and all such checks and balanceshave to be harmonized at the global level.

Lastly it may be stated that a completeunderstanding of the process of productionwould entail a proper understanding of the wayin which they affect the lives of men and womenand the extent to which are controlled by eachsex. Thus, it calls for a complete restructuring of

Technological Effect on The Development of Women


our planning process and a redennition of ourdevelopmental goals and means which show notonly a sensitivity to issues concerning womenand the poorer sections of the society but alsohow it involves them in our programmes fordevelopment.

References Census of India (1981). Series-I Paper

2 of l98l_ Rural Urban Distribution.Registrar General, New Delhi.

Census of India (1991), Series-l. Paper-2. Rural-Urban Distribution, RegistrarGeneral, New Delhi.

National Perspective Plan for Women(1988-2000 A.D.). Government ofIndia Ministry of Human ResourcesDevelopment.

Ram. S. (Dr.) (2004). “Women Socio -Economic Problem “commonwealthPublishing House, New Delhi.

*****

31

Information Technology and India’s Economic Development

*Dr. Ashokbhai C. Tadavi

This paper discusses the possibilities for broad-based IT-led economic growth inIndia, including increasing value-added, using better telecom links to capture morebenefits domestically through offshore development for developed country firms,greater spillovers to the local economy, broadening the IT industry with productionof telecom access devices, improving the functioning of the economy through a moreextensive and denser communications network, and improving governance. We alsoexamine the policy environment, arguing that government policy is better focusedon removing labor market distortions and infrastructure constraints, rather thanproviding output or export subsidies to the software industry.Keywords: information technology, software, complementarities, telecommunicationsJEL Classification: M21, L63, O12, O3

This paper discusses the possibilities forbroad-based IT-led economic growth in India,including increasing value-added, using bettertelecom links to capture more benefitsdomestically through offshore development fordeveloped country firms, greater spillovers tothe local economy, broadening the IT industrywith production of telecom access devices,improving the functioning of the economy througha more extensive and denser communicationsnetwork, and improving governance. We alsoexamine the policy environment, arguing thatgovernment policy is better focused on removinglabor market distortions and infrastructureconstraints, rather than providing output orexport subsidies to the software industry.

Keywords: information technology, software,complementarities, telecommunications

1. IntroductionThe success of India’s software industry

on the global stage has captured the imaginationof Indians in a way that only cricket and hockeysuccesses could in the past. Indians (or peopleof Indian origin) have become leaders of, as wellas contributors to, the information technology(IT) revolution in the United States, reinforcingthe impression that India is world class in IT. Atthe same time, India remains an extremely poorcountry, with levels of human development forthe masses that put it in the same league as sub-Saharan Africa. From this perspective, India’s

*Dept. of SanskritSmt. Anandiben Shankarbhai Chaudhary Mahila Arts & Home Science College, Mehsana.

ISSN No. - 2319-2755IJSSL : JIF- 3.630


IT success represents the emergence of anotherelite enclave, with increased inequality the result.

In this paper, we examine the question ofwhether IT can do more than fuel an enclave-based export boom. Can IT contribute to India’seconomic development in a broader, morefundamental way? What are the potentialmechanisms whereby this can occur? What isthe likelihood of IT accelerating India’s growth,and what are the potential roadblocks orbottlenecks where government policy can makea difference between success and failure? Thispaper assumes a basic familiarity with the generalstructure and performance of the Indianeconomy, and the economic reform process thathas been taking place through the last decadeor more. In Section 2, therefore, we begin ouranalysis directly by examining the performanceof India’s IT sector, discussing the role ofsoftware versus hardware, the growth patternof the software industry and software exports,the rapid emergence of IT-enabled services, andthe role of the domestic market.

Section 3 turns to a consideration of theresource needs of the IT sector, and possibleconstraints and bottlenecks. These include thesupply of IT-skilled labor to support futuregrowth, telecommunications and other aspectsof infrastructure, and possible financialconstraints. Section 4 uses a range of economicideas to map out the possibilities for broad-basedIT-led development, going beyond the IT sector.We draw on recent analyses of the process ofeconomic development that emphasize factorssuch as innovation, complementarities intechnologies and in demand, and pecuniaryexternalities. In terms of the mechanisms fordevelopment, we discuss examples such as

increasing value-added, using better telecomlinks to capture more benefits domesticallythrough offshore development for industrialcountry firms, greater spillovers to the localeconomy, broadening the IT industry withproduction of telecom access devices, improvingthe functioning of the economy through a moreextensive and denser communications network,and improving governance at all levels.

Section 5 examines the policyenvironment, which interacts with resourceavailability, in the light of broader developmentalpossibilities. Issues raised here include theprovision of education, labor market distortions,infrastructure development in areas such astelecommunications, and tax and subsidypolicies. Section 6 provides a summaryconclusion, with an assessment of possibilitiesand recommendations for policy.

2 Information Technology and India’sEconomic Development – Nirvikar Singh, UCSanta Cruz, July 2002

2. The IT SectorInformation technology essentially refers

to the digital processing, storage andcommunication of information of all kinds

1.

Therefore, IT can potentially be used in everysector of the economy.

2 The true impact of IT

on growth and productivity continues to be amatter of debate, even in the United States,which has been the leader and largest adopterof IT.

3 However, there is no doubt that the IT

sector has been a dynamic one in manydeveloped countries, and India has stood outas a developing country where IT, in the guiseof software exports, has grown dramatically,despite the country’s relatively low level ofincome and development. An example of IT’s

33

broader impact comes from the case of so-called IT-enabled services, a broad categorycovering many different kinds of data processingand voice interactions that use some ITinfrastructure as inputs, but do not necessarilyinvolve the production of IT outputs. India’sfigures for the size of the IT sector typicallyinclude such services, and they will be discussedin this section. We begin with a review of theoverall industry size, then discuss softwareversus hardware, exports versus domestic sales,and, finally, IT-enabled services.

3. Resource ConsiderationsAs in any industry, the availability of

adequate supplies of inputs is critical for growth.Much of the caution about the prospects forIndia’s IT industry has been focused on potentialbottlenecks in the supply of skills, and the qualityof the infrastructure. We add financial constraintsto this combination, and discuss each of thesebriefly.

InfrastructureGovernment failure in the realm of

infrastructure provision has been a majorcharacteristic of Indian economic development.Of the various infrastructure constraints,probably that of electric power is the mostfundamental, and the most difficult one to tackle.We will not address it here, because the subjectis too large, and it is not central to our analysis,though electric power is clearly necessary foran IT industry.

24 Other infrastructure constraints,

such as water, roads and ports, have served asgreater bottlenecks for manufacturing. In fact,one of the reasons software exports were ableto take off in India was their lack of dependenceon these latter kinds of infrastructure. Thedevelopment of software parks by eager

governments has helped to relax physicalinfrastructure constraints where they did exist.However, a severe potential constraint is thepoor overall state of India’s telecominfrastructure. The benefits of well-functioningtelecommunications are much broader than justin IT, but the Internet and the associated ITboom have made India’s telecoms bottleneck agreater concern. At the same time, rapidtechnological change and the success of India’sIT industry are together leading to solutions.

The basic technological driving force fortelecoms is the IT revolution itself. The ability todigitally encode all kinds of information, whethervoice, data, or video, makes it possible to sendall this information over a single network withdigital capabilities. This combined network mayinclude copper wires, fiber-optic cables, andwireless transmission. This is the essence of“convergence”. The implication of convergenceis that telecoms are receiving more attention thanin the past. While India began to encourage thesetting up of Public Call Offices (PCOs)throughout the country in the 1980s, teledensityremains very low, between 2 and 4 per hundred(well below other developing countries such asChina). The quality of lines and exchanges ispoor, and most telecoms remained a governmentmonopoly until very recently, failing to followquickly on the path of liberalization begun in1991. It has been the rise of India’s softwareindustry that has focused attention on the benefitsand feasibility of dramatic change in the telecomssector.

Financial ConstraintsA striking feature of the Indian economy

pre-reform was its inefficient use of capital.Relatively high savings rates were associated with



relatively low growth rates. Financial sectorreform in India has focused on making thecountry’s organized capital markets moreefficient. Simple institutional improvements suchas electronic trading and settlement, guidelinesfor corporate governance, and so on, have beenintroduced. However, the nature of the financialsystem overall still involves ‘financial repression’,with the banking sector and a large number ofother financial institutions being subject toparking of government and state enterprisedeficits and to directed lending.

29 These problems

mean that substantial inefficiencies remain in thefinancial system. This has negative implicationsfor industry overall

30, but particularly for a fast-

growing sector such as IT.Clearly, broader reform of the financial

sector is required. While such reform has, asnoted, been taking place in areas such as thefunctioning of Indian stock markets, corporategovernance, regulation of banking, and methodsof central government borrowing, the constraintsimposed by the web of government-controlledfinancial institutions and their ‘bad’ loans to thepublic sector are a severe hurdle to furtherreform. For IT start-ups, venture capital hasbeen extremely important, and this should bethe case for India also. While the initial lack of aventure capital industry in India may have beenpositive, in the sense that the policies to createone could be considered from scratch, effortsto do so have tangled with existing mazes offinancial regulations and legal restrictions,including tax and corporate law. An importantbeginning was made by a committee on venturecapital appointed by the Securities andExchange Board of India (SEBI), India’s chieffinancial regulator. The committee’s report was

adopted by SEBI in June 2000, but many of thechanges required are beyond SEBI’sjurisdiction.

31

4. IT and DevelopmentThe case for IT as an engine of growth

and development must mainly rest on standardeconomic criteria, such as comparativeadvantage, complementarities, and the dynamicsof the global economy. The IT sector can be animportant source of growth for India if thecountry has a comparative advantage inproviding certain kinds of IT-related productsand services, if the global demand for theseproducts and services is likely to grow rapidly,and if the growth of the sector has positivespillover benefits to the rest of the domesticeconomy. The first two of these conditions seemto be well established, though they merit somediscussion of future possibilities, particularly withrespect to the reasons for and the dynamics ofIndia’s comparative advantage in this sector.One of the most interesting issues, which we wishto emphasize here, is the third condition, ofspillover benefits. This is the area where the ITsector may be special, and not just anotherexport enclave. Furthermore, IT may have a roleto play in broader human development, beyondjust economic growth. This is a contentious issue,with sharply opposing views expressed. We willproceed in this section as follows. First, weoutline some theoretical ideas that are relevantfor thinking about the role of IT in growth, andwhich will inform our consideration of differentaspects of this role. Thus, we sequentiallyexamine issues of comparative advantage insoftware and services, the development of adomestic market, spillovers to the economy asa whole, and the potential impact on governance.

35

5. IT and Growth TheoriesThe starting point for considering the role

of IT in development has to be theories ofgrowth that give endogenous innovation a centralrole. The ingredients of these models typicallyinclude differentiated capital inputs, monopolisticcompetition, production of new inputs throughR&D, and ultimately economy-wide increasingreturns that allow sustained growth to occur.Hence these models shift away from the exclusivefocus on capital accumulation that characterizedthe neoclassical growth model and the core ofIndian post-independence economic policy. Thework of Grossman and Helpman (1991) andRivera-Bat iz and Romer (1991a,b)incorporates international trade and the evolutionof comparative advantage into endogenousgrowth models. In these analyses, the economyis typically divided into manufacturing, R&D andtraditional sectors, so IT does not necessarily fitneatly into any one category. Design anddevelopment of software may havecharacteristics of R&D, while IT-enabledservices are more like manufacturing in their useof established techniques for production. Thegeneral message of these models, however, isthat externalities associated with monopolisticcompetition may give policy a role in influencingthe evolution of comparative advantage.

33

We can say a little more about the char-acteristics of GPTs in the context of IT in par-ticular. Pervasiveness seems to be potentially anatural property of IT. In the Indian context,doubts are centered on issues of cost and ac-cess. We have touched on those briefly earlierin the paper, and will return to them later in thissection. Table 4, however, illustrates the impor-tant positive trends that support pervasiveness.

6. ConclusionTo conclude, we will briefly consider

general microeconomic and macroeconomicpolicy issues, and implications for the IT sector.The central areas of India’s policy reforms havebeen replacing quantitative trade restrictions withtariffs, lowering effective levels of protection,removing an area of discretionary controls onprivate sector investment, and creation ofmodern financial markets. Standard examplesof where these reforms can be built upon, tofurther stimulate growth, include removal orrelaxation of obsolete “small-scale sector”reservations and size restrictions, privatizationof inefficient state-owned enterprises,rationalization of tax-subsidy policies and taxadministration, and relaxation of severe labormarket restrictions. This list can be characterizedby its emphasis on improving the efficiency ofthe mechanisms with which the governmentdirectly affects the private sector. The entireIndian economy, not just the IT sector, canpresumably benefit from such reforms, which willreduce distortions of private sector behavior.

57 Drishtee was able to avoid this problem

to some extent, with smaller-scale kiosks thatallowed poorer entrepreneurs to avail of targetedgovernment loan schemes.


A second area where attention is requiredmay be characterized as enabling reforms. Theseinclude reforms of contract law and judicialinstitutions; financial sector regulatory institutions;telecom sector regulatory institutions;infrastructure such as electric power, roads andports; and systems of education and training in



general. Again, the benefits of such reforms arepotentially quite general, and not restricted toany one sector of the economy.

A third area of policy is macroeconomicmanagement. While India’s record here is quitegood, it needs to make a transition in its policyinstitutions here as well, since removing detailedmicroeconomic controls requires changes in theregulatory modes of macroeconomicmanagement. Perhaps the area that has receivedthe most attention is policies toward internationalcapital flows and their implications for exchangerate management. Desai (2000) has suggestedthat large projected increases in software exportscould create a “Dutch disease” phenomenon,

58

in which a resulting exchange rate appreciationhurts other sectors, and revenues from exportsare wastefully spent. Several factors mitigate thisconcern: the likelihood that export revenuegrowth will slow down; the potential linkagesthat exist between software, the IT sector as awhole, and the broader economy (unlike naturalresource extraction enclaves); and a betterunderstanding of exchange rate management thanexisted 25 years ago, when the phenomenon firstwas identified and labeled. Thus, while exchangerate policy is certainly important in general, thegrowth of the IT sector will not necessarily raisespecial concerns.

An excellent explanation of Dutch disease

is by John McLaren, at www.columbia.edu/~jem18/teaching/ pepm/dutchdis.pdf. McLarenclarifies the source of concerns that areassociated with Dutch disease, includingexacerbation of prior distortions, and ofinequality.

59 Bangalore in Karnataka is well known

as a regional IT center in India, having developed

initially without much explicit governmentsupport. The governments of Andhra Pradesh(Eischen, 2000) and Tamil Nadu (Bajpai &Radjou, 1999, and Bajpai & Dokeniya, 1999)have led in attempts to establish IT-basedindustries with conscious government policies.Other state governments, such as Punjab (seewww.dqindia.com/mar1599/news.htm) arefollowing suit, with mixed success.


an important complement to and enablerof local government reform in India (Rao andSingh, 2000).

Our goal in this paper has been to assessthe possible role of India’s IT industry as a driverof higher economic growth in India, withoutexacerbation of inequalities or creation ofinstability. Our conclusion is cautiously positive.While projections for software exports may beover optimistic, complementarities or spilloversin the domestic market, including increasedgovernment and business use of IT, are likely tobe strong. For this rosy scenario to play out,however, continued broad economic reforms willbe important, as well as reforms in the telecomsector that promote competition and innovationin providing last-mile access.

References Aggarwal, Balaka B. (2001), Faculty

scarcity at IITs threatens knowledgecapital, March 19, http://www.ciol.com/content/news/trends/10103902.asp.

Arora, Ashish and V. S. Arunachalam,Jai Asundi and Ronald Fernandes(2000), The globalization of software:

37

the case of the Indian software industry.A report submitted to the SloanFoundation. Carnegie MellonUniversity, Pittsburgh PA. http://www.heinz .cmu.edu/project / india /publications.html.

Arora, Ashish, V. S. Arunachalam, JaiAsundi and Ronald Fernandes (2001a),The Indian Software Service Industry,Research Policy, 30, 1267-1287.

Arora, Ashish and Suma Athreye (2002),The Software Industry and India’sEconomic Development, InformationEconomics and Policy, 14, 253-273.

Arora, Ashish, Alfonso Gambardellaand Salvatore Torrisi (2001b), In thefootsteps of the Silicon Valley? Indianand Irish Software in the InternationalDivision of Labour, paper presented atthe conference, ‘Silicon Valley and itsImitators’, Stanford Institute forEconomic Policy Research, July 2000.

Bajpai, Nirupam and Navi Radjou(1999), Raising the GlobalCompetitiveness of Tamil Nadu’sInformation Technology Industry,Development Discussion Paper No.728, October, Harvard Institute forInternational Development.

Bajpai, Nirupam and AnupamaDokeniya (1999), InformationTechnology-Led Growth Policies: ACase Study of Tamil Nadu, DevelopmentDiscussion Paper No. 729, October,Harvard Institute for InternationalDevelopment.

Banerjee, Abhijit V. and Esther Duflo(2000) , Reputation Effects and the

Limits of Contracting: A Study of theIndian Software Industry, QuarterlyJournal of Economics, 115,3, 989-1017.

Basu, Kaushik (1997) , AnalyticalDevelopment Economics, Cambridge,MA: MIT Press.

26 Information Technology and India’sEconomic Development – NirvikarSingh, UC Santa Cruz, July 2002

Basu, S. and Weil, D.N. (1998),Appropriate Technology and Growth,Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113,4, 1025-1054.

Bhatnagar, Subhash and RobertSchware (2000), Information andCommunication Technology inDevelopment: Cases from India, NewDelhi: Sage Publications.

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Bresnahan, Timothy and ManuelTrajtenberg (1995), General PurposeTechnologies: “Engines of Growth”,Journal of Econometrics, 65, 83-108.

Business Week (2001), India 3.0: Itssoftware outfits take on the world,February 26, 44-46.

Chuang, Y.C. (1998), Learning byDoing, the Technology Gap, andGrowth, International EconomicReview, 39, 3, 697-721.

Ciccone, Antonio and KiminoriMatsuyama (1996), Start-up Costs andPecuniary Externalities as Barriers toEconomic Development, Journal ofDevelopment Economics, 49, 33-59.

*****



Inportance and Impact of Information Technologyand Rural Development in India

*Dr. Narender K. Patel

The global media started writing aboutIndia positively only in the past eight years, largelydue to the spectacular progress of the Indian ITindustry T2K came as a bolt form the blue anda blessing in disguise.

Terms like IT superpower and your job isBangalore and tom Friedman’s book “The worldis flat” that went on to become not a mere newYork times best-seller, but the best amount manybestsellers in year 2005 brought Indian into thecenter stage of global IT. The three softwareservices majors-Infests.

TCS and Wipro together-have annualrevenues of more than $ 10 billion dollars: eachof them employs nearly 100,000 employees bythe end of year 2008. The number of IT/ITESprofessionals employed in Bangalore is just shortof the combined employment of the entire stateof Karnataka. Though, the global recognition isnew to India.

IT has deep roots in India going all theway back to the discovery of zero! Even in therecent past a number of developments havetaken place mostly away from the media glare,some of them include-investment in education,nurturing excellence in key educationalinstitutions, emphasis on R & D, imaginative

policy planning and political will to support andsustain IT across all areas. They all helped IndianIT to grow to its current formidable position.

The role of the government can be seen invarious measures. Home Bhabha committeerealized the need for focus in electronic andcomputer on June 26, 1970, the DOC(Department of Electronics) came into being asa scientific ministry directly under the primeminister with proof MGK Menno as secretaryto the department and chairman of theElectronics commission.

The setting up of IITs and IIMs in 50sand 60s and the encouragement to the privatesector to start technical colleges (starting fromKarnataka) helped the growth of technicalmanpower. Public sector ECIL (ElectronicCorporation of India) manufactured 12 bit (TDC12) and 16-bit (TDC 16) computers in late 70sand early 80s. With IBM shutting downoperations in 1977, another public sectorcompany CMC was set up to “maintain”computers (CMC has 923 computerscomprising 60 models made by 34 manufacturesone time! Recognizing the importance ofsoftware exports, SEEPZ (Santa-CruzElectronics export processing Zone) was set up

*Dept. of SanskritSmt. Anandiben Shankarbhai Chaudhary Mahila Arts & Home Science College,Mehsana.

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in Mumbai in 1973.The “Mini computer policy” of 1978"

opened up” computers manufacture to privatesector. Many state governments created sateelectronic corporations for example KEONICSin Karnataka KELTRON in kraal andUPTRON in Uttar Pradesh. The nationalinformatics center (NIC) was set up in 1977which played a major role in the later decadesto become “decisive support system for thegovernment” (both the central and stategovernments).

The “New computer policy” of November19, 1984 announced by Dr. N Seshagiri with in20 days of Rajiv Gandhi becoming the primeminister and the software policy of 1986 \kick-started the Indian IT story NICNET in 1982brought Interest to Government offices. ERNETin 1986 brought internet to educational andresearch institutes in INI.

Project IMPRESS (computerization ofRailways ticketing) stated in 1986 as a pilot inSecunderabad ushered in the first applicationtargeted at “aam admi” (common man). Therangarajan committee on bank computerizationin 1984 set in force a movement that started toshake up government departments to improvedelivery of customer service.

Special programs lime MCA (Master ofComputer Application) that was planned at IIT’sand launched in various universities in 80’s helpedthe growing Indian software industry immensely.Other initiatives in manpower developmentinclude the highly successful program fromNCST in Bombay (and later Bangalore) and theaccelerated manpower development onelectronic and computing through DOEACCand DRDO.

In the nineties academic-turned

entrepreneur professor Vijay Chandra and histeam designed imputer, which became the newYork times “Technologies of the year “in 2001,The recent “Primarily Algorithm” (2005) frommanindra agarwal and from the Indian researchcommunity. With the spectacular growth in IndianIT industry there was phenomenal growth inquantity of undergraduate computer science (andrelated programs); more than (200.000)undergraduate engineers in computing andrelated disciplines are coming out of Indianuniversities today, though there is considerableroom for improvement in quality.

Starting in late nineties, any of the regionalengineering colleges (REC) were upgraded tonational institutes of technology (NIT) with morefunding from the central government andautonomy. A string of IIT’s (Allahabad,Bangalore Galion and Hyderabad) startedfunctioning from late nineties.

In the current decade the contribution ITfrom IIT alumni contributing to the globalacademic/research community and IT industryis well-recognized today. The contribution ofIIT’s NITs and IITs is so important that one canstate that IT is a subset of IIT, NIT, & IIIT! Inturn it has helped in building the India brand andpromoted entrepreneurship throughorganizations like TIE (The Entrepreneurs Club);it has also helped in alumina contributions backinto IITs.

The industry-academia interaction hasincreased dramatically in the past seven years,thanks to the maturity of the Indian IT firms andthe arrival of the MNC firms such as AB, Google,HP, Honeywell, IBM, Intel, Michrosoft,Motorola, oracle, Philips, SAP, Siemens andYahoo (more particularly, their R & D units).

In the sixties TIFR group headed by

Inportance and Impact of Information Technology


professor R Marashimha (who passed away onSeptember 3, 2007) built the first generalpurpose computer TIFRAC way back in 1960.ECIL (Electronics Corporation of India Ltd) wasformed in 1967 to address the growing needsof electronics (including computers); ECILmanufactured TDC-12 and TDC-16 range ofcomputers in seventies.

In the seventies and eighties manypioneering companies were born in the privatesector; this includes DCM, HCL, ORG,NELCO, PCL Wiper and Zenith that builtminicomputers and later PCs. There wasperipherals manufactures too-Godrej (printers),L & T (printers), LIPI (printer), Wiper (printerterminals) TVS Instruments (Terminals). Muchbefore the word “outstanding” was in vogueTendon was making disk drives for IBM PCs inMumbai; later PCL was making mother boardsfor Dell ( These pioneering experiments of the80’s withered away in 90’s). Moser-Baer, theglobal leader in optical media emerging fromIndia is a recent positive development in themanufacturing front.

Many software companies took birth in80s like-Infosys, mestem patni, satyam, softek,Tata info tech and wiper. Another interestingtrend was the setting up of offshore developmentcenters (ODC) by multi-national corporations,starting with Texas instruments in 1986. Therewere other companies like cognizant and CBSI(now convinces that is part of CSC today) thathad practically all development work happeningin India, through they were headquarteredoutside India.

The 90’s saw spectacular success of theIndian software industry. The “opening up” ofeconomy in 1991 led to e-Companies likeInfosys aggressively growing to become a global

company with employee stock option, quarterlyresults on time every time, GAAP accountingand the global delivery model that is todaystudied in Harvard Business school.

Infosys has its IPO in 1993 and listed inNASDAQ (the first Indian company) in 1999.There were interesting products too-Installingfrom Wiper, compilers from softek, Tallyaccounting software from Tally systems andmarshal from Armco that had global customers;the core banking software products Flex cubefrom iFlex solutions has today become themarket leader in the global market.

The formation of NASCOM in 1988 (thatsprang into action from 1990) gave a fillip to thenascent software industry. Dewing Mehta duringhis short and eventful period as the president ofNASSCOM give the organization a formidableimage and clout. Koran karmic the currentpresident who took over in 2001 (after the tragicdeath of dewing Mehta), put it on a high pedestalwith solid events studies like NASSCOM-McKinsey study and an excellent support fromthe government ISPAI (ISP Association of India)started in 1994 to address the needs of ISP’s(Internet service providers). The recently formedISA (Indian Semiconductor Association) addressthe needs of the emerging semiconductorindustry.

Research output from Indian academicinstitutions R & D establishments in coming ofage. Globally relevant and significant output iscoming out of India based research wings ofglobal companies like HP. Microsoft andGoogle. TCS will be touching 100,000 size and$5 billion annual revenue soon. Wiper andInfosys are not far from this position. With IBMannouncing $6 billion investment over threeyears. Microsoft, Cisco and EMC announcing

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$ 2 billion investment, the Indian IT industry ingrabbing global headlines too. Azi premiji ofWipro, N R Narayana murthy of Infosys and SRamadorai of TCS are in the global list ofleaders. Indian companies are acquiring globalcompanies.

Refrences: Kapur, Devesh (2002), The Causes and

Consequences of India’s IT Boom, IndiaReview, 1, 1, 91-110.

Kapur, Devesh and Ravi Ramamurti(2001), India’s Emerging CompetitiveAdvantage in Services, Academy ofManagement Executive, 15, 2, 20-31.

Kaushik, P.D. and Nirvikar Singh(2002), Information Technology andBroad-Based Development: PreliminaryLessons from North India, UC SantaCruz Working Paper, in progress.

Khoo, Ernest (2002) The Simputer: AHandheld for the Masses?, CNETNews.com, January 11, http://n e w s . c o m . c o m / 2 1 0 0 - 1 0 4 0 -808321.html.

Kremer, Michael (1993), The O-RingTheory of Economic Development,Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108,3, 551-575.

Kumar, Nagesh (2000), New TechnologyBased Small Service Enterprises andEmployment: The Case of Software and

Related Services Industry in India,International Centre for DevelopmentResearch and Cooperation, New Delhi.

ØLipsey, Richard G., Cliff Becker, andKenneth Carlaw (1998), What RequiresExplanation?, Ch. 2 in Helpman (1998).

Matsuyama, Kiminori (1995)Complementarities and CumulativeProcesses in Monopolistic Competition,Journal of Economic Literature, 33, 2,701-710.

Milgrom, Paul, Yingyi Qian, and JohnRoberts (1991), Complementarities,Momentum, and the Evolution ofModern Manufacturing, AmericanEconomic Review, May, 81, 2, 84-88.

Miller, Robert R. (2001), Leapfrogging?India’s Information TechnologyIndustry and the Internet, IFCDiscussion Paper No. 42, May, TheWorld Bank, Washington, DC.

National Association of Software andService Companies (2002a): DomesticIT Market. New Delhi. http://w ww. n a s s c o m . o rg / i t _ i n d u s t r y /domestic_it_market.asp.

National Association of Software andService Companies (2002b): Domesticsoftware. New Delhi. http://w ww. n a s s c o m . o rg / i t _ i n d u s t r y /domestic_sw_services.asp.

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Inportance and Impact of Information Technology


Information Technology and Rural Development in India

*Prof. Naginbhai D. Patel

How can information technology (IT) contribute to rural development? What are thechannels through which impacts can be realized, and what are the practical meansfor realizing potential benefits? This paper examines several ongoing projects thataim to provide IT-based services to rural populations in India. These projects aredistinguished by the goal of commercial sustainability, which supports scalability and,therefore, more widespread benefits. The analysis highlights the common buildingblocks required for successful implementation, and the relative strengths andweaknesses of different approaches.Keywords: India, information technology, Internet, rural development

1. IntroductionIt may seem paradoxical that modern

information technology (IT), associated in ourminds with developed country markets andcapital-intensive methods of production, has anyrelevance for a country where many millions stilllack basic needs. Nevertheless, there are manyefforts underway in India and other developingcountries to demonstrate the concrete benefitsof IT for rural populations, and to do so in amanner that makes economic sense.1

This paper outlines the conceptual andempirical case for the use of IT in India’s ruraldevelopment. Section 2, provides a broaddiscussion of the potential role of IT in broad-based economic development. Section 3examines the conceptual issues from theperspective of demand for, and supply of IT-based services to rural populations in a

developing country. Section 4 discusses thelessons of some of the efforts underway in India,including the work of Aksh, Drishtee, ITC, n-Logue and TARAhaat. Section 5 is a briefconclusion.

2. IT, Economics and Development2In abstract, there are two types of

potential economic gains from the use of IT. First,there are both static and dynamic efficiency gains.Static gains are one-time, and come from moreefficient use of scarce resources, allowing higherconsumption in the present. It is useful todistinguish two kinds of static efficiency gains.One kind pertains to increases in operatingefficiency, while the other comes from reducedtransaction costs. In both cases, the channel forgains is through more effective and lower costinformation storage, processing andcommunication. Dynamic gains come from higher

*Dept. of SanskritSmt. Anandiben Shankarbhai Chaudhary Mahila Arts & Home Science College, Mehsana.

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growth, potentially raising the entire future streamof consumption.

The second type of potential benefit comesfrom reductions in economic inequality, to theextent that such reductions are an agreed-uponsocial goal, and therefore a social benefit. Thetwo types of gains may conflict, if growthrequires increased inequality, or they may bemutually reinforcing, where broad sharing of thebenefits of growth enhances the rate of growth.We can discuss the role of IT in achieving greatereconomic gains along both dimensions, withouthaving to commit to a particular position on therelationship between inequality and growth.However, a focus on using IT for ruraldevelopment is, at least on the surface,supportive of reduced inequality along withincreased efficiency and growth.

Of course, benefits that are measurableas increased market-based economic activity,and hence show up in national accounts statistics,are not the only component of development.Development can also include improvements inthe capabilities of the population, such aseducation, health and nutrition, independently ofany direct or indirect economic impact. Theability to participate in democratic decision-making also falls into this category. Broad-basedimprovements in capabilities can also havepositive impacts on long-run economic wellbeing, but this is not a necessary condition fordesiring such improvements. The role of IT ineffecting improvements along non-economicdimensions is also considered in this paper.

Turning to specific impacts, note that ITinvolves the electronic processing, storage andcommunication of information, where anything

that can be represented in digital form is includedin the term ‘information’. Thus news,entertainment, personal communications,educational material, blank and filled-out forms,announcements, schedules, and so on are allinformation. Software programs that processdata (searching, tabulating, and calculating, forexample) are also information in this sense,representing a particular kind of intermediategood. We can use standard economiccharacterizations to classify the different kindsof information. For example, entertainment,personal communications, and sometimes news,are final goods. Educational material, jobannouncements, or some kinds of news (weathernews for farmers, for example) are intermediategoods, typically used for improving income-earning opportunities.

Information goods typically have thecharacteristic that one person’s use does notreduce their availability for another person. Thus,a message or weather news can be viewed bymany people, simultaneously or sequentially.Depending on the content of the news ormessage, different people may place differentvaluations on the information. Only friends andrelatives may be interested in a personalmessage, all farmers in a district may beinterested in local weather news, and so on. Theability to share information among users canimpact the feasibility of providing it on acommercial basis. IT dramatically increasesshareability of information, and this affects theeconomics of private provision of informationgoods and services.

The government may provide informationgoods because they are shareable and non-



excludable (pure public goods). The classicexample of a pure public good is nationaldefense, but such goods may also be local innature, such as public parks or law and order.Of course many local shareable goods can beprovided exclusively, in which case privateprovision is a feasible alternative, in a club-likearrangement. Here, government provision maybe justified more on equity grounds than on thebasis of failure of private provision. In somecases, government financing through taxes orstatutory user charges can be combined withoutsourcing of delivery to private providers toachieve both equity and efficiency goals.

Efficiency gains of IT can also come aboutthrough the enabling of new goods and services.In many cases, the new good is related tosomething available earlier, but is presented in aform that reduces costs and expands the size ofthe market. For example, recorded music is amass-consumption item, whereas only a smallminority of the population could afford or haveaccess to live performances by the highestquality musicians. Educational material is anotherexample where recording and duplication canreplace more expensive, skilled-labor-intensivealternatives for delivery. The possibilities forinteractivity with IT-based educational materialsillustrate the advantages of IT over oldertechnologies based only on recording andduplication. Interact ivity also impliespersonalization, in that an individual can selectthe precise content that he or she wishes to see.This feature also distinguishes IT-based contentfrom what was available through

In rural areas and smaller towns, however,the various demographic and socioeconomic

factors such as income levels, cultural attitudes,and geographic and social fragmentation maynot be present in configurations that would easilyenable the diffusion of commercial access tovarious IT-enabled services. Furthermore, themarket power of traditional rural intermediariesmay act as a barrier to partial innovations in howmatching of buyers and sellers is conducted.Finally, vernacular language requirements

and different demand patterns imply theneed for software that is tailored for fragmentedrural markets. In the next section, we examinethe technical and organizational issues inimplementing widespread rural IT use in India.

Rural IT: Issues and ConceptualFramework

We examine the potential for rural IT use,both from supply and demand perspectives. Onthe supply side, we examine the technical andorganizational issues that arise for delivering IT-based services to rural populations in India. Onthe demand side, we examine the potentialbenefits that IT can bring to these populations,if the implementation is successful. We begin withthe demand side, as a way of motivating thesupply side issues.

Electric power is more of a problem, andthis is true throughout India. Battery backupsare a very partial solution to the lack of reliablepower supplies, and solar technologies may bemore promising in the near future: they arealready in use in existing rural IT efforts. Thedifficulty is that having to rely on these alternativesand backups unnecessarily raises costs ofoperation. Of course this is true for all of India’seconomy. It is well recognized that the powersector is the major bottleneck, with capacity well

45

short of demand, and the quality of transmissionand distribution remaining poor.

The third stage of the supply chain is themost straightforward, because of thestandardization of components of desktopcomputing and peripherals, rapid technologicalimprovements, falling costs of production, and,most recently, price reductions resulting fromchanges in tariffs on imported hardware. It isnow possible to fully equip a single-computerrural Internet kiosk for less than Rs. 50,000,including CD drive, printer, scanner, powerbackup, and web cam. Potentially, the highestcost component is the operating system, sinceWindows enjoys a virtual monopoly on thedesktop. However, Microsoft seems to haveconcessional pricing for socially orienteddeveloping country initiatives, and this helps toreduce costs. The operating system is stilltypically in English, but as long as simple drillscan take kiosk operators to local languageapplications and content, this is not a substantialusage barrier. One can conclude that this stageof the supply chain is easiest to implement, witha highly standardized, almost cookie-cutterapproach – although ongoing maintenance canbe a challenge. The major business decision iswhether to have more than one computer perkiosk, but experience suggests that one issufficient for almost all situations, at least in thebeginning.

The next stage of the supply chain, namelyapplications, presents more challenges. Therange of possible applications is vast. Many IT-based services require non-IT logistics orprocesses as complements. Availability of locallanguage software becomes more of a constraint.

There is much more variation across localities,not just regions. Delivery of services ordevelopment of content often stretch theresources and expertise of the primary provider,and require varied partnerships or othercontractual relationships. Deciding thesequencing, scope and sophistication of variousapplications can be a major challenge, sincemany of the services are being offered for thefirst time, or are being delivered in novel waysthat challenge existing institutional frameworksand relationships. Pricing for low incomemarkets, where market penetration is limited inany case, and where some services may beperceived as public goods that are traditionallyunpriced, presents another major challenge. Inthe case of financial services or governmentrecords or services, substantial governmentcooperation may be required, raising politicaland bureaucratic hurdles. In some ways, ofcourse, the essence of the success of the ruralIT-based-service business model depends onthe selection, quality and pricing of the servicesbeing offered. What is interesting is that asubstantial amount of learning has occurred inthis arena, in just a few years.

We have so far provided a general andabstract discussion of the various aspects ofsupply and demand of rural IT-based services.In the next section, this discussion is made moreconcrete and specific, through an assessment ofseveral initiatives in India.

4. Implementation: Cases, Impactsand Lessons

The discussion of several rural-ITinitiatives is based on field visits conducted overa two-year period, from December 2001 to



December 2003, as well as discussions withvarious members of each organization.5 The goalis not to provide an exhaustive description oranalysis of any single organizational effort, butto use the conceptual framework of the previoussection to bring out common features as well asdifferences. Nevertheless, it is useful to describeeach initiative separately, rather than organizethe discussion according to value chaincomponents or demand-side factors, as thisprovides a better sense of each overall effort.

Refrences: Eischen, Kyle (2000), National

Legacies, Software TechnologyClusters and Institutional Innovation:The Dichotomy of RegionalDevelopment in Andhra Pradesh,

India, University of California,Department of Sociology.

Gordon, Robert J., Does the ‘NewEconomy’ Measure Up to the GreatInventions of the Past?, Journal ofEconomic Perspectives, Fall 2000,14(4), 49-74.

Grossman, Gene and ElhananHelpman (1991), Innovation andGrowth in the Global Economy,Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Hanna, Nagy (1994), ExploitingInformation Technology forDevelopment: A Case Study of India,World Bank Discussion Paper 246.

Heeks, Richard (1998), The UnevenProfile of India’s Software Exports,IDPM Working Paper No. 3, October,University of Manchester.

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Taking Informatin Technology to The Heart of India

*Prof. Ramanbhai K. Solanki

‘Today we truly live in a global village, but it is a village with elite information ‘haves’and many information ‘have-nots.’ With the new technologies available to us we havean opportunity to change this.’ The following article is a student paper.

INTRODUCTIONWe always welcome an occasion to

discuss how our lives may change due totechnological development. It is evident that ruralIndia is contributing two-thirds of the totalnation’s population; thus, this heart of Indiarequires heavy enforcement of prolific strategies,which could uplift the scenario of the nation as awhole. IT has become the chief determinant ofthe progress of nations, communities &individuals. It is considered crucial that theimprovements in our society benefit all citizens.No single group should be ignored or favoured.The only way is “to make it better for all”.

It may seem paradoxical that moderninformation technology (IT) has associated inour minds that developed country markets andcapital-intensive methods of production have anyrelevance for a country where many millions stilllack basic needs. Nevertheless, there are manyefforts underway in India and other developingcountries to demonstrate the concrete benefitsof IT for rural populations and to do so in amanner that makes economic sense. This paper

is very much confined only to rural development.Section 1 provides conceptual issues/factorsdriving for IT transition in rural development.Section 2 offers a broad discussion of themethodologies implemented by governmentaland non-governmental policies. The endingsection goes through some solutions for thesemethodologies for a better successfulimplementation of IT in rural development.

IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGYPromotes regional coordination of the

Internet.Establishes pilot projects.Uses communication for developmental

approach.Assist stakeholders in advocating for

Internet service provision and telecommunicationinfrastructure.

FACTORS DRIVING ITTRANSITION IN RURAL

IT in rural approach is concerned first &foremost to people. It seeks to gain an accurateand realistic understanding of people’s strengthsand how they develop into positive livelihood

*Dept. of SanskritSmt. Anandiben Shankarbhai Chaudhary Mahila Arts &Home Science College, Mehsana.

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outcomes. It is important to note that IT cangenerate multiple benefits in sectors so as to:

Provide better usage of naturalresources

Agriculture is the main vehicle, which needsa rural policy to be delivered. IT increasesshareability of information typically used forimproving income-earning opportunities (e.g.,weather news for farmers, to enhancesustainable growth in farming).

Enhance economical statusFor both government and private

provision, one of IT’s main direct benefits is inincreasing efficiency by economizing on resourceuse in the operation of firms as well as in markettransactions. There is a need for better matchingof buyers &sellers, creation of new markets.

Education & EmploymentNot only is education important, computer

education too is critical considering the role thattechnology plays in our lives, and is likely to playin the coming years. Moreover the youth withadequate computer knowledge could beemployed in jobs like data entry and otherrelated areas, providing the prospect of usingtechnology.

FUTURE TRENDSIT can be better applied to enhance the

rural development, improve the standards ofliving as a whole, with concerns for commitmentin health, education, and governance.

IT in Rural Health CareThe future of IT in rural health network

can be viewed in terms of phases ofcommunication enhancement. In the first phase,we should expect to see even more use of emailas a principal means of communication. In thesecond phase, enhanced communication is

interacting with the public through electronicmedia. One possibility was to provideinformation to the public in their area, as aresource to find resources such as e-health andby using a website to do that. A third phase ofenhanced communication is using IT toadminister health services. Three networksdiscussed using IT for clinical purposes. One isclinical application, which gets beyond patientinformation, especially around drug regimens andthings like that. A second use in telehealthincluded focused on the transmission of data andimaging between practitioners. The third is adesire to set up telehealth with a large regionalhospital for the purposes of accessing physiciansin the emergency room to help with interpretationof X-rays.

IT in GovernanceThe villages are part of the real-time

governance supply-chain. A supply chain is onlyas good as its weakest link. Today, isolatedvillages are the equivalent of unconnected smalland medium enterprises in supply chains. TheTeleInfoCentre and Village InfoGrid bring thevillages into the governance network, enablinga two-way near real-time flow of information.They form the endpoints, the spokes, and thefront office, if you will. They need to becomplemented with the automation of the back-office — the heart of the government, which liesin the state capitals and district headquarters.What governments need is a four-step actionplan to move towards the vision of architectingintelligent, real-time information flowarchitecture: · Messaging and Internet Accessfor all employees: Every government employeeshould have an email ID and access to InstantMessaging. Each of the government locations

49

should be networked. · Computing for all: Everygovernment employee needs to have a computeron their desk. The same ideas that are applicablefor a TeleInfoCentre (low-cost computers,server-centric computing, open-sourcesoftware, and support for English and locallanguages) can be used to build out thecomputing infrastructure. · Collaboration andKnowledge Management: The next step is tomake people individually more productive andmake teams work together more efficiently. Thiscan be done via the use of workflow softwareand tools to aid decision-making. · BusinessProcess Automation: The essence of governanceis about interacting with citizens and businesses(akin to customer relationship management). Thefocus needs to be on the core businessprocesses, creating an event-driven architecturewith the focus being not on routine informationmanagement but on handling exceptions.

IT in Education:Education plays a paramount role in the

process of economic development. Besidesbeing instrumental in development, it is also anend in itself because it helps people lead betterlives. For broad-based sustainable economicdevelopment, primary education is critical.Neglect of primary education is endemic indeveloping nations. Primary education is a publicgood. To briefly review the broad scope of theproblem of primary education, literacy is only60% in rural India. For rural areas are maleliteracy is 71% and female is 47%. About 36%of all 7-14 year old children are illiterate. Thatis, the total population in rural areas that needsprimary education is 150 million. (Courtesy:Census of India 2001.) To provide primary

education, India requires seven million teachersif one were to have a 1:50 teacher to studentratio. Not only, that number is formidable, theproblem is compounded by the fact that theseteachers are mainly required in the rural areaswhere the current number of qualified teachersis extremely low. Not only is educationimportant, computer education too is critical.While no computer can replace a good teacher,it is not always possible to get good teachers inschools in developing nations, especially in theinteriors. This is where computer-enablededucation can complement the teacher in theclassroom. Besides, a “digital library” and theInternet can help enhance and widen the learningprocess. A school is an ideal location for aTeleInfoCentre (TIC) because it is already seenas a bastion of knowledge. The TIC can belocated at every primary and secondary school.During school hours, the computers are used tocomplement the teacher in providing IT and IT-enabled education to the students. After schoolhours, the center can provide communityservices, some of which can be priced. Thisapproach has multiple benefits: · Computers willattract students to schools. As has been said:“You bring computers into schools so that youbring children to schools.” · During school hours,the multiple computers in the TIC becomeeducational terminals for the children,complementing the teacher · After school-hours,the computers could be used for variouscommunity services, provide literacy for thevillage residents, creating employmentopportunities, thus providing means foradditional revenue serving the needs of the villageas a whole· By making computers available in



schools at the point of delivery of education,TICs thus play a critical role in the facilitation ofprimary and secondary education. In addition,the same platform can be used for delivery ofadult and vocational education. The RuralInfrastructure and Services Commons (RISC)center, which would be within a distance of 10-15 kilometers of the TICs, would function as alocal support center. The RISC is where teachertraining can be conducted on a regular basis,given the current state of the infrastructure invillages.

EDUSATNearly 3 decades after it carried out the

world’s first effort to reach instructionalprogrammes to far-flung villages using direct TVbroadcasting over satellite, the ISRO (Indianspace research organization) has sent aloftEDUSAT. ISRO also initiated projects fordistance education and training, the launch ofEDUSAT could lead to revolution in theeducation sector. Students in rural areas standto benefit the most; it will be very beneficialconsidering the shortage of teachers especiallyin frontier areas of technology along withprimary education.

CONCLUSIONAdopting a proactive strategy, and acting

to bring the Internet to rural and agriculturalcommunities in developing countries will helpenable rural people to face the unprecedentedchallenges brought on by the changing globaleconomy, political changes, environmentaldegradation .To deal with these challenges, andto make critical decisions, people at all levels ofsociety, must be able to access criticalinformation and communicate. All the

organizations discussed in the paper facecommon issues of implementation, but differ inscale, connectivity technologies, servicesoffered, revenue models and organizationalstructures. In the long run, bringing richinformation to the population of rural India,whether in the form of education, market prices,market opportunities, and more, can only havepositive impacts on the material well being ofrural masses. The time to act to support Internetknowledge and communication systems indeveloping countries is now. Today we truly livein a global village, but it is a village with eliteinformation “haves” and many information “have-nots.” With the new technologies available to uswe have an opportunity to change this.

REFERENCES

Bhatnagar, Subhash and RobertSchware (2000), Information andCommunication Technology inDevelopment: Cases from India, NewDelhi: Sage Publications.

www.emergic.org / / TECHTALK:Transforming Rural India

Sen, Amartya K. (1999), Developmentas Freedom, Oxford, Oxford UniversityPress.

SGKI (2000) , Subject Group onKnowledge-based Industries, PrimeMinister ’s Council on Trade andIndustry. Recommendations of the TaskForce on Knowledge-based Industries.Prime Minister’s Office, New Delhi.http://www.nic.in/pmcouncils/reports/knowl/

Singh, Nirvikar (2002), InformationTechnology as an Engine of Broad-

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Based Growth in India, in The Futureof India and Indian Business, ed. P.Banerjee and F.-J. Richter, London:Macmillan.

Singh, Nirvikar and T.N. Srinivasan(2002), Indian Federalism, EconomicReform and Globalization, paper for

comparative federalism project,CREDPR, Stanford.

Tschang, Ted (2001) , The BasicCharacteristics of Skills andOrganizational Capabilit ies in theIndian Software Industry, WorkingPaper No.13, ADSB Institute, Tokyo.


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The Role of Informatin and CommunicationTechnology in Rural Market

*Prof. Jyotiben M. Chaudhary

This paper attempts to draw attention towards the significance and role ofInformation and Communication Technology (ICT) in rural market. The present articlehighlights some of the basic issues, challenges and benefits of ICT in rural marketwith special reference to Bihar. The paper examines how the rural consumer and therural market will be benefited by the use of ICT. The development of ICT is broadreaching and has soaring visibility. In spite of this, rural consumers have not beenable to get advantage to the extent that urban areas have.ICT has remarkablepossibility to increase the flow of information thereby empowering rural consumers.Assessing theinformation needs of the rural consumers is an essential factor in the milieu of ICTfor rural market. To make ICT work for the growth of rural market it needs reasonable,market-driven infrastructure and dedicated efforts at all levels to help deprived andmarginalized consumers use the whole range of ICT according to their requirementand demand. The benefits of ICT inrural market should be calculated not only fromthe economic and financial point of view, but also in terms of the actual benefits itprovides to the rural consumers.

Keywords: Applications, Connectivity, Education, Information, RuralConsumer

INTRODUCTIONInformation and Communication

Technology (ICT) is defined as any computingand telecommunications hardware, applicationssoftware and services in the relevant policy area,specifically telephone, internet or other computer– mediated tools or services. In easy terms ICT

is defined as technologies that facilitatecommunication, processing and transmission ofinformation in the electronic format. The progressof any market mainly depends on the access toinformation. The Information andCommunication Technologies (ICTs) greatlyfacilitate the flow of information and knowledge

*Dept. of SanskritSmt. Anandiben Shankarbhai Chaudhary Mahila Arts & Home Science College,Mehsana.

