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ISSN No :2231-5063

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Golden Research ThoughtsISSN 2231-5063Volume-3 | Issue-9 | March-2014Available online at www.aygrt.isrj.net

APPLICATIONS OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES

IN HYPSOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF MAN RIVER BASIN IN AKOLA AND BULDHANA DISTRICTS, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA

Abstract:-Hypsometric analysis of watershed (area-elevation analysis) has generally been used to reveal the stages of geomorphic development (stabilized, mature and young). Hypsometric integral quantifies the geologic stages of development and erosion prone-ness of the watersheds. Hypsometric integral is estimated by the graphical plot of the measured contour elevation and encompassed area by using empirical formulae. In the present study, hypsometric integral values were estimated for Man River Basin which is a tributary of PurnaRiver located in Akola and Buldhana districts of Maharashtra. The watershed was delineated into seven sub-watersheds and hypsometric analysis was carried out for all of them using digital contour maps, which was generated using Arc/Info GIS. Three different approaches were used for estimation of hypsometric integrals and to compare the procedural approach and consequences on erosion status. It was evident from the study that the hypsometric integral calculated by elevation-relief ratio method was more accurate and easy to calculate within GIS environment. The hypsometric integral values for all the sub-watersheds of Man River Basin 0.5. In the study area, two stages of erosion cycle development, namely equilibrium and youthful stages are identified.The hypsometric curve is related to the volume of the soil mass in the basin and the amount of erosion that had occurred in a basin against the remaining mass (Hurtrez et al., 1999). It is a continuous function of non-dimensional distribution of relative basin elevations with the relative area of the drainage basin (Strahler, 1952). This surface elevation has been extensively used for topographic comparisons because of its revelation of three-dimensional information through two-dimensional approach (Harrison et al., 1983; Rosenblatt and Pinet, 1994). Comparisons of the shape of the hypsometric curve for different drainage basins under similar hydrologic conditions provides a relative insight into the past soil movement of basins. Thus, the shape of the hypsometric curves explains the temporal changes in the slope of the original basin. Strahler (1952) interpreted the shape of the hypsometric curves by analyzing numerous basins and classified the basins as young (convex upward curves), mature (S-shaped hypsometric curves which is concave upwards at high elevations and convex down-ward at low elevations) and peneplain or distorted (concave up-ward curves). There is frequent variation in the shape of the hypsometric curve during the early geomorphic stages of development followed by minimal variation after the watershed attains a stabilized or mature stage.

Keywords:Hypsometric analysis, Digital Elevation Model, GIS, Watershed, Contour map Geological stages.

INTRODUCTION:

Land degradation and topological changes within watersheds are accomplished by weathering processes, stream erosion pattern and sediment transportation by surface runoff. Moreover, the quantification and interpretation of the topological changes becomes very difficult due to complex nature of these hydrological and landform processes acting on

Khadri, S.F.R. and Kanak N.Moharir APPLICATIONS OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES IN HYPSOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF MAN RIVER

BASIN IN AKOLA AND BULDHANA DISTRICTS, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA ”, Golden Research Thoughts | Volume 3 | Issue 9 | March 2014 | Online & Print

, “

Khadri, S.F.R. and Kanak N.Moharir

Department of Geology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati (MS), India .