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by presenting the rural consumers extraordinaryopportunities to attain their own entitlements.Institutional advocates of ICTs for developmentsuch as the World Bank, suggest that effortlesslyavailable and affluent supplies of informationencourage knowledge creation that can stimulateempowerment for the rural consumers..ICT’sare the delivery medium for such informationsupplier. There is a comprehensible relationshipbetween ICTs and the rural consumerempowerment. Despite ICT’s massive potential,the current global information explosion has hadsurprisingly little impact on developmentactivities and access to practical information forthe rural market, rural population and frontlinedevelopment workers in less developed states.Bihar is one such state rolling within the viciouscircle of scarcity and hindrance. Bihar has nowstarted the process of moving from a chieflyagrarian economy to an industrial and serviceeconomy. The population of Bihar remainsprimarily rural where poverty is well-known. Inrecent years the rural consumer of the state hasbeen empowered considerably to demand atransformed expression of the strategies that theycould employ to trim down poverty and getbetter comfort. The contribution of agriculturein the economy of Bihar is very high and withthe use of ICT it can straightforwardly contributein commercialization and increasing value addedservices within the sector which ultimately tendsto empower the rural market. Access toinformation is of essential for any developmentprocess. The flow of information from and tothe rural consumers is a critical prerequisite forthe development of the rural market in Bihar.The current development of ICT is contributing

in the flow of information and knowledge,beyond the boundary of social and economicstatus. Earlier farmers living in the rural areas ofBihar had no access to market information andthey were always dispossessed by the localmiddlemen who use to manipulate the prices ofagricultural products. However the recentgrowth of telecommunication service bridged theinformation gap at a limited scale as the farmersnow collect market information from differentadjacent areas and get better price of his crops.Bihar is experiencing a very successful model ofconnecting with the rural consumer throughmobile phone service. The early connectivity hadso far been established for communication andnow the need is to expand services towardsdissemination of relevant market basedinformation and thus in turn lead to growth inthe business. The ICT revolution is extensive andhas high visibility. Despite this, rural consumershave not been able to get benefited to the extenttheir urban counterparts have.

However it has reached certain segmentof rural areas. Its use in those segments hasadded to the phenomenal development in thevarious domains such as rural markets, creationof employment, growth of small business,improving health care amenities, providing fasttransaction and information to the rural farmersand the rural businessmen who have beenbenefited from it. In Bihar, ICT has begun tomake its presence felt in various sectors of therural areas. It is believed that if rural masses areconnected and empowered with information andcommunication technology, the rural economywould progress with a superior pace.

Significance of ICT in the Rural

The Role of Informatin and Communication...


MarketIn Bihar, more than eighty percent of the

population lives in villages and they are mostlydependent on the agriculture and agrarian basedhandicrafts for survival. They do not have accessto relevant information because the ITinfrastructure has not spread into the villages. Arural consumer need diverse kinds of informationsuch as government rules, regulations, policiesand subsidies, daily news, updated information’son pesticides, crops selection, prices ofcommodities, health and economy etc. With ICTthe rural consumer would be able to get rapidaccess to information about different things suchas health, education, business, employment etc.Some of the importance of ICT for ruralconsumers of Bihar across varied areas is asfollows:

Market informationThe use of ICT increases access to

market information resulting in lower transactioncosts for rural consumers and businessmen.ICTcan play a vital role in making informationavailable to the farming community at areasonable price. In Bihar, around eightthousand Primary Agriculture CooperativeSocieties (PACS) at Panchayat level, fivehundred thirty Vyapar Mandal Sahyog Samiti(VMSS) at block level and the apex level BiharState Cooperative Union (BISCOMAUN) aresupporting the marketing needs of agriculture andallied sectors; twenty District CentralCooperative Banks (DCCBs) and apex levelState Cooperative Bank (SCB) with widenetwork of branches (SCB and DCCBs) arecatering to the needs of short term creditrequirement of the members. Together they offer

immense opportunities for effectively meeting thedual objectives of pre/post- harvest marketingmanagement and credit requirements in the state.At present the cooperative sector hasadvantages of the huge network, largemembership base and capable managementstructure. An e-Kisan Bhawan has beenestablished in various blocks that functions assingle window delivery system for promotion ofagriculture technologies and inputs. Thrust isgiven for strengthening of the existing networks.Farmer Advisory Committees at the state/district/block/Panchayat level, effective Kisan CallCenters and Kisan Pathsala has been set up.With the help of ICT the rural consumers alsoget information about the going rates in themarket, the prevailing minimum support pricefor his produce and the places where he can getthe better return for the same. Thus it bridgesthe gap between the urban and the rural marketby developing urban analog markets which actas vital linkage between the urban and the ruralpopulation.

Empowering the rural consumersICT can be used as an effective tool for

rural consumer empowerment. The ruralconsumer acting solely will be unable to obtainthe information they require once they haveaccess to the internet. The knowledge obtainedis sufficient to begin the process of identifyingand mobilizing proper information resources. Itcan be used to create the demand that willgenerate the detailed information requirementsnecessary for the construction of usefulinformation system.ICT will help them to makeinformed selection with regard to their owndevelopment and thus the rural consumer would

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be able to influence decisions that are taken byothers but which have an effect on their future.E -Procurement has been introduced in Biharfor rural sanitation projects. To effectively utilizethe Mahatma Gandhi National RuralEmployment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS)biometric Smart Card based attendance systemknown as e-Shakti has been introduced for allNREGS beneficiaries. It helps to control the fakemuster roll preparation at NREGS site and italso ensures the full payment to laborers as perwork completion. The correct and timely wagepayments is made automatically by e-Shaktiapplication and directly credited into thebeneficiary bank account. T ohelp NREGS beneficiaries and officials adedicated call center has been established. Allhas been made possible due to ICT.

Beneficial for the farmersOne of the benefits of ICT lies in providing

timely and accurate information. Now the ruralconsumer can get information about the weather,including monsoon and threat of floods and othernatural calamities. It reduces the farmer’sdependence on uncontrollable natural factors andalso allows them to plan their crops accordingly.It acts as a warning signal and helps the farmersto avoid risks.

Challenges in Implementing ICT forRural Market

ICT has remarkable potential to make theinformation available at the right time therebyempowering the rural consumer. It is consideredas the lifeline of economic and socialdevelopment of the rural consumers. Howeverthere are many impediments in implementing

ICT in the rural areas of Bihar. Some of

these challenges are lack of proper records andmonitoring system, economies of scale, lack ofbasic social amenities and land and propertyrights. As there are many villages in Bihar wherethe population is as minimum as five hundred, insuch a case all villages cannot be covered as itis practically not feasible to implement ICT aseconomies of scale does not allow thedevelopment progress as there areconstraints forimplementing ICT. Some of the challenges inimplementing ICT in rural development are asfollows:

Due to lack of awareness aboutinformation technology and illiteracy it can be ahindrance in implementing ICT in rural areas.Inadequate, inconsistent and unpredictablepower supply in the rural areas poses a seriousthreat to efficiency of ICT. Non accessibility ofsecure, robust and economical broadbandconnectivity in rural market continues to hamperthe growth of ICT. Poor people anddisadvantaged group like women may haverestraint in the use of ICT for their specificpurpose.

Developing ICT for RuralConsumers-Planning and Implementation

Assessing the information needs are veryessential elements in the context of ICT for ruralconsumers. The marketers and softwaredevelopers should keep in mind wide range ofresources and applications of ICT that are ofpotential use to the consumers. Actually it is theinformation that has direct impact on thedemands of the rural market so it is of paramountimportance that any applications should bedeveloped only after an accurate assessment ofthe needs and wants of the rural consumers. The



organisations have to use rapid and participatoryrural appraisals and other survey instruments toensure timely and accurate information about therural market. These tools could be used in thecontext of ICT initiatives. Once the informationneeds of the consumers are assessed, marketingplan and software applications should bedeveloped with continuous involvement andfeedback from rural consumers. For effectiveutilization of information about the ruralconsumers, the information has to be dividedinto different information networks and organizedaccordingly.

The working group of the ministry of ITrecommended computer education at the blocklevel by establishing computer educationamenities in rural areas. This is a segment whereinvestment is required incessantly in order toimprove the educational standards of the ruralconsumer. The development of the economicstatus of the rural consumer is a critical issue inBihar today. Initiatives for rural consumers needto be approached with a measure of carefulness.The challenge is to help build the capacity ofmarket intermediaries or assist in theestablishment and promotion of consumerinformation centers .To achieve sustainabilitymarketing strategy must deal with the real needsof the rural consumers. The rural youth has tobe given a major place in the whole plan .Trainingthe youth to broaden the concept of ICTsuccessfully is very essential. It should be mademandatory for the sarpanch to be computerliterate. Software packages in local languagesneed to be developed to have a wider usage ofICT by rural consumers. Incentive should beprovided to encourage the rural consumer to

adopt the program. The Panchayat can proposethe names of few persons to get training ininformation technology. There is also a genderdimension to the information needed. Forinstance, quite often women require specifichealth related information.

CONCLUSIONThe rapid expansion of Information and

communication technology will significantlyimprove the living standards of the ruralconsumers. The need to carry out research onimplementation of ICT in the rural market is ofutmost importance. The application of ICT invarious sectors of rural market such aseducation, health, agriculture, farming and ruraleconomic development will definitely acceleratethe rural growth. Despite the fact that ICT hassignificantly entered into all aspects of our lives,impact of ICT in rural areas is very limited. Theanswer therefore lies in effective transfer of fundsfrom the urban areas to the rural areas to initiatethe development in the rural areas. At the sametime the attitude of rural consumers also needsto be changed as they think that developmentalwork is the task of government only. Howeverthey cannot be blamed solely as sometimes theyare exploited in the name of development. It canbe observed that at the village level, where thepanchayats are given money for various projectsand they get the work done by villagers by payingthem meager amount.

They are thus exploited because ofilliteracy and general ignorance. Hence the sloganof consumer involvement works only when sometangible benefits are seen by villagers. Marketdevelopment plan and appropriate informationplan for community level project before defining

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the technology plan is necessary. The informationrequirements that have to be distilled from theconsumer interviews encompass the opening ofa significant provision. The knowledge obtainedis sufficient to begin the process of marketingstrategy development by identifying andmobilizing appropriate information sources. Wecan infer from our experience which suggeststhat a close and continuing association betweeninformation providers and consumers is essentialfor effective information delivery.

In a state like Bihar, where the ruralmarket is a major concern for the overalldevelopment of the state, utilization ofinformation and communication technologybegins with access to the internet. Access to theinternet can be improved by increasing thenumber of computers and internet hosts.Connectivity is another factor linked withbandwidth availability. Large amounts ofbandwidth are necessary at the doorsteps of therural consumer. Different strategies should bedeveloped for the growth of rural market usingICT services .These strategies can be promotionof test marketing, support for internet serviceproviders in rural areas and improvement of thedelivery mechanism for which institutionalsupport and initiation is required. Thedevelopment of various networks providesinformation to the rural consumer in educationaldevelopment, rural economic development andrural health development which in turn willaccelerate rural growth. Localized contentdevelopment is another mechanism suggestedfor rural consumers. In the context of Bihar, thisdevelopment is to be initiated for all script based

language. Information has to be provided in thelocal language. It is apparent that the informationflows that transferred information to the farmersby way of the formal, government ownedsystem, are being replaced by pluralisticinformation flows between the rural consumersand the facilitators of the product and services.These information flows can be improvedthrough the use of ICT as different consumershave different kinds of information needs andcommunication issues and varying access toICT. New outlook is needed to understand andmanage these pluralistic information flows andeffectively use ICT. It does not make sense toachieve a developed status without a major andcontinuous augmentation of all villages.ICT canbe used to help rural market a lot in terms oflifestyle, agro inputs, electricity, health servicesand physical infrastructure. It can be a turningpoint in acquiring a super economic power.

REFERENCES1. Agrawal , Binod (2006) c.

Communication Technologies and RuralDevelopment in India : Promises andPerformances. Indian Media StudiesJournal. Volume 1.july-dec.

2. Bist , Singh Rajinder.(2007). ICTenabled Development and DigitalDivide:- An Indian Perspective.shodhganga. in f l ibnet .ac. in/dxml /handle/1944/1455

3. Building digital bridges; approachesand best practices”; report produced byITU internet reports series, November2005.

4. Community radio- Wikipedia .www.communityradio.in



5. Department of telecommunication,TheGovernment of India , New Delhi.

6. Ekanath Khatiwada: (2007),ICT forrural community development.IcfaiUniversity Press.

7. Gyandoot: The purveyor of knowledge. http://gyandoot.nic.in

8. http://rwd.bih.nic.in/9. ICT in Agriculture . www.e-krishinaip.in10. M S Swaminathan”mission (2007):

Every village a Knowledge Centre

Movement Policy Recommendations”.11. M P Thapliyal,DK Joshi,”Information

Technology:Changing Face of RuralIndia”CSI Communication,July 2003,pp9-10.

12. N R Ananthanarayanan and S KSrivastava(2005),Role of InformationTechnology in rural developmenttowards e-governance.

13. P Vijaya Kumar,N Appa rao and LPratap Reddy(2007)”Developing ITnetworks in rural India”. IcfaiUniversity Press.

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Smart Villages Through Informatin TechnologyNeed of Emerging India

*Dr. Savitaben Ratubhai Chaudhari

Human society is developing with rapid momentum and achieved various suc-cesses for making its livelihood better. The civilization is witness for variouschanges related to it’s the development through different catalysts like industrialdevelopment, green revaluation, science and technology, etc. The present era isaugmented on Information and Communication Technology. This technology hasproved its potential in various sectors of development in urban and rural land-scapes. Urban areas are seems to more inclined to accept and adopt Informationand Communication Technology due to advantages of literacy and better infra-structure as compared to rural areas. Due to such suitable situations of urbanlandscapes good amount of success of this technology is visible in the form ofsmart cities and better livelihood of residing human beings. But the problems,consequences and opportunities in urban areas are different for effective utiliza-tion of Information and Communication Technology for sustainable developmentof rural masses. The present research article discusses about rural development indeveloping world for the up-liftment of livelihood of the rural masses and to takea ‘look ahead’ at scientific developments and technologies that might be influen-tial over the next 10 -20 years. The driving motivation behind the concept on“Smart Village” is that the technology should acts as a catalyst for development,enabling education and local business opportunities, improving health and wel-fare, enhancing democratic engagement and overall enhancement of rural villagedwellers. The “Smart Village”concept aims to realize its goal through providing policymakers with insightful,bottom–up nalyses of the challenges of village development.

Keywords: Information Technology, Rural, Smart Village, Sustainable Development

INTRODUCTIONWhen “India lives in its villages” said

Mahatma Gandhi, a great freedom fighter andisionary leader of India. A rural area is a

geographic area that is located outside cities andtowns, while rural areas are also known as‘village’ in India.

In these villages, agriculture is the chief

*Dept. of Gujarati, T.M. Shah Mahila Art College, Idar.

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source of livelihood along with fishing, cottageindustries, pottery, etc. According to theErstwhile Planning Commission of India, asettlement with a maximum population of 15,000is considered as “Village”. Much of India’s ruralpopulation lives in nucleated villages, which mostcommonly have a settlement form described asshapeless agglomerate. India being a ruraldominated country, the smartness concept is noteven thought about the rural areas. All areaswhich are not categorized as urban area areconsidered as rural area.

Number of rural units or villages in Indiahave increased from 6, 38,588 [1] to 6, 40,867[2]. According to 2011 census, rural area haspopulation of 68.84%, whereas urban area haspopulation of 31.16% only. It is growing factthat the rural population is suffering moreconsequences for livelihood as compared tourban areas. The difficulties of livelihood maybe forcing rural population to migrate to theurban areas. The government has alreadyrecognized this issue and has put serious effortsthrough various schemes for enhancing livelihoodof rural masses. Presently, rural developmentmainly focuses on poverty alleviation, betterlivelihood opportunities, provision of basicamenities and infrastructure facilities throughinnovative programmes of self employment. Thepopulation residing in the rural area also needsthe same quality of life as enjoyed by peopleliving in sub urban and urban areas.

Making a city “smart” is emerging as astrategy to mitigate the problems generated bythe urban population growth and rapidurbanization

Globally, the concept of ‘Smart City’ is a

significant initiative that seeks to improve thequality of life of urban citizens. Smart Citiesacross the country has the potential to be agame-changer in the country’s urban landscapeand the lives of ordinary citizens. The smart cityinitiative is having good potential for urbandevelopment and India has also recognized thispotential and is at the edge to start implementingthis concept. This will facilitate better living forabout 30% of the population, who live in urbanarea. But, more than half population will not bebenefited from smart city development.Conditions in rural area are very different ascompared to urban, so the same model of smartcity cannot be implemented for the villages. Theefforts of rural development may not work onthe same principle as of smart city.

Hence, utilization of InformationTechnology, which has proved its potential forthe development, may be used for ruraldevelopment through a concept of “SmartVillage”. The Smart Village concept will be basedon the local conditions, infrastructure, availableresources in rural area and local demand as wellas potential of export of good to urban areas.

NEED FOR SMART VILLAGESThe village communities are little repub-

lics, having nearly everything that they wantwithin themselves, and almost independent ofany foreign relations [5]. In the development pro-cess, there will be many changes in the demandand supply of various needs, as rural populationwill pass through the process of change. Atpresent, one of the major challenges in India isgrowing population and rapid urbanization. Thisurban growth to certain extent is unavoidable,as the economic pursuits and aspirations of the

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population do change and evolve. This needs tobe reversed and suitably managed through abalance between rural and urban quality of life.The concept of “Smart Village” will address themultiple challenges faced for sustainable devel-opment of rural India. A “Smart Village” willprovide long-term social, economic, and envi-ronmental welfare activity for village communitywhich will enable and empower enhanced par-ticipation in local governance processes, pro-mote entrepreneurship and build more resilientcommunities. At the same time, a “Smart Vil-lage” will ensure proper sanitation facility, goodeducation, better infrastructure, clean drinkingwater, health facilities, environment protection,resource use efficiency, waste management, re-newable energy etc.

There is an urgent need for designing anddeveloping “Smart Village”, which areindependent in providing the services andemployment and yet well connected to the restof the world. Based on various programsundertaken taken by Central and stategovernments along with further technologicalinitiatives, the Smart Village can achieveSMART infrastructure, SMART servicedelivery, SMART technology and innovation,SMART institutions along with optimalmobilization and utilization of available resources,leading to faster and more inclusive growth. A‘Smart Village’ will encompass a sustainable andinclusive development of all sections of the villagecommunity, so as they enjoy a high standard ofliving.

TOWARDS DEVELOPMENT OFSMART VILLAGES

It is clear that the situations and challengesin developing urban and rural area are different

due to the constraints and opportunities. Manyresearchers believe that the existing technologiesdeveloped for the smart city may be useful forthe smart village concept. Researchers [6]reported that the Smart village system can bedeveloped on the lines of smart city model. Thecomponents taken in to consideration will varyfrom region to region for villages, based on theavailable resources and opportunities. Followingare some generalized guidelines for thedevelopment of Smart Villages1. Economic Component: This component

will include local administration andeconomic factors. It will cover governancemodels, bandwidth, mobility, cloudcomputing, entrepreneurship etc.

2. Environmental Component : Thiscomponent will address the issues relatedto resources and infrastructures availableat local level. It may covers cleanertechnologies, public and alternativetransportation, green spaces, smartgrowth, climate change etc.

3. Social Component: This component mayaddress issues related to community life,participatory democracy, socialinnovation, proximity services etc.CONCLUSIONSmart Villages are the need of the hour as

development is needed for both rural and urbanareas for better livelihood and Informationtechnology will offer effective solution. There aresuccessful technologies available, which havebeen implemented in urban areas. There istremendous pressure on urban landscapes dueto migration of rural people for livelihood. SmartVillages will not only reduce this migration butalso irrigate the population flow from urban to

Smart Villages Through Informatin Technology....


rural area. ICT/ IT and GIS are the unbreakablepillars to support the whole process of villagedevelopment. Smart village concept will havepotential to uplift the grass-root level of thecountry, hence adding feather in the overalldevelopment of India.

Failure to utilize Information Technologytools for rural development is because of lackof strategy, unfocused planning and above allmonitoring and execution of the activities. Allthese activities need to be addressed based onthe varying rural situations. A specially designedsuitable framework for rural areas on the groundsof Science, Technology, Engineering, Regulationsand Management will play important role to buildnext generation smart villages. Each village is aunique example and having diverse set ofproblems and situations. It may be difficult toimplement the same model of villagedevelopment for all the villages. To address thiscomplex problem, Public Private Partnership(PPP) may play key role for developing smartvillages. Benefits of the smart village efforts areforeseen to be tremendous.

Smart village concept is having highreplication potential in other countries ofdeveloping world. The concept of smart villagemay also be extended to small towns and alsotownships surrounding the big Cities.

REFERENCES Census 2000, Govt. of India

Publication Census 2011, Govt. of India

Publication Asian Development Bank (2008).

Managing Asian Cities: Sustainableand inclusive urban solutions, AsianDevelopment Bank Report, AsianDevelopment Bank, 2008, PublicationStock No. 050608, ISBN 978-971-561-698-0. Available: http://www.adb.org/Documents/ Studies/Managing-Asian-Cities/mac-report.pdf

Chourabi, N. Taewoo,S. Walker,J. R.Gil-Garcia, S. Mellouli, K. Nahon, T.A.Pardo, H. J. Scholl (2012).

Understanding Smart Cities: AnIntegrative Framework. SystemScience (HICSS), 2012 45th HawaiiInternationalConference, 4-7 Jan.2012. Available: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/ articleDetails.jsp?arnumber = 6149291&abstractAccess = no&user Type =inst

M. N. Srinivas and A. M. Shah (1960).The Myth of Self-Sufficiency of theIndian Village. The Economic Weekly,1375- 1378. Available: http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1960_12/37/ the_myth_of_selfsufficiency_of_the_indian _village.pdf

S. Daniel, M. A. Doran (2013).geoSmartCity : GeomaticsContribution to the Smart City, In: The14th ACM Annual InternationalConference on Digital GovernmentResearch, Pp. 65-71.

R. Heeks, (2002). Information Systemsand Developing Countries: Failure,Success, and Local Improvisations.TheInformation Society, 18 (2) pp 101-112.

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Broadband connectivity key to rural development

*Dr. Keshavbhai Bhanabhai Chaudhari

Both Solar energy and connectivity willbe the powerhouses to jumpstart the rural socio-economic development to the next level. Whilethe Solar energy will be the vehicle to deliver a“basic need” (of electricity) for the ruralpopulation, the broadband connectivity will bekey “enabler” for the socio-economicdevelopment in rural areas.

The availability of a robust and reliablebroadband connectivity is most critical for thesuccessful implementation of some of the keysocial sector schemes and programmes in ruralareas by the Central and State governments one-governance, education, health, employmentand financial inclusion.

The benefits of the broadband connectivityto the rural population are immense with theconvergence of voice, data and video. We willhave the children studying in e-classes with stateof the art audio-visual content and able guidanceof better quality instructors from centralisedlocations (district/ state headquarters), assistedby local teachers and guides who will also learnin the process. The required information will beavailable at the click of the button, where todaygetting a birth certificate may take days,sometimes weeks. The better G2C(Government to Citizens) and C2B (Citizen to

Business) interactions will enable better servicesand socio-economic opportunities for the ruralpeople. Internet connectivity is imperative forthe various financial reach initiatives – whetherpara-banking or micro-financing or the Jan DhanYojana.

As the time and cost are two criticalelements for the implementation, the keyquestion is how we can rollout the broadbandconnectivity to the rural areas in the quickestand most cost-effective manner. The governmentis highly dependent on the speedyimplementation of broadband connectivity forthe success of its ‘marquee’ Digital Indiaprogramme. Slow progress in laying out thebroadband connectivity will derail many of theseprogrammes – so, the (implementation) time isof critical essence here. Similarly, with the currentcost estimates for the rural broadband projectto be around Rs. 30,000 crores, cost-effectiveness of the implementation will be veryimportant for a developing economy like us –with a spate of government projects waiting inthe pipeline for financial go-ahead.

The time and cost of the project will beprimarily dependent on the technology chosenfor providing the broadband connectivity.Among the various options, or technology,

*Dept. of Sociology, H.P. Arts & Commerce College, Talod

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available to us – namely, Digital Subscriber Lines(DSL), Cable modem, Optical fibre cable(OFC) and wireless – the broadbandconnectivity is being currently implementedthrough the Optical fibre network, including thelast-mile connectivity. When the decision on thetechnology was taken 5-6 years back, opticalfibre technology was certainly the best solution– however, since then, wireless technology hasmade remarkable progress, particularly on thedata communications front which is the crux ofbroadband connectivity.

Secondly, rolling out a fibre based networkwill always be a slow process, primarily drivenby the logistical and civil work challengesinvolved. Basically, laying out an optical fibrenetwork involves five stages – approval (rightof way), digging, ducting, cable laying andcovering the trenches made. Each of these stagespose their own challenges, starting with gettingthe right of way clearances which involvesmultiple government bodies, and so, it is highlybureaucratic and slow-moving. The physicalwork thereafter in the digging-to-filling processinvolves both physical labour as well as heavymachinery work – mobiling these resourcesrequires careful planning and efficient utilisation.A delay in any stage has ripple effect onsubsequent stages, sometimes derailing thedownstream plans considerably, leading to timeand cost overruns. The project has alreadystarted to witness the impact with severalrevisions of costs and time schedules.

Starting from the initial cost of around12,000 crores, the project budget has alreadybeen revised to Rs. 28,000 crores a month back.The time estimates have also been extended with

hardly much progress made on the project sinceits launch around 5 years back, and themilestones being shifted perennially with theproject with the final delivery timeline (covering100% rural population) extended to 2017.

The biggest worry is these revisions maynot be the last ones, and we may face furtherdelay and cost overruns as the projectprogresses. This will not only slow down theprogress of the Digital India movement, but maylead to higher effective costs across the varioussocial programmes. In absence of connectivityacross a wide chunk of population, significantresources and focus would be diverted to buildtwo public access platforms simultaneously – acost-effective and efficient online platforms forthe connected population and an offline platformfor the unconnected – to ensure that the impactof the programmes to reach all segments oftarget population. Besides, due to duality ofprocesses, there will be duplicity of efforts inmanaging people-facing processes, datamanagement and record keeping, as well asproviding envisaged services.

So, as mentioned earlier, let us take a stepback and review the judiciousness of employinga fibre based network for rural connectivity.While the connect ivity to the districtheadquarters may still be through fibre basednetwork, the connectivity thereon to the block-level – and to panchayats – can be throughwireless connectivity. Of the estimated 6 lakhroute km of fibre network required to be laidout for this project, roughly 20-25% would befor connectivity upto district headquarters, withthe balance needed to provide connectivity fromdistrict HQs to the village panchayats. Taking

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off the load of the “district-to-village” leg fromthe fibre network rollout will dramatically speedup the progress of the project, particularly dueto easier right of way along highways and roadsconnecting the district headquarters.

The wireless broadband connectivity tothe rural countryside could be built on the public-private partnership (PPP) model with the state-owned BSNL and private telcos sharing thegeographies. As multiple-operator competitivescenario will not be viable in a rural areas, area-wise allocation (for example, district-wise) canbe done to telecom companies to build andoperate the 4G rural wireless networks in theirrespective geographies. A model similar toUSOF model (Universal Service ObligationFund) can be used by government to allocateareas or geographies.

To fully utilise the rural connectivity andthe Digital India programmes, well-equippedinfrastructure should be built at each of theconnecting nodes at the panchayats. Currentadministrative and citizen services facilities in thevillages is completely inadequate on all fronts –civil structures, trained manpower, equipmentsand IT systems, electricity supply, etc. Whilerolling out the connectivity, the concernedministries and administrative bodies need tocome together to simultaneously design, plan andbuild the service delivery infrastructure at therespective locations. A basic, no-frill building canbe constructed at each of the nodes withrequired equipment and systems powered bySolar and renewable energy (supplemented withgrid supply where available). This facility canbe used for various services – education, e-governance, banking, e-trading or commerce,

etc. – on a time-sharing basis across the workinghours. This could also provide another sizeableproject for the MNREGA programme.

In fact, we would see many innovativeservices and applications emerge once the digitalconnectivity is available. For example, we canhave facilities for video calls by people livingabroad or in distant urban areas to call theirrelatives living in rural areas – the callers canafford to bear the expenses of both calling &receiving ends (through a net-based paymentfacility). Similarly, another facility could becorporates operating in the rural areas to usethe data connectivity for more regular andsmoother information and report sharing withtheir headquarters – zonal, regional or national.Basically, with the connectivity and theinfrastructure in place, new services will emergeto reinforce the current socio-economicallydriven business model for the Digital Indiaproject, further enhancing the viability of thisinitiative and the incumbent programmes.Besides, this will also create sizeable white-collared employment opportunities for the ruralworking population, simultaneously reducing therural exodus to urban areas.

References: Das, Shyamanuja (2001), The Indian

Challenge: Will They…Or Won’t They?,March 7, http://voicendata.com/content/top_stories/101030703.asp.

Dataquest (2001), SW INDUSTRY:Working around the Slowdown, Febru-ary 14, http://dqweek.ciol.com/content/search/showarticle.asp?artid=21244.

David, Paul A., Understanding DigitalTechnology’s Evolution and the Path of

Broadband connectivity key to rural development


Measured Productivity Growth: Presentand Future in the Mirror of the Past, inErik Brynjolfsson and Brian Kahin,eds., Understanding the DigitalEconomy, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,2000, 49-98.

DQ Week (2001), Medical Transcrip-tion: Not in the Pink of Health, Febru-ary 2, http://www.ciol.com/content/search/showarticle.asp?artid=21128.

Desai, Ashok V (2000), The Peril And

The Promise: Broader implications of theIndian presence in information technolo-gies, Working Paper, August, CREDPR,Stanford University.

Dey Atanu (2000), New Telecom Policy1999: A Critical Evaluation, paper presentedat Conference on TelecommunicationsReform in India, Asia/Pacific ResearchCenter, Stanford University, November 9& 10.

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Role of Information Technology in Developmentof Rural India

*Jyotsana Rawal

Information is power and power isinformation. Without information there can beno growth. Now information is penetrating intorural India as well, because without its presencethere, we cannot think about development ofthe entire country. In terms of rural-urbanpopulation, around 90.2% of Himachal Pradeshpopulation resides in rural area. This issignificantly higher than the national average of72.2%.”At all India level only about 0.4 per centof rural households had access to Internet athome as compared to about 6 per cent of urbanhouseholds,” said the National Sample SurveyOrganization (NSSO) report on expenditure in2009-10. Reflecting the digital divide in India,the study said just 3.5 households per 1,000families, had access to Internet services at homein rural areas in the year. The Internet AndMobile Association of India (IAMAI) andIMRB International have provided an insightfulresearch about the internet in rural India.

The report showed that the total numberof active internet users in rural area is projectedto rise by a whopping 98%, from 12.1 million inDecember 2010 to 24 million by December2011. An improved internet awareness in ruralareas was credited to the fast growthexperienced. Government initiative was alsoconducted to facilitate internet networks and

‘common service centers’ (or cyber cafes) bothof which increased in 2010 However, in urbanareas, Internet connectivity was much better in2009-10 as 59.5 families out of every 1000households had the facility at home. InformationTechnology play a Important role in RuralDevelopment of Himachal . Informationtechnology’s main role in rural development isto provide people with information of any kindthey require because information is necessaryfor development. for example information andcommunication technology can help farmers inrural areas to know about new means andtechniques of farming that leads in moreproduction and 5 thus more income, informationand communication technology can help peopleconsult doctors in urban areas thus reducinghealth issues, information and communicationtechnology can help educate child by usingdistant learning methodology and many more.

The Department of InformationTechnology (DoIT) has been created in January,2004 to ensure the process of furthering thedevelopment of IT in the State. The Departmentwould strive for Encouraging investments in theIT sector industries in the State. Facilitating theestablishment of IT institutes and improving thequality of IT education in the State. Using ITtools to ensure a SMART (Simple, Moral,

*Dept. of Sanskrit, Arts College, Vadanagar

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Accountable, Responsive and Transparent)Government… It is a case study of theHimachal, The Society for IT and eGovernance(SITEG) (set up by the Department of IT,Government of Himachal Pradesh) has been setup with an objective to promote usage of IT tobenefit the society and citizens of the state. It isthrough this society that the government ofHimachal Pradesh intends to extend its e-governance services to the common man in thetrue sense. HPSITEG is a part of the largerspectrum of the e- Governance project initiatedby the Government of India. Himachal PradeshSociety for Promotion of IT and E-Governance(SITEG) is formed in the matter of Act XXI of1860 for the registration for Literacy, Scientificand Charitable Societies and in the matter offormation of a Society for the promotion of ITand eGovernance based act ivit ies byDepartment of Information Technology,Government of Himachal Pradesh. 6 Fig.2: Roleof IT in Development of Rural Himachal 7 Impactof IT In Rural People Life The present study isan attempt to know how information technologyis playing a significant role in the developmentof the rural society. We are living in IT world. Ifwe see developed nations then we come toknow that we are lagging so behind. Making allthe Government Departments IT enabled is thedemand of today. Every citizen wantstransparency and fast and timely services fromGovernment Departments.

This can be achieved only by using internetand other IT based services like different ITtools and customised software. Government hasto make access of each facility as simple aspossible. More and more information should beavailable on websites of Government

Departments. In Himachal Pradesh , There aremany IT and e- Governance Related Projectslike SUGAM Lokmitra, SMS Gateway,AGRISNET for Himachal Pradesh,Telemedicine Project, HMIS, HRTC OnlineTicket Booking etc It provides different kind ofservices to the rural masses to improve theirquality of life.

Information and communicationtechnologies (ICTs) which include radio andtelevision, as well as newer digital technologiessuch as computers and the Internet have beentouted as potentially powerful enabling tools foreducational change and reform. The ITcompanies may start this trend of providingquality IT education in the senior schools. Thescope for IT companies looks promising as theeducation sector is a massive one and cansupport a lot of such initiatives. Also,implementing the procedures and building up theinfrastructure can help the students to be betterprepared for a promising career. India is onecountry where skilled labor, especially in the ITsector, is globally recognized as topnotch andcompetitive. The English speaking ITprofessionals in India are preferred in the SouthAsia. Considering such an asset, the studentsthat are soon going to start their professionallives. IT companies can further help their owngrowth and sustenance by investing in this sector.School education is a cyclic process and its spanis ever continuing By striking a good balancewith the school institutions, the companies cando much better and for a long time. 10 Internetand the World Wide Web utilization open upthe modern world of information, facts andcommunication with respect to students. Studentscan easily gain access to libraries from any city

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of the world at any time any day or night. Theinternet possesses a much more pervasive impactthan any other electronic media and is also thepresent day engine most typically associated withprogress; simple fact is that it is the new modelof thinking that will present an innovativeapproach to online education.

Refrences 29 Information Technology and India’s

Economic Development – NirvikarSingh, UC Santa Cruz, July 2002

Pohjola, Matti (1998), InformationTechnology and Economic Develop-ment: An Introduction to the ResearchIssues, WIDER Working Paper No. 153,November, United Nations University.

Prahalad, C. K. and Stuart L. Hart(2002), The Fortune at the Bottom of the

P y r a m i d , h t t p : / / w w w. s t r a t e g y -business.com/media/pdf/02106.pdf.

PROBE committee (1999), Public Reporton Basic Education in India, Centre forDevelopment Economics, New Delhi:Oxford University Press.

Rao, M. Govinda, and Nirvikar Singh(2000), How to Think about Local Gov-ernment Reform in India: Incentives andInstitutions, Paper presented at Interna-tional Conference on Second Genera-tion Reforms in India, Madras Schoolof Economics, Chennai.

Ray, Debraj (1998), Development Eco-nomics, Princeton: Princeton UniversityPress.

List of Website 1. Google.com 2. Wikipedia3. Himachal Govt. Website 4. DIT 5. NIC6. Himachal Rural Development Website7. Google Image 8. Facebook 9. Yahoo

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Role of Information Technology in Development of Rural India


India Shining Needs Sustainable Rural Development

*Dr. Govind Bhai M. Chaudhari

India’s economy is growing presently atthe rate of 10% per annum. This means that wewill double up all the inputs in 7 years. Thus by2011 we will double the consumption ofpetroleum products, electricity, food and othercommodities to keep this growth rate. Last yearwe imported about Rs. 85,000 crores worth ofpetroleum products and India will also requireabout 140,000 MW of installed electricitycapacity by 2010 at an estimated outlay of Rs.5.5 trillion (Rs. 5.5 X 1012). Thus financial outlayneeded for the energy sector alone is staggeringand to maintain “India shining” it is necessarythat we produce as much as possible, energyand liquid fuels internally. There are about 60%of rural households, which do not have electricity,and without the basic amenities in rural India theprogress of the country will be hampered. Asustainable energy development program cancreate an all round development. One of thepossible ways to do it is the increased use ofland based renewable energy resource likebiomass. This will help the rural developmentand create tremendous wealth in these areas.With rural India shining, India will automaticallyshine!

There are three ways in which energyproduction from land based renewables can be

effected:Production of electricity from biomass and

agricultural residues.Liquid fuel production from biomass

which can be grown in arid regions and onwastelands and saline soils. Besides producingliquid fuels this will also help in landreclamation.Creation of synergy betweencorporate sector, national government labs andinstitutions and NGOs so that energytechnologies can be developed and disseminatedin rural areas.

A study done by Nimbkar AgriculturalResearch Institute (NARI) in Maharashtrashowed that existing agricultural residues canproduce all the electricity demands for a Taluka.The study done for Phaltan taluka in WesternMaharashtra showed that these residues couldproduce about 10-15 MW of power frombiomass based power plants. Besides it was alsoshown that with a capital input of Rs. 300 crorein power production technologies, each Talukacould produces wealth of Rs. 200-250 crores/year besides giving employment to 30,000people year round. With about 3340 talukas inIndia, there is a possibility of creating about Rs.7,00,000 crores/year of wealth and employmentfor about 100 million people/year. Theimplications of this strategy for the rural

*Associate Prof.Smt. Anandiben Shankarbhai Chaudhary Mahila Arts & Home Science College,Mehsana.

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development are staggering and can create aquantum jump in the quality of life for ruralpopulation. With availability of assured electricitysupply the growth in rural industrialization canbe exponential. With the new Electricity Act of2003 and Prime Minister’s Rural ElectricitySupply Technology (REST) Mission thisstrategy can become a reality and it is quitepossible that in coming years the whole face ofrural India can change. Availability of assuredelectricity for lighting will make rural India shine!

India is following the world trend ofincreasing reliance on liquid fuels. Last year 75%of all liquid fuels consumed was imported. By2010 this figure might jump to 85-90%.Increasing reliance on imported fuel willcompromise our security and thus there is a needto develop an indigenous liquid fuel productionpolicy based on renewables. The liquid fuelpolicy should therefore be centered on theproduction of ethanol and biodiesels. Presentlyethanol production in the country is mostlymolasses based. However with expanded useof ethanol both for transportation and as cookingand lighting fuel, there is a need for its productionto have a broader biomass base. Thus the useof alternative feedstock like sweet sorghum,sugarbeet, cassava, etc. can help in its increasedproduction. Besides these crops require lesswater than sugarcane and some of them can begrown on saline soils. Thus a national technologymission on alternative crops for alcoholproduction should be setup by the Governmentof India (GOI). It is estimated that ethanolproduction itself can bring in about Rs. 40,000-50,000 crores wealth to rural India.

Similarly the technology mission for new

crops for producing biodiesel also needs to beset up. Some of the crops like Jatropha and treeborne non-edible oilseeds like Neem andKaranja can be grown on waste and degradedlands. This will also help the country in landreclamation. With very little processing requiredfor biodiesel, the farmers can get substantialremunerations by growing them.

However for the technology missions tosucceed, it is necessary that very intensive R &D is carried out in agriculture, materials andrenewable energy technologies. Government ofIndia should substantially increase the level of R& D funding in renewable energy and agriculturalcrops for liquid fuel production. Research doneat NARI has shown that the emerging areas ofnanotechnology and biotechnology can play avital role in creating novel renewable energytechnologies. Thus new materials for storingbiogas in small cylinders, increasing the efficiencyof photovoltaic solar cells, producing newthermoelectric materials which can efficientlyconvert heat directly into electricity are beingresearched and developed via nanotechnologyall over the world. Similarly biotechnology canbe used for increasing the efficiency of cropsfor liquid fuel and biomass production. It canalso help develop organisms, which can increasethe efficiency of ethanol fermentation and biogasproduction from their respective biomass.

For the fruits of extensive R & D to reachthe rural areas it is necessary that a strong synergyis developed between Corporate sector,National government R&D establishments andNon governmental organizations (NGOs). Boththe corporate sector and national labs can worktogether to research, produce and commercialize

India Shining needs Sustainable Rural Development


renewable energy technologies, which can bedisseminated through NGOs in rural areas.Finally the development of rural India should beTaluka based for it provides the critical massfor rural development.

Refrences:¨ Telecom Regulatory Authority of India

(2000), Consultation Paper on IssuesRelating to Universal Service

Obligations. TRAI, New Delhi, July 3.¨ 30 Information Technology and India’s

Economic Development – NirvikarSingh, UC Santa Cruz, July 2002 31

¨ Verma, M. S. (2000), TRAI’s Objectivesand Policy Focus in a ChangingEnvironment, Paper presented at theConference on TelecommunicationsReform in India, Asia/Pacific ResearchCenter, Stanford University, November9 & 10.

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Application of ICT in Rural Development :Opportunities and Challenges

*Dr. Daxa JoshiWe see the letters ICT, everywhere. ICT stands for Information and CommunicationTechnology. The concepts, methods and applications involved in ICT are constantlyevolving in our daily lives. The Rural development in India is one of the mostimportant factors for growth of the Indian economy. The present strategy of ruraldevelopment mainly focuses on poverty alleviation, better livelihood, provision ofbasic amenities and infrastructure facilities. Even after so many years afterindependence India have not been able to move to the stage of “developed nation”,the nation is still developing. Public administration, governed by bureaucraticstructures built on rationale principles, that dominated the twentieth century, hasfailed to respond to the changing requirements of the present times. Application ofICT is a paradigm shift to the traditional approaches that the government has beenusing past so many decades. With the use of ICT, government renders services andinformation to the public using electronic means.With the rising awareness amongst the citizens and their better experiences withthe private sector– the demand for better services on the part of governmentdepartments became more pronounced. The infusion of Information andCommunication Technology (ICT) is playing a prominent role in strengthening sucha demand.Combining ICT in Rural Development can not only speed up the developmentprocess but it can also fill the gaps between the educationally and technologicallybackward and forward sections of the society.Several e-governance projects have attempted to improve the reach, enhance thebase, minimize the processing costs, increasing transparency and reduce the cycletimes. Introduction of simputers, e-chaupal are some of the initiatives by thegovernment that has up to an extent been able to bring the rural population incontact with the information technology. The opportunities of ICT application inrural development are immense at the same time the government will also be facingsome challenges also.This article majorly focuses on the scope of ICT in Rural Development, theopportunities and the challenges that can come along.

Key words: RD Schemes, SITE experiment,CoLR, Illiteracy

*Prof. T.M. Shah Mahila Art College, Idar.

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IntroductionIndia is a country of villages and about

50% of the villages have very poor socio-economic conditions. Since the dawn ofindependence constant efforts have been madeto emancipate the living standard of rural masses.The five-year plans of the central governmentalso largely aim at Rural Development. TheMinistry of Rural Development in India is theapex body for formulating policies, regulationsand acts pertaining to the development of therural sector. Agriculture, handicrafts, fisheries,poultry, and diary are the primary contributorsto the rural business and economy.

Rural Development which is concernedwith economic growth and social justice,improvement in the living standard of the ruralpeople by providing adequate and quality socialservices and minimum basic needs becomesessential. The present strategy of ruraldevelopment mainly focuses on povertyalleviation, better livelihood opportunities,provision of basic amenities and infrastructurefacilities through innovative programmes of wageand self-employment. ICT is the new tool forrural development. Informat ion andCommunication Technology, if used properly canbe of great advantage for the development atgrass root levels. At the same time challengeremains with the administration to capture theminds of the rural masses, mostly illiterate, tomake them adapt the new technology which iscompletely alien to them. There are various Ruraldevelopment schemes run by the governmentof India and also organizations are present tolook after the implementations of theseprogrammes.

Rural Development Schemes in IndiaPradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana

(PMGSY): This is a scheme launched and fullysponsored by the Central Government of India.The main objective of the scheme is to connectall the habitations with more than 500 individualsresiding there, in the rural areas by the means ofweatherproof paved roads.

Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana(SGSY): This was implemented as a totalpackage with all the characteristics of selfemployment such as proper training,development of infrastructure, planning ofactivities, financial aid, credit from banks,organizing self help groups, and subsidies.

Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojana(SGRY): This scheme aims at increasing the foodprotection by the means of wage employmentin the rural areas which are affected by thecalamities after the appraisal of the stategovernment and the appraisal is accepted by theMinistry of Agriculture.

Indira Awaas Yojana (Rural Housing):This scheme puts emphasis on providing housingbenefits all over the rural areas in the country.

Rural Development in India-Organizations

Department of Rural Development inIndia: This department provides services suchas training and research facilities, humanresource development, functional assistance tothe DRDA, oversees the execution of projectsand schemes.

Haryana State Cooperative Apex BankLimited: The main purpose of the Haryana StateCooperative Apex Bank Limited is to financiallyassist the artisans in the rural areas, farmers and

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agrarian unskilled labor, small and big ruralentrepreneurs of Haryana.

National Bank for Agriculture andRural Development: The main purpose of theNational Bank for Agriculture and RuralDevelopment is to provide credit for thedevelopment of handicrafts, agriculture, smallscaled industries, village industries, rural crafts,cottage industries, and other related economicoperations in the rural sector.

Sindhanur Urban Souharda Co-operative Bank: The main purpose of theSindhanur Urban Souharda Co-operative Bankis to provide financial support to the rural sector.

Rural Business Hubs (RBH): RBH wasset up with the purpose of developing agriculture.The Rural Business Hubs Core Groups helps inthe smooth functioning of the Rural BusinessHubs.

Council for Advancement of People’sAction and Rural Technology (CAPART): Themain purpose of this organization is to promoteand organize the joint venture, which is emergingbetween the Government of India and thevoluntary organizations pertaining to thedevelopment of the rural sector.

Scope of ICT in Rural DevelopmentRecent developments in Information and

Communication Technology (ICT) haveintroduced a plethora of opportunities fordevelopment in every conceivable area. ICT asan enabler has broken all bounds of cost,distance and time. The fusion of computing andcommunications, especially through the internethas reduced the world indeed into global villagecreating new actors and new environments.

One of the major components and driving

force of rural development is communication.Conventionally, communication includeselectronic media, human communication & nowinformation technology (IT). All forms ofcommunications have dominated thedevelopment scene in which its persuasive rolehas been most dominant within the democraticpolitical frame work of the country. Persuasivecommunication for rural development has beengiven highest priority for bringing about desirablesocial and behavioral change among the mostvulnerable rural poor and women. Initially, theapproach lacked gender sensitivity and empathyof the communicators and development agentswho came from urban elite homes. Added tothese constraints is political will that stillinfluences the pace and progress of ruraldevelopment. Technological changes furthercompounded the direction of rural developmentas information and communication technology(ICT) has been thought by communication anddevelopment workers as a panacea for otherills that obstructs the development process. Ithas lead to indiscriminate applications and useof ICT in every aspect of informationdissemination, management & governance ofdevelopment. While there are few shiningexamples of achievements of ICT indevelopment, there are a large number of failuresand unauthenticated claims.

The closing decade of twentieth centurywas the opening of historic information andcommunication technology interventions fordevelopment. This period has witnessedenormous and unprecedented changes in everyaspect of communications technologies policies,infrastructure development and services. The

Application of ICT in Rural Development....


ICT boom in India has already started changingthe lives of Indian masses. The role of ICT inRural Development must be viewed in thischanging scenario.

ICT and e-Governance for RuralDevelopment

Several states have initiated the creationof State Wide Area Networks (SWAN) tofacilitate electronic access of the state and districtadministration services to the citizens in villages.The Information and CommunicationTechnologies (ICT) are being increasingly usedby the governments to deliver its services at thelocations convenient to the citizens. The ruralICT applications attempt to offer the servicesof central agencies (like district administration,cooperative union, and state and centralgovernment departments) to the citizens at theirvillage door steps. These applications utilize theICT in offering improved and affordableconnectivity and processing solutions.

Computerization of land records havebeen a great success in application of ICT inrural development. Land records are greatimportance to contemporary socio economicimperatives and their revision and updation arenecessary for capturing the changes in rural socialdynamics. Land records are an important partof rural development. The govt. of India startedthe centrally sponsored scheme ofComputerization of Land Records (CoLR) in1988-89 with main objectives of:

Creating database of basic recordsFacilitating the issues of copies of

recordsReducing work load by elimination of

drudgery of paper work

Minimizing the possibilities manipulationof land records, and

Creating a land management informationsystem

The farmers were largely benefited CoLR.The farmers can get all necessary records whenthey need it, these records are free from humanarbitrations, the updating becomes easy, freefrom harassment and the farmers had directaccess to information regarding their property.

Challenges of application of ICT inRural Development

ICTs alone can’t bring about ruraldevelopment. Education is one of the basicproblem for application of ICT as 40% of India’spopulation is illiterate. All modern economieshave demonstrated in the past that education isthe first step to building the capacity whichpeople can then use. If the Indian economygrows at 5-6 per cent per annum as it has beengrowing over last 2-3 years, then over 10-15years the size of the Indian economy would havedoubled. Even with this level of growth it cannotby any means bridge disparities and eradicatepoverty. Therefore introducing ICTs alone willnot meet the development challenge. For ICTsto succeed in India, education for all must bethe first priority.

Major power-cuts and ‘brown-outs’affecting the country-side ranging from 5 to 12hours every day. Even though uninterruptedpower supply systems are used; yet they proveinsufficient to cope up with the powerbreakdowns

Serious band-width issues andconnectivity problems. Even though technologyis available to upgrade the band-width; not

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enough resources have been budgeted by theGovernment to change this scenario. Howeveronce a few projects for the upgradation of theband-width on the anvil get commissioned, thereshould be a significant improvement in theconnectivity

Financing difficulties encountered by thelocal grass root level institutions as well as bythe state governments. Drastic steps are neededto inject funds for the development of the ICTsin the rural areas; increasingly by theparticipation of the private sector

Acute shortage of project leaders andguides who could ensure implementation of theICTs at the grass root levels. Unfortunately mostprofessionals want to work in the urban areaswhere there are ample opportunities availableto them for growth as well as prosperity. In theabsence of these ‘techno-catalytic’ resources;development of ICTs in the rural areas willalways be very slow.

Conclusion :Information and Communication

Technology has great relevance in today’s world.If implemented properly ICT can surely bridgethe gap between economically and technologybackward and forward classes. With the IT

boom in India technology is easily accessible tothe government machineries with relevantlycheaper and convenient manner. Proper trainingand implementation of ICT programmes in simpleway and language which is easily understandableby the rural people can surely bring aboutrevolution in rural development.

Refrences: Planning Commission report Bihar

(2012). Sharma and Rao:Bridging the digital

divide:Information kiosks in RuralIndia-Challenges and Opportunities”,ht tp: / /www.bhoovikas.org/BVF/Conference _pdfvolume2 _ theme7.pdf

Sukhvinder Kaur Multani(2007):ICTand rural development in India ,IcfaiUniversity Press.

Sustainable access in Rural India . http://www.tenet.res.in/rural/sari html

Sharma, Chetan: ICT initiatives inIndia. www.datamationindia.com / gk_ictinitiatives.php

Vasudeva Rao,B S.Evaluation Studies2004, The AssociatedPublishers,Ambala Cantt, (Ed.Vol).

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Application of ICT in Rural Development....


High Technology for Sustainable Development of Rural Poor

*Chandresh Kanhaya Lal Barot

Towards which the developing worldaspires. However, for the world’s sustainablitythis life style has to change. Becoming spiritualwill help us do that. Spirituality is the state ofmind that helps us to understand that Truth isbeyond the barriers of worldliness, caste, creed,race or geographical boundaries1. Spiritualityconnects us to Universal Consciousness andgives a certain perspective in and towards life.As a person progresses on the path ofspirituality, his or her priorities in life change. Thefocus of life shifts more towards getting personalhappiness through mental peace and less onmaterial needs and desires and hence moretowards sustainability.

Spirituality also helps us become moresecure. Increased internal security helps inreducing reed. When each one of us becomeless greedy then the world will become moresustainable. Sustainability should therefore bepractised by each of us in our daily life. Thus weshould try to conserve energy and be more frugalwith the resources we use. We however cannotimpose it in a democratic society. Nevertheless,we need to talk, cajole, educate and generatespiritual awareness in young people in differentfora, schools and colleges. It is a long processbut it will have its effect. All of us have to beactively involved in this process, especiallybecause of the tremendous onslaught by big

companies, corporations and advertising mediaon people’s sensibilities, exhorting them to buymore and more goods, to drive bigger cars, toconsume more of the earth’s resources.

The 3 billion poor nevertheless cannot waitfor the rest of the world to become spiritual anduse fewer resources. They need the basicnecessities of life right now and want to improvetheir life style. Thus, greed reduction in Westand technology development for poor peopleshould take place simultaneously.

Development and deployment oftechnologies specifically designed for the 2-3billion rural poor can help improve their lifestylesand livelihoods while bringing them in mainstreamdevelopment process. Technology interventionwill also help in rural employment generation.Thus the North, from where most of the newtechnologies originate, should encourage ruraltechnology development and its availability onvery soft terms for e.g. make freely availabledrug recipes, charge very little for technologies,etc.

Most of the technology efforts in past forproviding basic facilities to rural areas have beenbased on a “tinkering” approach, meaning asmall adjustment here and there, and using “low”or appropriate technology. This approach, whichhas been mostly used by aid agencies, normallyresulted in incremental changes like development

*Gujarat

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of improved cook-stoves or better bullock carts.Tinkering, however, has barely made a dent inthe quality of life of poor people. And often, theintroductions of these technologies brought otherproblems such as increased workloads forwomen. The sophisticated – or “high” –technology is needed to convert efficiently thelocally available resources and materials intouseful products. This is the hallmark of evolutionwhere natural systems evolve into very efficientmaterials and energy converters. In this process,size reduction and sophistication of system takesplace2. Some of our designs and technologiesare following the size reduction route, forexample, computer chips, cellphones, powerplants, etc.

Technology developers should follow thisstrategy in developing rural technologies. In fact,much more sophisticated thought and hightechnology is required for solving rural problemssince the materials and energy resourcesavailable in these areas are fewer and often onlyavailable in “dilute forms”. The strategy of hightechnology should be used in poor areas of theworld to allow maximum

energy and materials to be extracted foruseful end products.

Strategy for Sustainable DevelopmentThree technology areas need to be given

priority for rural areas :1. Provision of clean cooking fuel and

stoves.2. Provision of adequate lighting.3. Availability of clean drinking water.Cooking and lighting constitutes ~ 75%

of total energy used by rural households in India3.Similar numbers are also applicable in other rural

areas of the world. Together with the provisionof clean water, the total energy used from locallyavailable renewable resources becomes quitelarge.

Provision of adequate lighting and cleancooking fuel and drinking water are thefundamental needs of mankind. Their availabilityin rural areas can go a long way in improving thequality of life and livelihoods for nearly 3/5th ofmankind and in bringing them into mainstreamof development process.

b) Decentralized electricity basedlighting

With unavailability of grid electricity formajority of rural areas, large amount of R&Dworld over is also being conducted in develop-ing distributed or decentralized sources of elec-tricity. They range from 5-10 kW to 10 MWcapacity. This includes biomass based 10-20MW power plants, gasifier-based systems andvery innovative technologies like space age steamengine, gas powered 20- 30 kW microturbine,etc. Distributed electricity sources running onlocally available biomass resources can also ef-fectively provide light for rural areas.

For individual household level R&D inthree micro technologies for producing electricityneed mention. One is the development of humanmuscle-powered lighting system; second isthermoelectric devices for light and third isnanoengines.

Clean drinking waterIn the field of clean water production,

nanoparticles based filters are helping to purifywater. Similarly another simple method hasproved to be effective. Thus water filled plasticbottles kept in the sun can heat the water to



more than 700C killing majority of harmfulbacteria. However if these bottles are alsocoated with a cost effective nanobasedphotocatalyst then the system can become evenmore useful since sun’s UV radiation via catalystcan kill all the harmful bacteria. For rural areas,a micro-utility which can produce both power(~ 100-500 kW) and clean water would be agreat boon. This utility company can producepower through renewables powering an internalcombustion engine and the heat from flue gasesof the engine can be used to produce clean

water either through distillation or simplythrough boiling it10. This will help in increasingtremendously the power plant efficiency. Theutility can also access water resources byrainwater harvesting techniques.

ConclusionsThe outlined strategy can help improve

the quality of life of rural poor. It will have otherbenefits :1. The use of renewables will help in

improving local and ultimately globalenvironment.

2. Fossil fuels will be conserved. These canthen be used as raw material for chemicalsand value added products. Using less fossilfuels might help reduce world conflict sincethe pressure on fossil fuels from emergingeconomics like India and China could belessened. It is therefore in the interest ofthe North to provide the latest energytechnologies to developing world at verysoft terms.

3. Electricity and liquid fuel production frombiomass would increase rural wealth and

generate employment. Preliminaryeconomic analysis shows that in Indiaalone this could be a $ 6 billion/yearindustry.

4. New technologies will create huge marketfor technology providers.

5. Providing clean fuels, light and clean waterwill help bring the 3 billion people into themainstream of progress.

To my mind the highest spiritual workfor mankind is to help poor people improve theirquality of life. As engineers and scientists we cando it by providing right-sized technologies at theright “price” to the poor. It is a doable goal. Whatis needed is the direction and will of leaders bothin North and South to make the life of poorpeople better.

Finally, it should be pointed out that ruralpopulation of the world is much more spiritualthan those in developed countries. They havethe great strength of being satisfied with fewmaterial comforts. Thus I believe that theprovision of high technology for meeting thebasic needs of rural poor together with theirspiritual strength may provide a new model ofsustainable development and in the process mayteach North a lesson or two in sustainability.

References Rajvanshi, A. K., Nature of Human

Thought, Published by NARI, India.August 2005, pg. 66. Ref. 1, pg. 65.

Rajvanshi, A. K., “R&D strategy forlighting and cooking energy for ruralhouseholds”, Curr. Sci., 2003, 85, 437-443.

Smoke-the killer in the kitchen. ITDG

81

report. www.itdg.org/html/smoke/smoke_report_1.htm.

Rajvanshi, A. K., S. M. Patil and Y. H.Shaikh, “Development of Stove Runningon Low Concentration Ethanol Stove”,h ttp: / /nar iphal tan. vir tualave.net /ethstove.pdf.

Rajvanshi, A. K., “Improved lantern forrural areas”.http://nariphaltan.virtualave.net/ lantern.htm.

Rajvanshi, A. K., “NewCandoluminescent materials forkerosene lanterns for rural areas”.Final project report (unpublished) toDST, New Delhi, March 1998.

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Rural Development by Useing Technology in Agruculture

*Dr. Rohini Bhatt

A farmer is a multi purpose entrepreneur.His farm (factory) produces multiple crops(products) which he sells in the market. Yet only25-40% of his crop (grain, fruits etc.) fetcheshim any money, whereas the rest of his produce(agricultural residues) which constitutes 60-75%of the product is totally wasted and most of thetimes he has to burn it in the fields.

I know no other industry in the worldwhere 60-75% of the product is not sold orsimply junked. No industry can survive on suchlow productivity. Yet for agriculture we do notthink at all about this wastage. This besides thelow support price by Government of India hasmade the farming non-remunerative.

Thus no amount of subsidies orgovernment support price can help thefarmers. The only way the farmers can be helpedis when they get money for the agriculturalresidues. This can only happen when theseresidues can be used to produce energy forpowering India. Any marginal farm can produceagricultural residues even if the main food cropfails. On an average a farmer can get an extraincome of Rs. 2000-4000/acre from the residuesalone if they are used for producing energy. Thisincome can give him benefits even in case of adistress sale of his crop.

India produces ~ 600 million tons of

agriculture residues every year. Majority ofthese are burnt in the fields as a solution to thewaste disposal problem since the farmer wantshis fields ready for next crop. A small part ofthe residues may be used for mulching, for fuel(for cooking) or as fodder.

Three types of energy can be producedfrom these residues. Liquid fuels such as ethanolor pyrolysis oil; gaseous fuels like biogas(methane) and electricity.

Ethanol fuel which can be used astransport fuel can be produced by lignocellulosicconversion of residues into ethanol. ExtensiveR&D is being done world over to optimize thistechnology. Few large scale plantsinCanada, Japan and U.S. have already beenset up on this technology. Nevertheless quite alot of research still needs to be done to makeethanol production from residues economicallyviable and environmentally sound. Theoreticallythe residues in India can produce 156 billionliters of ethanol, which can take care of 42%of India’s oil demand for the year 2012.

Pyrolysis oil on the other hand is producedby rapid combustion of biomass and thencondensing rapidly the ensuing vapors or smoketo yield oil which is nearly equivalent todiesel. Around 20% of charcoal is alsoproduced as a by-product in the process. The

* IC Principal Smt. Anandiben Shankarbhai ChaudhariMahila Arts & Home Science College Mahesana

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charcoal can be used as cooking fuel for ruralhouseholds. The pyrolysis oil technology wasdeveloped in early 1990s in Europe and NorthAmerica and is now maturing. Consequently afew plants in Canada, U.S.A. and China havebeen set up and are producing oil from variousagriculture residues. Nevertheless R&D is stillneeded in producing it economically, improvingits keeping quality and making it suitable for usein existing internal combustion engines. Recentexperiments in Sweden on running a 5 MWdiesel power plant on pyrolysis oil have beensuccessful. India can produce about 400 billionkg of pyrolysis oil from its agricultural residueswhich is equivalent to 80% of India’s total oildemand for 2012.

Similarly these residues can theoreticallyproduce 80,000 MW of electric power yearround through biomass-based powerplants. This power is nearly 60% of the presentinstalled capacity of India. The power plantscould either be small scale (500 kW) runningon producer gas from agricultural residues ormedium scale (10-20 MW) running on directcombustion of these residues. The technologyfor this is very mature and there are thousandsof such plants running all over the world.

A part of these agricultural residues canalso be used via the bio-digester route toproduce fertilizer for the crops and methane gasto either run rural transport, irrigation pump setsor for cooking purposes. Yet another streamcan also be used for producing fodder foranimals. Thus the residues if properly utilizedcan produce fuel, fodder and fertilizer besidestaking care of a huge chunk of India’s energy

needs. Which stream of residue conversiontechnology is eventually followed will dependupon the existing market forces.

Energy from agricultural residuesin India could be of the order of thirty to fiftythousands crore per year industry. Besides it hasthe potential of producing 30 million jobs in ruralareas.

As the demand for energy increases wemay see huge tracts of land coming under energycrops like sugarcane for ethanol production orJatropha for producing biodiesel etc. This canadversely effect the food production. Alreadythese effects are felt in U.S. where huge acreagehas been planted under corn for ethanolproduction. Similarly very large tracts of landin Brazil are being directed from food productionto growing sugarcane for ethanolproduction. Use of agricultural residues forenergy production is therefore the best bet totake care of food vs. fuel debate.

When the farmers are forgotten, the longterm sustainability of the country isthreatened. When farms produce both food andfuel then their utility becomesmanifold. In India 65% of its populationdepends on farming for their livelihood and withenergy from agriculture as the majorfocus, India has the potential of becoming a hightech farming community.

Presently the growth of traditionalagricultural sector is pegged at 2-3% peryear. This low growth is mainly because theagriculture is non-remunerative. If both food andenergy is produced from the same piece of landthen India’s agricultural growth will be rapid and

Rural Development by Useing Technology in Agruculture


will bring in great wealth to rural areas.

Refrences: New York: United Nations Information

and Communication Technologies Task Force. Karnik, Kiran, Jagdish Nazareth, Arup,

Dasgupta 1995 The InformationPagdandi.

(Summary of a Proposal for AgriculturalInformatics and Communications

under the National Agricultural Tech-

nology Project). New Delhi: A World Bank NATP-AIC Report. Neurath, Paul 1960 Radio Farm Forum

in India, Delhi: Government of IndiaPress

Shukla, Snehlata and Kuldip Kumar1977. Satellite Instructional Television

Experiment - Impact of SITE on PrimarySchool Children. Bangalore: Indian

Space Research Organisation <http://undp.org.in/News/Press/2004/

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Role of Rural Tourism in the development of rural India

*Dr. Rajendra Sharma

IntroductionVillage/Rural Tourism has emerged as a

tourism product in Indian tourism industry. Ruraltourism focuses on participating in a rurallifestyle. It is known that more than 70% of theIndian population still resides in the rural partsof the country and their livelihood is agriculture.Rural tourism allows the creation of an alternativesource of income in the non-agricultural sectorfor rural dwellers. Rural tourism has gained asudden prominence in India in the last decadeand still much more is left to be explored withthe help of modern technology. Tourism is oneof the major earners of foreign exchange for thecountry. Rural tourism is adding revenue fromlast decade & it will definitely add more to whatwe earn in foreign exchange by implementingmodern technology. Rural tourism will speed upthe process of development and give a chanceto the village people to interact with outside theworld. By rural tourism the products of ruralartisans will find a ready market. Over the lasttwo decades the concept of rural sustainabletourism has become one of the major issues ofessential importance in modern tourism industry.Nature based tourism is one of the main facetsof sustainable tourism. Nature tourism is thetravel through and enjoyment of the natural world,its seasonal cycles and events, carried out in a

manner that promotes the protection of naturaland human communities and consideration forthose who will inherit our world. Nature basedecotourism encompasses areas like ecotourism,agro-tourism, rural and community-based whichare again forms of sustainable tourism. Ruraltourism is a phenomenon becoming increasinglyimportant in the new era of tourism.

Rural Tourism in IndiaThe basic concept of rural tourism is to

benefit the village people (where the real Indiaresides) through developing entrepreneurialopportunities, income generation, employmentopportunities, conservation and development ofrural arts, and crafts, investment for infrastructuredevelopment of rural arts and preservation ofthe environment and heritage. In India, ruraltourism in its true form is relatively new for thepeople who reside in villages of India thoughrural tourism development practice is going onfrom last twenty years. The potential for ruraltourism to be a major force in rural economicdevelopment resulting in poverty alleviation isyet to be realized to the fullest extent. In the Indiancontext, the concept of rural tourism should betaking place by considering a lot of sensitiveissues in relation with socio-cultural impacts onthe rural societies. Some of these issues may beempowerment to rural womenfolk, distribution

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value chain and income generation for ruralcommunity, commercialization of rural tourismsites and socio-cultural conflict etc.

The development of a strong base aroundthe concept of rural tourism is definitely usefulfor a country like India, where almost 74% ofthe population resides in more than 7 millionvillages of India. The rich diversity and varietythat India has in terms of different cultures ineach region, the customs and traditions, colorfulfestivals, folk arts and handicrafts as well asperforming arts and historical heritage makemany rural areas as potential rural tourism sitesin India. Due to this rural tourism has beenidentified as one of the major sources forgenerating employment, foreign exchangeearning and promoting sustainable livelihood inrural areas.

As mentioned earlier, rural tourism in Indiashould be developed considering a lot ofsensitive issues that may have consideredsignificance on the socio-cultural aspects of ruralcommunities. For example while developingrural tourism, it must be keep in mind that not allcommunities may be interested in such activityor within a community not all individuals maylike to be associated with it. Any form of tourismactivity may be not be possible at a rural tourismsite or not all rural areas may be suitable fortourism due to security and other related reasons.Therefore while developing a rural tourismdestination; emphasis should be given toconserve the natural and cultural assets of thelocation, to capitalize on the position of heritage,cultural and traditional and to be in line with theincreasing demand for ecotourism. The Ministryof Tourism, Government of India, with the help

of State tourism departments 153 rural tourismprojects in 28 states / Union Territories havebeen sanctioned including 36 rural sites whereUNDP has supported for capacity building.

Majority of India resides in village and forthe world to know the real spirits of India, it isessential to peep into the rural areas. Rural Indiahas a lot to offer to the world. The Governmentof India, recognizing the importance of rural

Table 1: State wise Rural Tourism Sites as on 2017

S.N. State Number of Rural Tourism Sites

1 Andhra Pradesh 10 2 Arunachal Pradesh 5 3 Assam 4 4 Bihar 1 5 Chhattisgarh 7 6 Delhi 2 7 Gujarat 5 8 Haryana 1 9 Himachal Pradesh 3 10 Jammu & Kashmir 22 11 Jharkhand 2 12 Karnataka 5 13 Kerala 6 14 Madhya Pradesh 7 15 Maharashtra 2 16 Manipur 4 17 Meghalaya 3 18 Mizoram 1 19 Nagaland 9 20 Orissa 8 21 Puduchery 1 22 Panjab 5 23 Rajasthan 3 24 Sikkim 11 25 Tamil Nadu 9 26 Tripura 9 27 Uttaranchal 11 28 Uttar Pradesh 4 29 West Bengal 5 Source: Ministry of tourism official web site

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tourism in the overall growth of the tourismindustry in India, started the process ofdevelopment and marketing and promotion forrural tourism. In this process, the government ofIndia funded many projects to uplift the ruraltourism industry in the country and now wantsto evaluate the condition of the rural tourismprojects. Ministry of tourism, Government ofIndia, globally recognized Incredible India brandnow supported to explore Rural India sub brandstrengthening the visitor attraction to India as amultiple interest all season destination targetinghigher visitor yields.

Major Issues related to RuralTourism Development for RuralDevelopment

Ų Role of Technology: ICT andTelecommunication for Rural TourismDevelopment

Each Rural tourism site should bepromoted with minimum involvement ofmiddleman like tour operators/intermediarieswho dictate tour itineraries and financial returns.Village authorities like the Panchayats orassociations formed by local communities shouldbe engaged in preparing tours and promotionand marketing in consultation with the provincialand Federal tourism departments. ICTapplications in Tourism now encompass areaslike community-based tourism and rural tourism.The internet may come of a lot of use as creationof innovative websites could provide theopportunity to the local communities to markettheir attractions directly online to potentialcustomers. The concept of e-Community BasedTourism may be introduced at rural tourism sites.

E-CBT or electronic community-based tourismis a concept where local communities atdestination are able to mobilize themselvestowards CBT (community-based Tourism) andwith access to internet can theoretically engagedirectly with global tourism markets, By passthe intermediary information-handlers to attractvisitors and retain a larger proportion of tourismreceipts(Harris.R. & Vogel.D, 2006). Thereforerural tourism communities could make use of e-commerce applications or e-Tourism in fosteringtheir CBT operations (Harris,2003). Websitescan enable rural tourism lodgings to accessmarkets quickly and to become international(Vrana, V. and Zafiropoulos,K, 2009). Awebsite is an important tool for marketingstrategy for any state. It is a part of brandinginitiative to educate consumers on the culture,people and experiences unique to that particularstate. A better infrastructure for ICT(Informationand Communication Technology) in rural Indiais hence required. Establishment of sustainableRural Multipurpose Community Telecentres willbe the first step towards promoting e- CBT.Rural NGOs, IT related governmentdepartments, the telecommunicationsdepartment as well as private sector ITcompanies will have to play an important role inthis respect. Private participation in this area willbe required not only in installation andmaintenance aspects but also for training andskill development in IT. Leading private ITCompanies, training and educational institutesof India like TCS, NIIT and Aptech ComputerEducation can play a major role in e-rural tourismprojects by imparting IT education tostakeholders especially local community



members under CSR.ŲCompatible Public-Private Sector

Partnership for Rural TourismDevelopment

Selling and distribution channels of ruraltourism sites as well conduction of rural tourismactivity should be properly streamlined. Thereshould be different channels of distribution.Firstly, through Indian Tourism, selling ruraltourism tour packages or tour packagesincluding rural tourism sites. Secondly, non-governmental organizations which have proventrack record in sustainable tourism in the state& in country. Thirdly, the local communityassociations through major tourism portals likeincredibleindia.org, exploreruralindia.org as wellas websites of organizations like Help Tourism.Conduction of rural tourism activities at thesepotential sites should preferably be done onlyby Indian Tourism & by different state tourismdepartments, non-governmental organizations/private operators only with a proven trackrecord of carrying out sustainable tourism in thestate or country like Help tourism. Private touroperators with no track record in the relatedarea may be restricted only to certain activitiesthat will not dictate and divest financial returnsfrom local communities. It is recommended thatNGO’s and private parties having presenceacross the state or country, relevant experiencein project implementation and communitymobilization for at least 5-10 years should onlybe selected.

ŲTraining needs for rural womenfolkon Entrepreneurial Opportunities forRural Tourism Development

Rural tourism must involve active

participation of women in matters of decision –making as the womenfolk are one of thestakeholders in any developmental activity. Oneof the main aims of such kind of tourism activityshould be to bring benefits to the womenfolkeconomically by means of providing thementrepreneurial opportunities. This will raise theirstandards of living. Upliftment of the economicstandards of the women will in turn help them inhaving good health facilities and education. Ruraltourism projects need to be considered as ruralself-employment generation schemes especiallyfor the womenfolk. Rural self-employmentgeneration schemes for women require to besupported by banks in rural areas likeNABARD, urban service providers and by localself-help groups.

Ų Rural Infrastructure Developmentfor Rural Tourism Development

Rural infrastructure like well-built villageroads, sanitation and high standards of hygienewayside amenities, use of renewable energysources, electrification, Telecentres andprovision of adequate security, is essential.Governmental authorities like state TourismDepartment along with the local panchayatsshould take a leading role in infrastructuredevelopment. As rural tourism requires relativelyless infrastructure and therefore low investment,it will turn out to be a feasible option for thestate government. Private participation needs tobe encouraged at a small scale in buildinginfrastructure.

Ų Accreditation and Certification forRural Tourism Development

An accreditation/certification system forrural tourism sites should be in place that will

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frequently assess measures and monitor theperformance of rural tourism sites in terms oftourist experience and quality services to touristsas well as conservation of local culture, heritage,environment and ecology and socio-economicbenefits/development of the local communities.The departments of tourism under the state andfederal ministries of tourism along with the stateForest departments, local administrations (GramPanchayat), international bodies on environmentand tourism should form a strong and an effectivecommittee of experts and consultants to monitorthe standards of rural tourism sites throughcontinuous assessment to ensure that things arecarried out along the lines of sustainability.LAC(Limit of Acceptable Change) issues needsto be addressed in order to measure theacceptable and achievable resource and socialconditions. Innovative tools for attaining ormaintaining desired conditions can be exploredthrough LAC (eg. Timing or season of use,geographic spacing, and behavior of users, kindor level of management).

ŲFinancial Support and CapacityBuilding for Rural Tourism Development

In addition to providing support to ruralwomenfolk in entrepreneurship, loans and otherfinancial support should be made available tolocal communities in general. Tax concessionsand other incentives should also be extended tothem. Rural developments banks like theNABARD, UBI, BIRD, tourism development-related financial institutions like theTFCI(Tourism Finance Corporation of India) aswell as private financial agencies, banks andcompanies like HDFC will all need to play amajor role in financing rural tourism

entrepreneurial initiatives.Training on catering and housekeeping

services, soft skills, tour guiding skills, hygieneand sanitation etc, needs to be provided. Privateand public food craft institutes, travel and tourismtraining institutes, catering colleges are requiredto provide necessary support to build skilled andtrained workforce in rural areas. Thedepartments of tourism, private tour operatorshaving a proven track record in sustainabletourism, tourism NGOs and other authoritiesshould actively take part in meeting the trainingneeds in rural tourism through workshops,training programmes and exhibitions. Theconcept of self-sustainability should be instilledamong the local community through effectivemobilization and capacity building. The localcommunities need to be equipped and trainedto manage the rural tourism site by their own. Avillage coordination committee has to be set upwhich will ensure active participation of bothgenders especially women, disadvantagedgroups and unemployed youth in bringingeffective community participation, monitoring ofall activities and maintenance of the tourism sites.It should also be remembered that localcommunity members in rural areas exposed totourism do not become entirely dependanteconomically on tourism but it should come asan additional/supplementary means of incomegeneration. In other words, indigenous/traditional means of livelihood like agriculture/farming, dairy, pottery etc should not be replacedby tourism activities. This is an aspect, whichneeds to be addressed, as the issue ofsustainability should be pivotal importance inrural tourism.



Ų Promotion and sustainability Issuesfor Rural Tourism Development

A network of organizations should beestablished to promote and develop rural tourismin the most sustainable way. The network maybe set up involving the state tourism departmentsin association with the Department of Tourism,Government of India, the WIF (Women’sInterlink Foundation), the UN(United Nationsthrough UNDP) and local organizations engagedin sustainable tourism like the Help tourism alongwith other interested parties like state andNational level NGOs and self-help groups. Theprime responsibility of this network is to ensurethat rural tourism sites do not reach a stage of“Com modification’ where aspects such astranquility, pastoral idle, rural way of life and ruralarts and crafts become vict ims ofcommercialization and hence leading tounsustainable growth of rural tourism. Thenetwork has to carry out event-based promotionand facilitate experiences the results in favorableword-of-mouth promotion. This network shallalso require working closely with the suggestedcommittee on accreditation and certification ofrural tourism sites.

The major challenges are need to preservethe environment and natural resources, the needfor education, proper understanding for bothtourists and local people, and the need togenerate a democratic movement which helpspeople at all levels to participate in tourismdevelopment. The Tourism Industry faces withvarious challenges in the field of humanresources; one of the crucial issues in this regardis the quality of manpower. The industry is vitallyfaced with the demand for qualified quality

personnel. One of the key areas in terms oftourism development in states is creation of amore appropriate form of tourism to replace“Mass Tourism”. Appropriate Tourism is a kindof tourism that is more favorable and beneficialto the local community and the challenge aheadfor tourism industry is to implement and establishAppropriate Tourism at the ground level.

REFERENCES1. English Tourism Council and MEW

Research (2002), ‘QualitativeResearch on Rural Tourism inEngland’, August

2. Ghosh. A.K., Sep2006, BankurarKachakachi, Parjatan, Media Tours,Kolkata.

3. Halder P., 8-10 April, 2007 “RuralTourism – Challenges andOpportunities” InternationalMarketing Conference on Marketing& Society, IIMK, India.

4. Harris R., 2006, e-Community BasedTourism: Measures of e-inclusion ofall stakeholders, Roger HarrisAssociates, Hong Kong.

5. Israni N., Reality Tourism, Dec10,2001, India Today, Mumbai, India.

6. Jenkins (1998): ‘The policydimensions of rural tourism andrecreation’ in R. Butler, C.M Hall andJ.Jenkins (Eds), Tourism Recreationin Rural Areas, Chichester: JohnWiley and sons: pp19 - 42

7. Kumar Rajeev: Service Quality inRural Tourism: A PrescriptiveApproach Conference on Tourism inIndia – Challenges Ahead, 15-17 May

91

2008, IIMK8. Rural Tourism: It’s A Niche That

India Can Offer, Aug 2004, TheFinancial Times, India.

9. Rural Tourism–A Strategic Model forIndia (2010), A. F. Ferguson & Co,Federation of Indian Commerce andIndustry.

10. Sarkar S. K., January 2007, Tourism;Prospects in Rural Bengal, Tourism:Theory and Practice, Vol5 No1,Kolkata, India.

11. www.tourism.gov.in12. www.envfor.nic.in13. www.incredibleindia.org14. www.exploreruralindia.org

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Role of National Rural Livelihood Mission

*Garima Maurya

INTRODUCTIONIndia is a country in which a large number ofpopulation is rural in nature, about 68.84% ofpopulation lives in rural areas (2011, census).In rural areas there is a very limited access tomeans of livelihood and other amenities of lifesuch as education, health, communication. AnOverall development of a country like Indiahaving such a huge amount of rural population isnot possible without rural development. Ruraldevelopment is a strategy designed to improvethe economic and social life of a specific groupof people the rural poor. It involves extendingthe benefits of development to the poorestamong those who seek livelihood in rural areas(Rural development, World bank 1975). Sorural development strategies in India wants toimprove rural income and generate employmentopportunities for rural poor. For povertyreduction and sustainable increase in income itis necessary to generate productive employmentopportunities in the process of growth itself. Indiahas been a welfare state since independence sothe primary objectives of all governmentalschemes are welfare oriented. The governmentof India since 1970s has implemented variouspoverty alleviation programs, National rurallivelihood mission is one of them. It is a flagship

program of government of India for promotingpoverty reduction through building stronginstitutions of the poor, particularly women, andenabling these institutions to access a range offinancial services and livelihood services. Thepresent paper aims to analyze the role of NationalRural Livelihood Mission in rural development.BACKGROUND: After independence the firstmajor poverty alleviation program wasIntegrated Rural Development Program startedin 1980 which specially target below povertyline people by providing loans to purchase assetsand subsidizing the costs of those assets. In1999, a new program Swarn Jayanti GraminSwrojgar Yojna(SGSY) was initiated by mergingsix self employment programs including IRDP,Development of Women and Children in RuralAreas(DWCRA), Training of Rural Youth forSelfemployment(TRYSEM), Supply of Toolkitsfor Rural Artisans (SITRA), Million WellsScheme(MWS), Ganga KalyanYojna(GKY)(Annual Report, 2011-2012). Thecornerstone of the SGSY strategy was that thepoor need to be organized and their capacitiesbuilt up systematically so that they can accessself employment opportunities. In the 10 yearsof implementing SGSY, there is a wide spreadacceptance in the country of the need for poor

*Research Scholar IIT Kanpur

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to be organized into SHGs and SHG federationsas a prerequisite for their poverty reduction. Amajor problem identified by the RadhakrishnanCommittee on credit related issues under SGSY(2009) that “ most of the SGHs remain crowdedin low productivity, primary sector activities,nearly two thirds of the total funds were givenas subsidy making the whole program subsidydriven. So Government of India approved thereconstructing of SGSY as national rurallivelihood mission,approved the framework forimplementation of NRLM in December2010and launched the same on 3 June 2011, tobe implemented in mission mode across country.(Report of Working Group on NRLM, 2011)Initially the name was National Rural LivelihoodMission/ Aajeevika but on 26 February, Ministryof Rural Development, Government of Indiathrough a notification has added DeendayalAntyodaya Yojna so presently it is known asDeendayal Antyodaya Yojna- National RuralLivelihoodMission (DAY-NRLM)WORKING OF NRLM:NRLM is a flagship program of government ofIndia for promoting poverty reduction throughbuilding strong institutions of the poor, particularlywomen, and enabling these institutions to accessa range of financial services and livelihoodservices. NRLM is designed to be a highlyintensive program and focuses on intensiveapplication of human and material resources inorder to mobilize the poor into functionallyeffective community owned institutions, promotetheir financial inclusion and strengthen theirlivelihoods. NRLM complements theseinstitutional platforms of the poor with services

that include financial and capital services,production and productivity enhancementservices, technology, knowledge, skill andinputs, market linkages etc.A women’s self help group, a group of 10-15women coming together on tblock of the NRLMcommunity institutional design. Only for groupsto be formed with persons with disabilities, andother special categories like elders, transgender,NRLM will have both men and women in theself help groups. Financial Assistance to SHGs• NRLM would provide a revolving fundsupport to SHGs in existence for minimumperiod of 3-6 months and follow the norms ofgood SHGs, that is they follow ‘panchsutra’-regular meetings, regular savings, regular internallending, regular recoveries and maintenance ofproper book of accounts. Only such SHGs thathave not received any RF earlier will beprovided with RF, as corpus, with minimum of10,000 and up to maximum 15,000 per SHG.The purpose of RF is to strengthen their financialand institutional management capacity and builda good credit history within the group.• Community investment support fund will beprovided to theSHGs in intensive blocks routedthrough the village level/cluster level federations,to be maintained in perpetuity by the federations• Capital subsidy has been discontinued underNRLM. NRLM has a provision for interestsubvention, to cover the difference between thelending rates of the banks and 7% on all creditsfrom the banks/financial institutions availed bywomen SHGs, for a maximum of 3,00,000 perSHG.Role of Banks: • The role of banks wouldcommence with opening of accounts for all the

Role of National Rural Livelihood Mission


women SHGs, SHGs with member of disabilityand the federation of SHGs. For attaining loanSHG should be in active existence at least sincethe last six months as per the book of accountof SHG, it should be practicing panchsutra andshould be qualified as per grading norms fixedby NABARD. KEY FEATURES: • NRLM ispromoting a major shift from purely “allocationbased? strategy to a ‘demand driven strategy,states have full flexibility to develop their ownplans for capacity building of SHGs andfederations, infrastructure and marketing, andpolicy for financial assistance for the SHGs.NRLM will identify the target groups of poorthrough a “participatory identification of poor’process instead of using the BPL list. This willensure that the voiceless, poorest of the poorare not ignored. • NRLM will promote theformation of women SHGs on the basis of affinityand not on the basis of common activity. It ispossible that members who come together onthe basis of affinity could be having a commonactivity. • NRLM will provide continuous hand-holding support to SHGs and their federations.This support will be provided by capacitatingthe SHG federation and building a cadre ofcommunity professionals from among the poorwomen, • NRLM has taken a saturationapproach and will ensure all the poor in villageare covered and a woman from each poor familyis motivated to join SHG. NRLM ensures thatSHGs are enabled to access repeat finance frombanks, till they attain sustainable livelihood anddecent living standard.Recently SARAS aajeejika mela has beenstarted to display and sell of productsproduced by women SHGs. The progress of

DAY-NRLM may be seen from the table whichhas been collected from Ministry of RuralDevelopment, Government of India.PROGRESS OF DAY-NRLMCONCLUSION: This can be concluded fromthe above study that a large number of SHGswere promoted under DAY-NRLM but it is yetto start with full swing so all the below povertyline households in rural areas are benefitted.There are also some problems related to use ofNRLM funds, some funds are used foremergency or for non-productive purposes.SHGs should be formed in all rural areas acrossIndia and at least each SHG should providedwith revolving fund, if not community investmentfund and productive use of these funds shouldbe ensured so that every rural poor can improvetheir financial and social condition which leadsto rural development.REFERENCES:• Planning Commission, Government of

India, “ Report of working group onNational Rural Livelihood Mission”,September 2011,

• RBI, Mumbai, “Priority Sector Lend-ing-reconstructing of SGSY as NationalRural Livelihood Mission-aajeevika”,June 2013 . Ministry of Rural Develop-ment, Government of India, “ annualreport, 2011-12”, New Delhi

• Ministry of Rural Development, Gov-ernment of India, NRLM Handbook onCommunity Capacity Building

• Ministry of Rural Development, Gov-ernment of India, National Rural Live-lihood Mission-Mission Document

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xkWOkksa ds fodkl esa mixzg rduhd dk ;ksxnku

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ns'k dh vkèkh ls vfèkd tula[;k xk¡oksa esajgrh gS ftldh jksth&jksVh ,oa vkthfodk dkçeq[k lkèku [ksrh&ckM+h ,oa i'kqikyu gSA ns'k dhmUufr ,oa [kq'kgkyh dk jkLrk xk¡oksa ls gksdjtkrk gSA ;fn Hkkjr dks [kq'kgky cukuk gS] rksxk¡oksa dks Hkh fodflr djuk gksxkA vkt ljdkjxzkeh.k fodkl] df"k ,oa Hkwfeghu fdlkuksa dsdY;k.k ij T;knk tksj ns jgh gSA blfy;s ;g{ks= csgrjh dh fn'kk esa ifjorZu ds nkSj ls xqtjjgk gSA çkS|ksfxdh vkSj ikjnÆ'krk orZeku ljdkjdh igpku cu x, gSaA ljdkj us vxys ik¡p o"kks±esa fdlkuksa dh vkenuh nksxquh djus dk egRokdka{khy{; j[kk gSA bl y{; dks gkfly djus ds fy;sijEijkxr rjhdksa ls gVdj vkmV&v‚Q&c‚Dl*igy dh xÃ gSA

xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk dks etcwr cukus dsfy;s ijEijkxr rduhd ds LFkku ij vkèkqfudrduhdksa ij tksj fn;k tk jgk gSA vfèkdka'klhekUr vkSj NksVs fdlku ikjEifjd rjhds ls[ksrh djrs jgrs gSa ftl dkj.k [ksrh dh ykxrfudky ikuk Hkh eqf'dy gks tkrk gSA oSKkfudrjhds ds lkFk lksp&le>dj [ksrh dh tk, rksQlyksa ls T;knk ls T;knk mit yh tk ldrh

gSA lkFk gh Qly dh cqokÃ ls iwoZ ;fn cktkjdh ryk'k dj yh tk, rks [ksrh equkQs dk lkSnklkfcr gks ldrh gSA df"k Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkkdk dsUæ fcUnq gS ftlds lkFk dÃ pqukSfr;k¡ tqM+hgqÃ gSaA blfy;s t:jh gS fd fdlku vkèkqfudrduhdksa ds lkFk&lkFk ljdkj }kjk pyk;h tkjgh ;kstukvksa ls Hkh ykHkkfUor gksA ns'k ds vusdHkkxksa esa gks jgh fdlkuksa dh [kqndq'kh ds vusddkj.k gSa ftuesa ls ,d dkj.k ljdkj }kjkpyk;h tk jgh fofHkUu ;kstukvksa vkSj dk;ZØeksadh tkudkjh u gksuk Hkh gSA vr% ljdkj }kjkpyk;h tk jgh fofHkUu ;kstukvksa ls xzkeh.k vkSjfdlkuksa dks voxr djk;k tkuk pkfg, rkfdxzkeh.k] i'kqikyd] [ksfrgj etnwj o fdlku fdlh;kstuk dk ykHk ysus ds fy;s fcpkSfy;ksa ds pôjesa u iM+sA [kkn&cht tSlh t:jh phtksa dhvkiwÆr nq#Lr ugÈ gksus ls fdlku xq.koÙkk lsysdj dher rd gj txg Bxk tkrk gSA

vkt Hkkjrh; fdlkuksa ds le{k lcls xEHkhjleL;k mRiknu dk lgh ewY; u feyuk gSAfcpkSfy;ksa vkSj nykyksa ds dkj.k fdlkuksa dksvius df"k mRikn cgqr de nkeksa esa gh cspus iM+rsgSa D;ksafd dÃ df"k mRikn tSls lfCt;k¡] Qy]


Qwy] nwèk vkSj nqXèk inkFkZ cgqr tYnh [kjkc gkstkrs gSaA bUgsa yEcs le; rd laxzg djds ugÈj[kk tk ldrk gSA u gh fdlkuksa ds ikl bUgsalaxzg djus dh lqfoèkk gksrh gSA ;|fi fdlkuksadks vk<+fr;ksa dh voljoknh dk;Z&ç.kkyh lscpkus ds ckjsa esa Hkh le;≤ ij xzkeh.kksa dksmfpr ijke'kZ lsok,¡ çnku dh tkrh gSaA [ksrhvkSj xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk dks etcwr djus o fdlkuksadks mudh mit dk csgrj ewY; fnykus dh fn'kkesa ljdkj us gky gh esa dÃ egÙoiw.kZ ;kstukvksa]dk;ZØeksa o çkS|ksfxfd;ksa tSls] vkÃ-lh-Vh- rduhd]jk"Vªh; df"k cktkj] Ã&[ksrh] Ã&i'kqgkV o fdlkueksckby ,i vkfn dh 'kq#vkr dh gS ftudkfooj.k fuEu çdkj gS&

vkÃ-lh-Vh- rduhdmRiknu c<+kus gsrq fVdkÅ df"k esa lwpuk

,oa lapkj vkèkkfjr rduhdksa ¼vkÃ-lh-Vh-½ dkç;ksx] ds-oh-ds- eksckby ,i] df"k foLrkj dk;Zdykiksaesa ds-oh-ds- dh uÃ igy bR;kfn dk fo'ks"k :i lsmYys[k fd;k tk ldrk gSA vkÃ-lh-Vh- ds egÙodks le>rs gq, fdlkuksa rd uohure df"k lEcUèkhoSKkfud tkudkfj;ksa ds çlkj gsrq dÃ igy dhxÃ gSaA osc&vkèkkfjr ^ds-oh-ds- iksVZy* Hkh cuk,x, gSaA vkÃ-lh-,-vkj- ds laLFkkuksa ds ckjs esatkudkfj;k¡ miyCèk djokus ds fy;s vkÃ-lh-,-vkj- iksVZy vkSj df"k f'k{kk ls lEcfUèkr mi;ksxhlwpuk,¡ çnku djus ds fy;s ,xzh ;wfuoÆlVhiksVZy dks fodflr fd;k x;k gSA blds vfrfjäds-oh-ds- eksckby ,i Hkh fdlkuksa dks Rofjr olqyHk lwpuk,¡ miyCèk djokus ds fy;s cuk;kx;k gSA df"k vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl esa fMftVybafM;k ds df"Vdks.k dks lkdkj djus esa budk

egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gksxkA lwpuk ,oa lapkjçkS|ksfxdh }kjk fdlkuksa dh lqfoèkk ds fy;s vusdeksckby ,i tSls fdlku iksVZy] fdlku lqfoèkk]iwlk d"k] Qly chek iksVZy] ,xzh ekdsZV] ,efdlku iksVZy] df"k eaMh eksckby ,i Hkh 'kq: fd,x, gSaA

fdlku iksVZyfdlku iksVZy ,d osclkbV gS ftls df"k

,oa fdlku dY;k.k ea=ky; }kjk fodflr fd;kx;kA ns'k dk dksÃ Hkh fdlku bl iksVZy rdviuh igq¡p LFkkfir dj chtksa] moZjdksa] dhVuk'kdksa]QkeZ e'khujh] ekSle] [ksr mRiknksa ds cktkj ewY;];kstukvksa ,oa dk;ZØe ds iSdst] chek] HkaMkj.k]_.k ,oa U;wure leFkZu ewY; dh tkudkjhLFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa gkfly dj ldrk gSA ;glqfoèkk ns'k ds lHkh jkT;ksa esa Cy‚d&Lrj rdmiyCèk gSA df"k vknkuksa tSls [kkn] cht] moZjdo df"k ;a=ksa ds MhylZ dh tkudkjh Cy‚d&Lrjij çnku dh tkrh gSA

fdlku lqfoèkk eksckby ,i & ;g ,ilaosnu'khy ekudksa tSls tyok;q] ikSèk laj{k.k][kkn] cht o moZjdksa ds Mhyjksa] df"k ijke'kZ vkSjeaMh ewY; vkfn ij fdluksa dks lwpuk çnkudjrk gSA

iwlk df"k eksckby ,i & ekuuh; çèkkuea=hds ç;ksx'kkyk ls [ksr ¼ySc Vw ySaM½ rd ds liusdks lkdkj djus ds fy;s iwlk df"k eksckby ,ifdlkuksa dh lgk;rk ds fy;s 'kq: fd;k x;kAblls Hkkjrh; d`f"k vuqlUèkku laLFkku }kjkfodflr çkS|ksfxdh vkSj rduhd ds ckjs esa fdlkulwpuk çkIr dj ldrs gSaA blds rgr uohureo fodflr rduhd dks fdlkuksa rd igq¡pkus ds

3

fy;s tksj nsus dh t:jr gS ftlls fdlku uÃrduhdh dks viukdj vfèkd ykHk dek ldsavkSj viuk thou [kq'kgky cuk ldsaA

,e fdlku iksVZy& ,e fdlku iksVZy df"kfoKku dsUæksa }kjk yk[kksa fdlkuksa dks ijke'kZfn;k tk jgk gSA Hkkjrh; ekSle foKku foHkkx}kjk 100 df"k foKku dsUæksa ij Lopkfyr ekSledsUæ tksM+s x;s gSaA

Qly chek iksVZy & [ksr esa lapkfyrdVkÃ mijkUr ç;ksx dh lwpuk dks fMftVydjkus ds fy;s lh-lh-Ã- df"k eksckby ,i fodflrfd;k x;k gSA th-ih-,l- ds ekè;e ls ;g ,i[ksr dk LFkku Lor% gh xzg.k dj ysrk gSA ,i dsekè;e ls fy;s x;s QksVksxzkQ ,oa MkVk dks oscloZj rqjUr LFkkukUrfjr djrk gSA ;g nkokfuiVku le; dks de dj ikjnÆ'krk dks c<+krkgSA fdlkuksa] chek dEifu;ksa ,oa cSadksa lfgr lHkhLVSd gksYMj ds fy;s ,d gh iksVZy gSA blesanksuksa chek ;kstukvksa tSls ih-,e-,Q-ch-okÃ- vkSjMCY;w-ch-lh-vkÃ-,l- 'kkfey gSA eksckby ,i dsekè;e ls vkSj osc ij çhfe;e dh vfUre rkjh[k,oa fdlkuksa dks mudh Qly ,oa LFkku ds fy;sdEiuh lEidks± dh lwpuk çnku djrk gSA chekçhfe;e dh x.kuk ,oa vfèklwfpr MkVkcsl dkltu djrk gSA _.k chek gsrq fdlkuksa dsvkosnu vkSj cSadksa ds lkFk budk la;kstu djrkgSA

Ã&[k srhvkt xzkeh.kksa o fdlkuksa ds ikl lwpuk,¡

vkSj uÃ&uÃ tkudkfj;k¡ çkIr djus ds dÃekè;e gSaA ijUrq xzkeh.k fodkl o df"k ls tqM+hfdlh Hkh leL;k dk lekèkku djus ds fy;s

baVjusV lcls çHkkoh] ljy o vklku ekè;e gSAvkt fdlku ns'k ds fdlh Hkh dksus ls Ã&esydj viuh df"k lEcfUèkr fdlh Hkh leL;k dkgy ik ldrk gSA Ã&[ksrh us oSKkfudksa] çlkjdk;ZdrkZvksa vkSj fo"k;&oLrq fo'ks"kKksa ij xzkeh.kksadh fuHkZjrk dks cgqr gh de dj fn;k gSAbaVjusV ds ç;ksx ls cktkj lqfuf'pr dj [ksrhdh tk, rks fuf'pr rkSj ij blls Qk;nk gksxkA

fdlku] i'kqikyd o vU; is'ks esa yxsxzkeh.k HkkÃ&cgu tc pkgs ?kj cSBs gh df"k]i'kqikyu ;k vU; O;olk;ksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjhçkIr dj ldrs gSaA vkt lqnwj xk¡o esa cSBkfdlku baVjusV ds ekè;e ls iyd >idrs ghdf"k lEcUèkh lkjh tkudkfj;k¡ gkfly dj jgkgSA df"k foKku lEcUèkh uohure o vR;kèkqfudtkudkfj;ksa ds çpkj&çlkj esa baVjusV egÙoiw.kZHkwfedk fuHkk jgk gSA baVjusV fdlkuksa] oSKkfudksavkSj ljdkj ds eè; lEidZ lsrq dk dk;Z djrkgSA blds ekè;e ls ljdkjh ;kstukvksa vkSj df"kvuqlUèkku lEcUèkh egÙoiw.kZ lwpuk,¡ lhèks rkSjij fdlkuksa rd igq¡prh gSaA xzkeh.kksa ds dY;k.kvkSj mudh çxfr ds fy;s baVjusV lsok dksxzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa vkSj vfèkd nq#Lr djus dht:jr gS ftlls xzkeh.k Hkkjr fodkl o [kq'kgkyhds jkLrs ij fujUrj vkxs c<+rk jgsA

^Ã&uke* iksVZy dh LFkkiukigys fdlku ds ikl Qly rS;kj gksus ds

ckn cktkj gh ugÈ gksrk Fkk vkSj og vkSus&ikSusnke ij viuk mRikn cspus dks etcwj gks tkrkFkkA fdlkuksa dks mudh mit dk vfèkdre ykHknsus vkSj cM+k cktkj miyCèk djkus gsrq iwjs ns'k esasdf"k mRiknksa dh v‚uykbu fcØh dks çksRlkgu



nsus ds fy;s jk"Vªh; df"k cktkj ¼Ã&uke½ dh'kq#vkr dh xÃ gSA blls fdlku vius fudVdh fdlh Hkh eaMh esa vius mRikn dks lwphc)djkdj lokZfèkd ewY; ij csp ldsaxsA bldsrgr iwjs ns'k esa ,d d‚eu Ã&IysVQ‚eZ ds ekè;els 585 Fkksd eafM;ksa dks tksM+us dh igy dh gSAblds fy;s 200 djksM+ #i;s ds çkjfEHkd vkoaVuls ;kstuk dk 1 tqykÃ] 2015 dks vuqeksnu fd;kx;k FkkA vc rd 13 jkT;ksa dh 419 eafM;ksa dksÃ&uke ds lkFk ,dh-r fd;k x;k gSA