1

GRT

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watershed systems. In an attempt to simulate the geological stages of development and to study the influence of varying forcing factors (i.e. tectonics, climate, lithology) on watershed topology, the hypsometry of drainage basins (area-elevation analysis) have been evaluated by the researchers. Hypsometric analysis is the relationship of horizontal cross-sectional drainage basin area to elevation. The hypsometric curve has been termed the drainage basin relief graph. Hypsometric curves and hypsometric integrals are important indicators of watershed conditions (Ritter et al., 2002). Differences in the shape of the curve and hypsometric integral values are related to the degree of disequilibria in the balance of erosive and tectonic forces (Weissel et al., 1994). Hypsometric analysis was first time introduced by Langebein (1947) to express the overall slope and the forms of drainage basin. The hypsometric curve is related to the volume of the soil mass in the basin and the amount of erosion that had occurred in a basin against the remaining mass (Hurtrez et al., 1999). It is a continuous function of non-dimensional distribution of relative basin elevations with the relative area of the drainage basin (Strahler, 1952). This surface elevation has been extensively used for topographic comparisons because of its revelation of three-dimensional information through two-dimensional approach (Harrison et al., 1983; Rosenblatt and Pinet, 1994). Comparisons of the shape of the hypsometric curve for different drainage basins under similar hydro-logic conditions provides a relative insight into the past soil movement of basins. Thus, the shape of the hypsometric curves explains the temporal changes in the slope of the original basin. Strahler (1952) interpreted the shape of the hypsometric curves by analysing numerous basins and classified the basins as young (convex upward curves), mature (S-shaped hypsometric curves which is concave upwards at high elevations and convex down-ward at low elevations) and peneplain or distorted (concave up-ward curves). There is frequent variation in the shape of the hypsometric curve during the early geomorphic stages of development followed by minimal variation after the watershed attains a stabilized or mature stage. Hypsometric analysis is carried out to ascertain the susceptibility of watershed to erosion and prioritize them for treatment. The slope of the hypsometric curve changes with the stage of watershed development, which has a greater bearing on the erosion characteristics of watershed and it, is indicative of cycle of erosion. The hypsometric

integral (Hsi) is also an indication of the cycle of erosion? (Strahler, 1952; Garg, 1983). The cycle of erosion is the total time

required for reduction of land area to the base level i.e. lowest level (Fig 1). This entire period or the cycle of erosion? can be

divided into the three stages viz. monadnock (old) (Hsi 0.6), in which the watershed is fully stabilized; equilibrium or mature stage (Hsi 0.5 to 0.6); and in equilibrium or young stage (Hsi > 0.6), in which the watershed is highly susceptible to erosion (Strahler, 1952).

Hypsometric curves and hypsometric integral is important watershed health indicator.The HI is expressed as a percentage, and is an indicator of the remnant of the present volume as compared to the original volume of the basin (Ritter et al.2002). The hypsometric integral helps in explaining the erosion that had taken place in the watershed during the geological time scale due to hydrologic processes and land degradation factors (Bishop et al. 2002). Besides this, it also provides a simple morphological index with respect to relative height of the elevation distribution within the area considered, which can be use~ in surface runoff and sediment yield prediction from watersheds (Sarangi and Bhattacharya 2000). On the other hand, this parameter also reflects ambiguity in estimation due to the fact that the hypsometric curves of different shapes can yield the same hypsometric integral value (Ohmori 1993). Hurtrez et al. (l999b) investigated the sensitivity of hypsometry to DEMs of different resolutions and afterwards assessed the influence of varying drainage area on hypsometry in Siwalik Hills of Central Nepal. Awasthi et al. (2002) studied hypsometric curves and integrals to explain the watershed. Employing Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques in hypsometric analysis of create contour from SRTM data with help of spatial analysis tools and improving the accuracy of results and save time. Considering the above facts, this study was undertaken to determine geological stage of development of mini-watersheds of Man river basin Akola and Buldhana district of Maharashtra.

Study Area

The Man river basin is situated in Akola and Buldhana Districts, Maharashtra which is located between 20°54' 59” N latitude and 76° 41'23'' E longitude. The study area is covered by Survey of India toposheets55D/7, 55D/9,55D/11, 55D/13, 55D/14 and 55D/15 on 1:50,000 scale.The study area is occupied by alluvium and Deccan basaltswhich are horizontally disposed and is traversed by well-developed sets of joints.(Fig.1)

Applications Of Geographical Information System And Remote Sensing Techniques In Hypsometric Analysis Of Man River Basin In ........

2Golden Research Thoughts | Volume 3 | Issue 9 | March 2014

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Fig.1 Location map of Man River Basin.