;g iksVZy Çgnh vkSj vaxzsth lfgr vfèkdka'k{ks=h; Hkk"kkvksa esa Hkh miyCèk gSaA ljdkj vareaMhvkSj vUrjjk"Vªh; O;kikj dks lqxe vkSj lqpk#cukus dk Hkh ç;kl dj jgh gS ftlls v‚uykbuO;kikj djus] Ã&ijfeV tkjh djus vkSj Ã&Hkqxrkuvkfn djus ds lkFk&lkFk cktkj ds lEiw.kZ dk;Zds fMftVyhdj.k dks çksRlkfgr fd;k tk ldsAblds vykok lwpuk fo"kerk dks nwj djus] ysu&nsuçfØ;k esa ikjnÆ'krk ykus vkSj iwjs ns'k ds cktkjksaesa igq¡p vklku cukus esa enn feysxhA jk"Vªh;df"k eaMh Ã&uke* iksVZy dh LFkkiuk fdlkuksa dsfy;s ,d ØkfUrdkjh dne gSA ^Ã&uke* ,dvuwBk ç;kl gSA blds rgr ^Ã&uke* esa ^,djk"Vª ,oa ,d cktkj* rFkk fdlkuksa dh lef) ijtksj fn;k x;k gS ftlls xzkeh.k Hkkjr dh n'kkvkSj fn'kk es a ldkjkRed ifjorZu gksxkAÃ&ekdsZÇVx }kjk fdlkuksa dks cktkj esa c<+rhLièkkZ vkSj ikjnÆ'krk ds dkj.k vius mRiknksa dscsgrj nke fey jgs gSaA

jk"Vªh; df"k eaMh ds Ã&VªsÇMx IysVQ‚eZ lsfdlkuksa ds fy;s csgrj vk; lqfuf'pr dh tkldsxhA 'kq: esa jk"Vªh; -f"k eaMh dks 8 jkT;ksa dh

23 eafM;ksa ls tksM+k x;k FkkA vc 10 jkT;ksa¼vkUèkz çns'k] NÙkhlx<+] xqtjkr] fgekpy çns'k]jktLFkku] eè; çns'k] rsyaxkuk] mÙkj çns'k] >kj[kaMo gfj;k.kk½ dh 250 eafM;k¡ bl iksVZy ls tqM+xÃ gSaA bu cktkjksa esa v‚uykbu iksVZy ds ekè;els dke fd;k tk,xkA Vk sy Ýh uEcj1800&2700&224 ij gsYi MsLd LFkkfir o pkywfd;k x;k gSA bl foÙkh; o"kZ esa 585 eafM;ksa dkstksM+us dk y{; gSA ;kstuk dh foLrr tkudkjhwww-enam-gov-in ij miyCèk gSA Qly mRiknksadh mfpr dher ikus ds fy;s Qly dh dVkÃvkSj xgkÃ mfpr le; ij dh tkuh pkfg,AlkFk gh fcØh ls iwoZ mfpr xzsÇMx] iSÇdx vkSjyscÇyx dh tkuh pkfg, ftlls fdlkuksa dksmudh mit dk mfpr ewY; fey ldsA

Ã&i'kqgkV iksVZy dh LFkkiukns'k esa igyh ckj jk"Vªh; nqXèk fnol 26

uoEcj] 2016 ds volj ij jk"Vªh; cksokbumRikndrk fe'ku ds vUrxZr Ã&i'kqèku gkViksVZy dh 'kq#vkr dh xÃ gSA ;g iksVZy ns'khuLyksa ds fy;s çtudksa vkSj fdlkuksa dks tksM+us esa,d egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk,xkA bl iksVZy ds}kjk fdlkuksa dks ns'kh uLyksa dh uLyokj lwpukçkIr gksxhA blls fdlku ,oa çtud ns'kh uLydh xk; ,oa HkSalksa dks [kjhn ,oa csp ldsaxsA ns'kesa miyCèk teZIykTek dh lkjh lwpuk iksVZy ijns[kh tk ldrh gS ftlls fdlku HkkÃ bldkrqjUr ykHk mBk ldsaA bl iksVZy ds }kjk mPpns'kh uLyksa ds laj{k.k ,oa laoèkZu dks uÃ fn'kkfeysxhA fudV Hkfo"; esa i'kqvksa dh csgrj uLyksadks c<+kus esa enn feysxhA ;g cksokbu çtudksa]foØsrkvksa vkSj [kjhnnkjksa ds fy;s ^ou&LV‚iiksVZy* gSA

5

blls Kkr vkuqoaf'kd ykHk ds lkFk jksxeqäteZIykTe dh miyCèkrk dks c<+kok feysxkA lkFkgh fcpkSfy;ksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dks de&ls&de fd;ktk ldsxkA blls dsoy udqy LokLF;&i= lsVSx fd, x, i'kqvksa dh fcØh esa enn feysxhAvius LFkku ij i'kq dh fMyhojh ysus ds fy;sv‚uykbu iSlk vnk dj ldrk gSA bl osclkbV¼www-epashuhaat-gov-in½ ij fdlku vkSjçtudksa dks tksM+k tkrk gSA fdlkuksa dks irkpyrk gS fd dkSu&dkSu lh uLysa miyCèk gSa rFkkmUgsa dgk¡ ls [kjhnk tk ldrk gSA i'kqvksa dsØ;&foØ; ds lkFk&lkFk teZIykTe dh iwjhtkudkjh nh tkrh gSA blls ns'k esa fofoèk ns'khcksokbu uLyksa ds ifjj{k.k ds lkFk&lkFk i'kqikydksadh vk; esa of) dh tk ldsxhA

fdlku ,l-,e-,l- iksVZyHkkjr ljdkj us fdlkuksa ds fy;s ,d ,l-

,e-,l- iksVZy dh 'kq#vkr dh gSA bl lqfoèkk dsekè;e ls fdlku d`f"k ds lEcUèk esa viuhvko';drkvksa] LFkku vkSj viuh Hkk"kk ds vuq:ilykg vkSj lwpuk,¡ çkIr dj ldrs gSaA df"kdk;ks±@ilUn dh Qlyksa ds ckjs esa lUns'k çkIrdjus ds vuqjksèk ds ckn fdlku ,l-,e-,l-iksVZy ç.kkyh esa fdlkuksa dks muds eksckby ij,l-,e-,l- lUns'k feyrs jgrs gSa ftuesa lwpuk;k lsok dh tkudkjh ;k fo'ks"kKksa] oSKkfudksa vkSjvfèkdkfj;ksa dh vko';d lykg nh tkrh gSA ;slUns'k mu fdlkuksa dks Hksts tkrs gSa ftudsvkokl lEc) vfèkdkfj;ksa@oSKkfudksa@fo'ks"kKksads vfèkdkj {ks= esa iM+rs gSaA

fdlku ,l-,e-,l- iksVZy ,d vf[kyHkkjrh; lsok ç.kkyh gS tks bldk mi;ksx djus

okys foHkkx@laxBu ds fy;s iwjh rjg fu%'kqYdgS rFkk df"k lEcUèkh lHkh dk;ks± ds fy;s gSAçkjEHk esa ekSle vuqeku] ekSle psrkouh] ikSèkksa vkSji'kqvksa esa chekjh 'kq: gksus ;k dhM+s yxus dslEcUèk esa lykg] LFkkuh; vko';drkvksa vkfn dsvuq:i Qlyksa ds fy;s mfpr çkS|ksfxdh lEcUèkhijke'kZ] uÃ ;k vR;fèkd mi;qä Qly dhfdLe@i'kq dh uLy ds lEcUèk esa ijke'kZ] cktkjlwpuk vkSj enk ijh{k.k ds ifj.kke vkfn lslEcfUèkr lUns'k Hksts tkrs gSaA viuk iathdj.kdjkrs le; fdlku ftl Hkk"kk esa ,l-,e-,l-lUns'k pkgrs gSa] mldk mYys[k dj ldrs gSaA;fn fdlku ds eksckby esa ml Hkk"kk dk mÙkjçkIr djus dh lqfoèkk ugÈ gS rks jkseu fyfi esaml Hkk"kk esa lUns'k Hksts tk ldrs gSaA

fdlku lwpuk dsUæ % ljdkj dh vksj lsfdlkuksa dks df"k çkS|ksfxdh lwpuk dsUæksa ls tksM+usdh dksf'k'k dh tk jgh gSA blds fy;s fofHkUujkT; ljdkjksa dh vksj ls fdlku lwpuk dsUæfodflr fd, x, gSaA lwpuk dsUæksa ls tqM+s fdlkuksadk vuqHko gS fd ,d rjQ mUgsa [ksrh esa de{ks=Qy esa vfèkd ykHk çkIr gks jgk gS rks nwljhrjQ mUgsa uohure rduhdksa dks lh[kus dkvolj fey jgk gSA iatkc ds dÃ fdlkuksa dkstgk¡ ijEijkxr [ksrh ls vfèkd tksf[ke o cgqrde vk; çkIr gksrh Fkh] ogÈ vc lwpuk dsUæ dsekè;e ls cschd‚uZ dh [ksrh esa çfr gsDVs;jlUrks"ktud o Hkjiwj vk; çkIr gks jgh gSAcschd‚uZ ,d vYi vofèk okyh Qly gS tks ek=55 fnuksa esa rS;kj gks tkrh gSA bl rjg ,dfuf'pr Hkwfe ij o"kZ Hkj esa 4&5 Qlysa yh tkldrh gSaA oSKkfudksa ds lEidZ esa jgus ij fdlkuksa



dks nwljs ykHk Hkh feyrs gSaA tSls fdlh Hkh rjgdh leL;k gksus ij bèkj&mèkj Hkkxuk ugÈ iM+rkgSA [ksr esa [kkn ls ysdj ikuh nsus rd dh lykgfeyus ds dkj.k enk LokLF;] enk moZjdrk omRikndrk esa Hkh lUrqyu cuk jgrk gSA blçdkj [ksrh esa çfr bdkÃ {ks= mRiknu ykxr?kVus ls vfèkd ykHk çkIr gksrk gSA ljdkj ooSKkfudksa dh vksj ls feys bl lg;ksx dks ns[krsgq, vc fdlku df"k çkS|ksfxdh lwpuk dsUæksa lstqM+ jgs gSaA

lkbcj d`f"kdEI;wVj rduhdh ds ekè;e ls -f"k esa lgh

vko';drkvksa dk irk yxk;k tkrk gS ftllsty] ÅtkZ] èku vkSj le; dh cpr gksrh gSA ;gxzkeh.kksa] fdlkuksa] etnwjksa o i'kqikydksa dks gjçdkj dh lqfoèkk miyCèk djkrk gSA ns'k Hkj esa^fdlku dsUæksa* dh LFkkiuk dh xÃ gS tgk¡ xzkeh.kthou ls tqM+s vkèkqfud vuqlUèkkuksa dh tkudkjhfdlkuksa dks nh tkrh gSA xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa fMftVylkbcj df"k us ,d ewd ØkfUr dk :i fy;k gStks vkus okys le; esa xzkeh.k Hkkjr dh rLohjcny ldrh gSA vr% lkbcj df"k cgqr ghmi;ksxh ,oa ykHknk;d rduhd gSA blls xzkeh.kthou cgqr gh vklku ,oa O;ofLFkr cuk ldrsgSaA vr% xzkeh.kksa dks bu rduhdksa dk ykHk ysdjviuh thoup;kZ dks vkSj csgrj cukuk pkfg,A

df"k rduhd ds LFkkukUrj.k ij tksjlwpuk çkS|ksfxdh ds dkj.k ns'k ds df"k

ifjn’; esa rsth ls cnyko vk jgk gSA yxHkx nksn'kd igys ns'k esa df"k dk;Z ijEijkxr Kku dsvkèkkj ij gksrk FkkA uohure o vR;kèkqfud

çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dk vknku&çnku ekuoh;&Lrj ijgksrk Fkk& ftl dkj.k fdlkuksa dks bldk ykHkugÈ fey ikrk FkkA fiNys dÃ o"kks± esa df"k {ks=esa uohure lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh ds mi;ksx ls Qlyksadh mit c<+kus] ikni lqj{kk] enk LokLF;] uohuremUur'khy ladj çtkfr;ksa ds ç;ksx bR;kfn fo"k;ksaij fdlkuksa dks tkudkjh feyus yxh gSA tcfdiwoZ esa bu tkudkfj;ksa ds fy;s fdlkuksa ds ikljsfM;ks o Vsyhfotu dh lqfoèkk miyCèk FkhA vktlwpuk çkS|ksfxdh ds çlkj us df"k vuqlUèkku vkSjfodkl ds çpkj&çlkj dks vkSj vfèkd çHkkoh ovklku dj fn;k gSA

lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh esa gq, bl vHkwriwoZ fodklds dkj.k vkt fdlku ns'k ds cM+s vuqlUèkkulaLFkkuksa] -f"k çfr"Bkuksa] ljdkjh vkSj xSj&ljdkjhlaLFkkvksa rFkk LoSfPNd laxBuksa ls Hkh lEidZdk;e dj ldrk gSA df"k ea=ky; dh vksj lsdf"k rduhd ds fodkl ij tksj fn;k tk jgkgSA lapkj lqfoèkkvksa ds foLrkj ds lkFk gh df"kfodkl dks lapkj ls tksM+us dh rS;kjh gSA bldsfy;s Hkkjrh; df"k vuqlUèkku ifj"kn us iwoksZÙkjjkT;ksa ds fy;s df"k esa Kku lwpuk HkaMkj ;kstukdk 'kqHkkjEHk fd;k gSA bldk mís'; mUurçkS|ksfxdh vkSj uohure i)fr dk mi;ksx djrsgq, df"k LFkkukUrj.k rduhd lfgr df"k mRiknuO;oLFkk dks csgrj cukuk gSA Hkkjrh; d`f"kvuqlUèkku ifj"kn }kjk df"k vuqlUèkku] f'k{kk]df"k vkSj df"k ç.kkfy;ksa ds fodkl dh tkudkjhnsus ds fy;s ,d fo'ks"k dk;ZØe 'kq: fd;k x;kgSA blds vUrxZr fdlkuksa dks [ksrh lEcUèkhfodkl dh uohure tkudkjh miyCèk djk;h tkjgh gSA

7

LekVZ Qksuvktdy LekVZQksu dk çpyu fnuksa&fnu

c<+rk tk jgk gSA ;g gekjh ftUnxh dk ,dvge fgLlk cu x;k gSA LekVZ Qksu us [ksrh&ckM+hds vykok jkstejkZ ds vfèkdka'k dkeksa dks vklkucuk fn;k gSA ;g yxHkx 24 ?kaVs gekjs lkFkjgrk gSA bldh lgk;rk ls xzkeh.k vius vusddke vklkuh ls fuiVkus yxs gSaA elyu lkèkkj.kckrphr ds vykok ehÇVx djuk] ?kj cSBs fctyhfcyksa dk Hkqxrku djuk o [ksrh&ckM+h dh tkudkjhosclkbVksa ij fudky ldrs gSaA Ã&esy viuht:jr ds vuqlkj dj ldrs gSaA bu lc dk;ks±ds fy;s gesa dgÈ vkSj tkus dh t:jr ugÈ gSA?kj ij cSBdj gh bu lc dkeksa dks vklkuh lsfuiVk;k tk ldrk gSA LekVZ Qksu ij df"klEcUèkh vkèkqfud tkudkjh fofHkUu ,i ds ekè;els miyCèk gSA

,-Vh-,e-,-Vh-,e- tSls lqfoèkk,¡ Hkh èkhjs&èkhjs xzkeh.k

{ks=ksa esa iSj ilkj jgh gS ftlus xzkeh.k thou esavkewypwy ifjorZu yk fn;k gSA tgk¡ igys xzkeh.k]

fdlku os [ksrhgj etnwj cSad esa iSlk tek djkusvkSj fudkyus ds fy;s ?kaVksa le; cckZn djrs FksAogÈ vc dqN gh feuVksa esa ,-Vh-,e- ij ;g nksuksadke vklkuh ls fuiVk, tk ldrs gSaA MsfcVdkMZ ,oa ØsfMV dkMZ ls rks ekuksa xzkeh.k {ks= esaØkfUr gh vk xÃ gSA

fdlku d‚y lsaVjQly mRiknu ls lEcfUèkr fdlh Hkh leL;k

ds lekèkku ds fy;s fdlku d‚y lsaVj dh lqfoèkklHkh jkT;ksa esa miyCèk gSA bl lsok ds rgrfdlku viuh leL;k ntZ djk ldrs gSa ftudklekèkku 24 ?kaVksa ds vUnj -f"k fo'ks"kKksa }kjkmiyCèk djk fn;k tkrk gSA fdlku d`f"kfoÜofo|ky; vkSj df"k vuqlUèkku dsUæksa ds fo'ks"kKksads ekè;e ls vius ç'uksa ds mÙkj ikus ds fy;sutnhdh fdlku d‚y lsaVj ij Vksy Ýh ua-1800&180&1551 ls lky ds 365 fnu çkr% 6cts ls jkf= 10 cts ds chp lEidZ dj ldrs gSaA

lUnHkZ&1- df’k foKku dsUnz] ^ds-oh-ds- iksVZy*2- bUQkjes”ku eSustesUV flLVe3- vkÃ-lh-,-vkj-

*****


IJSSL, Vol.-7, Issue-1-28 ISSN No. - 2319-2755IJSSL : JIF- 3.630

xzkeh.k fodkl vkSj lk{kjrk*M‚- d#.kk f=osnh

çLrkouk %

ewy#i esa lkekftd fodkl ,d ekuoh;leL;k gS A fodkl dh xfr vkSj fn'kk dsekin.Mksa esa vkÆFkd] lkekftd vkfn ifjorZuksa esaç;qä ekin.Mksa dk ç;ksx gksrk gS A fdUrq ;sifjorZu fodkl çfrfØ;k ds Qy gSa A fodkldh çfØ;k esa ifjorZu vo';EHkkoh gSa fdUrq leLrifjorZuksa dk fodkl ugÈ dgk tk ldrkA okLroesa bfPNr ifjorZu gh fodkl gSA D;ksafd blvko';drk ds vuqlkj mnhIr ,oa fu;ksftr djukiM+rk gSA xzkeh.k lekt LorU=rk çkfIr ds igysxYyk rFkk dPpk eky mRiUu djus dh lkèkuek= FkkA fdUrq LorU=rk çkfIr ds ckn Hkkjrh;xzkeh.k lekt dh mUufr vkSj fodkl ds fy,fujarj ç;Ru'khy gS A iapo"kÊ; ;kstuk, rFkkxzkeh.k&fodkl dh ;kstukvksa ds ekè;e ls xzkeh.klekt ds cgqeq[kh fodkl ij lokZfèkd tksj fn;ktk jgk gSA —f"k o rduhdh {ks= esa gqÃ çxfr dsdkj.k ns'k vU; mRiknu ds {ks= esa mUufr dhvksj vxzlj gS vkSj vkRefuHkZj gks pyk gS AU;wure vko';drkvksa dh iwÆr djus rFkkmRikndrk jkstxkj c<+kus esa Hkh dkQh çxfr gqÃgSA

xzkeh.k Hkkjr dk lajpukRed Lo:ifuf'pr :i ls cny jgk gSA D;ksfd xzkeh.k

Hkkjr dk ân; T;ksa dk R;ksa gS A LorU=rk dhçkfIr ds ckn thouLrj esa lqèkkj gqvk gS AU;wure vko';drkvksa dh iwÆr djus rFkkmRikndrk o jkstxkj c<+kus esa dkQh çxfr gqÃgSA f'k{kk rFkk LokLF; tSlh vkèkkjHk wrvko';drkvksa dks fofHkUu fodkl dk;ZØeksa dsfoÜo ds ekufp= ij Hkkjr ,d fo'kky ns'k gSa Abldk HkkSxksfyd {ks=Qy …„ yk[k Š‰ gtkj„ˆ… fd-eh- gS A tks lEiw.kZ lalkj dk yxHkx„†„ çfr'kr gS] fdUrq bls foÜo dh dqy

tula[;k ds ƒˆ-‰ çfr'kr Hkkx dks ghykyu&ikyu rFkk iks"k.k djuk iM+rk gSA çkphuxzaFkks ds vuq'khyu ls xkaoks ds yksxksa dh [kq'kgkyhgsrq jktkvksa }kjk fd;s x;s vusd dk;ks± dhlE;d tkudkjh feyrh gS A ml dkykofèk esagekjk ns'k dkQh [kq'kgky FkkA fonsf'k;ksa ls ;g[kq'kgkyh ugÈ ns[kh x;h A os gekjs ;gk¡ O;kikjdjus vk;s vkSj gekjh lknxh] lhèksiu] larks"khçofÙk ,oe~ lgu'khyrk ds dkj.k 'kkld cucSBsA blds fy, vkyliu] fo?kVu ,oa vf'k{kk]vKkurk tSls rRo Hkh ftEesnkj gSA buds'kkludky esa gekjs fodkl ds uke ij 'kks"k.kgsrq vusd lqfu;ksftr vkSj egRokdka{kh dk;ZØepyk;s x;sA 'kks"k.k ds bl fo'kky o{k us vf'k{kk]csjkstxkjh ,oa xjhch uked rhu fouk'kdkjh Qy

*Vh- ,e- 'kkg efgyk d‚yst]

ÃMj ¼lkcjdkaBk½

9

fn;kA ge bl fouk'kdkjh Qy ds lsou dsf'kdkj gks x;s A gykfd Lora=rk çkfIr ds cknblls eqfä ikus gsrq gekjh ljdkj yxkrkjç;Ru'khy jgh gSA blh Øe esa vU; fodkl'khyns'kksa dh rjg Hkkjr us Hkh viuk è;ku xzkeh.kfodkl ij dsfUær fd;k A jk"Vªfirk egkRekxkaèkh ,oa çFke çèkku ea=h ia- tokgj yky usg:dh bPNk ,oa ekufldrk ds vuq:i fodkl ;k=k'kq: dh xÃ A vktknh ds ckn ge ,dk,dviuh fLFkfr dks csgrj ugÈ cuk ldrs FksAblfy, ;kstukc) fodkl dk;Z djus dk fu'p;fd;k x;kA çFke ;kstukdky ls gh xkaoksa oxzkeh.kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks csgrj cukus ds ç;kldks mPp çkFkfedrk nh x;h A fu%lansg Lokèkhurkds ckn fd;s x;s vkÆFkd fodkl dk ifj.kkeldkjkRed jgk gSA —f"k mit ds lkFk&lkFkdÃ ekeyksa esa geus vkRe fuHkZjrk çkIr dj yhgSA cM+s&cM+s m|ksxksa dk fodkl vkSj foLrkj Hkhgqvk gSA lM+d] lokjh] fctyh] ikuh] LokLF;]nwjlapkj] foKku] rduhd ,oa f'k{kk {ks= esa Hkhgeus vPNh lQyrk gkfly dh gSA fQj Hkhgekjh fxurh fiNM+s vkSj fodkl'khy jk"Vªksa esagksrh gS A fodkl dk vFkZ dsoy vkÆFkd lqèkkj oçxfr rd gh lhfer ugÈ gS A fodkl dk'kkfCnd vFkZ of)&Øfed&çxfr dk gksuk gSAfodkl ,d cgq&vk;keh voèkkj.kk gS A ;gØfed pyus okyh çfØ;k gS A la{ksi esa fodkldk vk'k; ns'k ds 'kS{kf.kd] vkÆFkd] uSfrd]lkekftd ,oa lkaL—frd thou lqèkkjus ls gSA,slh fLFkfr esa ns'k esa O;kIr xjhch] csjkstxkjh]tula[;k of)] Hkz"Vkpkj] vkradokn] ngst ,oaefgyk 'kks"k.k] tkfrokn vkSj [kksrk lkaL—frdigpku dks utjvankt dj fodkl dk Madk

ctkuk] fnu ds mtkys esa jks'kuh ds fy;s nhidtykuk gh dgk tk;sxk A ;g rF; fuÆookn vkSjloZekU; lR; gS fd fu;ksftr vFkZO;oLFkk esa ns'kdks fodflr djus vkSj leL;kvksa ls jk"Vª dkseqfä fnykus ds fy;s fd;s x;s ç;klksa ls visf{krlQyrk ugh fey ldh A xaHkhjrk ls fopkjus ij,d rF; mHkj dj lkeus vkrk gS fd fodkl dhxfr dks detksj djus esa le>nkjh] tkudkjhvkSj tkx:drk dk vHkko lcls cM+k dkj.k gSAbu leL;kvksa dk funku rks f'k{kk ds ekè;e ghfd;k tk ldrk gSA

f'k{kk fodkl dk vko';d ,oa lg;ksxhlkèku gh ugÈ cfYd fodkl dh xaxks=h vkSjvifjgk;Z vax gS A ftl çdkj lekt ds fy,ekuo] diM+k ds fy, lwr] fnoky ds fy, ÃV]ekyk ds fy, Qwy] iaNh ds fy, ia[k vkSj çk.khthou ds fy, ok;q dh vko';drk gS] mlh çdkjfodkl ds fy, f'k{kk dh mi;ksfxrk gS A egkunk'kZfud vjLrq us f'k{kk dh egÙkk dks Lohdkjrsgq, dgk fd Þfdlh Hkh ns'k dk Hkfo"; mlds;qojdksa dh f'k{kk ij fuHkZj djrk gS Aß tkuLVqvVZ fey ds erkuqlkj - Þç—fr dh iw.kZrk rdigqapus ds ç;kstu ls tks dqN Hkh ge djrs gSvFkok lekt ds vU; yksx djrs gS] og f'k{kk lslEc) gksrk gS Aß dkaV ds vuqlkj - ÞçR;sdO;fä esa thou dh lexzrk dk ;Fks"V fodkldjuk gh f'k{kk dk mís'; gS Aß f'k{kk vk;ksx dsçfrosnu ds vuqlkj f'k{kk rks lnSo ,d egRoiw.kZfo"k; jgk gS] ijUrq fQj Hkh bldk egRo ekuobfrgkl esa dHkh bruk ugh jgk] ftruk fd ;gvkèkqfud le; esa gS A foKku rFkk çkfofèkdh ijvkfJr lalkj esa f'k{kk gh ,slk rRo gS] tks yksxksdh lef)] dY;k.k] rFkk lqj{kk ds Lrj dk

xzkeh.k fodkl vkSj lk{kjrk


fuèkkZj.k djrk gS Aß

çkphu Hkkjr esa èkeZ ,d O;fä dh fØ;kvksadk çeq[k Jksr Fkk] tks 'kSf{kd vkn'kZ dks HkhifjiweZ djrk Fkk A f'k{kk O;oLFkk dk y{; pfj=fuekZ.k] O;fäRo fodkl rFkk ekrHkwfe dh çkphulaL—fr dk laj{k.k gksrk Fkk A okLro esa vkt;g Li"V gks x;k gS fd f'k{kk ls ;qodksa rFkk;qokvksa ls ns'k ds Hkfo"; dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS AlH;rk vkSj laL—fr ds Øfed fodkl dh dgkuhHkh f'k{kk ds ;ksxnku dks Hkwyk;s ugÈ Hkwy jgk gSAfodkl dh pôh dh èkwjh f'k{kk gS A etcwr f'k{kkèkqjh ij gh fodkl ds lacaèk esa ;gh [;ky FkkAmUgksaus dgk gS - Þf'k{kk] cqf) ds fodkl rFkklekt ds iquZxBu dk vkèkkjHkwr lkèku gS Aßblh çdkj Lora= Hkkjr ds çFke çèkkuea=h iafMrtokgj ykyusg: us dgk gS fd Þjk"Vªh; ,drkds ç'u esa] thou dh çR;sd oLrq vk tkrh gS]fdUrq f'k{kk dk LFkku lcls mij gS Aß egkuÇprdksa ds fopkjksa dk vè;;u ,oa fo'ys"k.k djusds ckn ;g dguk vfr';ksfä ugÈ gksxk fdifjorZu fodkl dk tud gS vkSj f'k{kk ifjorZudh tuuh gSA

f'k{kk u dsoy fodkl dk lg;ksxh lkèkugS vfirq n{krk vkSj yksdra= esa Hkkxhnkjh c<+kus,oa foLrr djus rFkk O;fäxr o lkekftdthou dh lexz xq.kork dks LrjksUur djus dkHkh ,d dkjxj lkèku gS A f'k{kk dks fodkl lsmlh çdkj vyx ugÈ fd;k tk ldrk] ftlrjg ls ia[k dks ia{kh rFkk ekuo dks lekt ls Af'k{kk gh ,d ,slk lkèku gS] ftlds ekè;e lsfdlh Hkh lans'k dks tu lkekU; rd igq¡pk;k tkldrk gSA f'k{kk ds ekè;e gh lkekftd] èkkÆed]jktuSfrd ,oa lkaL—frd ifjorZu yk;s tk ldrs

gSA xqUuj ÇeMys us fy[kk gS fd Þcgqr cM+htula[;k dks fuj{kj NksM+dj jk"Vªh; dk;ZØe'kq: djus dh ckr eq>s fujFkZd ekywe gksrh gS AßÇeMys dk ;g dFku 'kCn'k% lR; çrhr gksrk gSA vkt Hkkjr ds xkao vusd leL;kvksa ls tw>jgs gSa] ftlesa vfèkdka'k leL;kvksa dh tM+ vf'k{kkgS A vf'k{kk ds pyrs gh —f"k ds u;s&u;s rjhds]jklk;fud moZjd] dhVuk'kd nok;sa ,oa la;a=ksavkfn dk mi;ksx djuk xzkeh.k ugÈ tku ikrsgSA blh çdkj y?kq ,oa dqVhj m|ksxksa dh LFkkiukfofèk vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl ;kstukvksa rFkk mllslacafèkr ljdkjh lqfoèkk,¡ vkfn dh tkudkjh HkhugÈ gks ikrh gSA tcfd —f"k] xzkeks|ksx o vU;vkÆFkd fodkl ls lEcfUèkr ;kstukvksa ds lkfgR;çdkf'kr gS A vf'kf{kr gksus ds dkj.k cgqèkkfdlku] etnwj] vkSj xzkeh.k csjkstxkj ;qok çdkf'krlkfgR; o fodklkRed ;kstukvksa dk ykHk ugÈmBk ikrs gS A

fu%lnsg f'k{kk xzkeh.k thou dh nfjærknwj djus gsrq visf{kr gS A f'k{kk ds ek|e ls ghvui<+ Jfedksa] dq'ky dkjhxjksa ,oa m|fe;ksa dschp psruk tkxr dh tk ldrh gSA bu yksxksa dschp f'k{kk dk vy[k txkus esa gekjh ljdkjfiNs ugÈ jgh A dke esa yxs yksxksa ds lkFk&lkFkfuj{kj yksxksa dks lk{kj cukus ds fy;s çkS<+ f'k{kkdk;ZØe pykus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA bl dk;ZØedks 'kq# Hkh fd;k x;k A bldk mís'; f'k{kk ;klk{kjrk esa fodl djuk Fkk A Hkkrh; xzkeh.klekt ftu leL;kvksa ls ihfM+r gS] muesa çeq[kr%fuèkZurk] fuj{kjrk vkSj csjkstxkjh gS A ;s rhuksa,d nwljs ls var% lacafèkr gS A bu leL;kvksa dkcgqr dqN lekèkku xzkeh.k f'k{kk ds fodkl ijfuHkZj djrk gSA f'k{kk dh deh ds dkj.k dÃ

11

çdkj dh lkekftd dqçFkk;sa vkt Hkh gekjs xkaoksaesa ns[kus dks feyrh gS] ftuesa xzkeh.k _.k&i)fr]cky fookg] fryd&ngst] miu;u] fookg oJk) deZ ij Hkkst dh çFkk] dke djus esa çfr"Bkij vkap vkus dh ghu Hkkouk vkfn 'kkfey gSAbl fLFkfr dk vkHkkl igys Hkh Fkk A Qyr% ns'kesa f'k{kk ds O;kid çpkj&çlkj gsrq Hkkjrh;lafoèkku ds vuqPNsn †‡ esa lafoèkku ykxw gksus dsƒå o"kZ ds Hkhrj ƒ† o"kZ rd dh vk;q ds lHkhcPpksa dks fu%'kqYd vkSj vfuok;Z f'k{kk çnkudjus dk ok;nk fd;k x;k gS A bl ok;nk dseqrkfcd vko';d igy Hkh fd;k x;k vkSjekè;fed f'k{kk rd fu%'kqYd f'k{kk dh O;oLFkkdh xÃ gSA

lk{kjrk ls f'k{kk vkSj f'k{kk ls fodkldh xfr esa of) laHko gS] D;ksafd f'k{kk ls tkudkjh]tkx:drk] Kku rFkk le>nkjh esa of) gksrh gS]tks vf'k{kk ds dkj.k O;kIr leL;kvksa ls eqfädk ekxZ ç'kLr djrk gS A bl rF; dks Li"Vdjus ds fy, mUufr ds f'k[kj ds fudV igqapusokys jk"Vªksa esa lk{kjrk vkSj f'k{kk dh fLFkfr dksns[kk tk ldrk gS A gekjk ekuuk gS fd fodkldh –f"V ls lk{kjrk dk iq"V cht iwjh Ãekunkjhls Hkkjr Hkwfe ij yxkus dh vko';drk gS A ;gcht vadqfjr gksdj fo'kky o{k cusxk A cht lso{k cuus ds Øe esa Hkkjrh; lekt esa f'k{kk]tkux:drk] tkudkjh] le>nkjh ,oa Kku dklapkj gksxk] ftlls lkekftd dqçFkkvks a ]vaèkfoÜokl ,oa csjkstxkjh dk var rFkk xjhchfuokj.k ,oa tula[;k fu;a=.k dk;ZØe dks O;kidlQyrk feysxh A vkt lk{kjrk dks ekuoh;thou ds O;kid vkèkkj ls tksM+k tk jgk gSA

lk{kjrk ds mí s';ks a e s a lkekftdtkx:drk] jk"Vªh; ,drk ,oa v[k.Mrk] i;kZoj.klaj{k.k] ifjokj fu;kstu rFkk O;olkf;d dkS'kydk lekos'k fd;k x;k gS A ogh blds ekè;exg - m|ksxksa dh tkudkjh]

rduhdh çf'k{k.k] ljdkjh lqfoèkkvksa dh tkudkjh]dPpseky dh vkiwÆr] mRikfnr eky dh fcØh ,oalkewfgd o laxfBr gksdj tksf[ke mBkus dhHkkouk tkxr dh tk ldrh gSA jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kdvuqlaèkku vkSj çf'k{k.k ifj"kn ds f'k{kk vkSjçkSn;ksfxdh dsUæ us bl fn'kk esa lkcqu mRiknu]eèkqeD[kh ikyu] xk;ksa dh ladj uLy] yseu?kklrFkk iihrs ls iisu fudkyuk vkfn m|ksxksa lslacafèkr lkfgR; dk fuekZ.k fd;k gSA blh çdkjvU; m|ksxksa ds lkFk&lkFk —f"k lacaèkh tkudkjhdks ljy ,oa cksèkxE; cukus dh vko';dkreglwl dh tk jgh gS A

lanHkZ xzaFk %

Hkkjr ƒ‹Šˆ] çkdk'ku foHkkx] Hkkjr ljdkj]uÃ fnYyh] i"B & †ƒŠ

M‚- f=ikBh lR;sUæ ,oa vU;] Þfodkl dklekt'kkL= foÜofo|ky; çdk'ku]okjk.klh]i"B & ƒ…

ogh] ist & ƒƒˆ foÜodekZ eqUuhyky] Þxkaoksa ds fodkl ds

fy;s f'k{kk dk Lrj lqèkkjuk gksxk fgUnqLrku] iVuk] „‹ fnlEcj ƒ‹‹å] i"B

& † tSu gqdqe pUn] Þxzkeh.k fodkl dk vkèkkj

çkS< f'k{kk vkSj xzkeks|ksx laLFkkdqy] xkaèkhLekjd fufèk] u;h fnYyh] vçSy ƒ‹‹å]i"B & å‡

*****

xzkeh.k fodkl vkSj lk{kjrk


jktLFkku ds df"k fodkl esa izeq[k flapkbZ

ifj;kstukvksa dh Hkwfedk

*MkW- jkT;Jh frokM+h

tkrk gSA flapkbZ vk/kkHkwr lajpuk dk vax;kstukc) fodkl ds 60 o"kksZ ds ckn Hkh jktLFkkujkT; vk/kjHkwr lajpuk dh nf"V ls Hkkjr ds vU;jkT;ksa ds eqdkcys fiNMk gqvk gSA jkT; esa df"k;ksX; Hkwfe dk 2@3 Hkkx vc o"kkZ ij gh fuHkZjgSA jkT; esa o"kkZ dh vfu;ferk vi;kZIrrk rFkkdHkh&dHkh rks o"kkZ dk furkUr vHkko gksusa dsdkj.k ;gkW flapkbZ lqfo/kkvksa dh egRrk vkSj Hkhc< tkrh gSA

jktLFkku esa flapkbZ ds izeq[k lk/ku

¼d½- dqa, rFkk uydwi %& izkphu le;ls gh jkT; esa dqavksa }kjk flapkbZ dk fo'ks"k egRojgk gSA jktLFkku esa dq, vkSj uydwi vc HkhflapkbZ ds izeq[k lk/ku gS jktLFkku esa dqvksa dsavkSj uydqi ls flapkr {ksr dqy flafpr {ks= dk66 izfr'kr rFkk 'kq) flafpr dk 70-23 izfr'krgSA

jkT; esa dqvksa }kjk lokZf/kd flapkbZ iwohZftyksa t;iqj nkSlk vyoj lhdj >qU>quw ukxksjlokbZek/kksiqj ftyksa es gksrh gSA jkT; ds buftyksa esa dqvksa }kjk flafpr {ks= dqy flafpr {ks=dk 37-76 izfr'kr {ks= esa flapkbZ gksrh gSA

jktLFkku esa tkykSj ukxkSj ikyh >kykokMVksad HkhyokMk fpRkkSMx< vtesj fljksgh ckajk

jktLFkku df"k iz/kku vFkZO;oLFkk okykyjkT; gS jkT; dh yxHkx 75 izfr'kr tula[;kizr;{k vkSj vizR;{k :i ls df"k ,oa iq'kikyu lsviuk thfodksiktZu djrh gSA jkT; dk {ks=Qy3-42 yk[k oxZ fd0 eh- rFkk tula[;k 68548]437djksM gSA jkT; esa Hkwfe ekuo vuqikr vuqdwygS rFk lw;kZrki dk forj.k Hkh leku gS ysfduty dh vi;kZIr miyC/krk blds fodkl esacgwr cMh ck/kk gSA jkT; dh 3]42]38483 gSDVjHkwfe esa ls 20693322 gSDV;j df"kr {ks=Qy gSAjkT; dk dqy Hkksxksfyd {ks=Qy 3 djksM+ 42yk[k gSDV;j gS ftlesa ldy d`f"ke; {ks=60izfr'kr ,oa 'kq) df"ke; {ks=Qy yxHkx 50izfr'kr gSA 1951&52 esa dqy flafpr {ks dqydf"ke; {ks=Qy dk 12 izfr'kr Fkk tks 2014&15esa c<dj 42 izfr'kr gks x;k] fdUrq ;g ns'k dkvkslr flafpr {ks ls de gSA vc Hkh jkT; dk 68izfr'kr df"kxr {ks= o"kkZ ij vkfJr gSA vr&flapkbZ jkT; dh df"k ds fodkl ds fy, vifjgk;ZgSA flapkbZ u dsoy mRiknu esa of) djrh gSvfirq df"k dks LFkk;hRo iznku dj] ,d o"kZ esanks ;k nks ls vf/kd Qlyksa dks izkIr djus esa Hkhlgk;d gksrh gSA

o"kkZ ds vHkko esa Hkwfe dks df=e rjhds lsty fiykus dh fØ;k dks flapkbZ djuk dgkW

ISSN No. - 2319-2755IJSSL : JIF- 3.630

*O;k[;krk & yksdiz'kklu] ,l-,l-th- ikjhd

ih-th- efgyk egkfo|ky;] t;iqjA

13

vkfn ftyksa esa Hkh dqvkS ls flapkbZ dh tkrh gSAysfdu Hkwfexr ty dh xgjkbZ c< tkus lsfiNys dqN o"kkZs ls jkT; ds bu ftyksa esa uydwiV;wcsy ds }kjk flapkbZ djus dk izpyu c<k gSAuydwiksa ls flapkbZ dk lokZf/kd egRo if'pehftyksa esa gSA jktLFkku esa dqvksa vkSj uydwiksa lsflafpr Hkwfe esa izFke LFkku t;iqj ftys dk gSrFkk f}rh; LFkku vyoj ftys dk vkrk gSAjktLFkku esa uydwiksa ds }kjk flafpr {ks= dqyflafpr {ks= dk 42-13 yk[k gsDVs;j gSA

¼[k½- rkykc %& jkT; esa rkykcksa }kjkflapkbZ nf{k.kh iwohZ Hkkx ds dqN ftyksa esa gh gksrhgS ftlesa vtesj] ckalokMk] mn;iqj] fprkSMx<]lokbZek/kksiqj] Mwxjiqj] HkhyokMk] ftys izeq[k gSAD;ksfd ;gk dk /kjkry dq, [kksnus yk;d ughagS rkykcksa ls jkT; dh yxHkx 4 izfr'kr df"k;ksX; Hkwfe ij flapkbZ gksrh gSA bu lHkh ftyksa dsrkykcksa esa ty dk iquHkZj.k o"kkZ }kjk gksrk gSAysfdu fiNys dqN o"kkZs ls iw.kZr;k lq[kk o"kkZfcydqy Hkh ugha gksus ls budk ikuh lw[k x;kblls rkykcksa }kjk flafpr {ks=Qy ?kV x;k gSAjkT; ds mRrjh vkSj if'peh ftyksa esa of) dhrqyuk esa ok"ihdj.k vf/kd gksus ls rkykcksa }kjkflapkbZ ugha gksrh gSA jkT; esa rkykcksa ls flafpr{ks=Qy esa izFke LFkku HkhyokMk rFkk nwljk LFkkumn;iqj ftys dk gSA

Ok"kkZ dk ty tks lrg ij iqokfgr gksdjfdlh cMs cka/k ,uhdV vkfn esa ,df=r gksrk gSrFkk ckn esa vko';drkuqlkj ugjksa }kjk mi;ksxesa yk;k tkrk gSA jktLFkku esa fu;rokgh ufn;kaugha gSA vr% muesa lh/kk ikuh ysdj ugjksa }kjkflapkbZ ux.; gksrh gSA bl dkj.k jkT; esa ugjksa

dk bfrgkl cgqr iqjkuk ugha gSA Loar=rk ls iwoZjkT; esa ugjksa }kjk flafpr {ks= cgqr gh lhferFkA jktLFkku jkT; ds fuekZ.k ds ckn jkT; esaizeq[k ufn;kas ij cka?k cuk;s x;s rFkk ugjksa }kjkflapkbZ dh O;kid O;oLFkk djus dk iz;kl fd;kx;k A blh Øe esa iMkslh jkT;ksa ls Hkh jkT;ksads fgLls ds ty dks izkIr dj mls Hkh flapkbzdk;kZs ds mi;ksx esa fy;k x;kA jkT; esa 2013&14esa flafpr {ks=Qy dk 29-75 yk[k gSDV;j ugjksals flafpr FkkA jkT; dh izeq[k flapkbZ ugjs&bfUnjkxka/kh ugj] xxugj] Hkk[kMk ugj] Hkjriqj ugj]xqMxkao ugj] pEcy] ekgh] lkse] deyk] vEck]tk[ke dh nk;h ck;h ugj vkfn gSA jktLFkku esaugjks a }kjk lokZf/kd flapkbZ mRrjh ftyks aJhxaxkuxj] guqekx<] chdkusj rFkk nf{k.kh iwohZftyksa esa dksVk cwnh ckajk rFkk if'peh {ks= esachdkusj] tSlyesj] ckMesj] pw:] tks/kiqj ftyksa esaugjksa ls flapkbZ dh tkrh gSA

jktLFkku esa cgqmns';h; unh ?kkVhifj;kstuk,a flapkbZ dh ogn

ifj;kstuk,a %&

jktLFkku ds flapkbZ {ks=ksa esa cgqmns';h;unh ?kkVh ifj;kstukvksa dk df"k fodkl esa dkQh;ksxnku gSA if.Mr tokgj yky ug: us budksavk/kqfud Hkkjr ds efUnj dgk FkkA bu cgqmns';h;unh ?kkVh ifj;kstukvksa ls jktLFkku esa fo++|qrmRiknu ck< fu;U=.k ?kjsyw ,oa vkS/kksfxd mi;ksxds fy, ty izkfIr df=e tyk'k;ksa esa eNyhikyu ,oa vkeksn izeksn ds lk/kuksa dk fodkllq[ks ds le; is;ty dh lqfo/kk Hkwfe vijnufu;U=.k vksj {kf=; vkfFkZd fodkl vkfn esacgqr ;ksxnku gS bu ifj;kstukvksa ls nl gtkj

jktLFkku ds df"k fodkl esa izeq[k flapkbZ ifj;kstukvksa--


gSDV;sj ls vf/kd df"k ;ksX; Hkw[k.M {ks= esaflapkbZ gksrh gSA buesa izeq[k o`gn flapkbZifj;kstuk,Wa vxz gSA

pEcy ?kkVh ifj;kstuk%& pEcy unh?kkVh ifj;kstuk dh vijs[kk 1943 esa cuk;h x;hFkhA jktLFkku ,oa e/;izns'k jkT;ksa ds lg;ksx lsjkT; dh lcls cMh vkSj fu;r okgh pEcy unhij ;g cgqmns'; ifj;kstuk ck< fu;U=.k tyfo|qr mRiknu] is;ty flapkbZ Hkwfe ds dVko dksjksdus] eRL; ikyu vkfn mns';ksa dh izkfIr dsfy, Lora=rk ds ckn izkjEHk dh xbZ bl ;kstukdk izkjfEHkd mns'; 56 yk[k gSDV;sj df"k Hkwfedks flapkbZ lqfo/kk miyC/k djkuk rFkk 320 esxkokVfo|qr mRiknu djuk Fkk bl ifj;kstuk ds vUrxZrxka/kh lkxj cka/k 1959 dksVk cSjkt 1960 jk.kkizrki lkxj cka/k tokgj lkxj cka/k izeq[kflapkbZ ds dsUnz gS ftuls jktLFkku ds dksVk cwanh>kkyokM lokbZek/kksiqj ckajk djksyh vkfn ftyksaesa flapkbZ ds fy, ty miyC?k gksrk gS orZeku esabl ifj;kstuk ls mi;qDr ftyksa esa 313150gSDV;j Hkwfe ij flapkbZ gks jgh gS rFkk 3-86 yk[kfdyksokV fo|qr dk mRiknu gks jgk gSA

ekg h ctkt lkxj i f j; k stu k %&jktLFkku ds vkfFkZd nf"V ls 'krkfCn;ksa fiNMsgq, tutkfr ckgqY; {ks= ckaxM esa df"k {ks= dksle) cukus ds fy, ekgh unh ij ;g ifj;kstukdh fØ;kfUor 1959&60 dh xbZ gSA bl ifj;ksukls ckalokMk {ks= esa ,d u;s ;qx dk lw=ikrgqvkA ;g ifj;kstuk jktLFkku ,oa xqtjkr dhla;qDr ifj;kstuk gSA bl ifj;kstuk ls jktLFkkuds ckalokMk Mwaxjiqj fljksgh ftyksa dks flpkbz dsfy, ty miyC/k gks jgk gSA bl ifj;kstuk ds

ifj.kke Lo:i d`f"k mRIkknu esa of)] [kuuO;oLkk; esa fodkl] m/kksxksa dh LFkkiuk rFkko{kkjksi.k enk laj{k.k pkjkxkg vkfn mns';ksa dhiwfrZ gksxhA orZeku le; esa bl ;kstuk ls 58481gSDV;j esa flapkbZ gks jgh gS bl ifj;kstuk dhrrh; bdkbZ ls fo|qr mRiknu Hkh fd;k tk jgkgSA 45&45 esxkokV ds nks fo|qr la;=ksa dkfuekZ.k ckalokMk ls 40 fdyksehVj nwj fyyokuhij fd;k x;k gSA gsxiqj xkao ds lehi 25&25esxkokV ds nks fo|qr mRiknu la;=ksa dk fuekZ.kgqvk gSA

tk[ke flapkbZ ifj;kstuk %& ekghunh dh lgk;d tk[ke unh ij cuh ;gifj;kstuk izrkix< ftys ds vuqiiqjk xkao dsikl tk[ke unh ij jkT: dk lcls Åpk 81ehVj cka/k 1962 esa Lohdr fd;k x;k blflapkbZ ifj;kstuk dk 14 ebZ 1968 dks f'kykU;klfd;k x;k rFkk 30 vDVwacj 1986 dks tk[keflapkbZ ifj;sktuk ls ty izokfgr fd;k x;kA;g ifj;kstuk izkrkix< fpRkkSMx< ,oa mn;iqjftyksa esa flapkbZ miyC/k djkrh gSA bl ifj;kstukdk fuekZ.k tutkfr mi;kstuk ds vUrxZr fd;kx;k gSA nf{k.kh jktLFkku ds fprkSMx< izrkix<,oa mn;iqj ftys dh /kfj;kon rglhy {ks= esatk[ke ifj;kstuk esa vkfnoklh;ksa ds thou esavkewy&pqy ifjorZu fd;k gS vksj mudh mUufr,oa lef) ds }kjk [kksys gSA bl ifj;kstuk ls23-5 gtkj gSDV;j Hkwfe ij flapkbZ dh tk jghgSA rFkk 24-5 esxkokV fo|qr mRiknu Hkh fd;ktk jgk gSA vr% ;g ifj;kstuk vkfnoklh d"kdksads fy, vR;f/kd egRoiw.kZ fl) gqbZA

chlyiqj flapkbZ ifj;kstuk %& Vksad

15

ftys ds VksMkjk;flag dLcs ls 13 fdyksehVj nwjchlyiqj xkao esa cukl unh dh rax ?kkVh ij lu1986&87 esa 38-7 Vh-,e-lh- Hkjko {kerk dkcka/k cuk;k x;k A ;g ifj;kstuk ewy :i lsvtesj C;koj fd'kux< dks ist;ty vkiwfrZ dsfy, izLrkfor FkhA lu 1999 ds izkjEHk esa bllst;iqj dks Hkh is;ty miyC/k djkus dk fu.kZ;fy;k x;kA bl ifj;kstuk ls Vksad ftys ds 256xkaoksa dh 81800 gsDV;j df"k ;ksX; Hkwfe dksflapkbZ lqfo/kk miyC/k gksxhA

fl) eq[k uksgj flapkbZ ifj;kstuk%& jktLFkku ds mRrjh e:Hkkx ds guqekux<,oa pw: ftys dh rkjuxj ,oa jktx< rglhydh df"k ;ksX; Hkwfe dks flapkbZ lqfo/kk miyC/kdjkus gsrq 94 gSDV;j Hkwfe dks flafpr fd;ktk;sxkA jkoh &O;kl ufn;kas ds vfrfjDr ikuhdk mi;ksx bl ifj;kstuk ds vUrxZr fd;ktk;sxkA bldk le>kSrk jktLFkku] gfj;k.kk ,oaiatkc jkT; ds chp fnlEcj 1981 esa gqvk FkkAbl ifj;kstuk ls df"k mRikndrk esa of)] i'kqikyuo Ms;jh fodkl djds LFkkuh; fuokfl;ksa dhvkfFkZd n'kk lq/kkjus Lojkstxkj miyC/k djkus esalgk;d fl) gksxhA

O;kl ifj;kstuk %& ;g ifj;kstuk iatkcjktLFkku o gfj;k.kk dh la;qDr ifj;kstuk gSAbl ;kstuk dk eq[; mns'; jkoh O;kl lrytufn;ksa ds ty dk mi;ksx djuk gSAjkoh O;klty esa 1981 ds vuqcU/k ds vuqlkj jktLFkku dkfgLlk 8-6 fefy;u ,dM QwV gSA tks iatkc]gfj;k.kk] jktLFkku esa forj.k fd;s tkus okysdqy ty dk 52-70 izfr'kr gS fdUrq jktLFkkudks 49 izfr'kr ty gh fn;k tk jgk gSA jkoh

O;kl ty fookn dk lek/kku 1987 esa bjkMhdeh'ku us fd;k Fkk ftlds vUrxZr iatkc dks42-2 yk[k ,dM QhV ikuh dh ctk; 50 yk[k,dM QhV ikuh feysxk] gfj;k.kk dks 35 yk[k,dM QhV dh ctk; 38-30 yk[k ,dM QhVikuh feysxk vksj jktLFkku dks ogh 86 yk[k,dM QhV ikuh feysxkA rhuks jkT;ksa esa 21yk[k gSDV;j Hkwfe dh flapkbZ gksxhA bl ifj;kstukesa fo|qr mRiknu Hkh fd;k tk jgk gSA

Hkk[kMk&ukaxy ifj;kstuk %& Hkk[kMkukaxy ifj;kstuk %& iatkc gfj;k.kk ,oa jktLFkkurhuksa jkT;ksa dh la;qDr ifj;kstuk gSA jktLFkkuds Jhxaxkuxj ,oa guqekux< ftys esa flapkbZ gsrqizeq[k ugj iz.kkfy;ksa esa Hkk[kMk ukaxy ugj ,dgSA bl ifj;kstuk ls jktLFkku esa 581866 yk[kgSDV;j Hkwfe ij flapkbZ lqfo/kk miyC/k gksxh Aftlesa Jhxaxkuxj esa 1-15 yk[k rFkk guqekux<esa 4-66 yk[k gSDV;j Hkwfe aflafpr gksxhA

bfUnjk xk a/ kh ugj ifj;k stuk %&jktLFkku ds if'peh {ks= dh Hkksxksfyd fLFkfr esavkewy&pwy ifjoZru djus okyh bl ugj usjktLFkku ds lokZxh.k fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnkujgk gSA iwoZ jktLFkku ds mRrj &if'pe esa jsrds fo'kky {ks= esa ihus ds ikuh ds fy, yEcs yEcsQklys r; djus iMrs Fks] tgk ij fdlkuksa dhvk[ksa o"kkZ dh cwanksa ds fy, vkdk'k dh vksjVdVdh cka/ks ns[krh jgrh FkhA tgk dqvksa ls[ksrh djuk Hkh vklku ugha Fkk bl e:xaxkbfUnjk xka/kh ugj dk mn~xe LFky iatkc ds^^fgj ds cSjkt** ls gS tks fd tSlyesj ftys dhxMjkjksM rd 649 fdyksehVj yEch bl ifj;kstukdk 'kqHk vkjEHk 1958 esa rRdkyhu xgea=h Jh



xksfoUn cYyHk iar us fd;k FkkA vkjEHk esa ;gugj ^^ jktLFkku ugj** ds uke ls tkuh tkrhFkhA ysfdu 02-11-1984 dks Jherh bfUnjk xka/khdh eR;q ds i'pkr mudh Lefr esa bldk uke ^^bfUnjk xka/kh ugj ifj;kstuk ** dj fn;k x;kA,f'k;k dh lcls cMh ekuo fufeZr bl ugjifj;kstuk tud daojlsu gS fo'o dh egRoiw.kZugj ifj;kstuk dks e:xaxk vksj e:LFky dhthou js[kk ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA

bfUnjk xka/kh ugj ifj;kstuk dk fodkl 7fyV flapkbZ ;kstuk esa ckaV j[kk gS bl fyV;kstuk us u fd flapkbZ gksrh gS vf/kd is;tyHkh miyC/k djk;k tkrk gSA blds iw.kZ gksus ijjkT; ds Jhxaxkuxj] chdkusj]pw:] tks/kiqj]tSlyejs o ckMesj vkfn ftyksa dh 19-65 yk[kgSDV;j Hkwfe dh flapkbZ gksxhA

j ktL F k k u ty { k s= i qu Z jpu kifj;kstuk %& ;g ifj;kstuk fo'o cSad }kjklrg flapkbZ iz.kkyh esa lq/kkj ds fy, 2002&03ls izkjEHk dh xbZ FkhA blesa flapkbZ izcU/ku esad"kdksa dh lgHkkxhrk] ty izcU/ku ds lq}<hdj.k]df"kxr mRiknu esa of) d"kdksa esa tu tkxj.kvfHk;ku pyk;k cawn&cawn flapkbZ ds foLrkj vkfnij cy fn;k x;kA

tokbZ cka/k %& ;g cka/k tokbZ unh ijcuk gS tks if'peh jktLFkku esa ywuh unh dslgk;d gSA tokbZ unh ikyh ftys esa vjkoyhioZr ds if'pe esa cgrh gSA ;gk ,fjuiqjk jsyosLVs'ku ls 3 fdyksehVj nwj tokbZ cka/k rS;kj gksx;kA bl cka/k ls tks/kiqj] lqesjiqj vkfn 'kgjksa esa?kjsyw mi;ksx gsrq ikuh fn;k tkrk gS rFkk ikyh

ftys esa 26 gtkj gSDV;j Hkwfe esa flapkbZ vkSjtkykSj ftys esa 15 gtkj gSDV;j Hkwfe ij flapkbZgksrh gSA

ikapuk cka/k %& ;g cka/k djksyh ftys esaikap ufn;ksa ds laxe ij cEHkhjh LFkku ij cuk;kx;k gSA ;g cka/k feVVh dk cuk gqvk gSA bllsxaxkiqj] fg.Mksu] uknksrh] VksMkHkhe vkfn rglhyksaesa flapkbZ gksrh gSA

mi;qZDr flapkbZ lk/kuksa ls igy jktLFkkudk uke lqurs gh izns'k ds fofHkUu fgLlksa esa jgjgs yksxksa ds eu esa jsruqek bykds dh Nfo vkrhgksxhA ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd jktLFkku dhT;knkrj Hkwfe [ksrh ;ksX; ugh gSA dHkh ;g lpFkk ysfdu vc ;g feFkd VwV jgk gSA jkT; esaHkys gh ikuh dh deh gks ysfdu ;gk ikuh cpkusdk dke O;kid Lrj ij py jgk gSSA jkT; dsHkkSxksfyd fLFkfr ij xksj djs rks {ks=Qy dhnf"V ls ;g ns'kd lcls cM jkT; gSA bldk{ks=Qy djhc 4]32]239 oxZ fdyksehVj gSA jkT;dk mRrjh&if'peh bykdk jsrhyk gS] rks e/;eioZrh; ,oa nf{k.kh iwohZ dk fgLlk iBkjh gSAflQZ iwohZ fgLLkk eSnkuh gSA blds ckn Hkh bykdsds gj fgLls esa [ksr ygygkrs gq, fn[kkbZ iMrsgSA Hkfo"; esa flpkbZ ds fodkl dh j.kuhfr lghgksuh pkfg,A blds fy, flapkbZ ds fy,miyC/k ty dk T;knk ls T;knk {ks=ksa esa mi;ksxdjuk pkfg,A cMs o e/;e flapkbZ ds v/kwjsizkstsDVksa dks igys iwjk djuk pkfgA u;s izkstsDVksaij /ku dh O;oLFkk gksus ij dh gkFk esa ysukpkfg,A fjlko o ok"Ik;u ls gksus okyh {kfr dedh tkuh pkfg,A ty ekxksZ dk ;FkklEHko ykbfeax

17

*****

dh tkuh pkfg,A Qeyksa dks vko';drk vuqlkjikuh nsuk pkfg, rkfd T;knk mit fey ldsaApqdk gSA

flapkbZ ds izkstsDVksa ds j[k j[kko o i;kZIr/kujkf'k ds O;; dh O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg,D;ksfd j[k j[kko dh deh ls buesa rsth lsfxjkoV gksrh gSA

lUnHkZ %

Hkkjr dh tux.kuk 2011 Hkkjr ljdkj

jktLFkku dh vFkZO;oLFkk y{ehukjk;.k

ukFkwjkedk i- 80&81

vkfFkZd leh{kk&2016&17 vkfFkZd ,oalkaf[;dh funs'kky; vk;kstuk foHkkxjktLFkku ljdkj] t;iqjA

jktLFkku dk Hkwxksy izks ,p &,p 'kekZ i-201 Mk0 ,e0 ,y0 'kekZ

jktLFkku dh vFkZO;oLFkk % y{ehukjk;.kukFkwjke dk i- 136&137

jktLFkku dh vFkZ O;oLFkk % y{ehukjk;.kukFkwjke dk i0 137



Hkjriqj ftys esa 'kq) cks;s x;s {ks= dk v/;;u*MkW- JhPkUn

izLrkoukdf"k Hkwfe mi;ksx esa 'kq) cks;s x;s {ks=

dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgrh gSA blesa ,d Qlyho nks Qlyh {ks= fdlh u fdlh :Ik lslEcfU/kr jgrs gSaA ;s {ks= vdky] lw[kk] o"kkZdh deh ds }kjk fuf'pr :Ik ls izHkkfor jgrkgSA 'kks/k i= esa Hkjriqj ftys esa blds 10 o"khZ;ifjorZu Lo:Ik dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gSAvè;;u {ks= dk ifjp; jktLFkku ds iwohZ Hkkxesa fLFkr gksus ds dkj.k Hkjriqj dks jktLFkkudk ^izos'k }kjk* dgk tkrk gSA ftys ds mÙkjh,oa iwohZ lhek ij Øe'k% mÙkj esa gfj;k.kk dkxqMxkao ftyk rFkk iwoZ esa mÙkj izns'k ds eFkqjkvofLFkfr ekufp=shri ,oa vkxjk ftys] nf{k.kesa jktLFkku dk /kSyiqj ftyk rFkk nf{k.k if'peesa djkSyh o nkSlk ,oa if'pe esa vyoj ftysdh lhek yxrh gSA Hkjrqij ftyk 20-220 ls27-500 mÙkjh v{kka'k ,oa 76-530 ls 78-110 iwohZns'kkUrjksa ds eè; fLFkr gSA bldk dqy {ks=Qy5070-58 oxZ fd-eh- gSA Hkjriqj uxj jkT; dhjkt/kuh t;iqj ls yxHkx 180 fd-eh- o ns'kdh jkt/kkuh fnYyh ls 184 fd-eh- rFkk mÙkjizns'k ds eFkqjk ls 35 fdeh- rFkk vkxjk 'kgj ls55 fd-eh- nwjh ij fLFkr gSA

Hkjriqj ftyk jktLFkku ds dqy HkkSxksfyd{ks=Qy dk 1-48 izfr'kr Hkkx gSA o"kZ 2011 dh

ISSN No. - 2319-2755IJSSL : JIF- 3.630

*O;k[;krk & Hkwxksy] lsUV tsfo;j LukRdksrj egkfo|ky;]Qkxh] t;iqj] jktLFkku

19

tux.kuk ds vuqlkj ftys dh dqy tula[;k2549121] jktLFkku dh dqy tula[;k dj 3-71izfr'kr gSA ftlesa ls 1357896 iq:"k o 1191225efgyk gSaA ftys dk tula[;k ?kuRo 503 O;fDrizfr oxZ fd-eh- gSAHkjriqj ftys dhvf/kdka'k tula[;kxzkeh.k gSA v/;;u{ks= jktLFkku dkuohure lkrok ¡lEHkkx gS ftldhvf/klwpuk 4 twu2015 dk s j kT;ljdkj }kjk tkjhdh xb Z ftld svUrx Zr vyoj]Hkjriqj] /kkSyiqj]djkSyh o lokbZek/

kksiqj ftyksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA iz'kklfudnf"V ls Hkjriqj ftys dks 3 mi[k.Mksa ,oa 10rglhyksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA'kks/k mís';%&

vkjs[k la[;k % 1 Hkjriqj ftys esa 'kq) cks;k x;k {ks=Qy o"kZ 2006&2015

-3000-2500-2000-1500-1000

-5000

5001000150020002500

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

vUr j

Hkjriqj ftys esa rglhyokj 'kq) cks;k x;k {ks= o"kZ 2006&16

rglhy o"kZ 2006 o"kZ 2015 nl o"khZ;

ifjorZu {ks= izfr'kr {ks= izfr'kr

Hkjriqj 38777 9.91 39053 9.85 -0.06

uncbZ 40348 10.31 39377 9.93 -0.38

Mhx 42028 10.74 42144 10.63 -0.11

uxj 40702 10.40 40791 10.30 -0.01

dkeka 27540 7.04 27844 7.03 -0.10

c;kuk 39736 10.15 42297 10.67 +0.52

cSj 45285 11.57 46139 11.64 +0.07

:iokl 45345 11.59 45959 11.61 +0.02

dqEgsj 40565 10.36 41063 10.36 0.00

igkM+h 30961 7.93 3146 7.98 +0.05

;ksx 391287 100 396313 100

lzksr% dk;kZy; ftyk dysDVj ¼Hkw-v½ HkjriqjA

Hkjriqj ftys esa 'kq) cks;s x;s {ks= dk v/;;u


v/;;u {ks= esa 'kq) cks;s x;s {ks= dkvfHkKku

rglhyokj {ks= o izfr'kr esa vkadyu o"kZ 2006 ls 2016 ds e/; cks;s x;s {ks=

dk v/;;u'kks/k ifjdYiuk d`f"k {ks= esa 'kq) cks;s x;s {ks= esa

yxkrkj of) gks jgh gSA df"k rduhdh }kjk df"k ds {ks= esa

fodkl gqvk gSA v/;;u {ks= esa 'kq) cks;k x;k {ks=

Qlyh {ks= ls lEcfU/kr jgk gSAfof/k ra=izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u esa izkFkfed o f)rh;d

vkdM+ksa ,oa ljdkjh laLFkkvksa }kjk,df=r fd;s gS%&

df"k foHkkx] nqxkZjkiqjk] t;iqjA df"k foHkkx] Hkjriqj flapkbZ foHkkx] Hkjriqj lkaf[;dh; foHkkx] Hkjriqj

nks Qlyh {ks= dks ?kVkdj tks cks;kx;k {ks= gS mls 'kq) cks;k x;k {ks= dgktkrk gS ;k bls okLrfod cks;k x;k {ks= Hkhdgk tkrk gSA v/;;u {ks= esa HkkSxksfydfo"kerk ds QyLo:Ik 'kq) cks;s x;s {ks= esavR;f/kd vlekurk,sa gSA v/;;u {ks= esa'kq) cks;k x;k {ks= dks fuEu rkfydk }kjkn'kkZ;k x;k gS%&Hkjriqj ftys esa 'kq) cks;s x;s df"k {ks= dks fuEuvkjs[k }kjk n'kkZ;k x;k gS&

rkfydk la[;k 1 ls Li"V gS fd o"kZ2006 ds vuqlkj 'kq) cks;k x;k {ks=Qy 311287

gSDVs;j FkkA o"kZ 2015 ds vuqlkj 'kq+) cks;k x;k{ks=Qy 396417 gSDVs;j jgk gSA foxr 10 o"kksZa esablesa deh ntZ dh xbZ gSA

;g deh o"kkZ ,oa flapkbZ ds lk/kuksa dh deh dksiznf'kZr djrh gSA o"kZ 2006 ds vuqlkj Li"V gSfd o"kZ 2007 esa deh o 2008 esa of) gqbZ gS rFkk2014 esa of) ,oa 2015 esa deh ntZ dh xbZ gSAbl deh dk eq[; dkj.k o"kkZ ,oa flapkbZ tymiyC/krk esa deh dk ifj.kke gSA v/;;u {ks= esa

21

rglhyokj 'kq) cks;k x;k {ks= fuEu izdkj gS&'kq) cks;k x;k {ks= o"kZ 2006 ds vUrxZrlokZf/kd {ks= 'kq) cks;k x;k {ks= 45345 gSDVs;j:iokl rglhy esa Fkk tks dqy {ks= 391287gSDV;j dk 11-59 izfr'kr Fkk blh izdkj lclsde {ks= 27540 gSDVs;j dkeka rglhy eas Fkk tksdqy {ks= dk 7-04 izfr'kr Fkk tcfd vU; rglhyesa ;g 7-93 izfr'kr ls 11-57 izfr'kr e/; jgk;g rkfydk la- 2 }kjk Li"V gSA ekufp= % 2'kq) cks;k x;k {ks= o"kZ 2015

o"kZ 2015 ds vUrxZr lokZf/kd {ks= 'kq)cks;k x;k {ks= 46139 gSDV;j cSj rglhy es jgkgS tks dqy {ks= dk 11-64 izfr'kr Fkk blh izdkjlcls de 87844 gSDV;sj dkeka rglhy eas jgkgSA tks dqy {ks= dk 7-03 izfr'kr gS tcfd vU;rglhy esa ;g 7-98 izfr'kr ls 11-61 izfr'kr e/; jgk ;g rkfydk la- 2 }kjk Li"V gSA ekufp=la-3

n'kdh; ifjorZu & 'kks/k v/;;u lsLi"V gS fd lokZf/kd of) c;kuk rglhy esa 0-52dh jgh gSA blh izdkj lcls vf/kd deh uncbZrglhy esa 0-38 jgh gS deh dk eq[; dkj.kflafpr {ks= esa deh ,oa vU; dkj.k tula[;kof) dk ifj.kke gSA ftlls Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeizeq[k jgs gSA vr% v/;;u {ks= esa 'kq) cks;k x;k{ks= ifjorZu'khy jgk gSA

lanHkZ lwph

'kekZ ,p-,l- 'kekZ ,e-,y] ¼2006½ % &jktLFkku dk Hkwxksy] iap'khy izdk'ku]t;iqjA

egkoj] xksihyky o izlkn jkek ¼2010½ %jktLFkku esa Hkwfe mi;ksx dk HkkSxksfyd

fo'ys"k.k vWukYl vadXXVIII, B 210 &

217 Anderson, J.R., 1976 : Landuse

Landcover Changes - A Framework forMonitoring, Journal of Research, U.S.Geological Survey, Volume 5, No. 3, 143-153.

Lillesand, T.M. & Keifer, R.W., 1979Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation,New York : John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2-10.

Gupta H.S. (1972) : Geonomic Analysisof Resource Development. The nationalgeographical journal of India BanarasHinduu University.

www.google.com

http//statistics.rajasthan.gov.in

http//pehchantiraj.nic.in

statistical year book rajasthan.

*****



tSfod df’k dh izkalfxdrkMkWjktho nwcs

tSfod df’k df’k dh og i)fr gS] ftlesai;kZoj.kh; larqyu dks dk;e j[krs gq;s ]Hkwfety ,oa ok;q dks iznqf’kr u djrs gq, nh?kZdkyrd fLFkj mRiknu izkIRk fd;k tk ldrk gSA bli)fr esa jklk;fud moZjdksa ,oa jklk;fuddhVuk”kdksa ds &U;wure iz;ksx dk iz;kl visf{krgksrk gS A df’k dh ;g i)fr jklk;fud d‘f’k dslkis{k vf/kd lLrh ,oa LFkk;h gSA tSfod df’kdh ladYiuk esa feVVh dks ,d ltho ek/;eekuk tkrk gS vkSj Hkwfe dk vkgkj thoak”k gksrk gStks i”kqvksa ds xkscj] ouLifr;ksa ,oa thoksa dsvo”ks’k vkfn dks [kkn ds :i esa Hkwfe izkIr djrhgSA ,sls thoka”k [kknksa ds iz;ksx ls mxk;h tkusokyh Qly dks vko”;d leLr iks’kd rRo izkIrgks tkrs gSA blds vfrfjDr thoka”k moZjdksa dsiz;ksx ls Qlyksa ij chekjh ,oa dhVksa dk izHkkovR;ar vYi gksrk gS ftlds dkj.k gkfudkjddhVuk”kdks a dk iz;k sx ugha djuk iMrkgSAifj.kker% izkIr [kk|ku]lCth ,oa Qy bR;kfnds iz;ksx ls ekuo LokLF; ij izfrdwy izHkko ughaiMrk gSA

vkt lEiw.kZ fo”o vfu;af=r c<rh gq;htula[;k dh izcy leL;k ls tw> jgk gSA rFkkHkkjr Hkh ,slh gh leL;k ls xzflr vxz.kh

fodkl”khy ns”k gSA vkt ,d cM+h leL;ktula[;k ds ,d cgqr cMs+ Hkkx dks Hkkstu dhmiyC/krk lqfu”fpr djkuh gSA bl m|e esaeuq’; }kjk vf/kdkf/kd [kk|ku mRiknu dsiz;kl esa fofo/k izdkj ds jklk;fud moZjdksa]gkfudkjd dhVuk”kdksa dk va/kk/kq/k iz;ksx fd;ktkrk jgk gSA vkSj vkt Hkh fd;k tk jgk gSA bldkj.k ls u dsoy ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= esa vlarqyumRiu gksrk gSA cfYd Hkwfe dh moZjk “kfDr {kh.kgksrh pyh tkrh gS] i;kZoj.k iznwf’kr gksrk gS]ftldk lcls izfrdwy izHkko ekuko LokLF; iji<rk gSA

izkphu le; esa ekuo LokLF; rFkk izkdfrdi;kZoj.k ds vuwdwy df’k deZ ij cy inkufd;k tkrk Fkk] ftlls ty]Hkwfe ,oa ok;q iznwf’krugh gks ikrh FkhA tgkWa rd Hkkjr dk iz”u gS ]rks;g izkphu dky ls gh tSfod df’k dh i)frvfLrrRo esa jgh gSA o’kkZ ds ty vkSj ck<+ dsikuh ls tks [kkn ds rRo LokHkkfod :i ls izzzzkIrgksrs Fks ]muds vfrfjDr Hkh vusd izdkj lstSfod [kknksa }kjk [ksrh dh mRiknu {kerk dksc<+kus dh izfdz;k;sa izpfyr FkhA ;agk ;g Li’V gSfd vR;ar izkphu dky ls gh vPNh Qly ,oa[kkn ds vkilh laEcU/k dk Kku Hkkjrh;ksa dks

lgk;d izksQsljbfrgkl]jkB egkfo|ky;]iSBk.kh

ISSN No. - 2319-2755IJSSL : JIF- 3.630

23

FkkA oSfnd lkfgR; [kkn ds egRo dk dbZ LFkkuksaij ifjp; nsrk gSA tSfod [kknksa esaa ekuo ,oai”kqvksa ds eyew= vf/kd egRoiw.kZ Fks vkSj [ksrksabuds iMus ds ykHk dk Kku izkjEHk esa n“;kuqHkqfrls gh gqvk gksxkA blh izdkj ?kkl& ikr] Qwl]lMh&xyh phtksa vkSj lw[kh ifÙk;ksa tSlh vusdoLrqvksa ds Hkh dqN fnuksa esa vPNh [kkn cu tkusdh izfdz;k ds lacU/k esa Hkh vuqeku yxk;k tkldrk gSA jk[k] Hkwlh] taxyh vkx esa tys gq;sisM ikS/kksa vkSj ou&Lifr;ksaa ds fo”kky /kwfy Hk.Mkj]fofHkUu izdkj ds rsyksa dh [kyh vkSj er i”kqvksads xys gq;s ekal ,oa gM~fM;k¡ Hkh [kkn ds :i esaiz;qDr gksrh jgh gksaxhA fdUrq lokZf/kd mi;ksxi”kqvksa ds xkscj dk gh Fkk ]tks bZa/ku ds fy,ydMh dh vis{kk cgqr gh de tyk;s tkrs jgsgksaxs D;ksafd ml le; ydMh izpqj ek=k esamiyC/k jgh gksxhA vFkZ”kkL= esa xkscj] ?kkl&QwleNyh dh gM~fM;ksa lsgqM+ ds nw/k ,oa Ik”kqvksa dhgM~fM;ksa dk mYys[k [kkn ds :i esa vkSj cksusokys chtksa ;k M.Byksa ds lw[kus ;k dhM+ksa lscpkus gsrq mipkj Lo:i mu ij ysi ds :i easavkrk gSA ekS;Z dky ls dqN iw.kZ tc df’k esa ykSgmidj.kksa dk iz;ksx c<+k rc df’k ds foLrkj esavkewy pwy ifjorZu gqvk vkSj l/ku [ksrh dknkSj vkjEHk gqvkA [ksrksa esa ckj&ckj Qly mxkusgsrq tc mudh LokHkkfod [kkn ,oa mRiknu“kfDr esa deh ifjyf{kr geh gksxh rc fofHkUuizdkj ds [kknksa dk izpyu c<+k gksxkA

dkykUrj eas ifjos”k eas ifjoRkZu izkjEHkgqvk rFkk xksikyu dze”k% de gksrk x;k vkSjdf’k eas xkscj vFkok vU; izkdfrd [kknksa dk

iz;ksx dfBu gksrk x;k rFkk mlds LFkku ijfofHHku izdkj ds jklk;fud [kknksa ,oa dhVuk”kdksaaadk iz;ksx izpyu esa x;kA bl dkj.k lstSfod&vtSfod inkFkksZa dk pØ vlarqfyr gksjgk gSA ifj.kker% izkdfrd okrkoj.k iznwf’krgksdj ekuo LokLF; ij izfrdwy izHkko Mky jgkgSA ge tkurs gS fd Hkkjr esa gfjr Økfr dh“kq:vkr lu 1966-67 es gqbZ ftldk lw=/kkjukjeu cksjsykx FksA gfjr Økfr Hkkjrh; df’k esiz;ksx es yk;h x;h ml fof/k dk ifj.kke gsS tks1960 ds n”kd es ikjaifjd df’k dks vk/kqfudrduhfd )kjk izfrLFkkfir fd;s tkus ds :Iklkeus vk;h A fulUnsg gfjr ØkfUr us ns”k dks[kk|ku dh fn”kk es fuHkZj cuk;k ysfdu ;fnblds nwljs i{k ij /;ku fn;k rks ;g nf’Vxkspjgksxk fd df’k deZ es va/kk/kqa/k jlk;fud [kknks ,odhVuk”kdks ds iz;ksx ls u dsoy feV~Vh dhmRiknu “kfDr es mRjksrj âkl gqvk gS vfirHkwfexr ty dh xq.koRkk ,o ty ds Lrj es HkhHkkjh deh vk;h gSs bl lUnHkZ es ge iatkc ,oagfj;k.kk tSls jkT;ksa dk mnkgj.k ys ldrs gS ;sogh jkT; gS ftudks gfjr Økafr dk izFkeiz;ksx”kkyk cuk;k x;k Fkk A vkt bu jkT;ks dhizfr gsDVs;;j mRikndrk es deh vk jgh gS vksssSjbldk dkj.k jkl;fud moZjd ,o dhVuk”kdksdk O;kid ,o vf/kd iz;ksx ekuk tkrk gS ;gfLFfr deksos”k lEiw.kZ ns”k dh gS ;k ;g dFkuh;gS fd lEiw.kZ fo”o bl leL;k ls tw> jgk gSAjkl;fud [kknksa ds iz;ksx ls [kk|ku mRiknu,d Lrj ij tkdj u dsoy fLFkj gks x;k vfirqiznw’k.k dk Lrj Hkh c<+kA blds ifj.kkeLo:iHkwfe dk e:LFkyhdj.k c<+rk tk jgk gsSA Qyr:



mRiknu fxj jgk gsSA blfy;s vc le; vk x;kgS fd ge izFke gfjr dzkfr ds vuqHkoks ls lcdizkIr djrs gq;s nwljh gfjr Øakfr rs tSfod [kknksads O;kid iz;ksx ij cy ns vkSj jklk;fud [kknksds izzzzz;ksx dks U;wure Lrj ij ys tk;saA

vkt ;fn Hkkjr esa df’k dh dqN egRoiw.kZleL;kvksa dks fpfUgr djuas dks dgk tk; rksmlesa d`f’k dh de gksrh tksr ds vkdkj]lalk/kuksa dh deh ,oa c<rh ykxr] yxkrkj degksrh dk;Zdq”kyrk dks n”kkZ;k tk ldrk gSA lkFkgh dhVuk”kdksa ,oa jklk;fjd moZjdkas ds i;kZoj.kij c<rs izfrdwy izHkko dks utj vankt ughafd;k tk ldrk A ysfdu bu leLr leL;kvksadk lek/kku tSfod df’k dk O;kid vuqikyu gks

ldrk gSA tSfod df’k dk lh/kk lEcU/k tSfod[kkn ls gSA vxj gesa nwljh gfjr ØkfUr dksveyh tkek igukuk gSs rks vko”;drk bl ckjij /;ku nsus gS fd mRiknu es eanh esa ds izeq[kdkj.k D;k gS \ df’k mRiknu c<kus ds fy;as tyizca?kd rFkk feV~Vh dh xq.koRrk dks cpkus dsfy;s iz;kl djuk gksxk A ;gk¡ ij ;g dguklehphu gsS fd tSfod [ksrh bu leL;kvks dslek/kku dk ,d ek= ek/;e fl) gks ldrh gSnwljs “kCnksa eas dgk tk; rks tSfod df’k dksizksRlkfgr djuk le; dh ekax gSA esjk ;g Hkhekuuk gsS fd gesa viuas ijEijkxr df’k iz.kkyh dhrjQ ykSV dj ns[kuk pkfg,s tks tSfod df’k vkSji)fr dk loksZre mnkgj.k gsSA

*****

25

cnyrs gq, tyok;q ifjn'; esa vuqdwfyr [kk|kUuksa dk mRiknu

*MkW- vpZuk xqIrk

lkjka'k %izÑfr dk vueksy migkj Ñf"k ns'k dh

vFkZO;oLFkk dh jh<+ gSA ns'k dh mUufr rFkkmlds lexz fodkl ds fy, Ñf"k dk vR;f/kdegŸo gSA izkÑfrd ,oa HkkSxksfyd fofo/krkvksa dsckn Hkh gekjk ns'k Ñf"k iz/kku gSA ns'k dh yxHkxnks frgkbZ tula[;k vkt Hkh izR;{k vFkok ijks{k:i ls Ñf"k ij vkfJr gSA blds ckotwn HkhHkkjr dh c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k ds fy, [kk| ,oaiks"k.k lqj{kk ,d pqUkkSrh cuh gqbZ gSA ftlds fy,mŸkjnk;h vusd dkj.kksa esa ,d egŸoiw.kZ dkj.ktyok;q ifjorZu dk udkjkRed izHkko Ñf"k ijiM+uk gS D;ksa fd Hkkjr dk nks frgkbZ Ñf"k {ks=flapkbZ gsrq o"kkZ ij fuHkZj gSA tyok;q ifjorZu dsfy, mŸkjnk;h vusd izkÑfrd ,oa ekuoh; dkj.kksals rkieku esa fujUrj of) gksrh tk jgh gS ftllsgfjr tSo ekl ;kuh gfj;kyh esa Hkkjh deh vkjgh gS ,oa i;kZoj.k vlarqfyr gks jgk gSA rkiekuesa of) ls /kzqoksa dh cQZ fi?kyus yxrh gS ftllslkxjksa dk tyLrj c<+us ls rVorhZ {ks= dstyeXu gksus dk [krjk c<+ tkrk gSA orZeku esatyok;q ifjorZu ds dkj.k rkieku vkSj o"kkZ lslEcfu/kr ?kVukvksa esa vfu'prrk c<+h gSA ftllsvlkef;d o"kkZ] vksykof"V ,oa lw[kk dh lEHkkoukc<+ tkrh gSA tyok;q ifjorZu ds udkjkRed

izHkkoksa ls gesa Ñf"k dks cpkus ds fy, tyok;qvuqdwfyr Ñf"k dks c<+kok nsuk gksxkA tyok;qvuqdwfyr Ñf"k ,d ,slk nf"Vdks.k gS tks Ñf"k dkscnyrs tyok;q ds vuq:i <kydj Ñf"klEcfU/kr leL;kvksa dks de djrk gSA bldkmn~ns'; Ñf"k mRikndrk dks c<+kuk] tyok;qifjorZu ds lEcU/k esa Ñf"k dks vuqdwy cukukvkSj Ñf"k {ks= ls mRiUu gksus okys xzhugkml xSlksads mRltZu dks de djuk gSA tyok;q vuqdwfyrÑf"k ds }kjk lrr~ Ñf"k dks c<+kok nsdj iks"k.k;qDr [kk| lqj{kk izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA bldsfy, ,sls [kk|kUuksa ds mRiknu dks izksRlkgu nsukgksxk tks mPp rkieku dks lgu dj ldsA bldsvUrxZr eq[;r% Tokj] jkxh ¼eM+qvk½ ,oa cktjktSls [kk|kUu vkrs gSaA bu Qlyksa dks de flapkbZokys vkSj lww[kh [ksrh okys bykdksa esa mxk;k tkldrk gSA ekulwu dh deh ds dkj.k ;s QlysaHkkjr esa cgqr mi;ksxh gSaA lkFk gh bu Qlyksa esackgj ls dqN fuos'k djus dh t:jr Hkh ughagksrhA [ksrh ds ljy rjhdksa ds dkj.k bu vuktksadks pEkRdkjh vukt vkSj Hkfo"; dh Qly dgktkrk gSA tyok;q ifjorZu esa lgk;d lkfcrgksus ds dkj.k bu tyok;q vuqdwfyr Qlyksa dksi;kZoj.k fe= ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA

*ih-,p-Mh- ¼x`g foKku½] egkRek xk¡/kh fp=dwV xzkek sn; fo'ofo|ky; fp=dwV] lruk ¼e-iz-½A

ISSN No. - 2319-2755IJSSL : JIF- 3.630


egŸoiw.kZ 'kCn %tyok;q ifjorZu] tyok;q vuqdwfyr

[kk|kUu] Tokj] jkxh ¼eM+qvk½ ,oa cktjkA;|fi gekjs ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk fodflr

gks jgh gS ijUrq vkt Hkh bldk ,d pkSFkkbZ HkkxvR;Ur xjhch ls xzflr gS vkSj tyok;q esa gksusokyk ifjorZu xjhcksa vkSj mudh leL;kvksa esavkSj vf/kd of) dj jgk gSA orZeku esa tyok;qifjorZu dh ?kVuk ls rkieku vkSj o"kkZlEcfU/kr ?kVukvksa esa vfu'prrk c<+h gSA izpaMekSle lEcU/kh ?kVukvksa tSls lw[kk rFkk ck<+ vkfndh rhozrk rFkk ckjEckjrk esa of) gqbZ gSA tyok;qifjorZu dk udkjkRed izHkko Ñf"k ij Hkh iM+k gSD;ksa fd Hkkjr dk nks frgkbZ Ñf"k {ks= flapkbZ gsrqo"kkZ ij fuHkZj gSA

tyok;q ifjorZu %tyok;q ifjorZu dksle>us ls iwoZ tyok;q dks le>uk vko';d gSAoLrqr% fdlh Hkh LFkku dk nh?kZdkyhu ekSletyok;q dgykrk gSA blds vUrxZr ogk¡ yEcsle; rd MkVk ,d= fd;k tkrk gSA blesaok;qe.My dk ncko] rkieku] vknzZrk] gok rFkkcknyksa dh xfrfof/k;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSvkSj tyok;q ds ckjs esa ,d fuf'pr /kkj.kkfodflr dh tkrh gSA tyok;q ifjorZu ls vk'k;tyok;q esa fn[kus okys cnykvksa ls gSA ;s cnykoizkÑfrd ,oa ekuotfur dkj.kksa ls gks ldrs gSaAiFoh xSlksa dh ,d pknj ls fyiVh gqbZ gS ftUgsage xzhugkml xSlsa dgrs gSaA xSlksa dh ;g pknjxehZ dks dSn dj iFoh dks xeZ j[krh gS ftllsgekjk thou pdz pyrk jgrk gSA bls xzhugkml izHkko dgrs gSaA blds fcuk iFoh dkrkieku fnu esa vR;f/kd xeZ vkSj jkr esavR;f/kd BaMk gks tk,xkA vf/kd ekuoh;

fdz;k&dykiksa ls bu xSalksa dh ek=k fnu izfrfnuc<+rh tk jgh gSA fo|qr vkSj ÅtkZ ds fy,thok'e bZa/ku tSls& rsy] dks;yk vkfn dk yxkrkjngu] ifjogu] vkS|ksfxd [kir vkSj Ñf"k vkfndkj.kksa ls xzhugkml xSl ls cuh pknj eksVh gksrhtk jgh gS ftlls vkSj Hkh T;knk xehZ dSn gkstkrh gSA bu xSlksa esa dkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM] tyok"i]ehFksu] vkstksu] ukbV~lvkWDlkbM bR;kfn 'kkfeygSaA buds dkj.k rkieku c<+rk tk jgk gS ftldkgekjs ikfjfLFkfrdh rU= ij cgqr cqjk izHkko iM+jgk gSA

tyok;q ifjorZu ds dkj.k % tyok;qifjorZu ds fy, izdfrd ,oa ekuoh; nksuksa ghdkj.k mÙkjnk;h gSaA fiNys lkS o"kksZa ls Hkh T;knkle; esa tyok;q esa cM+h rsth ls cnyko vk;s gSaftlds dkj.k rkieku vkSj o"kkZ esa fujUrjmrkj&p<+ko ns[ks x, gSaA 'kks/kdrkZvksa ds vuqlkjrsth ls gks jgs cnykoks a ds ihNs ekuoh;fdz;k&dyki gSa ftuds }kjk ok;qe.My esaxzhugkml xSl dh pknj eksVh gksrh tk jgh gSAbl izdkj tyok;q ifjorZu ds dkj.kksa dks nkseq[; Hkkxksa esa ck¡V ldrs gSa&izkÑfrd ,oa ekuotfurA1 izkÑfrd dkj.k % izkÑfrd dkj.kksa esa eq[;:i ls Tokykeq[kh] egk}hih; i`FkDdj.k ,oaegklkxjh; /kkjk,¡ vkfn vkrs gSa& Tokykeq[kh &tcTokykeq[kh QVrs gSa] rc vusd izdkj dh xSlsackgj vkrh gSa] ftuesa eq[; :i ls lYQjMkbZvkWDlkbM] lYQj VªkbvkWDlkbM] Dyksjhu] ok"i]dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM] gkbMªkstu lYQkbM rFkkdkcZu eksuksDlkWbM vkfn 'kkfey gksrh gSaA ;s xSlsa]/kwyd.k rFkk jk[k vkfn ok;qe.My esa QSydjtyok;q dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA Tokykeq[kh rks

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'kkUr gks tkrk gS] fdUrq ;s yEch vof/k rdlfdz; jgdj tyok;q dks izHkkfor djrh gSaAegk}hih; iFkDdj.k&/kjrh ds ,d cM+s fgLls dsiFkd gksus ds dkj.k egk}hi vfLrRo esa vk,]blls tyok;q Hkh izHkkfor gqbZA ;g izHkko vHkh Hkhtyok;q ij gS D;ksa fd bl izfdz;k ds rgr uflQZ egklkxjh; /kkjk,¡ cnyrh gSa] cfYd ioudk izokg Hkh cnyrk gSAegklkxjh; /kkjk,¡≤≤ ij leqnz viukrki ok;qe.My esa NksM+rk gS] ftlls tyok;qizHkkfor gksrh gSA rki dh ,d cM+h ek=k tyok"ids :i esa /kjrh ij xzhu gkml xSl ds izHkko dksc<+krk gSA bl izdkj egklkxjh; /kkjk,¡ Hkh tyok;qdks izHkkfor djrh gSA2 ekuo tfur dkj.k % izkÑfrd dkj.kksa lsdgha vf/kd ekuoh; dkj.k tyok;q ifjorZu dsfy, mÙkjnk;h gSaA ftlds vUrxZr eq[;r%xzhugkml izHkko] 'kgjhdj.k vkS|ksxhdj.k] thok'kebZa/ku ,oa Ñf"k vkfn lfEefyr gSa&xzhugkml izHkko % tc ok;qe.My esa fLFkrdkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM dh ek=k vf/kd gks tkrh gSrks blls cuus okys dop esa lw;Z dk rki vk rkstkrk gS] ij okil ugha tk ikrkA ifj.kke Lo:irki c<+us ls tyok;q izHkkfor gksrh gSA dkcZuMkbvkWDlkbM dh ek=k esa mRkkj&p<+ko izkÑfrd,oa ekuoh; nksuksa dkj.kksa ls gksrk gSA' kgj hdj. k vk S|k sx hdj. k % 'kgjhdj.kvkS|ksxhdj.k dh izfdz;k ,oa ouksa dh vU/kk/kqU/kdVkbZ vkSj nksgu ls dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM fujUrjc<+rh tk jgh gSA lkFk gh vusd ?kkrd xSlsaehFksu] ukbVªkstu vkWDlkbM] Dyksjks ¶Ykksjks dkcZuvkfn feydj dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM ds xzhugkmlizHkko dks c<+kdj tyok;q ifjorZu ls tqM+h ubZ&ubZ

pqukSfr;k¡ mRiUu dj jgh gSaAthok'e bZa/ku % thok'e vk/kkfjr bZa/ku tSls&dks;yk] isVªksy] feV~Vh ds rsy vkfn ds ngu lstgk¡ xzhugkml xSlksa dk lap;u c<+k gS oghavEyhdj.k Hkh blh dk ifj.kke gSA buls Hkhtyok;q ifjorZu dh leL;k fodjky gks jgh gSAÑf"k % Hkkjr esa ÅtkZ {ks= ds ckn xzhugkml xSlds mRltZu esa lcls cM+k ;ksxnku Ñf"k dk gSAehFksu vkSj ukbVªkbV vkWDlkbM tSlh [krjukdxSl Ñf"k ds vyx&vyx rjhdksa ls fudyrh gSAvkt ge ijEijkxr Ñf"k ds ctk; vk/kqfud Ñf"kdh vksj mUeq[k gSaA jklk;fud moZjdksa ,oadhVuk'kdksa dk vU/kk/kqU/k iz;ksx Ñf"k esa c<+k gSAtyeXu pkoy dh tqrkbZ ,oa tqxkyh djus okysi'kqvksa ls ehFksu dk mRltZu gksrk gSA bllsxzhugkml izHkko c<+rk gSA Qly vo'ks"k dkstykus ls Hkh xzhugkml xSl dk mRltZu gksrkgSA izfr bdkbZ nzO;eku ds vk/kkj ij ok;qe.Myh;ehFksu nh?kZ vkosf'kr fofdj.kksa dks vo'kksf"kr djusesa dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM ds eqdkcys 22 xqukvf/kd izHkkoh gksrk gSAtyok;q ifjorZu dk izHkko Ñf"k ds fo'ks"klUnHkZ esa %

tgk¡ ,d vksj tyok;q ifjorZu ds fy,vk/kqfud Ñf"k mÙkjnk;h gS ogha nwljh vksj tyok;qifjorZu dk lokZf/kd udkjkRed izHkko Hkh gekjhÑf"k ij iM+ jgk gSA Hkkjr esa 60 djksM+ yksx Ñf"kvkSj Ñf"k ls lEcfU/kr O;olk;ksa ij fuHkZj gSAbuesa ls vf/kdka'k NksVs fdlku gSa ftuds ikl 2gsDVs;j ;k blls Hkh de tehu gSA nks&frgkbZ lsT;knk [ksr o"kkZ ij vk/kkfjr gSA bues ls nks&frgkbZlw[kk izHkkfor gSaA djhc 4 djksM+ gsDVs;j Hkwfeck<+ izHkkfor gSA lcls xjhc yksx HkkSxksfyd :i



ls lcls T;knk izHkkfor {ks= ;k gkf'k, ij fLFkrgSa tSls& ck<+ ds eSnku vkSj de mitkÅ tehuokys bykdksa esaA xjhcksa ds ikl tyok;q ds izHkkols fuiVus dh {kerk dkQh lhfer gksrh gSAtyok;q ifjorZu Ñf"k ds fy, cM+h xEHkhj pqukSrhgS D;ks a fd bldk lh/kk lEcU/k ikuh dhmiyC/krk o"kkZ vkSj Hkw&ty] ok;q] enk vkSj tSo&fofo/krk ls gSA buesa ls fdlh esa Hkh FkksM+k lkcnyko vk tk, rks Hkkjr dh Ñf"k dk psgjk iwjhrjg ls cny ldrk gSA tyok;q ifjorZu dkÑf"k ij izHkko fuEu fooj.k ls Li"V gS&

Qlyksa ij tyok;q ifjorZu dk izHkko%rkieku esa of) ds dkj.k ikS/kksa esa ueh dk vHkkogks tkrk gSA vusd Qlyksa dh of) gsrq ,dfuf'pr lhek ds vUnj rkieku dh vko';drkgksrh gS rkieku of) ds dkj.k os u"V gksus yxrsgSaA tyok;q ifjorZu u dsoy Qlyksa ds mRiknudks izHkkfor djrk gS cfYd mudh xq.koÙkk ij HkhudkjkRed izHkko Mkyrk gSA tyok;q ifjorZu dseq[;r% nks izdkj ds izHkko gksrs gSa ,d {ks=vk/kkfjr vkSj nwljk Qly vk/kkfjrA blhfy,fofHkUUk {ks=ksa es a fofHkUu Qlyksa ij bldkvyx&vyx izHkko iM+rk gSA xasgw¡ vkSj /kku gekjsns'k dh eq[; [kk| Qlysa gSa tks fd tyok;qifjorZu ls vR;f/kd izHkkfor gSaA v/;;uks ls irkpyk gS fd ;fn rkieku nks fMxzh lsfYl;l rdc<+ tkrk gS rks T;knkrj LFkkuksa esa xsagw¡ dkmRiknu de gks tk,xk ,oa /kku ds mRiknu esa 0-75 Vu izfr gsDVs;j dh deh vk tk,xhAi'kqvksa ij tyok;q ifjorZu dk izHkko %rkieku esa of) tkuojksa ds fodkl] LokLF; ,oamRiknu dks izHkkfor djrh gSA ;g vuqeku gS fdrkieku esa of) ds dkj.k 2020 rd nqX/k mRiknu

esa 1-6 yk[k Vu rd vkSj 2050 rd 15 fefy;uVu rd dh fxjkoV ns[kh tk ldrh gSA xehZ dkruko v.Mk.kq dh xq.koÙkk ij udkjkRed izHkkoMkyrk gS vkSj xehZ ls izHkkfor tkuojksa ds rkiekuesa of) Hkzw.k ds fodkl dks de djrh gSA ftldsifj.kkeLo:i [kjkc Hkzw.k vkjksi.k vkSj Hkzw.k dheR;q nj esa of) gksrh gSA xehZ vkSj ckfj'k dsforj.k esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa ls ,UFkzsDl] CySdDokVZj] jDrlzkoh lsIVhflfe;k vkSj osDVjlEcU/kh jksx gks ldrs gSa tks ueh dh mifLFkfr esaiuirs gSaA tyok;q ifjorZu dk eNfy;ksa dsthou ij Hkh cqjk izHkko iM+rk gSAty lalk/kuksa ij tyok;q ifjorZu dk izHkko

c<+rh xehZ ds dkj.k ufn;ksa] rkykcksa]>hyksa rFkk egklkxjksa vkfn dk ikuh rsth ls Hkkicudj mM+ jgk gSA blls vfrof"V vkSj ck<+vkfn dh leL;k c<+h gSA igys fdlku vius[ksrksa esa vf/kd ls vf/kd o"kkZ dk ikuh tek djrsFks rkfd Hkwfe dh vknzZrk ,oa moZjrk cuh jgs] ijUrqvc de dherksa ij V~;wccsyksa vkSj fo|qr dhmiyC/krk ds pyrs fdlkuksa us vius {ks=ksa esa ikuhdk laj{k.k djuk cUn dj fn;k gSA ty iznw"k.kvkSj leqfpr ty izcU/ku dh deh ds pyrs ikuhvc ,d leL;k cuus yxk gSA tyok;q ifjorZuls iwjs fo'o esa ihus ds ikuh dh deh esa of) gksxbZ gSAfeV~Vh ij tyok;q ifjorZu dk izHkko %rkieku esa of) ds dkj.k feV~Vh dh ueh vkSjn{krk Hkh izHkkfor gksrh gSA feV~Vh esa ikuh dhek=k de gks tkus ls mlesa ekStwn dkcZfudinkFkksZa dk fo?kVu vkSj iqupZdz.k Bhd ls ugha gksikrk vr,o lkekU; iSnkokj ds fy, vf/kd [kkndk mi;ksx djuk iM+rk gSA Hkw ty ds ?kVrs Lrj