METHODOLOGY

Geographical Information System has beenused for data preparation, data manipulation andanalysis of data. ArcGIS 10 has been used for thepresent study. The Survey of India Topographicalmap has been used as a base map. The onscreendigitizing technique has been used to input thecontour lines into the GIS environment from thescanned topographical map (Figure 2).The contour line's elevation value used tocreate a Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) model (Figure 3) and graph drainage maps (Fig.3a and 3b); then the Digital Elevation Model (DEM)with 300 m spatial resolution has been created basedon the TIN model (Figure 4). The drainage basin'sboundaries have been identified through a toolset(fill, flow direction, flow accumulation and snap pourpoint) in ArcGIS software using DEM model asinput. The elevation value of DEM has been used to find out the Hypsometric Integral for each drainagebasin in the study area. The hypsometric tool boxdownloaded from the ESRI website has been used todetermine the hypsometric curve values based on theDEM pixels. In order to generate the graphical representation of hypsometric curve, the ArcGISgraph option has been used. Finally, Moran's spatialautocorrelation has been calculated to find out therelationship between the drainage basins in the study area.



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Fig. 2 Concept of Hypsometric Analysis and the Model Hypsometric Curves (Ritter et al. 2002)

Fig.3 Stream Order map of Man River Basin



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Fig.3agraph drainagemap of Man River Basin

Fig.3bgraph drainagepai chart of Man River Basin

Integration of Hypsometric Curve (HC)

The plotted hypsometric curves were fitted with a trend line to represent an equation of the curve and the best fitting equation was obtained for highest coefficient of determination (R2) value. The relative area is obtained as a ratio of the area above a particular contour to the total area of the watershed encompassing the outlet. Similarly, referring to (Fig. no.8) considering the watershed area to be bounded by vertical sides and a horizontal base plane passing through the outlet, the relative elevation is calculated as the ratio of the height of a given contour (h) from the base plane to the maximum basin elevation (H) (up to the remote point of the watershed from the outlet) (Sarangi et al. 200 I; Ritter et al.2002). The equation was further integrated within the limits 0 to 1 (due to non-dimensional nature of the graph) for estimating the area under the curve. Thus, the estimated area gives the hypsometric integral value of the hypsometric curve. The developed polynomial equation by fitting the hypsometric curve of the mini-watershed 1 as a sample set is shown in Fig.8 The fitted equation was integrated within the desired limits to estimate the area under the HC. Similar procedure was adopted for other remaining mini-watersheds of Man River Basin. However, this method was time consuming and necessitated mathematical integration procedures and subsequent calculation within the desired limits of HC.



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Watershed Delineation and Generation of DEM from the Topological Data

The topological information of the study area was georeferenced and digitized from Survey of India (SOI) toposheet using the capabilities of Arc Info and ArcGIS tools. The contours were digitized to generate the line feature class in Arc-GIS which was further processed using the spatial analyst module to generate the digital elevation model (DEM) representing the watershed terrain topology. Further, the developed DEM was processed to generate or delineate the watershed and sub-watersheds using the hydrology tool of spatial analyst module. The digitized contour and drainage map of the study area are shown in Fig 4 and Fig 5 respectively. The drainage network ordering was done using the Strahler’s stream ordering scheme (Strahler 1964). The attribute tables of the georeferenced feature classes representing the contours and their enclosed area with the sub-watersheds boundaries contained the elevation and length of con-tours and their respective area and perimeter values. The attribute feature classes containing these values were used to plot the hypsometric curve of the sub-watersheds from which the hypsometric integrals were estimated.Different threshold area concepts were tried in the DEM to arrive at delineation of the sub basins of the watersheds. Following this approach, sub basins of the Man river basin watersheds with their drainage pattern were generated.

Fig.4a3 D Model of Man RiverBasin



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Fig.4bDigital Elevation Model map of Man River Basin



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Fig.5 SRTM Map of Man River Basin

Plotting of Hypsometric Curves (HC) and Estimation of Hypsometric Integrals (Hsi)