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ls Hkwfe dh moZjrk Hkh vf/kd izHkkfor gksxhA ck<+tSlh nq?kZVukvksa ds dkj.k feV~Vh dk {kj.k vf/kdgksxk ijUrq lw[ks ds dkj.k catjiu c<+sxkA o{kkjksi.kvkSj tSo fofo/krk dh deh esa fxjkoV ds dkj.kmoZfjr feV~Vh dh fxjkoV {ks= dks catj cUkkus esaenn djsxhAjksxksa ij tyok;q ifjorZu dk izHkko % lhekls vf/kd rkieku mRiUu gksus ij u, izdkj dsdhM+s&edksM+s mRiUUk gksus yxrs gSa vkSj mu ijlkekU; dhVuk'kdksa dk izHkko de iM+rk gSAifj.kkeLo:i Qly dh mRikndrk ,oa xq.koÙkkizHkkfor gksrh gSA olUr _rq ds ekSle esa xehZvkSj 'kjn _rq ds ekSle esa dbZ dhVuk'kdksa dsiztuu ls thoupØ iwjk gksrk gS lfnZ;ksa esa dghafNidj os ykokZ dks ftUnk j[krs gSaA ok;q dhfn'kk esa ifjorZu oSDVhfj;k] Qaxl vkSj lkFk ghok;q esa dhVk.kqvksa dh la[;k esa of) djrk gSAmUgsa fu;fU=r djus ds fy, vf/kd ek=k esadhVuk'kdksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tks vU;jksxksa dks tUe nsrk gSA blh rjg tkuojksa esa jksxc<+us yxrs gSaAtyok;q ifjorZu ds nq"ifj.kkeksa ls Ñf"k dscpko gsrq mik; %

tyok;q ifjorZu ds nq"ifj.kkeksa ls gesaÑf"k dks cPkkus ds fy, tyok;q vuqdwfyr Ñf"kdks c<+kok nsuk gksxkA tyok;q vuqdwfyr Ñf"k,d ,slk nf"Vdks.k gS tks Ñf"k dks cnyrs tyok;qds vuq:i <kydj Ñf"k lEcfU/kr leL;kvksa dksde djrk gSA bldk mn~ns'; Ñf"k mRikndrkdks c<+kuk] tyok;q ifjorZu ds lEcU/k esa Ñf"k dksvuqdwy cukuk vkSj Ñf"k {ks= ls mRiUu gksus okysxzhugkml xSlksa ds mRltZu dks de djuk gSAtyok;q vuqdwfyr Ñf"k ds }kjk lrr~ Ñf"k dks

c<+kok nsdj iks"k.k ;qDr [kk| lqj{kk izkIr dh tkldrh gSA ftlds vUrxZr fuEu mik; fd, tkldrs gSa&tSfod Ñf"k % tSfod Ñf"k ,d ,slh i)fr gS]ftlesa jklk;fud moZjdksa] dhVuk'kdksa rFkk[kjirokj ukf'k;ksa ds LFkku ij thoka'k [kkniks"kd rRoksa ¼xkscj dh [kkn dEiksLV] gjh [kkn]thok.kq dYpj] tSfod [kkn vkfn½ tSo ukf'k;ksa¼ck;ks isLVhlkbM~l½ o ck;ks ,tsUV~l tSls ØkbZlksikvkfn dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ftlls u dsoyHkwfe dh 'kfDr yEcs le; rd cuh jgrh gS]cfYd i;kZoj.k Hkh iznwf"kr ugha gksrk rFkk Ñf"kykxr ?kVus o mRikn dh xq.koÙkk c<+us ls Ñ"kddks vf/kd ykHk Hkh feyrk gSA iks"kdrk dh nf"Vls tSfod mRikn vusd xq.kdkjh vkS"kf/k;ksa ls;qDr rFkk chekjhtfur nq"izHkkoksa ls eqDr gksrs gSaAgky gh ds dbZ 'kks/k crkrs gSa fd tSfod [ksrhjklk;fud rjhdksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd mRiknunsrh gSAlefxzr Ñf"k % lefxzr Ñf"k esa ,dy Ñf"k dhvis{kk tksf[ke de jgrk gSA mfpr fefJr Qlyksadks ysus ij Qlyksa dh tM+s vyx&vyx Lrj lsmfpr [kqjkd ys ysrh gSa ,oa lg&vfLrRo dsvk/kkj ij jksxksa o dhVksa ls cpko rFkk ukbVªkstudk cVokjk dj ysrh gSaA mfpr Qly pØviukus ls Hkwfe dks ukbVªkstu LoRk% gh izkIr gkstk,xkA Åij ls ;wfj;k nsus dh vko';drk ughagksxhAudn Qly % udn Qly dh [ksrh ls fdlkuHkkbZ lCth] Qwy] ckxokuh vkfn dh Ñf"k djldrs gSaA udn Qly ds vUrxZr o"kZ Hkj esa pkjQlysa yh tk ldrh gSa] udn Qlysa ekSle lsT;knk izHkkfor Hkh ugha gksrh] D;ksa fd budk



Qly pØ ,d] nks ;k rhu eghus dk gksrk gSAQlyh la;kstu esa ifjorZu % tyok;q ifjorZuds lkFk&lkFk gesa Qlyksa ds izk:i ,oa muds cksusds le; esa Hkh ifjorZu djuk iM+sXkkA fefJr Ñf"ko baVj ØkWfiax djds rFkk Ñf"k okfudh viukdjHkh ge tyok;q ifjorZu ds [krjksa ls futkr ikldrs gSaA

tyok;q ifjorZu ds nq"izHkkoksa ls Hkkjrh;Ñf"k dks cpkus ds fy, gesa vius lalk/kuksa dkU;k;laxr bLrseky djuk gksxk o Hkkjrh; thoun'kZu dks viukdj gesa vius ikjEifjd Kku dksvey esa ykuk iM+sxkA vc bl ckr dh l[rt:jr gS fd gesa Ñf"k esa ,sls i;kZoj.k fe=rjhdksa dks vgfe;r nsuh gksxh ftuls ge viuhenk dh mRikndrk dks cjdjkj j[k ldsa o viusizkÑfrd lalk/kuksa dks cpk ldsaAQly mRiknu esa ubZ rduhdksa dk fodkltyok;qifjorZu ds xEHkhj nwjxkeh izHkkoksa dksen~nsutj j[krs gq, ,sls chtksa dh fdLeksa dkfodkl djuk iM+sxk] tks u, ekSle ds vuqdwygks] lkFk gh vf/kd rkieku] lw[ks o ck<+ dhfoHkhf"kdkvksa dks lgu djus esa l{ke gksA gesayo.krk ,oa {kkjh;rk dks lgu djus okyh fdLeksadks Hkh bZtkn djuk gksxkAmUur ,oa laxr e'khujh dk iz;ksx % [ksrksa esamUur] uohu ,oa laxr e'khujh dk iz;ksx fd;ktkuk pkfg,A NksVs [ksrksa esa VªSDVj ls Ñf"k dksgrksRlkfgr fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj muds LFkkuij cktkj esa miyC/k ikWoj fVyj vkSj feuh ikWojfVyj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,] NksVs [ksrksa ijVªSDVj ls [ksrh djus ij [ksrh dh ykxr c<+ tkrhgS vkSj fdlku dtZ ds Hk¡oj esa Ql tkrk gSA

vU; izcU/ku % vf/kdrkieku o o"kkZ dh deh lsflapkbZ gsrq Hkw&ty lalk/kuksa ds vf/kd nksgu lscpus ds fy, Hkwfe esa ueh dk laj{k.k o o"kkZ tydks ,df=r djds flapkbZ gsrq iz;ksx esa ykuk ,dmi;ksxh ,oa lg;ksxh dne gks ldrk gSA bldsfy, okVj'kSM izcU/ku ds ek/;e ls o"kkZ ds ikuhdks lafpr dj flapkbZ ds :i esa iz;ksx dj ldrsgSa] blls flapkbZ dh lqfo/kk rFkk Hkw&ty iquHkZj.knksuksa esa lgk;rk feysxhA ,slk djus ls ck<+ dhfLFkfr esa Hkh dkQh gn rd yxke yxsxh vkSjfeV~Vh ds {kj.k dks Hkh jksdk tk ldsxk ,oa lw[ksds dkj.k catj cu jgs {ks=ksa ij Hkh yxke yxsxhA

tyok;q vuqdwfyr [kk|kUuksa ds mRiknudks izksRlkgu nsdj Hkh tyok;q ifjorZu ds nq"izHkkoksals Hkkjrh; Ñf"k dks cpk;k tk ldrk gSA bldsvUrxZr eq[;r% Tokj] jkxh ¼eM+qok½ ,oa cktjkvkfn [k|kUu vkrs gSa&Tokj % Tokj fo'o dh ,d eksVs vukt okyhegÙoiw.kZ Qly gSA o"kkZ vk/kkfjr Ñf"k ds fy,Tokj lcls mi;qDr Qly gSA Tokj Qly dknksgjk ykHk feyrk gSA ekuo vkgkj ds lkFk&lkFki'kq vkgkj ds :i esa Hkh bldh vPNh [kir gksrhgSA Tokj dh Qly de o"kkZ esa Hkh vPNh mitns ldrh gSA ,d vksj tgk¡ Tokj lw[ks dkl{kerk ls lkeuk dj ldrh gS ogha nwljh vksjdqN le; ds fy, Hkwfe esa tyeXurk dks Hkh lgudj ldrh gSA Tokj tks fd lw[kk izfrjks/kh QlygS] ftlds fy, dqN ckgjh buiqV dh t:jrgksrh gS] blhfy, ;g eqf'dy gkykr esa Hkh c<+ldrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd bls ^Hkfo"; dhQly* dgk tkrk gSA ;g Ikks"kd vukt dele; ¼65 fnuksa½ esa iSnk gksrk gS vkSj ;fn bldk

31

lgh ls Hk.Mkj.k fd;k tk, rks bls nks lky vkSjT;knk le; rd lqjf{kr j[kk tk ldrk gSA/kku ¼/kku ds [ksrksa esa T;knk ikuh Hkjk gksus dsdkj.k T;knk xzhugkml xSlksa dk mRltZu gksrkgS½ dh rqyuk esa Tokj dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM dsmRltZu dks de j[kdj tyok;q ifjorZu dsvlj dks de j[kus esa ennxkj gksrh gS] tc fdxsagw¡ mRiknu ¼xehZ ds izfr laosnu'khy Qly½foijhr izHkkoksa ds fy, ftEesnkj gSA vuqdwyrk dhO;kid {kerk ds dkj.k Tokj ueh] rkieku vkSjcatj Hkwfe lfgr reke fofHkUUkrkvksa dk lkeukdj ldrh gSA Tokj dk ikS/kk vU; vukt okyhQlyksa dh vis{kk de izdk'k la'ys"k.k ,oa izfrbdkbZ le; esa vf/kd 'kq"d inkFkZ dk fuekZ.kdjrk gSA blds vfrfjDr Tokj dk djksM+ksa yksxksafo'ks"kdj NksVs@lhekUr fdlkuksa vkSj o"kkZ dhdeh okys nwj&njkt ds vkfnoklh bykds dsyksxksa dks [kk| vkSj vkthfodk miyC/k djkus lsvkfFkZd ;ksxnku dkQh T;knk gSA orZeku esa Tokjdh [ksrh e/; izns'k] mM+hlk] mÙkj izns'k rFkkiatkc jkT;ksa esa cgqrk;r ls dh tkrh gSaAjkxh ¼eM+qok½ % jkxh mPp iks"k.k eku okyk eksVkvukt gksrk gS] ftlesa 344 fexzk@100 xzkedSfY'k;e gksrk gSA nwljs fdlh Hkh vukt esadSfY'k;e dh bruh vf/kd ek=k ugha ikbZ tkrhgSA vr% jkxh mu yksxksa ds fy, vPNk HkksT;inkFkZ gS tks ySDVkst dh deh ls IkhfM+r gSa rFkk,sls 'kkdkgkjh yksx tks Hkkstu esa i'kq mRiknksa dksugha ysrs gSa ftlds dkj.k buesa izksVhu rFkkdSfY'k;e dh deh gks tkrh gSA jkxh dh [ksrhcgqr vklkuh ls de ykxr] fcuk fdlhHkkjh&Hkjde rduhfd ds gh lkekU; tyok;qrFkk feV~Vh esa vklkuh ls dh tk ldrh gSA jkxh

dks vukt vkS"kf/k ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSblhfy, fofHkUu vUrjkZ"Vªh; if=dk,¡ bls vkt^ikoj gkml*ds uke ls Hkh oSKkfud rFkk 'kks/ktxr esa LFkku ns jgh gSaA jkxh C4 dSVsxjh dkikS/kk gS ftlds dkj.k blesa cgqr gh vklkuh lsizdk'k la'ys"k.k gks tkrk gS rFkk bldk ikS/kkfnu&jkr izdk'k la'ys"k.k dj ldrk gSA ftldsdkj.k pkj dkcZu dEikm.M cuus dh otg ls ghjkxh dk ikS/kk fdlh Hkh fo"ke ifjfLFkfr esa mRiknunsus dh {kerk j[krk gS vkSj blh xq.k ds dkj.kbls ^tyok;q vuqdwfyr Qly* dk Hkh uke fn;kx;k gSA dbZ oSKkfud v/;;uksa ds vuqlkj ;gekuk x;k gS fd jkxh esa xgjh tM+ksa ds dkj.k lslw[kk lgu djus dh {kerk vf/kd gksrh gSAizksVhu] vehuks ,flM] dkcksZgkbMªsV rFkk QhuksfyDldh vPNh ek=k gksus ds dkj.k bldk mi;ksxotu de djus esa] ikpu 'kfDr c<+kus rFkk ,aVh,ftax esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA jkxh dk deXykbflfed baMsDl rFkk XywVsu ds dkj.k Vkbi&2e/kqesg esa Hkh vPNk mi;ksx ekuk tkrk gSA vuktds lkFk&lkFk jkxh dks i'kqvksa ds pkjs ds fy, Hkhcgqr egŸoiw.kZ ekuk tkrk gS] tks yxHkx 3 ls 9Vu@gSDVs;j dh nj ls fey tkrk gSA jkxhvflafpr ns'kksa esa mxk, tkus ds fy, ,d mi;qDrQly gSA ftldk jk"Vªh; ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrjij fofHkUUk ikSf"Vd mRikn cukus esa mi;ksx fd;ktkrk gSA dUkkZVd Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k jkxhmRiknd jkT; gSA dUkkZVd ds vykok izeq[k jkxhÑ"kd jkT; egkjk"Vª] mÙkjk[k.M] rfeyukaMq vkSjvkU/kz izns'k gSaAckTkjk % cktjk lewg ds vuktksa esa Tokj] ckTkjkvkSj jkxh] daxuh] dksnks] phuk] lkou] dqVdh tSlsvukt 'kkfey gSaA ;s nenkj lw[ks dks jksdus vkSj



xehZ ls cpko djus okyh Qlysa gSaA tks vkerkSjij dhVksa vkSj jksxksa dh f'kdkj ugha gksrh gSaA[kkl ckr ;g gS fd ;s Qlysa ckfj'k ij fuHkZj[ksrksa esa mitkus ds fy, mi;qDr gSaA ;g vuktvkdkjesa NksVk vkSj dBksj gksrk gS tks ,slh feV~Vhesa Hkh mx ldrk gS tks de mitkÅ vkSj deueh okyh gksrh gSA bldh Qly de le; esa¼65 fnu½ rS;kj gks tkrh gSA bldk Hk.Mkj.k ;fnBhd ls fd;k tk, rks cht nks o"kksZa rd ;k bllsT;knk pyrk gSA blls Hkkstu vkSj pkjk nksuksa ghfeyrs gSa vkSj bls mitkus ds fy, vf/kd esgurvkSj iSls dh Hkh t:jr ugha gksrh gSA cktjs dhvklku <ax dh [ksrh dks ns[krs gq, bls ^peRdkjhvukt* vkSj ^Hkfo"; dh Qly* Hkh dgk tkrk gSAlcls [kkl ckr tks cktjs tSls vuktksa dks xsagw¡vkSj pkoy tSlh T;knkrj Qlyksa ls vyx djrhgS oks gS izdk'k la'ys"k.k ds tfj, bldh lkS;ZÅtkZ dks ckW;ksekWl vkSj [kk| vuktksa esa cnyusdh csgrj {kerkA cktjk izdk'k la'ys"k.k {kerkds vk/kkj ij loZJs"B C4Js.kh ds vUrxZr vkrk gS

tc fd xsagw¡ vkSj pkoy C3 Js.kh esa 'kkfey gSAblds vykok dkcZu dks vyx djus ds ekeys esaHkh cktjk cgqr gh vPNk gSA blfy, ;g i;kZoj.kij xzhugkml xSlksa dk ncko de djus vkSjtyok;q ifjorZu ds izHkko dks de djus esa Hkhennxkj lkfcr gksrk gSA iks"k.k ds fygkt lscktjk js'kk] [kfut vkSj foVkfeu ch dkWEiysDldk egÙoiw.kZ lzksr gSA cktjs esa yksgk] ftad]eSXuhf'k;e] QkLQksjl] QkWfyd ,flM vkSjjkbcksysfcu tSls ogr~ vkSj lw{e iks"kd rRoksa dklokZf/kd va'k gksrk gSAcktjs dks [kkus ls 'kjhj esaeksVkik ugha vkrk vkSj mPp jDrpki dh chekjhugha yxrhA Hkkjr esa cktjs ds eq[; mrikndjkT; vkU/kz izns'k] rfeyukaMq] xqtjkr] iatkc]mÙkj izns'k] dukZVd vkSj jktLFkku ds v)Z'kq"do 'kq"d Hkkx gSaAfu"d"kZ %

i;kZoj.kh; vlUrqyu ds dkj.k iSnk gq,tyok;q ifjorZu dh leL;kvksa esa lw[ks dks izeq[kr%ls fxuk tk ldrk gSA cM+s iSekus ij ouksa dk

lkfj.kh la[;k 1 % eksVs vuktksa dk iks"kd rRo laxBu

Ø-laiks"kd rRo Tokj jkxh cktjk 1 izksVhu ¼xzke½ 10-4 7-3 11-6 2 olk ¼xzke½ 1-9 1-3 5-0 3 rUrq ¼xzke½ 1-6 3-6 1-2 4 dkcksZgkbMªsV ¼xzke½ 72-6 72-0 67-1 5 ÅtkZ ¼dSyksjh½ 349 328 361 6 dSfY'k;e ¼fexzk-½ 25 344 50 7 QkLQksjl ¼fexzk-½ 222 283 350 8 ykSg ¼fexzk-½ 5-8 6-4 8-8 9 dSjksVhu ¼fexzk-½ 47 42 132 10 Fkk;ehu ¼fexzk-½ 0-37 0-42 0-33 11 jkbcks¶ysfcu ¼fexzk-½ 0-13 0-19 0-25 12 uk;flu ¼fexzk-½ 3-1 1-1 2-3

33

fouk'k] Hkwfexr tylzksrksa dk vf/kd iz;ksx] cM+s&cM+srkykcksa dks lq[kkdj vU; dk;ksZa gsrq iz;qDr djuktSls dkj.k ty miyC/krk dks lhfer dj nsrs gSaArduhfd fuekZ.k dk;ksZa ls xzhugkml xSlksa dsvfr'k; mRltZu ds lkFk gh voS/k [kuu] vusdizdkj ds iznw"k.k] fodkl dh va/kh nkSM+ esa izkÑfrde;kZnk dh vogsyuk tSls dkjdksa us _rq pØ dsfofu;eu dks vfu;fer dj fn;k gSA bllsekulwu dh LokHkkfod fØ;k'khyrk izHkkfor gqbZgSA tyok;q ifjorZu us ekuo thou ds izR;sdigyw dks izHkkfor fd;k gS Ñf"k Hkh blls vNwrkugha gSA bl lEcU/k esa gq, 'kks/k n'kkZrs gSa fdQlyh; vof/k esa ekSleh iSjkehVj] vU; iSjkehVjksa¼;Fkk& enk] iks"kd rRo vkfn½ dh rqyuk esa Ñf"kmit dks lokZf/kd izHkkfor djrs gSaA vr% vc,d ,slh ubZ gfjr ØkfUr ykus dh vko';drk gSftlls eksVs vuktksa ftUgsa tyok;q vuqdwfyr[kk|kUuksa ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] dh iSnkokjesa of) gks lds blls tyok;q ifjorZu] ÅtkZladV] Hkw&ty gzkl] LokLF; vkSj [kk|kUu ladVtSlh leL;kvksa dks dkcw esa fd;k tk ldrk gSAbu Qlyksa dks ikuh] jklk;fud moZjdksa vkSjdhVuk'kdksa dh t:jr de iM+rh gS ftllsfeV~Vh o Hkw&ty Lrj ij foijhr izHkko ughaiM+rkA blds vykok bu Qlyksa dks mxkus esa[ksrh dh ykxr Hkh de vkrh gSA lw[kk izfrjks/khgksus ds lkFk&lkFk ;s Qlysa de mitkÅ Hkwfeij Hkh lQyrk ls mxkbZ tk ldrh gSaA ikSf"VdrkvkSj lsgr ds ekeys esa Hkh eksVs vukt xsagw¡ vkSjpkoy ij Hkkjh iM+rs gSaA buesa izksVhu] js'kk] dSfY'k;e]yksgk] foVkfeu vkSj vU; [kfut] pkoy vkSj xsagw¡dh rqyuk esa nksxqus vf/kd ik, tkrs gSaA vr%tyok;q ifjorZu ls vizHkkfor jgus okys eksVsvuktksa ds laj{k.k vkSj Hkkstu esa muds iqu% izos'kds {ks= esa Rofjr dk;Zokgh dh vko';drk gSA

ftlls eksVs vuktksa dh [ksrh dks eq[; /kkjk esayk;k tk lds ,oa tyok;q ifjorZu ds foijhrizHkkoksa ls Ñf"k dks cpk;k tk ldssAlUnHkZ lwph %1- Fkkik] ik:y y{eh ¼2015½ % tyok;q ifjorZu

vkSj Ñf"k ladV % Ñf"k&ikfjfLFkfrdh ,dmik;] izdk'kd % Qksdl vkWu n XykscylkmFk] ubZ fnYyhA

2- f}osnh] ftrsUnz ¼2014½ % tyok;q ifjorZudk Ñf"k ij izHkko] dq#{ks=] o"kZ 60] ekfldvad08] i"B 32 ls 35A

3- iLlh] lUrks"k tSu ,oa tSu] vkdka{kk ¼2014½% cktjk] iks"kd rRoksa ls Hkjiwj tks xsagw¡ vkSjpkoy dk dj ldrk gS eqdkcyk] i=lwpuk dk;kZy; Hkkjr ljdkjA

4- e/kqlwnu] xtsUnz flag ¼2016½ % tekuk tSfod[ksrh dk] dq#{ks=] o"kZ 62] ekfld vad 05]i"B 24 ls 30A

5- LokehukFku] ,e-,l- ¼2015½ % tyok;qifjorZu ,oa laiks"k.kh; Ñf"k] ;kstuk] o"kZ59] ekfld vad 12] i"B 13 ls 15A

6- ht t p : / / www. go o g le . co . in/ amp/iashindi.com/climate-change-effect-on-food-and-nutrition/amp/tyok;q ifjorZudk [kk| vkSj iks"k.k ij izHkko

7- http://bharatdiscovery.org/india/cktjk8- http://modi-fygovernance.blogspot.in/

2015/04/blog-post.html?m=1tyok;qifjorZu vkSj Hkkjrh; Ñf"k leL;k vkSjfuokj.k

9- http://www.newslive24x7.com/mandua-himalayan-millets/igkM+h vuktksa dk jktkeM+qok

10- http://arganikbhagyoday.blogspot.in/2010/10/blog-post.html?m=1dks.kh dhvkxZfud tSfod mUur [ksrh*****



lwpuk lapkj ,oa rduhd ds u;s vk;ke

*pUnz'k s[kj pkS/kjh

vkt ifjorZu ds nkSj eas ftl izdkjlapkj ek/;e vke vkneh dks izHkkfor dj jgs gSas]mlds pyrs O;fDr dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd rFkkjktuhfrd izkFkfedrkvksa dk dSuokl cny x;kgSA lapkj ØkfUr ds ifj.kkeksa ls nqfu;k dh nwjhfleVrs&fleVrs vc bruh de gks x;h gS fdlSdM+ksa fdyksehVj dh nwjh Hkh vc gekjs djhcgSA rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ge fdlh Hkh oDr lapkjmidj.kksa ds ek/;e ls lEcU/k LFkkfir dj ldrsgSA lkekU; thou vkSj O;ogkfjd nf"Vdks.k lslapkj ØkfUr dk ;g igyw lekt ds fodkl dsfy, 'kqHk ladsr gSA lapkj ØkfUr ds bl nkSj esaKku vkSj euksjatu ds u;s f{kfrt [kqysa gS] oghalkekftd vkSj lkaLdfrd thou esa vilaLdfrdk Hkh izlkj gks jgk gSA ;g lR; gS fd gekjsns'k esa lapkj usVodZ fo'o ds dqN fxus pqusfodflr vkSj fo'kky usVodkZsa esa ls ,d gS fdUrqlapkj ek/;eksa ds foLQksVd izpkj izlkj ds dkj.k,d rjQ ltukRed lkfgR; vkSj dykvksa dhvfHkO;fDr ds ijEijkxr ek/;eksa ds le{k u;hpqukSfr;kW mRiUu gqqbZ gS rks nwljh rjQ lkaLdfrdiznw"k.k dk Hkh [krjk eglwl fd;k tk jgk gSAtgkW rd laLdfr dk iz'u gS] laLdfr euq"; dkog leLr lpsru vkSj lkewfgd fØ;k&dyki gS

tks mls izdfr dh vpsru O;oLFkk ij lksns';LFkkfir djus dh {kerk iznku djrk gSA

vk/kqfud lapkj lk/kuksa ds vpkud vfrfodkl ls ekuo leqnk; ds fy, lkekftdifjorZu ds }kj [kqy x, gSA lwpuk vkSj euksjatuds lk/ku lglk cgqr c<+ x, gSa] vkSj muds }kjkegRoiw.kZ lkaLd`frd ,oa lkekftd ifjorZuizksRlkfgr gksus yxsA bl fodkl ds lkFk vusdizdkj dh uohure rduhdksa dk Hkh fodkl gqvkAtulapkj esa fodkl ds vusd vuqdwy izHkko gksjgs gS] ijUrq budh vH;qUufr bruh egRoiw.kZ gSfd mldk lHkh igyqvksa ls xgjkbZ ds lkFk v/;;u fd;k tkuk pkfg,A fodkl'khy gh ughafodflr ns'kksa esa Hkh dsoy jktuSfrd fu.kZ;ksavFkok lk/kuksa dh orZeku miyC/krk ij budkHkkoh fodkl vkSj mldk Lo:i ugha NksM+k tkldrkA bl izdkj 'kks/k ls gh fu/kkZfjr gksukpkfg, fd tulapkj lk/kukas dks Hkfo"; esa D;k:i ,oa fdruk izlkn iznku fd;k tk,xkA

vk/kqfud lapkj ek/;eksa ij dqN egRoiw.kZlaLFkkvkas ds jk"Vªh; vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij,dkf/kdkj gksus ds dkj.k buds Åij eaMjk jgs[krjksa dks fcYdqqy fujk/kkj ugha ekuk tk ldrkA;gh otg gS fd vusd lkfgR; vkSj dyk ikjf[k;ksa

*'kk s/k Nk=] lekt'kkL=iwok aZpy fo'ofo|ky;] tkSuiqj

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us lapkj ØkfUr dks ns'k dh laLdfr ij geykdgk gS D;ksafd lkfgR; vkSj dyk dks lkekftdpsruk vkSj ekuoh; dyk dk lEokgd dgk tkrkgSA blfy, lkfgR; vkSj dyk dh ijEijkxrvfHkO;fDr okys ek/;eksa esa muds ewy :i vkSjmn~ns';ksa dh j{kk dgkW rd gksrh gS] ;s lokyvk;s fnu vHkjrs jgrs gS] otg ;g gS fd orZekuifjos'k esa vk;kfrr lapkj izkS|ksfxdh ds le{klkfgR; vkSj dyk ,d laosnu'khy jpukRedvfHkO;fDr u gksdj dsoy dPps eky ds :i esaiz;qDr gksus yxk gSA ;gkW ij lkekftd psrukvkSj ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh izkFkfedrk ihNs jg tkrhgSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ltukRed dykvksa dslEizs"k.k ds lUnHkZ esa lapkj izkS|ksfxdh ls vusdizdkj dh pqukSfr;kW lkeus vk;h gSA gkykfd ;g;FkkFkZ gS fd Hkys gh fdlh le; lkfgR; vkSj

dyk dh jpuk LokUr% lq[kk; ds fy, dh tkrhjgh gks] ijUrq jpuk vkSj jpukdkj dh lkekftdizfrc)rk dks orZeku le; esa vuns[kk ughafd;k tk ldrkA

lanHkZ xzUFk1- lekt dY;k.k& dsUnzh; lekt dY;k.k cksMZ]

dh ekfld if=dk&twu 1998 i"B 262- y{esUnz pksiM+k & tulapkj dk lekt'kkL=]

i"B 60 vk/kkj izdk'ku gfj;k.kkA3- oS'ohdj.k vkSj lekt] MkW0 jfo izdk'k ik.Ms;]

'ks[kj izdk'ku bykgkckn i"B 2604- fgUnw laLd`fr vad dY;k.k if=dk] i`"B

la[;k&415- MkW0 lq/khj lksuh & ledkyhu Hkkjr ,oa

tulapkj ek/;e] i"B la[;k 103] ;wuhoflZVhifCyds'ku t;iqjA

*****

lwpuk lapkj ,oa rduhd ds u;s vk;ke


Þxzkeh.k fodkl ,oa jkstxkj esa lwpuk lapkj dk ;ksxnkuß

*nhi ekyk flag]

**Mk0 ,fol fpUrke.kh]

çLrkouk%

vk/kqfud ;qx esa xkaoksa dh cnyrh rLohjdks ns[kdj lwpuk lapkj rduhdh ds fodkl ,oaegRo dk vanktk yxk;k tk ldrk gSA lapkjØkfUr ds fodkl us xzkeh.kksa ds thou dks dkQhgn rd ljy ,oa lq[ke; cuk fn;k gSA orZekule; esa yxHkx ?kj&?kj esa eksckby ,oa Vsyhfotuvke ckr gks x;h gS] ftlls xzkeh.kksa dh lkekftd,oa vkfFkZd fodkl dh >yd Li’V :i lsfn[kkbZ nsrh gSA

Hkkjr ljdkj us xkaoksa vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=ksads thou Lrj esa lq/kkj ykus ds mn~ns”; ls dbZdk;ZØe “kq: fd;s gSaA ljdkj us o’kZ 2005 esacqfu;knh xzkeh.k <akps ds fuekZ.k ds fy;s le;c)O;kikj ;kstuk dk;ZØe Hkkjr fuekZ.k dh “kq:vkrdh gSA blds vUrjxr tyiwrhZ] vkokl] lM+d]fo|qrhdj.k] nwjlapkj vkSj lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh ,oaflapkbZ ds {ks= esa dk;Z&;kstuk çLrkfor gSAgekjs ns”k ds fo”kky vkdkj vkSj fofo/krk dkns[krs gq, nwjLFk {ks=ksa rd “kklu dh iagqp lqfuf”prdjuk vkSj mls LFkkuh; Lrj ij vFkZiw.kZ oçklafxd cukuk ,d cM+h pqukSrh gS ftls iwjkdjus ds fy, yksdrkaf=d vaxksa ds lkFk gekjhiqjkuh laLFkkvksa dks “kkfey dj orZeku ç”kklfud

O;oLFkk dks fodflr fd;k gSA bl pqukSrh dksvklku cukus ds fy;s ebZ 2004 esa ns”k ds iapk;rhjktlaLFkkvksa ds l”kfDrdj.k ds fy;s ,d uksMy,tsalh ds rkSj ij iapk;rhjkt ea=ky; cuk;kx;kA

Tkkudkjh dk mi;ksx djds lapkjçkS|ksfxdh us bl pqukSrh dks vkSj Hkh ljy cukfn;kA vr% fuEufyf[kr {ks=ksa esa lapkj ek/;eksa lslwpuk,a vFkok tkudkjh çnku dh tkrh gS ftldkykHk xzkeh.k leqnk; ,oa jkstxkj ds fy, bPNqdO;fDr mBk jgs gSaA bZ&”kklu esa df’k] vkuykbuHkwvfHkys[k] bZ&iapk;rsa] lwpuk dk vf/kdkj] jkf’Vª;bZ&”kklu ;kstuk] jkf’Vª; iksVZy ds vUrZxr%&lwpukços”k }kj] f”k{kk ds {ks= esa dSfj;j] dsfUnz; “kkluesa vU; ukSdfj;ka] deZpkjh p;u] jkT; ljdkjds lkFk jkstxkj ds volj vkfn dbZ lsokvksa dhtkudkjh nh tkrh gSA

vr% Li’V gS fd lwpuk lapkj ek/;e dsçHkko ls f”k{kk ,oa xzkeh.k fodkl ds lkFk&lkFkjkstxkj ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa ds Kku dk Hkh fodklgqvk gS ftldk ykHk efgykvksa dks vf/kd gqvkgSA vr,o lwpuk lapkj ,d tkudkjh çnkudjus dk lcls ljy ,oa loksZÙke ek/;e gSftlds }kjk de ls de le; esa vf/kd ls

*”kks| Nk=k ¼f”k{kk “kkL=½] **lgk;d çk/;kfidk]]

fMikZVesUV vkWQ Vhpj ,stqds”ku] f”k;kV~l] MhEM ;wfuoflZVh] bykgkckn

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vf/kd tula[;k okys {ks=ksa esa Hkh lgh tkudkjhçnku dh tk ldrh gSA igys efgykvksa esa çfrHkkgksus ds ckotwn Hkh os vius fy, lgh {ks=ksa dkpquko djus esa v{ke Fkh ysfdu lwpuk lapkj dsek/;e ls os viuh çfrHkk ,oa xq.kksa ds vuqlkjmfpr O;olk;] y?kq m|ksx vFkok f”k{kk dk p;udj vius vkdka{kkvksa dks lQy cuk ldrh gSaAlwpuk lapkj ds ek/;e ls vUrZjk’Vªh; cktkj dslkFk gh lkFk ?kjsyw cktkj esa çfr;ksxh Qk;nsmiyC/k djkrk gSA bruk gh ugh ;g vUrZjk’Vªh;lkekftd lajpuk dks ifjofrZr djus dh {kerkj[krk gSA

vr% Hkkjr ljdkj ds fofHkUu laxBuksa}kjk nh tk jgh lsokvksa vkSj lwpukvksa dh tkudkjh,d gh LFkku ij miyC/k djkus ds mn~ns”; lsHkkjrh; iksVZy ¼www.india.gov.in½ dk fodklfd;k x;k gSA bl iksVZy esa miyC/k lkexzhdsUnz@jkT;@ ftykLrj ij fofHkUu ljdkjhea=ky;ksa vkSj foHkkxksa ds feys tqys ç;kl dkifj.kke gSA ;g iksVZy jkf’Vª; bZ&”kklu ;kstukds vUrZxr fe”ku eksM ifj;kstuk gSA bldsvUrZxr fuEufyf[kr {ks=ksa esa fofHkUu lwpuk,a çnkudh tkrh gSaA vUrZjk’Vªh; Je laxBu] jkstxkjfuns”kky;] jkf’Vª; jkstxkj lsok] dSfj;j ds volj]Lojkstxkj laoZ/ku] O;kolkf;d ekxZn”kZu ,oajkstxkj ijke”kZ vkfnA

ljdkj j{kk] fpfdRlk] f”k{kk vkfn tSlsfofo/k O;olkf;d {ks=ksa esa lHkh O;fDr;ksa dksleku volj çnku djrh gSA ukSdjh pkgus okyksadks muds dSfj;j esa lgh fodYi dk p;u djusesa lgk;rk ds fy;s jkf’Vª; iksVZy ij fofo/k

çfr;ksxh ifj{kkvksa vkSj inksa ds lEcU/k esa foLrrtkudkjh miyC/k djk;h x;h gSA mi;qDr ukSdjhikus ds fy, jkstxkj ds fofHkUu voljksa dhtkudkjh çkIr djuk vko”;d gS] bl mn~ns”;ds fy;s lwpuk ,oa çlkj.k ea=ky; rFkk Hkkjrljdkj ds çdk”ku foHkkx }kjk ,d lkIrkfgdjkstxkj lekpkj vaxzsth] fgUnh] mnwZ Hkk’kkvksa esaçdkf”kr fd;k tkrk gSA ukSdjh ds bPNqd jkstxkjlekpkj esa çf”kf{kr fofHkUu O;olkf;d {ks=ksatSls&bathfu;fjax] esfMdy ,oa ehfM;k vkfn lslacf/kr ys[kksa ds ek/;e ls viuh ilan ds dSfj;jds ckjs esa foLrr tkudkjh bdV~Bk dj ldrs gSaAHkkjr] phu ds ckn fo”o dk nwljk lokZf/kdvkcknh okyk ns”k gS 44 djksM+ ls Hkh vf/kdLukrdks dh vikj la[;k rFkk rsth ls fodflrgksrh vFkZ O;oLFkk ds pyrs dke ds voljksa dhvko”;Drk esa vR;f/kd of) gqbZ gSA ljdkjvkiwfrZ ds chp csgrj rky esy fcBkus dk gjlEHko ç;kl dj jgh gSA la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx¼;w-ih-,l-lh-½ vkSj deZpkjh p;u vk;ksx ¼,l-,l-lh-½ fofHkUu lsokvksa ,oa inksa ij HkrhZ ds fy,çfr;ksxh ijh{kk,a vk;ksftr djrs gSa ftudhtkudkjh lwpuk lapkj ds ek/;e ls ykHkkfFkZ;ksard iagqprh gSA

xzkeh.k fodkl esa bZ&”kklu d`f’k%

jkT; vkSj dsUnz ljdkjksa }kjk ns”k esadf’k ds {ks=ksa esa vkus okyh pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeukdjus ds fy, fofHkUu igysa dh x;h gSaA df’k dksmÙke ,oa etcwr cukus ds fy, ljdkj }kjkfofo/k çdkj ds ç;kl tkjh gSa vkSj ;s ç;kl iwjsns”k esa tkjh gSaA bl lEcU/k esa iapk;r Lrj rdvkWuykbu lsok;sa O;kIr gSaA



df’k {ks= esa bZ&”kklu dh çeq[k igysa&

jkf’Vª; df’k fodkl ;kstuk,a] ljdkjhdk;ZØeksa vkSj ;kstukvksa dh fdlkuksa ds fy;stkudkjh] df’k _.k] df’k foKkiu] lw[kk çca/ku]cht] fdlku dkWy lsVj] df’k tux.kuk] ckxouhfodkl] dhVuk”kdksa dk iathdj.k] ,dhdr iks’kdrRo çca/ku] funsZ”kky;ksa vkSj QhYM ;wfuV dhusVoZfdax] o’kZ vk/kkfjr df’k ç.kkyh vkfn lEca/khegRoiw.kZ tkudkjh vkfn fdlkuksa dks çkIr djk;htkrh gSA df’k dh uohure mRikndksa dh iw.kZtkudkjh ,oa ns[kHkky lEcU/kh lwpuk,a ljdkj}kjk vkuykbu nh tkrh gaSA

ljdkjh vkuykbu lsok,a% bl vuqHkods vUrZxr dsUnz jkT; ,oa la/k”kkflr ljdkjksa}kjk çnku dh tkus okyh vkuykbu lsokvksa dkfooj.k fn;k x;k gSA bl vuqHkkx esa fn;s x;sfooj.kksa dh enn ls vki ljdkj }kjk nh tkusokyh vkuykbu lsokvksa dk ykHkk mBk ldrs gSa]blds fy, ljdkj dk;kZy;ksa esa tkus dh vko”;Drkugh gSA be ikliksVZ] vk/kkj i=d] LFkk;h ys[ki=d ¼iSu dkMZ½ cuokus] jsy vkj{k.k ,oa vU;dbZ lsokvksa dk ykHk vkuykbu çkIr dj ldrsgSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ%

ljdkj }kjk pyk;h tk jgh xzkeh.k fodkl;kstukvksa dh lQyrk dh fLFkrh lEcU/khtkudkjh çkIr djukA

xzkeh.k fodkl gsrq lapkfyr fofHkUu;kstukvksa ds vuqlkj lqfo/kkvksa lEcU/khtkudkjhA

flapkbZ lEcU/kh uohure fof/k;ksa ,oa midj.kksadh tkudkjhA

ç/kkuea=h jk’Vªh; jkgr dks’k esa fn;s x;s;ksxnku dh tkudkjhA

cSadksa esa ljdkj }kjk nh tk jgh _.klqfo/kkvksa dh tkudkjhA

fodykaxksa ds fy, fo”ks’k jkstxkj lEcU/khlwpuk,aA

fofHkUu ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa ,oa muds dk;ZlEcU/kh lwpuk,a] vkfnA

bl çdkj xkoksa ds Lrj ij VsyhQksUl]VsyhfçUVj] vkfM;ks vkSj fofM;ks dSlsV~l] [ksrçdk”ku vkfn ds ek/;e ls fof”k’V Qly] feV~VhekSle vkfn dh tkudkjh Cykd Lrj ij nh tkrhgS] bl çdkj xzkeh.k Lrj ij lwpuk lapkj ek/;ecgqr gh mi;ksxh fl) gks jgk gSA

bl çdkj ls Hkkjr esa lwpuk lapkj Hkkjrdks Åaps f”k[kj ij iagqpk fn;k gS rFkk Hkkjr dhxzkeh.k fodkl lEcU/kh fparkvksa dks nwj djus esa,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgk gSA Hkkjrh; iksVZyus baMksusf”k;k dks xzkeh.k mRFkku dk ,d Li’Vmnkgj.k ekuk gSA bl iksVZy us lkfcr dj fn;kgS fd lwpuk lapkj ek/;e fdlh Hkh {ks= dsHkkSxksfyd] lkekftd vFkZO;oLFkk ,oa tula[;kds oxhZdj.k rFkk df’k] LokLF; iks’k.k ,oa f”k{kklEcU/kh vf/kd ls vf/kd tkudkjh çnku djusdh {kerk j[krk gSA

fu’d’k Z

lwpuk lapkj ek/;e dk xkzeh.k fodkl,oa jkstxkj lEcU/kh {ks=ksa esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gS]bl ckr ls bUdkj ugh fd;k tk ldrk gS ysfdubUgh ek/;eksa dk nq:i;ksx Hkh fd;k tk jgk gSAvkt “kgjks esa baVjusV ls cPpksa ls ysdj cw<+ksa rd

39

dksbZ vufHkK ughA baVjusV }kjk gks jgs vijk/klekt esa ;qokvksa ds eu&efLr’d dks xUnk djjgs gSaA bl dkj.k ljdkj us baVjusV lsok çnkrkvksads }kjk v”yhy osclkbV~l ij çfrcU/k yxkrsgq, 31 tqykbZ dks 857 v”yhy osc lkbVl dkscan djk fn;kA blds ckn nwj lapkj ea=ky; usblesa lalks/ku djrs gq;s lsok çnkrkvksa dks vkns”kfn;k dh dsoy pkbYM iksuksZxzkQh okyh osclkbV~lCykWd djsaA

lq>ko %

esjs fopkj ls vkt ds bl fodkl dhvksj c<+rs gq, xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa lcls T;knkt:jr f”k{kk dh vfuok;Zrk rFkk bu tkudkfj;ksadks crkus ,oa baVjusV ds lgh Kku dh eq[;vko”;Drk gSA vU;Fkk ;g bZ&Hkkjr dh ;kstukdke;kc gksus esa o’kksZ yx tk;saxsA lkFk gh blc<+rs dEI;wVj ;qx esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa ,oa Lo;a ij vf/kd /;ku nsus dh vko”;Drk gSA baVjusV dknq:I;ksx djus ls cpsa ,oa vius cPpksa dks uSfrdewY;ks dh vksj mUeq[k djk;sa rFkk Vsyhfotu ,oaLekVZ eksckby Qksu rFkk baVjusV dk ç;ksx djrs

le; mudk mfpr ekxZ n”kZu djuk pkfg, rFkkmudks ;ksxk ,oa [ksydwn vkfn dh vksj c<+us dsfy, çsfjr djuk pkfg,A baVjusV dk mi;ksxxyr dk;ksZ dks djus ds ctk; nwljks dh lgk;rkdjus ds fy, djsa rHkh ,d LoLFk ,oa lqpfj=lekt ,oa mTtoy Hkkjr dk fuekZ.k gks ldrk gSvkSj ge dg ldsxas dh lwpuk lapkj ek/;eksa usiw.kZ :i ls gekjs ns”k ,oa lekt dks okLro esalq[ke; cuk fn;k gSA

lanHkZ xzUFk lwfp Rama Rao, T.P. : Center for Electronic

Governance, India institute ofmanagement, Ahemdabad. Page 6

Kumar Abhay and sigh K.M. : ICARresearch complex for eastern region,Patna page 2

nSfud tkxj.k 6 vxLr 2015 i’B la- 17 2Dayal Manoj: information Technology-

Need of the Hour Rural development,page 81

Indian National Portal :www.india.gov.in

*****



xzkeh.k fodkl esa vkokl ;kstukvksa dh igy

*ftrs”k dqekj ;kno

Lora=rk ds ckn xzkeh.k leqnk; dkv/;;u lkekftd&vkfFkZd n`f’V ls vf/kdegRoiw.kZ gks x;kA ifj.kkeLo#i fofHkUu fo}kuksaus le;≤ ij Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k leqnk; dsfodkl ds fofo/k i{kksa ds fo”ys’k.k dh Ja[kykizLrqr dhA xkaoksa dk fodkl ,d fuf”pr ;kstukds }kjk gks ldrk gSA

blhfy, Lora= Hkkjr esa iapo’khZ; ;kstukvksadk mís”; xzkeh.k leqnk; ds thou Lrj esalq/kkj ykus ds fy, rFkk muds lkekftd&vkfFkZdv/kksjpuk dks mUur djus dk jgkA izFke iapo’khZ;;kstuk esa gh ;g dgk x;k gS fd xkaoksa esa ,d,sls laxBu dh vkOk”;drk gS tks lEiw.kZ leqnk;dk izfrfuf/kRo djs rFkk mRrjnkf;Ro dk fuoZgudjsa vkSj mls xkao ds lalk/kuksa dk fodkl djusds fy, usr‘Ro iznku fd;k tk;A xka/kh th usdgk Fkk fd ;fn lcls fupys vFkkZr~ xzkeh.k Lrjls dk;Z “kq# djuk gksxk ;fn bldh fLFkfr [kjkcgksrh rks ckdh lc iz;kl fujFkZd fl) gksaxsA

Lok/khu Hkkjr esa yksdra= dks fupys Lrjrd igq¡pkus rFkk fodkl ;kstukvksa esa yksxksa dhlgHkkfxrk c<+kus ds fy, LFkkuh; Lok;Ùk”kklhlaLFkkvksa dks lafo/kku esa LFkku iznku fd;k x;kA

lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstuk rFkk jk’Vªh; izlkjlsok dk;ZØe dks ykxw fd;k x;k rFkk ;g vk”kkdh x;h fd blds xzkeh.k yksxksa dh lgHkfxrkc<+sxhA fdUrq bl dk;ZØe ls visf{kr ykHk izkIrugha gqvkA 1957 esa cyoUr jk; esgrk lfefr dslq>koksa ds ckn Hkkjr esa xzkeh.k fodkl dks ,du;k vk;ke nsus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k rFkkiapk;rhjkt iz.kkyh izkjEHk dh x;hA blds vUrxZrxzkeh.k fodkl ds dqN dk;ks± dh ftEesnkjh bulaLFkkvksa dks lkSaius dk fu.kZ; fy;k x;kA 73osalafo/kku la”kks/ku vf/kfu;e 1992 esa iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk dks ,d u;k vk;ke fn;k x;k rFkklafo/kku esa 11oha vuqlwph tksM+dj iapk;rksa dksxzkeh.k lok±xh.k fodkl ds fy, O;kidmRrjnkf;Ro iznku fd;k x;kA

fdlh Hkh dY;k.kdkjh rFkk turkaf=djkT; esa ;g vifjgk;Z gks tkrk gS fd fodkl;kstukvksa dh fu.kZ; izfØ;k esa vke yksxksa dhHkkxhnkjh gksA xzkeh.k fodkl ds dkSu ls dk;ZØecuk;s tk;s] mudh izkFkfedrk;sa D;k gksaxh] mldkLo#i D;k gksxk] fØ;kUo;u dSls gks vkfn rF;ksadk fu.kZ; LFkkuh; Lrj ij gksus pkfg,Aiapk;rhjkt laLFkk esa gh blds fy, ,d vfHkdj.k

*“kks/kNk=] vFkZ”kkL= foHkkx]egkRek xka/kh dk”kh fo|kihB] okjk.klhA

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dk dk;Z dj ldrh gSA D;ksafd bu laLFkkvksa dkleqnk; ds yksxksa ls lh/kk lEidZ jgrk gSAiapk;rh jkt dh uohu O;oLFkk esa xzkeh.k leqnk;ds lok±xh.k fodkl esa ;s laLFkk;sa dgk rdvkidh Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu dj jg gS rFkk xzkeh.kleqnk; ds fodkl ij bl O;oLFkk ds izHkkoksa dkv/;;u djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA

vkt ge ns[ksa rks ikrs gSa fd xkao esarqyukRed rkSj ij T;knk fodkl gqvk gSA [kkldjvk/kkjHkwr lajpuk ds ifjizs{; esa lcls igys 1991esa rRdkyhu iz/kkuea=h ih-oh- ujflEgk jko us iwoZiz/kkuea=h jktho xka/kh ds uD”ksdne ij pyrs gq,xzkeh.k fodkl ea=ky; dk ctV igys dh rqyukesa nqxqus ls T;knk fd;k FkkA iwjs vke ctV esaxzkeh.k fodkl dk uEcj j{kk vkSj jsy ds cknrhljs uEcj ij FkkA blds ihNs ujflEgjko dhlksp iwoZ iz/kkuea=h jktho xka/kh dh lksp dkQhfeyrh&tqyrh FkhA

xkSjryc gS fd jktho xka/kh us viusiz/kkueaf=rRo dky esa iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk dkslcls “kfDr”kkyh O;oLFkk cukus dh dksf”k”k dhFkh] ftuesa os ,d gn rd lQy Hkh jgsA efgykvksadks iapk;rksa esa roTtks nsdj iw.kZ l”kDr cukusdh fn”kk esa jktho xka/kh dk ;ksxnku ,sfrgkflddgk tk ldrk gSA xzkeh.k vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk dsØe esa gesa xzkeh.k fodkl ls tqM+s dbZ elyksa dsckjs esa ns”k ds dksus&dksus ls larks’ktud ifj.kkens[kus dks feys gSa vkSj fey jgs gSaA

lcls igys 2003&04 esa bf.M;k “kkbfuax*ds ukjs ds rgr rRdkyhu ,uMh, ljdkj us xkaoksadks etcwr djus dh izfØ;k ij /;ku Qksdl

fd;k FkkA ckn esa dkaxzsl ds usrRo xBcU/ku dhlizax ljdkj us Hkkjr fuekZ.k* ds uke ls ,d u;svfHk;ku dh “kq#vkr dhA ml vfHk;ku esa ns”k dsxkoksa dks lHkh izdkj dh etcwrh iznku dh tkuhFkhA ml uhfr ds rgr ikuh] fctyh] lM+d]lapkj] LokLF;] flapkbZ tSlh lqfo/kk,a izkFkfedrkds vk/kkj ij lHkh xkaoksa dks nh tkuh FkhA ;q)Lrj ij mu fodkl ds u;s QkewZyksa ij dke “kq#fd;k x;kA ljdkj ds fofHkUu dsUæh; ea=ky;ksaesa xzkeh.k fodkl] ÅtkZ] LokLF;] lapkj] lM+difjogu dh fofHkUu tuksi;kxh ;kstukvksa dksfeykdj mls u;k uke fn;k x;k ^Hkkjr fuekZ.k*vkSj fodkl dh xkM+h py iM+hA

fiNys 10 lkyksa esa lHkh {ks=ksa esa dkQhxfr ls dke gqvk gSA oSls gj {ks= esa fodkl rksfn[k jgk gS vkSj ftl mRlkg vkSj ifj.kke dhvis{kk Fkh] og ns[kus dks fey jgk gSA visf{krifj.kke ugha feyus dh ,d eq[; otg leUo;dk vHkko crk;k tk jgk gS] D;ksafd bu lHkhdk;ks± esa dqy ikap ea=ky;ksa ds dk;ks± dk egklaxegSA bl laxe esa reke dksf”k”kksa ds ckotwn dghau dgha mfpr rkyesy ugha gks ikrk gSA ogha lsdk;ks± esa ck/kk mRiUu gksuh “kq# gks tkrh gSA blHkkjr fuekZ.k dk;ZØe dk eq[; la;kstd xzkeh.kfodkl ea=ky; gS] ysfdu tks Hkh ;kstuk;sa gSamldk ys[kk&tks[kk rks lEcfU/kr ea=ky;ksa dsfgLls esa gh tkrk gSA ml fcUnq ij vkdj mRlkgdh ygj esa ,d /kheh xfr lh vk tkrh gSA rekeelyksa ds ckotwn ns”k ds xkaoksa esa vk/kkjHkwrlajpuk ds rgr csgrj dk;Z gq, gSa tks fn[k Hkhjgs gSaA



xkaoksa esa vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk eqgS;k djok;stkus ds miØeksa ds rgr dsUæ ljdkj us nwljspj.k esa 2009 esa 38484 xkaoksa esa lMd fuekZ.k dkizLrko j[kk Fkk] blesa izR;sd xkao dh vkcknh dels de 1000 vkSj mlls Åij dh gksuh t#jhFkhA blds ckn igkM+h vkSj vkfnoklh {ks= izkFkfedrkdh lwph esa FksA lM+d fuekZ.k ds Øe esa 146185fdyksehVj dh lM+d cukus dk y{; Fkk ftlesals 70 izfr”kr ls T;knk ij dk;Z gks pqdk gSA “ks’kdk;ks± ds fy, r; Q.M lEcf/kr foHkkxksa dks fn;ktk pqdk gSA

xkaoksa dks cktkj ls tksM+us dh izfØ;k esaiwjs ns”k esa 194132 fdyksehVj lM+d dks igys lsT;knk vPNk vkSj mUur fd;s tkus dk Hkh izLrkoFkkA ml ij Hkh dk;Z tkjh gSA bu lHkh dk;ks± esayxHkx 48 gtkj djksM+ #i;s [kpZ fd;s tkus dkizko/kku FkkA bl dk;Z esa ;g lqfuf”pr fd;kx;k Fkk fd tks Hkh lM+d cukbZ tk;] oks fo”o&Lrjdh DokfyVh dh gksA lM+d fuekZ.k ds rgr2007&08 esa gh flQZ “kks/k] v/;;u vkSj fodklds fy, djhc 6 djksM+ #i;s dk izko/kku j[kkx;k FkkA lM+d fuekZ.k ds rgr t#jr dseqrkfcd LFkku ds vuqlkj cM+s vkSj NksVs iqyksa dkfuekZ.k Hkh bl vfHk;ku esa “kkfey fd;k x;k FkkA

lM+d ds ckn vkokl dks izkFkfedrk esaj[kk x;k FkkA vkokl ds fy, xzkeh.k fodklea=ky; ds vykok ,d u;s eaky; vkokl vkSjxjhch mi”keu ea=ky; us Hkh bl fn”kk esa viuk;ksxnku fn;k gSA

xzkeh.k fodkl ea=ky; bfUnjk vkokl;kstuk ds rgr 1985&86 ls gh bl {ks= esa

lfØ; jgk gS] ysfdu mlesa fiNys 10 o’kks± esa nqzrxfr ls dk;Z gqvk gS] tks lcds lkeus gSaA bl;kstuk esa xjhc yksxksa dks iDdk edku cukus dsfy, ljdkjh lgk;rk iznku dh tkrh gSA bl;kstuk esa igys dbZ rjg ds izfrcU/k Fks] ij vc;s lHkh mu xzkeh.kksa ds fy, gS] tks okLro esat#jrean gSaA blesa xjhch js[kk ls uhps vkSjvYila[;d oxks± ds fy, fo”ks’k izko/kku gSA bldk;ZØe ds vUrxZr dsUæ vkSj jkT;ksa dh Hkkxhnkjhdh Hkh O;oLFkk gSA dsUæ dh rjQ ls 75 izfr”krjkf”k nh tkrh gS rks jkT;ksa dks vius Lrj ij 25izfr”kr dk ;ksxnku vko”;d gksrk gSA ysfduns[kus eas ;s vk;k fd jkT;ksa ds Lrj ij mudk;ZØeksa esa vklkuh ls ;ksxnku ugha fn;k tkrk]ftlls oSls dk;Z cqjh rjg ls izHkkfor gksrs gSaAmyVs lEcfU/kr jkT; fodkl u gksus dk vkjksidsUæ ij tM+ nsrs gSa] blls ;kstuk,a rks izHkkforgkrh gSa] lkFk esa ,d jktuhfrd eqík cuus ls vkevkneh dks mu fodkl dk;ks± dk ykHk ugha feyikrkA

vkokl ds vykok xkaoksa es /kwezjfgr pwYgkvkSj LoPN “kkSpky;ksa ds fuekZ.k dks Hkh ljdkj usviuh dk;Zlwph esa j[kk Fkk] ftl ij vkt Hkhdk;Z tkjh gSA xkaoksa esa gj rjg ls LoPNrkdk;ZØe dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, dsUæh; xzkeh.kfodkl ea=ky; us ^fueZy xzke iqjLdkj* dh“kq#vkr dh Fkh] ftldk vkt dh rkjh[k esalarks’ktud ifj.kke ns[kus dks fey jgk gSA

miyC/k vkadM+ksa ds vk/kkj ij 2007&08esa xzkeh.k vkokl ds fy, dqy 4032270 djksM+#i;s vkoafVr fd;s x;s Fks tcfd 2008&09 esa

43

5645-77 djksM+ #i;s dk vkoaVu fd;k x;k Fkk]ftlesa yxHkx 22 yk[k vkokl cuk;s tkus dky{; Fkk ijUrq y{; ds eqrkfcd mu vkoklksa dkfuekZ.k ugha gks ldk FkkA

gekjs xkaoksa esa igys dh rqyuk esa flapkbZO;oLFkk esa lq/kkj gqvk gSA blls gekjs df’kmRiknu esa Hkh [kklh of) ns[kus dks fey jgh gSA

ljdkjh vkadM+ksa ds eísutj 2005 ls2009 rd ns”k esa dqy 42 yk[k gsDVs;j Hkwfe dksdf’k mRinku ds ifjizs{; esa iw.kZr;k flafpr djusdk y{; j[kk x;k FkkA blesa cM+h] e/;e vkSjy?kq rhuksa rjg dh flapkbZ ;kstuk,¡ “kkfey dhxbZ Fkha] ;g ,d vPNh [kcj dgh tk ldrh gSAbl Ldhe esa lHkh jkT;ksa dh mu flafpr Hkwfe dks“kkfey fd;k x;k Fkk] ftl ij mu ;kstukvksa ds“kq# gksus ds igys flapkbZ ls tqM+s [kkl dk;Z ughagks lds Fks] ftuesa egkjk’Vª] r/; izns”k] jktLFkku]fcgkj] NÙkhlx<+] xqtjkr] fgekpy izns”k]mÙkjk[k.M] vksfM”kk] if”pe caxky] dukVZd]vkU/kz izns”k] rfeyukMq tSls jkT; “kkfey gSaAmRrj&iwoZ ds jkT;ksa esa vle ,d ,slk jkT; gStgk¡ flapkbZ dks ysdj dbZ egRoiw.kZ dne mBk;sx;s gSaA

ns”k ds xkaoksa esa “kq) is;ty Hkh mu dk;ks±dh lwph esa “kkfey fd;k Fkk] ftlls gekjs xkaoksaesa ihus ;ksX; ikuh fey ldsA “kq) is;ty HkkjrfuekZ.k ds mu N% ?kVdksa esa ls ,d gS ftlds fcukge vius xkaoksa esa lqn<+ vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk dhmfpr dYiuk ugha dj ldrsA ikuh fcuk txlwuk dh dgkor dks nwj djus dh uh;r lsljdkj us xkao&xkao] ?kj&?kj esa “kq) is;ty

eqgS;k djkus dh ;kstukvksa ij vey fd;k] ftldsvk”kkrhr ifj.kke ns[kus dks fey jgs gSaA ty lsmRiUu gksus okyh chekfj;ksa ij vadq”k yxk gSA,d losZ ds vuqlkj 80 izfr”kr chekfj;ksa dkdkj.k “kq) is;ty dk vHkko crk;k tkrk gSA“kq) is;ty miyC/k djok, tkus dh eqfge dsrgr gh ty esa ik;s tkus okys vklsZfud vkSj¶yksjkbM tSls rRoksa ls NqVdkjk ikus ds fy, HkhdsUæ vkSj jkT; Lrj ij dbZ vfHk;ku pyk;s x;sgSa] ftlds gesa vPNs ifj.kke ns[kus dks fey jgsgS aA

,sls gh dk;ZØeksa dks c<+kok nsus ds fy,gh ,d u;k cgqpfpZr dk;ZØe ^Loty/kkjk* dh“kq#vkr dh xbZ Fkh] ftlls iwjs ns”k esa yk[kksa dhvkcknh dks ,d u;s vuqHko dk ,glkl gqvk FkkAbl dk;ZØe ds vUrxZr izR;sd xzke iapk;r esa5&5 yksxksa dks fo”ks’k izf”k{k.k Hkh fn;k x;k FkkAml izf”k{k.k ds rgr lHkh lEcfU/kr yksxksa dksis;ty dh DokfyVh dh mfpr tkap dh t#jhtkudkjh nh xbZ FkhA ,slk jk’Vªh; xzkeh.k is;tyxq.koÙkk ekWfuVfjax ,oa iqujh{k.k dk;ZØe ds cSujds vUnj fd;k x;k FkkA bl ;kstuk ij dsUæ usgj laHko enn nsus dh dksf”k”k dh FkhA

vc ge vius xkaoksa esa fctyh dh ckrdjrs gSaaA xzkeh.k fo|qrhdj.k dk;ZØe ds rgrdsUæh; ÅtkZ ea=ky; us 2005 esa jktho xka/khxzkeh.k fo|qrhdj.k ;kstuk ds uke ls bl ;kstukdh “kq#vkr dh FkhA ckn esa bls Hkkjr fuekZ.kdk;ZØe ls tksM+ fn;k x;k FkkA blls xkaoksa esay?kq m|ksxksa dks Hkh c<+kok nsus esa enn feyh gSAdsUæ Lrj ij nh tkus okyh bl enn eas jkT;



Lrj ij flQZ lg;ksx dh vis{kk gS] ijUrq dbZjkT; bl ekeys esa mnklhurk cjrus fn[k jgs gSatks fd ,d jk’Vªh; fpark vkSj fparu dh ckr gSA

bl fctyh O;oLFkk ls ns”k ds gtkjksaxkaoksa esa nwjlapkj] [kknh m|ksx] f”k{kk] LokLF;vkSj lwpuk rduhd tSls {ks=ksa esa {ks=ksa esa fodkldk;ks± dks enn fey jgh gSA bu ;kstukvksa lsxkaoksa esa igys dh rqyuk esa jkstxkj dk ltu gqvkgS vkSj gks jgk gSA mldk izHkko xkao ls “kgj dhvksj gks jgs iyk;u ij Hkh iM+k gSA o’kZ 2002&07esa nloha iapo’khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr 80 gtkjxkaoksa esa fctyh eqgS;k djokus dk y{; Fkk tks fd2011&12 esa ?kVdj ek= 18 gtkj xkao ckdh jgx;sA bls ge ,d cgqr cM+h miyfC/k dk uke nsldrs gSaA blds vykok xSj&ikjEifjd lzksrksa lsizkIr ÅtkZ ls Hkh xkaoksa esa fctyh eqgS;k djk;h tkjgh gS] ftls ge eq[; rkSj ij lkSj mtkZ ds ukels tkurs gSaA Hkkjr dh enn ls ns”k esa rks bl

elys ij dkQh dke gqvk gS ijUrq vÝhdk esanf{k.k vÝhdk] ekstkfEcd] cksRlokuk] ratkfu;ktSls ns”kksa Hkh lkSj ÅtkZ dk izpyu c<+k gS vkSjc<+ jgk gS ftlesa Hkkjr dh lfØ; Hkwfedk dksudkjk ugha tk ldrkA

lanHkZ %

1- Xyhu ,oa cs;j ¼1965½ gkmflax ,.M lkslkbVh]eSdfeyu da0 U;w;kdZ] i0 31-

2- ds-oh- ofxZl] gkmflax izkWCye bu bf.M;k];wjsdk ifCyds”kUl] ubZ fnYyh] i- 7-

3- jsfu-,Q- vkb gsjkYM ¼1960½] #jy gkmflaxbu bf.M;k] ubZ fnYyh-

4- i zfr;k sfxrk niZ.k] 2012&13] Hkkjrh;vFkZO;oLFkk-

5- dq#{ks=] ekpZ 2014] xzkeh.k {ks= vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk]i‘- 27&28-

6- dqekj] ch- ¼2003½] tukafddh] lkfgR; HkouifCyds”ku] vkxjk-

*****

45

xzkeh.k Hkkjr ds fodkl dh lEHkkouk,a

*f”ko iwtu izseh

Hkkjr ,d fodkl”khy] df’k iz/kku ,oaxzkeksa dk ns”k gSA o’kZ 2011 dh tux.kuk dsvuqlkj Hkkjr dh 68-84 izfr”kr tula[;k vktHkh xkWaoksa esa clrh gSA jk’Vªfirk egkRek xkWa/kh dkdFku gS fd ^^Hkkjr xkWaoks dk ns”k gS vkSj bldhvkRek xkWaoks esa clrh gS**A xzkeh.k Hkkjr ds fodkldk vk”k; nwljs xkWaoks dk lexz fodkl djuk]tgkWa yksxks dk csgrj vkfFkZd fodkl djuk “kkfeygSA ogh nwljh vksj cgr lkekftd dk;kdYidjuk Hkh gSA xzkeh.k Hkkjr ds fodkl “kCn esaxzkeh.k turk ds thou Lrj dks lq/kkjus dh nf’Vls lEiw.kZ xzkeh.k Hkkjr ds fodkl dh Hkkoukfufgr gSA vr% bls —f’k ,oa lEcU/k xfrfof/k;ksa]gLrf”kYi ,oa dqVhj m|ksx] lkekftd vkfFkZdvolajpuk] xzkeh.k ekuo lalk/ku] lkeqnkf;dlsokvksa ,oa lqfo/kkvksa vkfn dk fodkl gksuk “kkfeygSA xzkeh.k Hkkjr ds fodkl dk vkadyu vusdigyqvksa }kjk fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bu igyqvksa esals ,d volajpuk tSls lM++d] fctyh] flapkbZvkfn lqfo/kkvksa dk vkadyu djuk vko”;d gSrks nwljh vksj lkekftd lqfo/kkvksa tSls LokLF;]LoPN is;ty] f”k{kk dh fLFkfr dk vkadyu gksuk“kkfey gSA xzkeh.k Hkkjr ds le{k tks pqukSfr;kWafo|eku gS blesa xjhch] csjksxkjh vi;kZIr xzkeh.kvolajpuk rFkk lkekftd lsok,a ¼f”k{kk] is;ty]

efgyk ,oa cky fodkl½ dh deh vkfn izeq[k gSAifj.kkeLo:i xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds xkWao&”kgj dsvUrjky dks de djuk] [kk| lqj{kk iznku djuk]xjhch mUewyu dk;Zdzeksa dks izHkkoh #i ls fØ;kUoudjuk “kkfey gSA D;kasfd xzkeh.k fodkl ea=ky;dh igyh izkFkfedrk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa dk loZaxh.kfodkl djuk gSA

vkfFkZd leh{kk ds vkWadM+ksa ls irk pyrkgS fd tgkWa o’kZ 1950&51 esa ldy ns”kh; mRiknuesa xzkeh.k {ks= dk Hkkx 56-5 FkkA ogh 2011&12 esa;g ?kVdj 13-9 izfr”kr gh jg x;kA bldsokotwn Hkh xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds fodkl dh lEHkkoukvksadh izHkkoh mifLFkfr cuh gqbZ gSA

xzkeh.k Hkkjr ds fy, ctV&

dk;Z pkgs tks Hkh gks ml dk;Z dks djusds fy, ctV dh vko”;drk gksrh gZSA vr% blckr dks nf’Vxr j[krs gq, o’kZ 2015 esa dsUnzljdkj us ctV esa xzkeh.k Hkkjr ds fodkl ijtksj fn;k gSA blesa jk’Vªh; vkftfodk fe”ku¼xzkeh.k ,oa “kgjh½ ds fy, 2505 djksM+ #i;svkoafVr fd;s x;s gSA blesa ls 210-5 djksM+ #i;smRrjiwoZ ,oa flfDde ds fy, fu/kZfjr fd;s x;sgSA ,d gtkj pkyhl djksM+ #i;s National

ISSN No. - 2319-2755IJSSL : JIF- 3.630

“kks/k Nk= lekt dk;Z foHkkx] egkRek xkW a/kh dk”kh fo|kihB] okjk.klh


Institute of Rural Devolupment, The Councilfor advansment of peopules action and RuralTechnology Management Sports Ruraldevolupment programe oh ih ,y losZ xzkeh.km|ferk dk;Zdze ds fy, fu/kkZfjr fd;s x;s gSAfoRrea=h us crk;k fd bl vfHk;ku ds rgr 50yk[k “kkSpky;ksa dk fuekZ.k gks pqdk gSA ogh veregksRlo ds rgr 2020 rd 20 gtkj xkWaoksa dkfo|qrhdj.k dk y{; j[kk x;k gSA lM+d ekxZ lstks cfLr;kWa ugh tqM ik;h Fkh mldks y{;cukdj tksM+us dk dk;Z fd;k x;k gSA bldsrgr ,d yk[k fdyksehVj lM+dksa dk fuekZ.kfd;k tk;sxkA blh ds rgr izR;sd xkWaoksa esafpfdRlk lsok ls tksM+us dh ckr dgh x;h gSAv/kkslajpuk fodkl ds fy, iz/kkuea=h xzke lM+d;kstuk ds rgr djhc 4000 gtkj djksM+ #i;sdk izko/kku fd;k x;k gSA eujsxk ds fy, 34gtkj djksM+ #i;s dh ,d yEch /kujkf”k dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gSA foRrea=h Jh v#.k tsVyh uso’kZ 2015&16 esa ukckMZ esa LFkkfir xzkeh.k lajpukfodkl dks’k dh xfrfof/k;ksa esa 25000 gtkjdjksM+ #i;s nh?kZ dkyhu xzkeh.k dtZ dks pqdkusds fy, 15 gtkj djksM+ #i;s dh O;oLFkk blctV esa dh x;h gSA

¼1½ xzkeh.k Hkkjr ,oa eujsxk&

iz/kkuea=h Jh ujsUnz eksnh ds ladsrksa dsckn foRrea=h us xzkeh.k fodkl ,oa eujsxk dhegRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dks le>rs gw, bl ij [kkl /;ku j[kk gSA ctV vkoaVu esa dVkSrh dh vkladkvksads chp ljdkj dk leFkZu vo”; feyk ,oavkoaVu esa dhlh izdkj dh dVkSrh ugh dh x;hA

cfYd iz/kkuea=h us ;g Hkh ?kks’k.kk dh gS fd ;fnlc dqN Bhd&Bkd jgk rks bl en es 5000gtkj djksM+ #i;s vkSj tksM+ fn;s tk;saxsA bldsfy, ljdkj ds 34]699 gtkj djksM+ dk izko/kkudjrs gq, ;g Hkh crk;k gS fd xzkeh.k fodkl esaeujsxk dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gS] ,oa bldsfodkl ds fy, vkSj vf/kd lEHkkoukvksa dh ryk”kdh tkuh pkfg,A vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fdxzkeh.k Hkkjr ds fodkl esa eujsxk dh egRoiw.kZHkwfedk gSA

¼2½ efgyk l”kfDrdj.k vkSj xzkeh.k Hkkjr&xzkeh.k Hkkjr ds fodkl esa efgykvksa dh egRoiw.kZHkwfedk jgh gSA uohu tux.kuk ds vuqlkj yxHkx69 izfr”kr tula[;k xkWaoksa esa fuokl djrh gSA121 djksM+ dh tula[;k okys Hkkjr ns”k esa 83-3djksM+ yksx xkWaoksa esa clrs gSA ftles yxHkx 45djksM+ efgyk, gSA ia- tokgj yky usg: ds “kCnksaesa ;fn vkidks fodkl djuk gS rks efgykvksa dkmRFkku djuk gksxkA efgyk dk fodkl gksus ijlekt dk fodkl gksxk rFkk lekt ls jkT; ,oajk’Vª dk fodkl gksxkA Hkkjr ds fodkl dk jkLrkefgyk l”kfDrdj.k ls gksdj xqtjrk gSA

;gkWa ij dqN ,sls m|ksxks dk mYys[kfd;k tk jgk gS ftlesa xzkeh.k Hkkjr ds fodklesa efgykvksa dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gksrk gS&1½

df’k m|ksx& Hkkjr ds djhc 5 Ykk[k xkWaoksa esans”k dh djhc 70 izfr”kr tula[;k fuokl djrhgSA blesa vk/kh tula[;k efgykvksa dh gSA ;sefgyk, —f’k ls lEcaf/kr dksbZ Hkh dk;Z gks iwjhf”kÌ~r ls ;ksxnku nsrs gq, viuh m|e”khyrk dk

47

ifjp; nsrh gSA fcuk efgykvksa ds df’k dk;Z dkslQyrk iwoZd djuk vlEHko gSA efgyk,a [ksr esatqrkbZ] cqvkbZ ,oa Qly dh e<kbZ ds ckn Qlydks cktkj rd igqWpkus esa ;ksxnku nsrh gSA vr%;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd efgykvksa ds ;ksxnkuds fcuk df’k dk;Z vlEHko gSA —f’k dk;Z dsfodkl dks djds gh xzkeh.k fodkl dh lEHkkoukvksadks c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA

¼2½ i”kqikyu&

jh<+ dh gM~Mh ds :Ik esa i”kqikyu m|ksxiq.kZ :i ls —f’k ij vk/kkfjr gS df’k dk iDdkeky bl m|ksx ds fy, dPps eky ds :i esami;qDr gkrk gSA efgykvksa dh vxz.kh lgHkkfxrkls gh i”kqikyu m|ksx fujarj viuk m|e cuk,gq, gSA i”kqvksa dh lqjf{kr ns[kHkky] ijofj”k]i”kqvksa dh lQkbZ] nq/k&ngh ?kh ds lkFk&lkFkxkscj ds d.Ms cukus esa m|e”khy efgykvksa dhegRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gSA i”kqikyu dks c<+kok nsdjds gh xzkeh.k fodkl dh lEHkkoukvksa dksryk”kk tk ldrk gSA

¼3½ y?kq ,oa dqVhj m|ksx & vkt ns”k Hkj esapy jgs y?kq ,oa dqVhj m|ksx esa efgykvksa dhlgHkkfxrk vR;f/kd c<+ x;h gSA bl le; ns”kesa y?kq ,oa dqVhj m|ksx ds {ks= esa efgyk bdkb;ksadh la[;k yxHkx 11 yk[k gSA efgyk l”kfDrdj.kdh nf’V ls efgyk,a vius jkstejkZ ds dk;ksZa d svfrfjDr vxjcRrh o chM+h] flykbZ d<+kbZ] dkyhutjh cqukbZ] dqEgkjh dk;Z ] ckWal dh Vksdjh vkfnds fuekZ.k esa Hkh yxh gSA blds vkykoka efgyk,vpkj ikiM+] uedhu ds fuekZ.k esa iw.kZ dkyhu

O;olk; esa yxh gSA vr% xzkeh.k fodkl dhlEHkkoukvksa dks vkSj vf/kd c<+kus ds fy, y?kq,pa dqVhj nm|ksx dks vkSj vf/kd c<+kus dhvko”;drk gSAvr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fdxzkeh.k fodkl esa efgykvksa dk l”kDr gksukvR;Ur vko”;d gSA

¼3½ nqX/k mRiknu ,oa xzkeh.k Hkkjr &

nq/k dks thounk;h is; dgk tkrk gSD;ksfd bles lHkh izdkj ds HkksT; inkFkZ ik;s tkrsgSaA lEHkor% bZlk iwoZ 6000&8000 esa euq’; usnq/kk: Ik”kqvksa dk ikyu iks’k.k “kq: fd;kA rkfdfu;fer :Ik ls mls nq/k fey ldsA xk;] HkSl]cdjh vkfn izeq[k nq/k: i”kq gSaA nqX/k mRiknu dkdk;Z vf/kdka”kr% y?kq o lhekar fdlku rFkkHkwfeghu Jfed djrs gSa blls lekt ds detksjoxksZa dks vkfFkZd lqj{kk feyrh gSA bl m|ksx dsfy, vkijs”ku ¶yM dh “kq:vkr 1970 esa dhx;hA 1945 esa xqtjkr ds [ksM+k ftys ds fdlkuksaus gM+rky dj nh bl gM+rky dks eksjkjth ns”kkbZ,oa ljnkj cYyHk HkkbZ iVsy dk leFkZu izkIr FkkbUgksus crk;k fd nqX/k mRiknu dh iwjh Ja[kykij tc rd fdlku dk fu;a=.k ugh jgsxk rcrd fdlkuksa dks bldk ykHk ugh fey ik;sxkA

xzkeh.k fodkl dks c<+kok nsus ds fy,i”kqvksa ,oa nqX/k mRiknu ij vf/kd tksj nsus dhvko”;drk gSA —f’k Hkwfe ij [kk|ku] nygu]frygu mxkus ij vf/kd cy nsus ds dkj.k pkjkokyh Qlyksa ij vf/kd /;ku ugh fn;k tk jgkgSA blls miyC/k pkjk dsoy 52-4 izfr”kr i”kqvksadh vko”;drk dh iwfrZ dj ik jgs gSaA bldks



vkSj vf/kd c<+kus dh vko”;drk gSA jktLFkkuesa 48 izfr”kr vkSj xqtjkr esa 37 izfr”kr pkjkxkggS vr% ;gkWa ij nqX/k mRiknu vPNk gksus dsdkj.k Ms;jh m|ksx dh vPNh fLFkfr gSA vr%pkjkxkg dk {ks=Qy vkSj vf/kd c<+kdj nqX/kmRiknu dh lEHkkoukvksa dks vkSj vf/kd c<+k;ktk ldrk gSA

vkWadM+ksa ds v/;;u ls ;g irk pyrk gSfd 2020 esa tks y{; nqX/k mRiknu ds fy, j[kkx;k gS] mldks iwjk djds gh xzkeh.k fodkl dhlEHkkoukvksa dks vkSj vf/kd c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA

¼4½ xzkeh.k Hkkjr ,oa lkekftd lwj{kk &

iz/kkuea=h dh vxqokbZ esa foRrea=h v:.ktsVyh ds ctV esa ^esd bu bf.M;k** fotu dkslkdkj djus ds fy, xzkeh.k fodkl dks egRoiw.kZle>k x;k gSA foRrea=h us vius Hkk’k.k ds“kq:vkr esa ;g crkus dk iz;kl fd;k fd fiNyhlizax ljdkj ls fojklr esa feyh ttZj vFkZO;oLFkkdks iVjh ij ykus dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA

vkfFkZd j¶rkj ls Hkjiwj ysfdu turk lsnwj “kk;n blh ctV dk ;g lans”k gSA bldsfy, ljdkj us fuEufyf[kr ;kstuk,a pykbZ gS&

vVy isa”ku ;kstuk &

iz/kku ea=h dh lHkh ;kstukvksa esa vVyisa”ku ;kstuk dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA bldh “kq#vkr1 twu 2015 dks dh x;h] ;g ;kstuk iw.kZr% Hkkjrljdkj dh ;kstuk gSA ;g ;kstuk mu yksxks dsfy, gS ftudk fdlh jk’Vªh;dr cSad esa [kkrk gS]

ijUrq ljdkj }kjk pykbZ tk jgh lkekftdlqj{kk dk ykHk mudks ugh feyk gSA blds rgrftruk ;ksxnku isa”ku cpr ds fy, turk djsxhmldk vk/kk fgLlk ¼50 izfr”kr½ ljdkj dhrjQ ls ¼vf/kdre 1000 #i;s dk½ lkyuk;ksxnku fn;k tk;sxkA bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fdturk ubZ Ldhe ds rgr [kkrk [kksyrh gS vkSj2000 gtkj #i;s lkyuk tek djuk gSA rc1000 #i;s ljdkj viuh rjQ ls nsxhA dsUnz usvxys ikWap lky rd ;g ;ksxnku djus dh ckrdgh gSA ysfdu mudk ykHk mu xzkgdksa dksfeysxk tks dj dk Hkqxrku ugh djrs vkSj 31fnlEcj 2015 rd [kkrk [kksysaxsA ;g ;kstuk18&14 rd mu ukxfjdksa ds fy, gSA bl ;kstukykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks 60 o’kZ rd ;ksxnku ds vk/kkj ij1000] 2000] 3000] 4000 rFkk 5000 rd dhfuf”pr jkf”k iznku dh tk;sxhA

;g mnkgr.k mu fLFkfr;ksa ds fy, gSykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks 2000 #i;s ekfld isa”ku nh tkjgh gSA

iz/kkuea=h thou T;ksfr chek ;ksuk &

xzkeh.k fodkl dks /;ku esa j[kdjiz/kkuea=h }kjk pyk;h x;h ;kstuk thou T;ksfrchek ls lEcaf/kr gSAbl ;kstuk esa 18&50 o”kZrd ds mu [kkrk /kkjdksa ds fy, gS] ftudk fdlhjk’Vªh;dr cSad esa [kkrk gSA lkekUr% bl ;kstukesa izkdfrd ,oa nq?kZVuk nksuksa rjg dh ekSr gksusij muds vkfJrksa dks 2 yk[k #i;s dh chek jkf”knsus dk izko/kku gSA bldk lkykuk fizfe;e 330#i;s gS] tks ,deqLr Lo;a ykHkkFkhZ ds [kkrs ls

49

dV tkrk gSA bl ;kstuk ds rgr thou chek ds{ks= esa dke dj jgh dEifu;ks dks yxk;k x;kgSA

blds vkykok iz/kuea=h chek lqj{kk ;kstuk]lkekftd :i ls fiNM+s m|fe;ksa ds fy, eqnzkcSad] vYila[;d ;qokvksa ds fy, u;h eafty;kstuk] ,oa iz/kkuea=h fo|k y{eh dk;Zdze vkfnAbu lHkh ;kstukvksa ds ek/;e ls xzkeh.k fodkldh lEHkkuk dks vf/kd c<+k;k tk jgk gSA

xzkeh.k Hkkjr ,oa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh &

lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds cn©yr ns”k ,oaxzkeh.k Hkkjr ds fodkl dk ifjn”; vc rsth lscnyrk utj vk jgk gSA yxHkx ,d n’kd iwoZxzkeh.k fodkl ijEijkxr Kku ds vk/kkj ij gksrkFkkA lwpukvksa dk vknku&iznku ekuoh; Lrj ijgh gksus ds dkj.k bldk vk/kkj ladqfpr FkkAfiNys ,d n”kd esa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh us xzkeh.kfodkl ds lalk/kuksa dks izxfr”khy cuk fn;k gSAlwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds dkj.k ns”k ds df’k mit esaof) vkSj mit dks ef.M;ks rd lgh le; ijigqWapkus esa lgk;rk feyrh gS] ftlls fdlku dksmldh esgur dk ykHk Lo;a feyrk gSA

df’k foKku dsUnz ds fo”k; fo”ks’kKdk;ZdrkZ ,oa d’kd leqnk; eksckby Qksu dhy?kq lwpuk lsok dh fo”ks’krk dk mi;ksx djrs gSaAxzkeh.k {ks=ksa rd izR;sd fnu lhfer le; esa cgqrcM+s tu leqnk; rd igqWapkus dk ljy dk;ZdzzevkSj dksbZ ugh gSA fdlkuks ds [ksr ij y?kq lwpuk

lsok dh mi;ksfxrk ,oa leL;kvksa dks ns[krs gq,fuEufyf[kr mÌs”;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k x;k gSA

1& xzkeh.kksa ds e/; lwpukvksa ds igqWapkus dh xfrdh tkudkjhA

2& xzkeh.k leqnk; ds e/; vko”;drk ijdrFkk le; ij lwpuk igqWapkukA

3& lh/ks lEidZ ls lwpukvksa ds vknku&iznku ds}kjk lwpukvksa lEca/kh nwjh dks de djukA

4& dk;ZØe ds izHkko dh tkudkjh izkIr djukA

vr% ge dg ldrs gS fd xzkeh.k Hkkjrds fodkl esa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dh Hkh vikjlEHkkouk gSA

lUnHkZ lwph

dq:{ks= ekfld if=dk ist ua- 19 dq:{ks=] ekfld if=dk] twu 2014] ist

ua- 18&19] flag] dVkj] 2011 :- xzkeh.k fodkl fl)kar]

fufr;kWa ,oa izca/k] jkor ifCyds’ku] ubZfnYyh] ist ua- 266A

izfr;ksfxrk niZ.k] ekfld if=dk] vxLr2014] ist ua- 12&13A

jk”Vªh; laxks”Bh] 25&26 tqykbZ 2015] iatua- 53 vk;kstd& vFkZ’kkL= foHkkx] egkRekxkWa/kh dk’kh fo|kihB okjk.klhA

http://www.orchive.india.gov.in/hindi/sectors/rural/index.php

http://www. rural.nic.in/ruralhindi/hindisites/programme scince asp

*****



xzkeh.k jkstxkj ,oa fodkl esa Hkkjr fuekZ.k dk;ZØe dk ;ksxnku

t; izdk”k ekS;Z

xzkeh.k fodkl esa tu”kfDr dk fofHkUufodkl dk;ks± esa O;kid #i ls mi;ksx gksrk gSAftlls Lo;a turk vius Hkfo’; ds fuekZ.k esalgHkkxh curh gSA blds QyLo#i Å¡ph mRiknunj izkIr djus ds lkFk&lkFk leku vk; forj.kO;oLFkk dh fLFkfr izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA blizfØ;k ds vUrxZr dk;ZØeksa esa fØ;kUo;u esayksxksa dks “kkfey djds ijEijkxr xzkeh.k laLdfrdks rduhdh ,oa foKku ds iz;ksx }kjk vk/kqfudcuk;k tkrk gS ftldk ewy mís”; xzkeh.k thoudh xq.koÙkk esa ,oa jkstxkj lq/kkj fd;k tkuk gSA

fo”o cSad ds vuqlkj xzkeh.k fodkl dkvFkZ ,slh O;wg jpuk ls gS ftls ,d fo”ks’k lewgds yksxksa ds vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd thou dsmRFkku ds fy, fMtkbu fd;k x;k gSA xkao dsNksVs fdlku] f”kYih] nLrdkj] Hkwfeghu etnwjvkSj xjhc yksx bl lewg ds vUrxZr vkrs gSaA

xkaoksa ds fodkl esa rsth ykus ds fy, Hkkjrljdkj us fnlEcj 2005 ls Hkkjr fuekZ.k* dk;ZØedh “kq#vkr dhA bl dk;ZØe dk mís”; dqN,slk gh tks gekjs ^liuksa dk xkao* ls feyrktqyrk gSa lHkh xkaoksa esa VsyhQksu] fctyh dusD”ku]flapkbZ lqfo/kk;sa] is;ty dh miyC/krk] xjhcksa dsfy, iDds edku vkSj ckjgeklh lM+ds bl dk;ZØe

ds eq[; ?kVd gSaA lgh vFkks± esa ;g ^Hkkjr dsfuekZ.k dk dk;ZØe gSA vxj ;g dgk tk; dhxzkeh.k fodkl dh bl egRoiw.kZ ;kstuk dhlQyrk ij Hkkjr ds xkaoksa dk Hkfo’; fuHkZj djrkgS] rks vfr”;ksfDr ugha gksxhA*

xzkeh.k {ks= esa pgq¡eq[kh fodkl dks Rofjrxfr iznku djus ds fy, ^Hkkjr fuekZ.k* ,dcgqvk;keh ;kstuk Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk “kq# dhx;h gSA blds vUrxZr 2005&06 ls 2008&09xkaoksa esa fodkl dk;ks± ij 174000 djksM+ #i;s[kpZ fd;s x;sA Hkkjr fuekZ.k dk;ZØe ds vUrxZr6 ?kVd lfEefyr gSa&

1- lHkh xkaoksa rd fctyh igq¡pkbZ tk;sA2- lHkh xkaoksa esa ckjgeklh lM+dksa ls tksM+k

tk; ¼igkM+h o nqxZe {ks=ksa esa 500 dhtula[;k okys vkSj eSnkuh {ks=ksa esa 1000tul[a;k okys lHkh xkao½

3- lHkh xkaoksa dks “kq) is;ty vkiwfrZA4- lHkh xkaoksa dks VsyhQksu ls tksM+ukA5- ,d djksM+ gsDVs;j Hkwfe dks vfrfjDr flapkbZ

lqfo/kk iznku fd;k tkukA6- xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa xjhcksa ds fy, 60 yk[k

edkuksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkukA

“kks/kNk=] vFkZ”kkL= foHkkx] egkRek xka/kh dk”kh fo|kihB] okjk.klhA

ISSN No. - 2319-2755IJSSL : JIF- 3.630

51

xzkeh.k fodkl vkSj fctyh

ns”k ds lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl dsvk/kkj dh LFkkiuk esa fctyh dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnkugSA blfy, ^xzkeh.k fo|qrhdj.k* fodkl dk ,degRoiw.kZ dk;ZØe gSA bl ;kstuk ds rgr o’kZ2009 rd vfo|qrhdj.k 125000 xkaoksa esa fctyhigq¡pkus dk y{; j[kk x;k gS rFkk blds vykok2 djksM+ 30 yk[k ?kjksa dks fctyh dusD”ku nsukHkh bldk y{; gSA

xzke iapk;rksa }kjk nfyr cfLr;ksa] vkfnoklhclkoVksa vkSj detksj oxk±s ds eksgYyksa dksfo|qrhdj.k ds fy, izkFkfedrk nh tk;sxhA

xzkeh.k fo|qrhdj.k ls xzkeh.k {ks=ksa dhdf’k O;oLFkk esa lq/kkj vk;sxk D;ksafd flapkbZlqfo/kk,a csgrj gks tk;sxh vkSj flapkbZ lqfo/kkvksads csgrj gks tkus ls xzkeh.k df’k ds gkykr esalq/kkj vk;sxkA xzkeh.k df’k esa lq/kkj vkus lsxzkeh.k jkstxkj esas of) gksxh vkSj QyLo#i vk;esa of) gksxh rFkk ns”k le) gksxkA

Hkkjr ljdkj gj xkao esa fctyh igq¡pkusdk iz;kl dj jgh gS] vusd ;kstukvksa pykbZ tkjgh gSaA ljdkj dh ;g ?kks’k.kk tgk¡ ,d rjQlQy gksrh fn[kk;h ns jgh gS ogha nwljh rjQc<+rh vkcknh ds dkj.k bldh miyC/krkfujk”kktud gSA

xzkeh.k lM+dksa dk fodkl esa ;ksxnku

Hkkjr fuekZ.k ds rgr lEidZ c<+kus dsmís”; ls xzkeh.k lM+dksa ds fuekZ.k ij fo”ks’k tksjfn;k x;k gSa ;s lM+ds ckjgeklh lM+ds gSaAifjogu lqfo/kk,a yxkrkj vkfFkZd fodkl dkslqfuf”pr djrh gSaA lM+dksa ds tqM+ko ls xzkeh.kyksxksa dk cktkj tkuk vklku gksxk] forj.k lsok

csgrj o vklku gksxh vkSj df’k mRiknksa dh igq¡pcktkj rd c<+ tk;sxh ftlls jkstxkj ds ltuds lkFk xkaoksa esa lef) vk;sxhA lM+ds jk’Vª dhthoujs[kk gksrh gSA

lM+ds yksxksa dks tksM+sxh rFkk ,d jkT; lsnwljs jkT; rd mRiknksa vkSj lsokvksa dh igq¡p lsck/kk;sa lekIr gks tk;sxhA Hkkjr esa jk’Vªh; jktekxZizkf/kdj.k ds vUrxZr uohu] lqn<+] vPNh vkSjcsgrjhu izcU/ku ls ;qDr lM+dksa dk fuekZ.k djHkkjr ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa viuk ;ksxnku nsrkgSA

iapk;rksa dks bl izdkj ls lM+d }kjk tksM+ktk;sxk fd ogka ds yksx “kgj] e.Mh] jsyos vkfnrd ljyrk ls igq¡p ldsaA

xzkeh.k ty vkiwfrZ & Hkkjr fuekZ.kifj;kstuk ds rgr izR;sd clkoV dks izkFkfedrkds vk/kkj ij o’kZ 2009 rd LoPN is;tymiyC/k djk;k tk;sxkA xzkeh.k ty lalk/kuksa dsizcU/ku ds fy, ijEijkxr tylzksrksa dk laj{k.kvkSj lao/kZu ,d vfuok;Z i{k gSA o’kkZ _rq dsvkxeu ls iwoZ xzh’e _rq ds ijEijkxr ty&dq.M]ljksoj] dqvksa vkSj rkykcksa dh lQkbZ] ujsxk ;kstukds rgr daqvksa dks xgjk djuk] mudh ejEerdjkuk] xzkeh.k ty {kerk ds fodkl esa leqfprfodkl fd;k tkuk iapk;rksa dk nkf;Ro gSA

xzkeh.k vapyksa esa ty lzksrksa dks lajf{krj[kus] Hkw&xHkhZ; ty dk lefpr fonksgu] df’k esaU;wure ty mi;ksx] is; ,oa flapkbZ ds ikuh dhfu;fer vkSj leqfpr tkap vkSj ns[kjs[k tSls dqN,sls egRoiw.kZ i{k gSa fdtu ij iapk;rsa /;kunsdj xzkeh.k tykiwfrZ ,oa flapkbZ ds {ks= esaØkfUrdkjh lq/kkj yk ldrh gSaA

xzkeh.k jkstxkj ,oa fodkl esa Hkkjr fuekZ.k dk;ZØe dk ;ksxnku


*****

xzkeh.k VsyhQksu dk foLrkj

nwjlapkj lEidZdrkZ dh vk/kqfud Hkkjr dsfy, ewyHkwr <kapk rS;kj djus esa egRoiw.kZ HkwfedkgSA xzkeh.k ,oa “kgjh {ks=ksa esa nwjlapkj lqfo/kkvksadks ikVus ds fy, ^lkoZHkkSfed* lsok “kq# dh xbZgSA ;g xzkeh.k ,oa nwj&njkt ds {ks=ksa ds yksxksadks lLrh ,oa mfpr njksa ij cqfu;knh nwjlapkjlsok,a miyC/k djk;sxh ftlls os nwjlapkj usVodZds tfj;s “ks’k fo”o ls lEidZ LFkkfir dj ldsaxsAlapkj lqfo/kkvksa ds vkus ls xkaoksa ds vkfFkZdfodkl dk ekxZ iz”kLr gksxk vkSj fodkl ds u;svolj miyC/k gksaxsA

flapkbZ lqfo/kk,a c<+kuk& ty lalk/kuea=ky; dks jkT; ljdkj vkSj iapk;rksa ds lkFkfeydj cM+h] e>kSyh vkSj NksVh flapkbZ ifj;kstukds tfj;s Hkwfexr ty dk fodkl djds o’kZ 2009rd ,d djksM+ gsDVs;j flapkbZ {kerk dk fuekZ.kdjus dk ftEek lkSaik x;k gS ijUrq vyx&vyxjkT;ksa esa lrgh ty vkSj Hkwfexr ty ij vk/kkfjr NksVh ;kstukvksa ls flapkbZ {kerk ds fodkldh fLFkfr vyx&vyx gSA

xzkeh.k vkoklksa esa c<+ksÙkjh& Hkkjr fuekZ.kdk;ZØe ds rgr ns”k Hkj esa vxys pkj o’kks± dsnkSjku 60 yk[k edku cuk;s tkus gSaA ftu jkT;ksaesa cs?kj yksxksa dh la[;k vf/kd gS mu ij T;knktksj fn;k tk;sxkA

lEcfU/kr xzke lHkk ykHkkfUor gksus okysyksxksa dk p;u xjhch js[kk ls uhps ds yksxksa dhlwph esa ls djrh gSA

fu’d’k Z

1- Hkkjr fuekZ.k dk;ZØe ds fØ;kUo;u ds

i”pkr~ xzkeh.k {ks=kssa esa ekSleh csjkstxkjhnj ?kVh gSA

2- xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa lEidZ gsrq jk’Vªh; ekudksads lkFk lM+dksa dk fodkl gqvk gSA

3- ty lzksrksa ds fuekZ.k esa ty laj{k.k c<+kgSA

4- xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa eksckby usVodZ ds ek/;els lapkj ØkfUr lQy jgh gSA

5- xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa xzkeh.k ;kstukvksa ds fy,vkoafVr jkf”k dk leqfpr mi;ksx gqvk gSA

6- ;kstuk ds fØ;kUo;u esa xzkeh.k jkstxkj,oa fodkl Lrj Å¡pk gqvk gSAlq>ko

1- ;kstukvksa ds lQy fØ;kUo;u gsrq xzkeh.klgHkkfxrk esa of) dh tk;sA

2- LFkkuh; xzkeh.k leL;kvksa dks Øec) #ils lek/kku fd;k tk;sA

3- jkstxkj c<+kus gsrq ;kstukvksa esa Hkwfeghudf’k Jfedksa dh lgHkkfxrk c<+k;h tk;sA

4- jkstxkj dk;ZØeksa dk xzkeh.k Lrj ij izpkjfd;k tk;sA

5- fØ;kfUor jksetxkj dk;ZØeksa dk v)Zokf’kZdleh{kk dh tk;sAlanHk Z

1- “kekZ] ,oa ok’.ksZ; ¼2004½] fodkl dk vFkZ”kkL=,oa fu;kstuA

2- izks-,l-,u yky ,oa MkW-,l-ds- yky ¼2010½]Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ¼losZ{k.k ,oa fo”ys’k.k½