Hypsometric analysis aims at developing a relationship be-tween horizontal cross-sectional area of the watershed and its elevation in a dimensionless form. The digital contour map was used to generate the data required for relative area and elevation analysis. Hypsometric curve is obtained by plotting the relative area (a/A) along the abscissa and relative elevation (h/H) along the ordinate. The relative area is obtained as a ratio of the area above a particular contour (a) to the total area of the sub watershed above the outlet (A). Similarly, referring, considering the watershed area to be bounded by vertical sides and a horizontal base plane passing through the outlet, the relative elevation is calculated as the ratio of the height of a given contour (h) from the base plane to the maximum basin elevation (H), (up to the remote point of the sub watershed from the outlet) (Sarangi et al. 2001 and Ritter et al. 2002). The hypsometric integral is obtained from the hypsometric curve and is equivalent to the ratio of the area under the curve to the area of the entire square formed by covering it. It is expressed in percentage units and is obtained from the percentage hypsometric curve by measuring the area under the curve. This provided a measure of the distribution of landmass volume remaining beneath or above a basal reference plane. In the present study, the hypsometric integral or the area under the curve was estimated using three methods. Besides this estimation, a comparative evaluation was also attempted based on the accuracy of estimation, calculation time and the complexity of methods and tools required to accomplish the task. The methods adopted to calculate the area under the curves are normal QQ plot and trend analysis.



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Fig.6a QQ Plot of the Man River Basin

Fig.6bContour Map of Man River Basin



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Fig.6cTrend analysis of Man River Basin

Estimation of hypsometric integrals (Hsi)

The plotted hypsometric curves were fitted with a trend line to represent an equation of the curve and the best fitting equation was obtained for highest coefficient of determination (R2) value. The equation was further integrated within the limits 0 to 1 for estimating the area under the curve. Thus, the estimated area gives the hypsometric integral value of the hypsometric curve. The fitted equation was integrated within the desired limits to estimate the area under the HC. Similar procedure was adopted for other remaining sub-watersheds of Man river watershed. However, this method was time consuming and necessitated mathematical integration procedures and subsequent calculation within the desired limits of HC. The elevation-relief ratio method proposed by Pike and Wilson (1971) was used. The relationship is expressed as

Where, E is the elevation-relief ratio equivalent to the hypsometric integral Hsi; Elevmean is the weighted mean elevation of the watershed estimated from the identifiable contours of the delineated sub-watersheds; Elevmin and Elevmax are the minimum and maximum elevations within the sub-watersheds (Table 1).In this study an attempt has been made to understand the sub watershed characteristics of the watershed to delineate the hydrogeological signatures for the identification of potential aquifer horizons of the watershed


E ˜ His =


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Table 1 Sub-watershed wise hypsometric integral values of Man River basin

Fig.7 Sub-Watershedmap of Man River Basin


Sub- watershed

No.

Area (km2)

Maximum

elevation (m)

Minimum elevation

(m)

Mean elevation

(-)

Hypsometric integral

Geological stage

PTM-1 57.03 270.00 230.00 250 0.5 Mature Stage

PTMB-1 12.23 280.00 260.00 265 0.25 Mature Stage

PTM-4 35.20 340.00 270.00 305 0.5 Mature

PTMM-1 20.62 310.00 260.00 290 0.6 Late Mature or Monadnock Stage

PTMT-1 35.46 370.00 290.00 330 0.5 Mature

PTM-3 280.82 600.00 320.00 460 0.5 Mature

PTMU-1 2.55 530.00 310.00 420 0.5 Mature

Total 443.91 3.35


.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The Hypsometric Integral value is bebetween 0 to 1, it gives a hypsometric integral whichis defined as the proportion lying below the curve to the total square graph, and hypsometric integral data were derived foreach of the seven drainage basin from 300 m DEMshown in Table 1. The result of the HypsometricIntegral shows that all drainage basins come under theMaturely Dissected Landform, except for the PTMM-1 which comes in old state of dissection,the result of Hypsometric Integral values have beenmapped (Figure 5) to see the visual interpretation ofHI values between drainage basins.The hypsometric curve of a catchmentrepresents the relative area below (or above) a givenaltitude (Strahler, 1952). A hypsometric curve isessentially a graph that shows the proportion of landarea that exists at various elevations by plottingrelative area against relative height. These curveshave been used to infer the stage of development ofthe drainage network also it is a powerful tool todifferentiate between tectonically active and inactive areas (Keller and Pinter, 1996). The shape of the hypsometric curves and the HI values provide valuable information not only on the erosional stage of the basin, but also on the tectonic, climatic, and lithological factors controlling it (for example, Moglen and Bras, 1995; Willgoose and Hancock, 1998; Huang and Niemann, 2006). While comparing the standard Hsi values of different stages, the mini-watershed has reached to monadnock stage mature stage or approaching towards monadnock (less susceptible) stage and attributed mainly to human interventions in the form of construc-tion of roads, intensive agricultural practices and de¬forestation activities. However, the five mini-watersheds are in mature stage indicating the hydrogeological conditions of the watershed.