3- izfr;ksfxrk niZ.k] 2015] Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkkA4- dq#{ks=] tqykbZ] 2015] vad&09-5- dq#{ks=] vxLr] 2014] vad&106- dq#{ks=] tuojh] 2009] vad&03

53

xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa —f"k dh fLFkfr dk vo/kkj.kkRed v/;;u

*iou dqekj mik/;k;

Hkkjr xkaoks dk ns'k gS] ftldh igpku—f"k ç/kku ns'k ds :i esa gSA ns'k dh yxHkx70% tula[;k xkaoks esa fuokl djrh gSA o"kZ2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj] ;gka dh 83-31djksM+ vkcknh xkaoks esa jgrh gS] rFkk dqy tula[;kdk 54% ls T;knk vkcknh viuh vkthfodk dsfy, —f"k ij gSA xkaoks esa vkthfodk dk eq[;lk/ku —f"k] i'kqikyu vkSj —f"k ls tqMs vU;O;olk; ij fuHkZj gS] tks Hkkjr dh Je'kfä dh57% yksxksa dks jkstxkj miyC/k djokrh gSA ;ggekjh vFkZO;oLFkk esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jghgSA o"kZ 1958 esa —f"k ds egRo dks crkrs gq,—f"k ç'kklfud lfefr us dgk Fkk] fd Þ—f"k ghlHkh m|ksxksa dh tuuh gS] vkSj euq"; dks thouçnku djus okyh gSAß —f"k vkSj m|ksx ds lUnHkZesa usg: th us fy[kk gS] fd Þgesa ;g ckrle>uh pkfg, fd] —f"k dh mUurh ,oa çxfr dsfcuk vkS|ksfxd çxfr çkIr ugha dh tk ldrhgSA oLrqfLFkfr rks ;g gS fd] bu nksuksa dks vyxugha fd;k tk ldrk gSAß ¼dq:{ks=] 2014½ —f"kgekjs ns'k o xzkeh.k fodkl dh jh? gS] bldsfcuk fodkl dh dYiuk ugha dh tk ldrh gSA—f"k dh 'kq:vkr xkaoks ls gq;h gS] ftlls xzkeh.kfodkl dh ladYiuk dh x;hA xzkeh.k fodkldh ladYiuk dks le>us ds fy, igys gesa bldh

vo/kkj.kk dks le>uk gksxkAxzkeh.k fodkl %

orZeku le; esa xzkeh.k fodkl 'kCnxkaoks esa jgus okys yksxksa ds thou Lrj lq/kkjus dslkFk xzkeh.k {ks= ds lexz fodkl dks çfrfcfEcrdjrs gSA xzkeh.k fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk xkaoks lsyh x;h gSA vkt Hkh xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa fodkl dhvko';drk gSA xzkeh.k fodkl ds fy, mudslkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd] lkaL—frd ,oalwpuk o rduhdh ds fodkl dh vko';drk gSAjkcVZ psEclZ ds vuqlkj Þ xzkeh.k fodkl ,d,slh j.kuhfr gS] tks lewg fo'ks"k ds yksxksa] xzkeh.kxjhc iq:"kksa ,oa fL=;ksa dks leFkZ cukrk gS] mUgs,oa muds cPpks a dks mudh bPNkvks a ,oavko';drkvksa ls vf/kd vftZr djus ds ;ksX;cukrh gSA blesa xzkeh.k {ks= ds fu/kZure yksxksadks vkthfodk ikus esa lgk;rk feyrh gS] ftllsxzkeh.k {ks= esa ekax cM+rh gS] vkSj fodkl dk ykHky?kq ,oa lhekar fdlkuksa] HkwfegÈuks vkfn rdigqapkrk gSß ¼psEclZ 1983 147½A dVkj flag dsvuqlkj Þ ;fn ge xzkeh.k fodkl ds foLrrifjçs{; dks ns[ks rks ;g O;kid ,oa cgqvk;kehladYiuk gS] blesa —f"k vkSj lgk;d xfrfof/k;ksa]xzkeh.k ,oa dqVhj m|ksx vkSj f'kYidkjh] vkfFkZdv/kkslajpuk] lkeqnkf;d lsok,a ,oa lqfo/kk,a vkSj

*'kks/k Nk= ¼lekt dk;Z½ egkRek xka/kh dk'kh fo|kihB] okjk.klh] mÙkj çns'k

ISSN No. - 2319-2755IJSSL : JIF- 3.630


xzkeh.k fodkl] fof/kd] HkkSfrd] rdfudh] vkfFkZd]lkekftd] lkaL—frd ,oa laLFkkxr dkjdksa dse/; vUrlZEcU/kksa dk vfUre ifj.kke gSA ,dj.kuhfr ds #i esa bldh lajpuk oxZ fo'ks"k dsyksxksa ds fo'ks"kr% xzkeh.k xjhcksa dh vkfFkZd ,oalkekftd laof) esa lq/kkj gsrq dh x;h gSA ,dvuq'kklu ds :i esa bldh ç—fr cgqvuq'kklfudgS] ftlesa —f"kxr] lkekftd] O;ogkfjd]vfHk;af=d ,oa çcU/kdh; foKkuksa dk çfrfuf/kRogSAß ¼dVkj flag 2011] 3½

mi;qZä xzkeh.k fodkl dh ifjHkk"kk dsvk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS] fd xzkeh.k fodkl,d çfØ;k gS] ftlds }kjk xkaoks esa jgus okysfu/kZure] nfyr] 'kksf"kr] oafpr] Hkwfeghu] y?kq,oa lhekar fdlkuksa dks fodkl dk ykHk igqapkukgS] ftlls os lekt ds lHkh oxksZ ds lkFkda/ks ls da/kk feykdj py ldsA,d utj esa Hkkjrh; —f"k dh fLFkfr % —f"k Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh jhM+ gSA tqykbZ 2012& twu 2013 ds nkSjku xzkeh.k

Hkkjr esa vuqekfur dqy 9-02 djksM+ —"kdifjokj gS] tks dqy vuqekfur xzkeh.k ifjokjksadk yxHkx 57-8% gSA

dqy xzkeh.k ifjokjks esa —"kd ifjokjksa dklcls T;knk çfr'kr 78-4% jktLFkku esarFkk lcls de 27-3% dsjy esa gSA

ns'k esa dqy vuqekfur —"kd ifjokjksa esa]yxHkx 45% vU; fiNM+s oxksZ ds] yxHkx16% —"kd ifjokj vuqlwfpr tkfr ds]rFkk 13% vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds gSA¼l zk sr:& jk"V ª h; uewuk lo s Z{ k.klaxBu]dq:{ks= 2015 ½

—f"k {ks= esa 54-6% yksxksa dks jkstxkjmiyC/k djokrk gSA

—f"k ¼—f"k lgk;d& i'kq/ku] okudh] eRL;ikyu lfgr½ dk Hkkjrh; th-Mh-ih-¼xzkl MksesafLVd çksMDV½ esa —f"k dk;ksxnku 2013&14 rd 13-9% FkkA

12oha fodkl ;kstuk ¼2012&17½ esa —f"k{ks= esa 4% fodkl nj dks çkIr djus dky{; j[kk x;k gSA

¼lzksr%& MCyw- MCyw- MCyw-fdlku tkxj.k-dke-½

fiNys 67 o"kksZ esa —f"k dh rqyuk esa vU;{ks=ksa ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa vf/kd of) gq;hgSA ;g lR; gS fd ge 1960 ds n'kd dh [kk|U;wurk ls cgqr vkxs cM+s gS] fQj Hkh gekjs ;gka—f"k fodkl dh dkQh laHkkouk gS] vkSj ;ggekjh vkcknh ds ,d cM+s fgLls dks —f"k jkstxkjnsus dh {kerk j[krh gS gekjs fy, mRiknu vkSjmRikndrk ,sls nks igyw gS] ftu ij lfØ;rk lsdk;Z fd;k tk ldrk gSA de tehu& dele; ¾ vf/kd mit ds fl)kUr ij veydjuk gksxk] rkfd NksVs vkSj lhekUr fdlku]—f"k esa vkSj vf/kd ;ksxnku ns ldsA

vkt iwjs fo'o dks —f"k ds {ks= esa ubZpqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gSA ge Hkhtyok;q ifjorZu ds dkj.k ekSle i)fr esa ifjorZudk vuqHko dj jgs gSA —f"k ls vkenuh ds Lrjdks c?kuk vkSj lkFk gh —f"k ds fy, vf/kd Hkwfedks mi;ksx esa ykus ds lhfer volj gksus dsdkj.k ekax ds vuq:i mRiknu c<+uk ,d cM+hpqukSrh gSA blfy, ;g Li"V gS] fd gesa —f"kmRikndrk o fdlkuksa dh vkenuh c<+kus ds fy,u;s rjhds ryk'kuk gS] ftlds fy, lwpuk ,oa

55

rduhdh dk fodkl vko';d gSA vkt fdlkuksadks ckxokuh i'kqikyu ,oa eRL; ikyu tSlhxfrfof/k;ksa ds tfj, —f"k i)fr dks viukdjvkSj vf/kd vk; c<+uh gksxhA mRikndrk c<+ukvkSj fofof/kdj.k gekjh [kk| lqj{kk dks lqfuf'prdjus ds fy, u dsoy egRoiw.kZ gS] cfYd xzkeh.kvk; dks c<+us ds fy, Hkh lgk;d gSA

ekuuh; ç/kkea=h Jh ujsUæ eksnh th dk—f"k fodkl ds {ks= esa ,d Li"V lksp gS] fdorZeku —f"kxr Hkwfe dh mRikndrk esa ladfyrlao/kZu] ç;ks'kkyk ls [ksr dh nwjh dks de djusdh ;kstuk] —f"k esa ubZ rdfudh dk fujarjç;ksx vkSj —f"kxr mRiknksa dks fu;kZr ijdcukrs gq,] mUgs ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ds lkFklekosf'kr djuk vko';d gSA Þ gesa nks phtksadks fl) djuk gS] igyk rks ;g fd gekjkfdlku ns'k vkSj nqfu;k dk isV Hkjus esa lkeFkZokugks vkSj nwljk gekjh —f"k fdlku dh tsc Hkjusesa leFkZ gksAß ¼—f"k ,oa lgdkfjrk foHkkx] MCyw-MCyw- MCyw-,xzhdwi-,uvkbZlh½

Hkkjrh; —f"k dh leL;k,a %&1- tula[;k ncko%&

Hkkjr dh tula[;k fo'o esa nwljs LFkkuij gS ;gka dh tula[;k 2011 dh tux.kuk dsvuqlkj 1-21 djksM gS] tks rhoz xfr ls c<+ jghgS A Hkkjr dk tula[;k ?kuRo 2001 esa 324O;fä oxZ fd-eh- tks 2011 esa c<+dj 382O;fä/oxZ fd-eh- gks x;k gS] ftlds dkj.k Hkwfedh ekax rhoz xfr ls c<+ jgh gSA 'kgjhdj.k dsdkj.k xkaoks dh —f"k ;ksX; Hkwfe ij edku om|ksx cuk;s tk jgs gS] ftlds QyLo:i —f"k;ksX; Hkwfe de gksrh tk jgh gSA tula[;k nckoHkkjrh; —f"k ds fy, cMh leL;k curh tk jghgSA

2- NksVs ,oa VqdM+s esa Hkwfe%c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k ds ncko vkSj leku

:i ls Hkwfe dks foHkkftr djus dh çFkkmÙkjkf/kdkfj;ksa ds chp [ksr tksr ds vR;f/kdmi çHkkxksa dk dkj.k —f"k ds NksVs ,oa VqdM+s esaHkwfe dk foHkktu gks jgk gSA urhtru] [ksrksa dsNksVs tksr vkSj [kafMr gksus ds dkj.k [ksrh dsdk;Z Bhd <ax ls ugha gks ikrk gSA ftlds dkj.kxkaoks esa vukfFkZd vkSj lkekftd ruko] fgalkvkSj v'kkafr gks tkrh gSA3- nks"kiw.kZ o vi;kZIr flapkbZ lqfo/kk,a flapkbZO;oLFkk %

Hkkjr esa miyC/k flapkbZ lqfo/kk;sa vi;kZIrgSaA [kk| Qlyksa ds varxZr dqy {ks= dk vk/kkfgLlksa dh flapkbZ dh tkrh gS] 'ks"k vk/kk [kk|Qly ekulwu dh o"kkZ dh n;k ij NksM+ fn;ktkrk gSA xkaoksa esa tc Qly ds fy, ikuh pkfg,gksrk gS] rks le; ij ugjksa dk ikuh ugha feyrkA;fn dksbZ ljdkjh uydwi [kjkc gks tk; rks ogde ls de 1 ekg rd ugha cu ikrk gS] ftldsdkj.k Qly u"V gks tkrh gSA4- Hkwfe dh moZjk'kfä de gksuk %

Hkkjrh; [ksrksa dh feêh dk mi;ksx gtkjksalky ls Qly mxkus ds fy, bLrseky fd;k tkjgk gS] ftlds dkj.k feêh dh moZjk 'kfä degksrh jgh gSA ftlds ds ifj.kkeLo:i Qly dhiSnkokj de gksrh tk jgh gS A feêh dh moZjk'kfä dks cuk, j[kus esa ou egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnkunsrs gS] ysfdu ouksa dh dVkbZ ds lkFk feêh dhçk—frd moZjrk 'kfä lekIr gksus yxrh vkSj/khjs&/khjs ;g lekIr gks tkrh gSA HkkSfrdlalk/kuksa ds mi;ksx dh vKkurk dk vHkko vkSj



oSKkfud Kku ds vkxs çk—frd moZjd feêh dkslekIr fd;k gSA igys dsoy i'kq vif'k"V feêhdh moZjrk cuk, j[kus ds fy, i;kZIr Fkk] ysfdujklk;fud moZjdks dh va/kk/kqa/k mi;ksx ls —f"k;ksX; feêh dh moZjk 'kfä ij ladV vk x;k gSA5- vuktksa ds HkaMkj.k djus dh leL;k %

Hkkjr esa [kk|kUuksa dk HkaMkj.k ,d cM+hleL;k gSA gekjh Qly dk yxHkx 10 Qhlnhmfpr HkaMkj.k lqfo/kkvksa ds vHkko esa gj lkycckZn gks tkrk gSA vkt Hkh xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esaoSKkfud os;j&gkmflax lqfo/kkvksa ds fodkl ughagks ik;k gS] ftlds dkj.k [kk|kuksa Hkkjh viO;;gks tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; ljdkj }kjk HkaMkj.k dhlqfo/kk çnku djus ds fy, dbZ dne dne fy,x;s gS] ysfdu vHkh rd ;g iw.kZ:i ls lQyugha gks ik;k gSA6- iqjkuh —f"k vkStkj o e'khujh dk mi;ksx%

vkt —f"k ds fy, ubZ&ubZ rduÈdh oe'khusa vk x;h gS] ftlls mRiknu {kerk esa of)le; dh cpr vkSj vf/kd /kuksiktZu fd;k tkldrk gSA dqN LFkkuksa ij rks [ksrh dk e'khuhdj.kgks x;k gSA gkykafd gekjs ns'k ds xjhc olhekUr fdlku gSa] vkSj —f"k lecU/kh e'khuksa dks[kjhnus ds fy, i;kZIr /ku o lalk/ku ugha gS A—f"k vkStkj vkSj vk/kqfud midj.k dh deh—f"k ds fodkl dks ckf/kr fd;k gSA7- ekSle dh leL;k %

Hkkjr dh 50 % —f"k ekulwu ij fuHkZjgksrh gS] ftldks o"kkZ dh n;k ij NksM+ fn;ktkrk gSA ;fn o"kkZ vPNh gks x;h rks QlyvPNh gks tkrh gS] ogh blds foijhr ekulwu

le; ij ugha vk;k rks Hkkjrh; fdlku vkRegR;kdjus ij foo”k gks tkrs gSA blds vykok csekSlecjlkr] pØokr] vka/kh] rwQku bR;kfn bldsçeq[k dkj.k gS] tks Hkkjrh; fdlkuks dh dejrksM dj j[k nsrs gSA ekSle dh leL;k fdlkuksds fy, lcls cMh leL;k gSA8- fdlkuks esa f'k{kk dh deh %

f'k{kk Hkh vkt —f"k dh egRoiw.kZ leL;kesa ls ,d gSA f'k{kk u gksus dkj.k Hkkjrh;fdlku] ljdkj }kjk pyk;s tk jgs u;s&u;sdk;ZØeksa] —f"k lEcfU/k ubZ&ubZ rduÈdh] midj.ko moZjdksa lEcU/kh Kku dk ykHk ugh ys ikrs gS]vkSj viuh [ksrh dks iqjkus <jsZ ij pykrs gSAftlds ifj.kke Lo:i mfpr mRiknu dk ykHkmudks ugha fey ikrk gSA—f"k fodkl ds fy, pyk;h tk jgh ;kstuk;sa% &chl lw=h; dk;ZØe %&

chl lw=h; dk;ZØe dh ?kks"k.kk 1975 esadh x;h Fkh 1982 esa bls iquxZfBr fd;k x;kFkkA rnUrj 1986 esa nwljh ckj iquxZBu fd;kx;kA bl dk;ZØe esa 119 fo"k; lfEefyr gS]ftlesa ls 65 fo"k;ksa ds HkkSfrd y{;ksa dh fuxjkuhrFkk 54 fo"k;ksa ds ewY;kau ds vk/kkj dh fuxjkuhdh tkrh gSA chl lw=h; dk;ZØe ds 20 vo;ofuEufyf[kr gS&

1- xzkeh.k xjhch dks nwj djuk2- Hkw& lq/kkj dk çorZu3- xzkeh.k Jfedksa ds fy, fo'ks"k dk;ZØe4- LoPN is;ty5- o"kkZ vk/kkfjr —f"k ds fy, j.kuhfr

57

6- cM+h Qlysa7- Hkw& lq/kkj dk çorZu8- lHkh ds fy, LokLF;9- nks cPpksa dk ekud10- f'k{kk dk foLrkj11- vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj tutkfr;ksa dks U;k;12- efgykvksa ds fy, lekurk13- ;qokvksa ds fy, u;s volj14- yksxksa ds fy, vkokl15- xUnh cfLr;ksa dk lq/kkj16- okfudh ds fy, ubZ j.kuhfr17- i;kZoj.k dk laj{k.k18- miHkksäk ds fy, ljksdkj19- xkao ds fy, mtkZ20- ,d mÙkjnk;h ç'kklu¼dVkj flag 2011] 286½

xzkeh.k fo|qrhdj.k ;kstuk %&Hkkjr ds ,d yk[k ls vf/kd xkaoks esa

fo|qdj.k ugha gqvk gSA blesa lq/kkj ds fy,ljdkj }kjk vçSy 2005 esa jktho xka/kh xzkeh.kfo|qrhdj.k ;kstuk çkjEHk dh x;hA ftldkuke vc iaf.Mr nhu n;ky mik/;k; fo|qrhdj.k;kstuk gks x;k gSA ftldk eq[; mís'; lHkhxkaoks dk fo|qdj.k djuk gS] ftlls —f"k dhmRiknu {kerk esa of) gks vkSj xkao o ns'k dkfodkl esa viuk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku ns ldsAç/kkuea=h xzke l/kd ;kstuk %&

xzkeh.k lM+d lEidZ u dsoy xzkeh.kfodkl dk eq[; lk/ku gS] cfYd —f"k mit oQlyksa dks lh/ks 'kgjksa esa] ef.M;ksa ls tksM+rk gSAftlds }kjk vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd lsokvksa rd

igqap esa of) gksrh gSA ftlls Hkkjr esa —f"k vk;esa c<ksÙkjh rFkk jkstxkj ds u;s volj mRiUugksrs gS] lkFk gh xjhch dks lrr :i ls dedjus esa Hkh ;g ,d egRoiw.kZ vo;o gSAç/kkuea=h xzke lM+d ;kstuk ;kstuk dh 'kq:vkr25 fnlEcj 2000 dks gj ekSle ds fy, mi;qälEidZ lM+dks ls lHkh jgoklh {ks=ksa dks tksM+us dsfy, ç/kkuea=h xzke lM+d ;kstuk çkjEHk dhx;hA ftldk eq[; mís'; —f"k mit dks lh/kse.Mh rd igqapkuk ,oa xzkeh.k vkokxeu dslk/ku dks lqxe cukuk gSAç/kkuea=h —f"k flapkbZ ;kstuk,W a&

ns'k dh leLr —f"k Hkwfe ds fy, flapkbZO;oLFkk lqfuf'pr djuk ç/kkuea=h —f"k flapkbZ;kstuk ¼ih,eds,lokbZ½ dk y{; gSA blesa çfrcwan vf/kd Qly dk mRiknu djds xzkeh.k {ks=esa lef) ykus dk y{; gSA bl dk;ZØe esafuEufyf[kr ckrksa ij /;ku fn;k tk;sxk & çR;sd —f"k Hkwfe dks ikuh lqfuf'pr djuk

¼gj [ksr dks ikuh½A —f"k mRiknu vkSj mRikndrk c?kus ds

fy, ikuh dh miyC/krk vkSj dq'ky mi;ksxdks c<ok nsukA

gj [ksr dks ikuh lqfuf'pr djus ds fy,dk;ZØe dh ;kstuk cukus vkSj mudsfØ;kUo;u çfØ;k esa jkT;ksa dks yphykiuvkSj Lok;Ùkrk çnku djukA

—f"k tyok;q fLFkfr;ksa vkSj ty lzksrksa dhmiyC/krk ds vk/kkj ij O;kid ftyk vkSjjkT; lapkbZ ;kstuk rS;kj djds lexzigqap lqfuf'pr djukA

fdlkuksa vkSj [ksr Lrj ds dk;ZdrkZvksa ds



fy, [ksr ij ty çca/ku vkSj Qly çca/kuls lacaf/kr foLrkj xfrfof/k;ksa dks çksRlkfgrdjukAbl dk;ZØe dks ykxw djus ds fy, o"kZ

2015&16 ds ctV esa ty lalk/ku ea=ky; Hkwfelalk/ku foHkkx vkSj —f"k ,oa lgdkfjrk foHkkxds fy, 5300-00 djksM+ dk çko/kku fd;k x;kgSAjk"Vªh; dke/ksuq czhfMax lsaVj %&

blds ek/;e ls ns'kh uLyksa ds lao/kZu,oa laj{k.k fd;k tk;sxkA bl gsrq nks jk"Vªh;dke/ksuq fczfMax lsUVj ,d e/;çns'k vkSj ,dvka/kz çns'k esa LFkkfir djus ds fy, 25 djksM+ :-vkoafVr fd;k x;k gSA ftldk eq[; mís';ns'kh uLy ds i'kqvks dk laj{k.k djuk gSAjk"Vªh; xksdqy fe'ku %&

ns'kh çtkfr;ksa ds fodkl vkSj laj{k.kdjus ds fy, jkT;ksa gsrq lesafdr <ax ls iFkdfuf/k :- 500 djksM+ dk vkoaVu fd;k x;k gSAbldk eq[; mís'; ns'kh uLyksa ds lao/kZu ,oalaj{k.k fd;k tk ldsAl‚by gsYFk dkMZ ¼enk LokLF;½ %&

,dh—r enk çcU/ku ds fy, ljdkj usrsth ls bl ij igy çkjEHk dh gSA bldk eq[;mís'; fdlkuksa ds [ksrksa dh feêh dh tkap enktkap ç;ksx'kkyk esa dh tk;A ftlls mudksvius [ksrksa dh moZjk 'kfä dk irk yx lds vkSjlykg ds vuqlkj gh [ksr esa moZjd dk ç;ksxdjsaA ftlls [ksr dh moZjk'kfä cuh jgs vkSjQly dh vPNh iSnkokj gksA bl dkMZ dk çR;sdrhu o"kZ esa uohuhdj.k fd;k tk;sxkA ¼—f"k ,oa

lgdkfjrk foHkkx] MCyw- MCyw- MCyw-,xzhdwi-,uvkbZlh-½fdlku d‚y lsUVj %&

fdlku dky lsaVj }kjk fdlkuksa dks—f"k ls lEcfU/kr lwpuk —f"k fo'ks"kKksa }kjkfu%'kqYd nh tkrh gSA blds fy, fdlku dks18001801551 Vksy Ýh uaEcj ij ;g lqfo/kkçnku dh tk jgh gSA ;g lqcg 7 ls 'kke dks 7cts rd çnku dh tkrh gSA blls fuEu fo"k;ksads ckjs esa tkudkjh yh tk ldrh gS& fofHkUu Qlyksa esa yxus okys jksx o dhV

fu;a=.k ds ckjs esaA eNyh ikyu i'kq/ku çcU/ku o ckxokuh ds

ckjs esaA i/kqikyu lqxaf/kr ikS/kksa elkyksa o{kkjksi.k

ds ckjs esaA uxnh Qlyksa dEiksLV [kkn tSfod [ksrh

tSfod la;a= ds ckjs esaA fofHkUu Qlyksa jkT; esa fofHkUu Qlyksa ds

fy, cktkj ls lacaf/kr tkudkjhA fdlku dk;ZØeksa ls lacfU/kr tkudkjhA [ksrh ds uohu rdfudh ls lacaf/kr

tkudkjhAMh-Mh- fdlku pkSuy %&

bl pkSuy dh 'kq:vkr Hkkjrh; —f"k dks/;ku esa j[kdj 26 ebZ 2015 dks dh x;h] ftlij 24 ?k.Vs —f"k o blls tqMsa {ks=ksa ds ckjs esacktkj& Hkko] ekSle vkSj o ubZ rduhdh lwpuktkudkjh miyC/k djkrk gSA bldk eq[; mís';fdlkuksa dks —f"k ls tqMh ubZ& ubZ rduhdksa ds

59

ckjs lwpuk çnku djuk gSAxzkeh.k fodkl ds fy, —f"k es a lwpuk]rduhdh dh vko';drk %&

vkt gekjs ns'k esa fur u;s u;s vkfo"dkjfd;s tk jgs gS] lwpuk rduhdh ds {ks= esa Økafrdh rjg bldk fodkl gqvk gSA blds ek/;e ls?kj ij gh cSBs&cSBs ekSle dh tkudkjh] ubZ&ubZQlyksa] e.Mh&Hkko] u;s&u;s —f"k midj.kksa omoZjdksa ds mi;ksx djus dh tkudkjh vklkuhls çkIr dh tk ldrh gSA ftlls —f"k ds {ks= esaubZ Økafr yk;h tk ldrh gSA blds vykoklwpuk] rdfudh fuEu fcUnqvksa ds fy, vko';dgS& —f"k esa fiNYks {ks= ds fodkl dks xfr nsus

ds fy, vko';dA fodkl ,oa laof) esa varj{ks=h; vlekurkvksa

dks de djus esa vko';dA —f"k ,oa vFkZO;oLFkk ds vU; {ks=ksa ds lkFk

lek;kstu LFkkfir djus esa vko';dA —f"k ds fy, fu;kstu ,oa fØ;kUo;u ds

fofHkUu Lrjksa ij leUo; ,oa ,dhdj.k dkslgt djus esa vko';dA

lexz {ks= fodkl fu;kstu ds lkFk —f"k,oa xzkeh.k fodkl dks lefUor djus esavko';dA

—f"k dh fodkl ifj;k stukvk s a d sçpkj&çlkj dks c<+kus ,oa fØ;kUo;u dhçfØ;kvksa esa yksxksa dh O;kid Hkkxhnkjh dksc<+kok nsus esa vko';dA

xzkeh.k {ks= esa fdlkuks a dks —f"k lslEcfU/kr ubZ&ubZ ;kstukvksa ubZ rduhdh

,oa lwpuk dks lh/ks muds ikl rd igqapkusds fy, vko';dA

fu"d"kZ %&mi;qZä v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij fu"d"kZ

:i esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd —f"k] ns'k dsvkfFkZd thou esa cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSAgkykafd bu —f"k {ks= ls lEcfU/kr dbZ çdkj dhleL;k;sa gS] ftudk lek/kku djuk vko';d gS]vkSj blh ckr dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, ljdkj usbuds rhoz fodkl gsrq fo'ks"k cy fn;k gSA budsfy, dbZ çdkj dh ;kstukvksa dh 'kq:vkr Hkh dhx;h gSA ftlls csjkstxkjh vkSj xjhch nwj djus,oa vlekurkvksa dks de djus esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnkuns lds gSA orZeku esa —f"k dh mUufr ,oa fodklgsrq ljdkj fofHkUu çdkj ds jktdks"kh;] ekSfædrFkk ç'kklfud ç;kl dj jgh gSA ftlls vkusokys le; esa —f"k] Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa viukmfpr LFkku xzg.k dj] ns'k ds vkfFkZd ,oalkekftd fodkl esa viuh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkusesa l{ke gks ldsA

lUnHkZ lwph dq:{ks=] ebZ] 2014] vad 7] lEikndh;]

i"B la[;k& 3 dq:{ks=] vçSy] 2015] vad 6 i"B la[;k&

20 flag] dVkj ¼2011½ : xzkeh.k fodkl]

fl)kUr]uhfr;ka ,oa çcU/k]jkor ifCyds'kut;iqj]i"B la[;k& 3]286

—f"k ,oa lgdkfjrk foHkkx rFkk i'kqikyuMs;jh ,oa ekfRL;dh foHkkx —f"k ea=ky;Hkkjr ljdkj

*****



xzkeh.k fodkl ,oa jkstxkj esa lwpuk rduhdh dh euksoSKkfudHkwfedk ,oa laHkkouk,a

*jsuq dqekjh

Hkkjr xkaoksa dk ns”k gSA ;gk¡ dh 70Qhlnh vkcknh xkaoksa esa clrh gSA vkSj tc rdxkaoksa dk fodkl ugha gksxk rc rd ns”k dkfodkl laHko ughaA gekjs ns”k ds xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esay?kq o lhekUr —‘kdksa] [ksfrgj etnwjksa ,oa vU;dkexkjksa] f”kfYi;ksa rFkk fofHkUu lsok,a nsusokysifjokjksa dk ckgqY; gSA buesa ls vf/kdka”k ifjokjxjhch js[kk ds uhps thou ;kiu dj tSls&rSlsviuk isV ikyus okys gSaA c<+rh gqbZ xzkeh.kvkcknh dks jkstxkj eqgS;k djkus] xjhch nwj djus]vkfFkZd fo’kerk de djus ,oa c<+rs “kgjhdj.kdh leL;k dk ,d ek= lek/kku gS xkaoksa esajkstxkj ds volj c<+kukA xzkeh.k fodkl ,oajkstxkj ,d nwljs ds iwjd gSaA xzkeh.k fodkl oifjokj dks viuh cqfu;knh t#jrksa dh iwfrZ dsfy, t#jh gS jkstxkjA ewyHkwr lqfo/kk,a jksVh]diMk] edku] LokLF;] is;ty o f”k{kk rFkkfctyh dk izca/k dj ldrs gSaA vkSj ;gh fdlh Hkhns”k ds fodkl dk FkekZehVj gSA Hkkjr dh xzkeh.kfodkl jkstxkj ds tfj;s gh laHko gS vkSj mlesalwpuk rduhdh dh vge~ Hkwfedk gSA ubZ lgL=kCnhesa izos”k ds lkFk gh gesa ,sls lwpuk rduhdh dhubZ izkS|ksfxdh fey xbZ gS fd u dsoy xzkeh.kfodkl ,oa jkstxkj vfirq ekuo tkfr ds fodkl

ds u, ekxZ iz”kLr gq, gSaAvc Hkkjr ,d jk’Vª ds :i esa bl ckr

dks vPNh rjg le>us yxk gS fd xzkeh.k fodkl,oa jkstxkj lesr ns”k dh cqfu;knh lqfo/kkvksa dsfuekZ.k vkSj j[k&j[kko ds fy, lwpuk izkS|ksfxdhvFkkZr lwpuk rduhdh dks vf/kdkf/kd fodflrdjuk vfr vko”;d gSA gkykafd VsDuksykth esarsth ls gks jgs ifjorZuksa dks xkaoksa rd igq¡pus esavHkh le; yx jgk gS] ysfdu nwj&njkt ds xkaoksaesa /khjs&/khjs gh lgh] ij fuf”pr :i ls thou&Lrjesa lq/kkj gks jgk gS ,oa xzkeh.k fodkl ds lkFkjkstxkj dh laHkkouk,a dkQh c<+ xbZ gSA vkt dsrduhdh ;qx esa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ,d vR;arizHkko”kkyh ;a= gS D;ksafd bldk Lo:i lw{elalk/ku fdLe dk gSA thou dk dkbZ Hkh igywvFkok lsok blls vNwrh ugha gSAlEizfr xzkeh.k fodkl ,oa jkstxkj ds {ks= esachloha “krkCnh dh ;g lokZaf/kd egRoiw.kZ miyfC/k dgh tk ldrh gSA xzkeh.k fodkl ,oa jkstxkjds rgr lwpuk rduhdh o izkS|ksfxdh dk bLrsekyLokLF;] f”k{kk] —f’k] jsyos] cSafdx] chek] VsyhQksu]fctyh ds chy] rS;kj djus vkfn esa cM+s lkFkZd<a+x ls gks jgk gSA lwpuk rduhdh us HkkSxksfydnwjh de dj nh gS ,oa bySDVªkfud iz”kklu

ISSN No. - 2319-2755IJSSL : JIF- 3.630

*vflLVsaV izksQslj] euksfoKku foHkkx] jkt’khZ lfjokgu fMxzh dkWystHkxokuiqj ¼dSewj½] HkHkqvk

61

dk;kZy; ds okrkoj.k vkfn vU; ,sls {ks= gSa tgk¡lwpuk rduhdh vkf/kd izHkko”kkyh Hkwfedk vnkdj ldrh gSA

n¶rjksa esa dEI;wVj iz.kkfy;ka LFkkfir djusds “kq#vkrh nkSj esa ,slh Hkzkafr;ka Fkh fd bllsjkstxkj ds voljksa esa deh vk,xhA fdUrq vc;g fl) gk s pqdk gS fd dk;k Zy;ks a dsvk/kqfudhdj.k ls visf{kr tu”kfDr esa deh vkusds ctk; blls dke dh xq.koŸkk esa lq/kkj vkrkgS] mRiknu c<+rk gS vkSj le; dh cpr gksrh gSAdqN ekeyksa esa rks dEI;wVjhdj.k ls jkstxkj dsu, volj Hkh iSnk gq, gSa& mnkgj.k ds rkSj ijMkVk ,aVjh vkijsVjksa dk ,d u;k oxZ mHkj vk;kgSA bu lc Qk;nksa dks ns[krs gq, Hkkjr esa lwpukrduhdh dks c<+kok nsus ds iz;klksa dks cy feykgSA vke rkSj ij ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd lwpukrduhdh dk bLrseky vf/kdka”kr% egkuxjksa esafd;k tkrk gSA fdUrq xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa Hkh yksxdEI;wVjksa ,oa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx djdsleku :i ls ykx mBk ldrs gSA ^foaMks*vk/kkfjr dEI;wVj iz.kkfy;ksa vkSj Hkkjrh; Hkk’kkvksads fy, lkW¶Vos;j ds fodkl ds ckn vc t:jhugha gS fd lEidZ dk ek/;e dsoy vaxzsth ghgksA Hkwfe laca/kh vf/kdkj tgk¡ LFkkuh; Hkk’kkvksa esantZ fd, tkrs gSa] ogk¡ Hkh Hkwfe laca/kh fjdkMksZ dkdEI;wVjhdj.k gksuk bldk ,d mnkgj.k gSAf”k{kk {ks= esa Hkh lwpuk rduhdh dk fo”ks’k mi;ksxfd;k tk ldrk gSA vusd ,sls lkW¶Vos;jmiyC/k gSa ftldk bLrseky Lo;a lh[kus vkSjfofHkUu fo’k;ksa esa ewY;kadu ds fy, fd;k tkldrk gSA bl rduhd dks dEI;wVj lapkj usVodZij nwjLFk f”k{kk ds fy, Hkh dke esa yk;k tkldrk gSA izkS<+ lk{kjrk dk;ZØe ds fy, Hkh ;g

rduhdh fo”ks’k :i ls ykHkizn gks ldrh gSAm|ksx ,oa vFkZO;oLFkk ds HkweaMyhdj.k ds blnkSj esa lwpuk rduhdh gh ,d ,slk ek/;e gSftlls xzkeh.k fodkl ds lkFk jkstxkj dk ltugks ldrk gSA

lwpuk rduhdh ds fodflr gksus ds lkFkdEI;wVj dsUnzksa] O;kikj dsUnzksa vkSj QSflfy,”kucwFkksa dk lapkyu dEI;wVj dh tkudkjh j[kusokys LFkkuh; ;qod&;qofr;ksa }kjk fd;k tk jgkgS] ftlls jkstxkj ds volj iSnk gq, gSaAQSflfy,”ku cwFkksa ls jktLo izkfIr dh mEehn gSftlls os dqN o’kksaZ esa vkRefuHkZj gks tk,axsAlwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds rgr ,sls fofHkUUk csc vkSjbaVjusV vk/kkfjr lkW¶Vos;j fodflr fd, tk jgsgSa ftlls mUur [ksrh] nw/k Ms;jh laxzg la;a=]f”kdk;rksa dk iathdj.k] cktkj lkeku lwph ofcØh] —f’k ;kstukvksa o Qly VSDuksykth] xzkelwpuk izfØ;kvksa lacaf/kr tkudkjh] cktkj lwpuk]O;kolkf;d ekxZn”kZu] Hkwfe fjdkMksaZ ls lacaf/krdEI;wVjh—r jftLVjksa dks usVodZ ls tksMk tkukvkSj lwpuk rduhdh ds ek/;e ls lgdkfjrkvkanksyu dks cy nsdj xzkeh.k fodkl ifj;ktukvksadks ikjn”khZ cukuk dkQh ljy gks x;k gS ftllsfodkl dh xfr dkQh tksj idM+us yxh gSA tcns”k vktkn gqvk rc ns”k Hkj esa dsoy 300foHkkxkh; VsyhQksu ,Dlpsat Fks vkSj VsyhQksudusD”kuksa dh la[;k 83]000 ls vf/kd u FkhAvkt Hkkjr esa ,f”k;k dk lcls cM+k VsyhQksuusVodZ gS tks ns”k esa lwpuk rduhdh Økafr dhegku miyfC/k gSA

lwpuk rduhdh Økafr ls u dsoy f”k{kkvfirq —f’k] m|ksx] O;kikj] fctyh] LokLF;]jkstxkj] lM+d] is;ty o vU; xzkeh.k fodkl

xzkeh.k fodkl ,oa jk stxkj esa lwpuk rduhdh------


ds cqfu;knh leL;kvksa dks gy djus esa cMhlQyrk gkFk yxh gSA ysfdu oSf”od Lrj ijHkwe.Myhdj.k ds bl nkSj esa xzkeh.k fodkl ,oajkstxkj ds {ks= esa lwpuk rduhdh dks vkSjvf/kd ,oa xzkeh.k Lrj ij O;kid QSyko dhvko”;drk gSA xkaoksa esa Hkwfeghu fdlkuksa ,oacsjktxkj ;qokvksa dks xjhch o Hkq[kejh ls jkgrnsus ds fy, [kqys #i ls lwpuk rduhdh ds rgrrduhdh izf”k{k.k laLFkku] O;kid :i ls LFkkfirdjus dh vko”;drk gS] D;kasfd blh ls xzkeh.kfodkl ,oa jkstxkj dh izkfIr laHko gSA l wpukrduhdh ls —f’k fodkl] mRikndrk esa of)]jksxeqDr [ksrh] vuqla/kku tSfod [kkn ds iz;ksx lsjklk;fud [kknksa ls cpko] —‘kd izf”k{k.k vkSjVsDuksykth gLrkarj.k dh vikj laHkkouk,a curhgSaA —f’k] ckxokuh] lalk/ku izca/k] i”kq foKku]—f’k bathfu;jh] eNyhikyu] —f’k f”k{kk] xgfoKku ,oa —f’k lapkj tSls {ks=ksa esa lwpuk rduhdhdh dkQh mi;ksfxrk ,oa egŸkk gSA —‘kd leqnk;,oa xzkeh.k yksxksa ds thou&Lrj dks Å¡pk mBkusesa Hkh lwpuk rduhdh dh vfr egRoiw.kZ HkwfedkgSA jkT; o dsUnz ljdkj }kjk xzkeh.k fodkl ,oajkstxkj ds fy, ;kstuk,a lapkfyr gks jgh Fkha]ysfdu O;kid lwpuk rduhdh dh tkudkjh ughagksus dh otg ls yksx ljdkj dh ;kstukvksa dkykHk ugha mBk ik jgs FksA vkt lwpuk rduhdhds izlkj&izpkj ¼Vsfyohtu] jsfM;ks] nwjlapkj]v[kckj] jk’Vªh;&jkT; lwpuk dsUnz½ ds tfj;sbldk ykHk xzkeh.k {ks= ds yksx ,oa ;qok Hkh mBkusyxs gSa tks ,d Økafrdkjh fe”ku ekuk tk ldrkgSA

lEizfr lwpuk rduhdh us xzkeh.k fodkl

o jkstxkj ds }kj [kksy fn, gSaA lwpuk rduhdhds tfj;s baVjusV o dEI;wVj ds lgkjs xkao o ?kj,d y?kq fo”o ,oa y/kq Hkkjr cu c;k gSA lwpukrduhdh dk gh nsu gS fd ?kj cSBs baVjusV dstfj;s iqLrdky; o jkstxkj ls tqMh lwpuk ,oatkudjh {k.k Hkj esa miyC/k gks tkrh gSA cgjgkyjk’Vªh; o jkT; lwpuk rduhdh foKku dsUnz dktky ns”k ds vf/kdka”kr% uxjksa] egkuxjksa esa rsthls QSy pqdk gS vkSj mruh gh rsth ls xzkeh.kLrj ij Hkh blds QSyko dh vfr vko”;drk gSAi;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds {ks= esa Hkh lwpuk rduhdh oizkS|ksfxdh dk vge~ ;ksxnku gSA lwpuk rduhdhds ek/;e ls xzkeh.k Hkkjr ds yksxksa dks HkhLoPNrk ,oa iznq’k.k ls lacaf/kr tkudkjh miyC/kdjk;h tk jgh gS tks ,d ljkguh; dne gSAjksxksa ds jksdFkke ,oa is;ty o LokLF; rFkkLoPNrk dks ysdj lwpuk rduhdh ds tfj;sxzkeh.k Lrj ij O;kid vfHk;ku pykus dh furkarvko”;drk gSA —f’k o i;ZVu ds {ks= esa jkstxkjdh vlhe laHkkouk,a gSaA lwpuk rduhdh dsek/;e ls ;qok m|fe;ksa dk [ksrh dh rjQ >qdkoiSnk fd;k tk ldrk gSA ljdkj dks bl fn”kk esadkjxj iz;kl djus dh t:jr gSA blds fy,—f’k LukŸkdksa ,oa —f’k fo”ks’kKksa dh cM+s iSekus ijfu;qfDr dh tkuh pkfg, rkfd os xzkeh.k ;qokvksadks lwpuk rduhdh ls yS”k djrs gq, —f’k {ks= esajkstxkj dk ltu djus esa ennxkj lkfcr gksldsaA bruk gh ugha ;qok m|fe;ksa dks lwpukrduhdh ds tfj;s tyok;q ds eqrkfcd [ksrhdjus] le; ij cht Mkyus ,oa [kkn dk leqfpriz;ksx djus] feV~Vh dh moZjrk dh tk¡p djkus]lw[ks bykdksa eas o’kkZ ty lap;u vkSj ty izca/ku

63

dh O;oLFkk dh tkudkjh lesr i”kqikyu]eRL;ikyu] —f’k dkjksckj] ÝwM izkslsflax ikdZ dhLFkkiuk ds fy, izksRlkfgr djus dh Hkh vfrvko”;drk gSA lwpuk rduhdh ds ek/;e ls udsoy ;qok m|fe;ksa cfYd xzkeh.k efgyk Lo;alsohLkaLFkkuksa dks tSfod [kkn] tSo dhVuk”kd vkSjoehZdYpj cukus rFkk mUgsa cspus ds fy, HkhizksRlkfgr fd;k tk ldrk gSA eqxhZ ikyu ock;ksxSl] la;a= dks Hkh c<+kok fn;s tkus dhvko”;drk gSA blls u dsoy jkstxkj dh izkfIrgksxh] vfirq mtkZ dh [kir ds lkFk tyok;qifjorZu eas Hkh deh yk;h tk ldrh gSA

lwpuk rduhdh ds tfj;s ;qokvksa dksjkstxkj izf”k{k.k dh tkudkjh lesr jkstxkj oukSdjh laca/kh tkudkjh] _.k dh O;oLFkk ¼cSadyksu½ f”k{kk yksu] Vªkblse ;kstuk dh Hkh tkudkjhizkIr gksrh gS vkSj bldk ns”k ds ;qok ykHk Hkh mBkjgs gSaA lwpuk rduhdh us jkstxkj] m|ksx ,oaxzkeh.k fodkl dk gh ekxZ iz”kLr ugha fd;k gSoju~ lwpuk ds vf/kdkj ds rgr “kks’k.k] /kka/kyh]Hkz’Vkpkj ij Hkh udsy dlh gS vkSj ;kstukvksa easikjnf”kZrk yk;h gS tks ,d vfr Økafrdkjh dnedgk tk ldrk gSA oLrqr% orZeku ;qx lwpukrduhdh ,oa izkS|ksfxdh dk ;qx gSA blus thouds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa Økafr yk nh gSA fo”ks’k rkSj lsxzkeh.k fodkl ,oa jkstxkj ds {ks= esa rks ifjfLFkfr;kagh cny Mkyh gSaA vkt u dsoy xzkeh.k fodklcfYd O;kikfjd cSad] “ks;j cktkj] jsy foHkkx]ftyk] iz[k.M iz”kklu lesr vkS|ksfxd ,oa “kS{kf.kdlaLFkkvksa esa lwpuk rduhdh o bUVjusV dk mi;ksxrsth ls c<+ jgk gSA ftlls dk;Zdq”kyrk esa of)gqbZ gS ,oa vke vkneh dks csgrj lsok,a miyC/k

gqbZ gSa] fQj Hkh xzkeh.k Hkkjr vHkh Hkh lwpukrduhdh dk iwjk ykHk ugha mBk ldk gSA blfy,vko”;drk gS fd Hkkjr dk izR;sd iapk;r ,oaxkao dks lwpuk rduhdh vFkkZr dEI;wVj ,oabUVjusV }kjk —f’k “kks/k laLFkkuksa] ftyk ,oa {ks=eq[;ky;ksa ls tksM+us dh] rkfd xzkeh.k turk o—‘kd —f’k ,oa jkstxkj ds {ks= esa gks jgs fofHkUu“kks/kksa o voljksa dk ykHk mBk ldsA

Hkwfe esa dc ikuh nsuk gS] dkSu lk moZjdfdl ek=k esa nsuk gS] fdl Hkwfe ds fy, fdl chtdh vko”;drk gS] fofHkUu ef.M;ksa esa Qlyksa dsD;k nke gS] fofHkUu —f’k vknk,a dgk¡ miyC/k gSa]ekSle esa ifjorZu dh D;k laHkkouk,a gSa] ftyk ,oa{ks=h; iz”kklu ds fdl n¶rj esa dkSu&lh lwpuk,aizkIr gksxh rFkk jkstxkj dgk¡ vkSj fdu {ks=ksa esamiyC/k gS vkfn ,slh ckr gS tks —f’k] xzkeh.kfodkl ,oa ;qokvksa ds jkstxkj ds fy, vR;art:jh gSA lkFk gh izR;sd U;k; iapk;r ,oa xkaoesa ,d dEI;wVjh—r lwpuk dsUnz gksus ls yk[kksa dhla[;k esa f”kf{kr csjkstxkj ¼—f’k Lukrd ,oadEI;wVj lk{kj½ O;fDr;ksa dks jkstxkj izkIr gksxkftlls “kgjksa dh vksj jkstxkj dh ryk”k esaiyk;u djus okys ;qokvksa dh la[;k eas dehvk,xh lkFk gh xzkeh.k fodkl ,oa Lojkstxkjlesr Lokoyacu dk ekxZ Hkh iz”kLr gksxkA bldsfy, ;g Hkh vko”;d gS fd lwpuk rduhdh oizkS|ksfxdh egt fodkl ,oa jkstxkj dk ekin.Mu gksdj i;kZoj.k laj{k.k] tyok;q ifjorZu] tylaj{k.k ,oa oU; tho laj{k.k ds {ks= esa HkhegRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;s] rkfd iFoh dks lqUnj]LoPN ,oa gfjfrek ls ifjiw.kZ o “kkafr ;qDr cuk;ktk ldsA

xzkeh.k fodkl ,oa jk stxkj esa lwpuk rduhdh------


lanHkZ ,oa fVIif.k;ka %&1- ih-vkbZ-vks- dkMZ ;kstuk& osn izdk”k vjksMk]

;kstuk] ekpZ 2000] i’B 212- yksdfiz; lapkj izkS|ksfxdh& ih-vkj- f=osnh]

;kstuk] vDVwcj 1997] i’B 443- MsVkcsl dk fodkl& “kkfyuh pØorhZ]

;kstuk] tuojh] 2000] i’B 26] 284- fo”o xkao ,oa bUVjusV& ch-,l-xqIrk] ;kstuk]

tuojh 2000] i’B 21

5- [kk| ladV ,oa lgdkfjrk& ,e-,l-LokehukFku] fgUnqLrku iVuk 16 vDVwcj]2012

6- xzkeh.k Hkkjr& ,e-,y- lqjsdk] i‘’B 1547-xkaoksa esa lapkj ,oa lwpuk izlkj& Mk- gseUrtks”kh] i’B 70

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