CONCLUSIONS

Hypsometric analysis of watersheds expresses the complexity of denudational processes and the rate of morphological changes. Therefore, it is useful to comprehend the erosion status of watersheds and prioritize them for' undertaking soil and water conservation measures. But, great care must be exercised in interpreting and comparing hypsometric curves due to its complex nature of computation. The results of hypsometric integral revealed that the Man watershed and most of its sub basins are more prone to erosion, which would necessitate construction of soil and water conservation structures at appropriate locations of the watershed to arrest the sediment outflows and conserve water. Further, the sub basins of watersheds, which are having hypsometric integral values more than 0.5 (i.e. approaching youthful stage) need construction of both vegetative and mechanical soil and water conservation structures to arrest sediment load and conserve water forintegrated watershed management. However, the H'i values less than 0.5 (i.e. approaching monadnock stage) needsminimum mechanical and vegetative measures to arrestsediment loss but may require more water harvesting type structures to conserve water at appropriate locations in the watershed for conjunctive water use.

REFERENCES

1.Awasthi, K.D. Sitaula, B.K., Singh, B.R. and Bajacharaya, R.M. 2002. Land-use changes in two Nepalese watersheds: GIS and geomorphometric analysis. Land Degrad. &Dev., 13: 495- 513.2.Bishop, M.P. Shroder, J.F., Bonk, R. and Olsen holler, J. 2002. Geomorphic change in high mountains: a western Himalayan perspective. Global &Planet. Change, 32: 311-329.3.Dabral, P.P. 2003. Hypsometric analysis of Dikrong River basin of Arunachal Pradesh. J. Soil &Water Cons. India, 2: 97-100.4.Dowling, 1'.1. Richardson, D.P., O'Sullivan, A., Sumrnerell, G.K. and Walker, 1. 1998. Application of the hypsometric integral and other terrain based metrices as indicators of the Catchment health: A preliminary analysis. CSIRO Land and Water, Technical Report 20/98. Canberra.5.Garg, S.K. 1983. Geology- the Science of the earth. Khanna Publishers, New Delhi. 6.Goel, A.K. and Singh, J.K. 2000. Hypsometric analysis for foothills of Shivaliks. Indian J. SoilCons., 28: 84-85.7.Harrison, Miskell, KJ. Brass, G.W.Saltzman, E.S. and Sloan II,J.L. 1983. Continental hypsography. Tectonics, 2: 357-377.8.Hurtrez, J.E., Sol, C. and Lucazeau, F. 1999a. Effect of drainage area onhypsometry from an analysis of small-scale drainage basins inthe Siwalik hills (Central Nepal). Earth Surface Processes andLandform, 24: 799-808.9.Hurtrez, J. E., Lucazean, F., Lave, J. and Avouac, J. P. 1999b.Investigation of the relationship between basin morphology,tectonic uplift and denudation from the study of an active foldbelt in Siwalik hills (Central Nepal). J. Geophys. Res., 104:779-796.10.Langbein, W.B. 1947. Topographic characteristics of drainage basins.U.S.G.S.,Water Supply Paper. 968C: 127-157.11.Mishra, N. 1988. Hypsometric integral-A basis for determining theerosion status and priority number of ungauged watershed. J.Soil &Water Cons. India, 32: 38-45.12.Ohmori, H. 1993. Changes in the hypsometric curve through mountainbuilding resulting from concurrent tectonics and denudation.Geomorphology, 8: 263-277.13.Pandey, A., Chowdary, Y.M. and Mal, B.e. 2004. Hypsometric analysisof watershed using Geographic Information System. J. Soil &Water Cons. India, 3: 123-127.



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