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PRIMARY SOURCES
"Elevated Expression of IL-6 in BALF andSerum - A Diagnostic Tool for Detection ofLung Cancer", International Journal of Advancein Scientif ic Research and Engineering, 2017Publicat ion
Submitted to School of Business andManagement ITBStudent Paper
"Application of Sensor Technologies forImproved Precision Farming - A Review",International Journal of Advances in Scientif icResearch and Engineering, 2017Publicat ion
"A PRIMER ON BLOCKCHAIN", InternationalJournal of Advances in Scientif ic Research andEngineering, 2018Publicat ion
Youssef Majdoub, Ahmed Abbou, MohamedAkherraz. "Variable speed control of DFIG-wind
Exclude quotes Of f
Exclude bibliography Of f
Exclude matches Of f
turbine with wind estimation", 2014International Renewable and SustainableEnergy Conference (IRSEC), 2014Publicat ion
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Warm Welcome
Welcome to International Journal of Advances in Engineering Research (IJAER). It is an
international refereed engineering journal in English published monthly, both print and
online.
It is a leading international journals for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of engineering. IJAER is a
scholarly open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original
research and applications related to Engineering.
It is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of
engineering. The IJAER publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field of engineering, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new
technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and
developments in this ever-expanding subject.
IJAER will cater to needs of all those researchers and academicians looking forward to contribute through their knowledge, skills and abilities in the field of engineering.
Engineering serves as the calcium of society today. It continuously strengthens our pre-existing knowledge of design and, as calcium ensures healthy bones and teeth,
engineering ensures a healthy and sustainable environment for humankind.
That is where IJAER comes into picture, with a ray of hope to integrate engineering
minds to face erratic engineering challenges through breakthrough research in future.
Aim & Scope
The aim of the International Journal of Advances in Engineering Research (IJAER) is to provide an international forum for the publication and dissemination of original work that
contributes to the understanding of the main and related disciplines of engineering, either empirical or theoretical. This journal is an international journal having full access to
the research and review papers. The aim of the journal is to provide print versions of
journal to the authors and the libraries of the institutions.
The aim of the journal is to promote theoretical or methodological works dealing with all kinds of methods to represent and manipulate imperfectly described pieces of
knowledge, excluding results on pure mathematics or simple applications of existing
theoretical results.
IJAER would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation. IJAER hopes that Researchers, Research scholars, Academician,
Industrialists, Consultancy etc. would make use of this journal publication for the
development of science and technology.
Journal Information
Frequency: Monthly
ISSN (Print): 2231-5152
ISSN (Online): 2454-1796
Publisher: International Journal of Advances in Engineering Research
Language: English
Review Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Type: Online & Print both
Announcements
o Journal Information Frequency: Monthly
ISSN (Print): 2231-5152
ISSN (Online): 2454-1796
Publisher: International Journal of Advances in Engineering Research
Language: English
Review Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Type: Online & Print both
o Journal Information Frequency: Monthly
ISSN (Print): 2231-5152
ISSN (Online): 2454-1796
Publisher: International Journal of Advances in Engineering Research
Language: English
Review Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Type: Online & Print both
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Dr.Badiadka Narayana, Professor, Department of Chemistry & Registrar (Evaluation), Mangalore University
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Prof.(Dr.) H. Shivananda Murthy, Professor & Head, Department of Aquaculture & Former Director of Extension,
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Mr. Har Amit Singh Sandhu, Assistant Professor, PEC University Of Technology, Chandigarh
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of Science, Cairo, Egypt Dr. Idress H. Attitalla, PhD. in molecular evolution at Uppsala University,SWEDEN
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Engineering College, Mepco Engineering College, Virudhunagar, TamilNadu.
Dr. Jahar Sarkar , Senior Assistant Professor, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, UP-221005, India
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Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka
Ms. Jyoti Neeli, Associate Professor, ISE Dept , Global Academy of Technology, Bangalore
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Dr.K.Annamalai, Associate Professor, MIT, Anna University, Chennai
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Dr. K. Chandrasekaran, Asst. Professor, Nadar Saraswathi Collge of Engineering & Technology, Theni
Dr. K. Chitra, Professor, VIT University, Chennai
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Dr. K. Krishnamoorthi, Associate Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sona College of
technology, Salem, India.
Dr. K. Lal Kishore, Vice – Chancellor, JNTUA, Andhra Pradesh, India
Dr. K. Mohamed Bak, Associate Professor, Mechanical Department, Ilahia School of Science and Technology, Kerala
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Dr. K. Selvakumar, Assistant Professor, University College of Engineering, Nagercoiul, Anna University
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Dr. K. Usharani, Deptartment of Environmental Sciences, CUK, India
Dr. K. Venkataramana, Associate Professor & HOD, Department of Computer Applications, K.M.M Institute Of Post
Graduate Studies, Andhra Pradesh Dr. Kalaiyar Swarnalatha, Assistant Professor, Dept of Chemistry, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Tirunelveli,
India More »
Volume: 15, Issue: 1 S.No. Article Title & Authors Page No Download
1. EXPLORING THE SAFETY QUOTIENT IN SELF DRIVING
TECHNOLOGY BY EMPLOYING SELECTED PARAMETERS OF
EFFICIENCY, COST & ETHICS TO ANALYSE A PROTOTYPE OF
A FEASIBLE VERSION OF AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES
Abhijeet Manohar
(1-7)
2. DEVELOPMENT OF A SECURED DEVICE-TO-DEVICES
COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE IN ELECTRONIC
RECRUITMENT SYSTEM
Oluwaleke A. A., Lasisi, H., Awofolaju T.T.
(8-17)
3. ANALYSIS OF CRITICAL FACTORS AFFECTING
CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTIVITY
Neelima Suresh J, Sahimol Eldhose, Manu V Thampy
(18-25)
4. AN ALGORITHM FOR ENHANCING THE SECURITY ON
CLOUD DATA SHARING SYSTEM
PRARTHANA H R, YOGISH H K
(26-36)
5. DESIGN LAMP LIGHTING STREET BASED COMFORT, EYE
FATIGUE, AND SECURITY
I Ketut Wijaya
(37-47)
International Journal of Advances in Engineering Research http://www.ijaer.com
(IJAER) 2018, Vol. No. 15, Issue No. I, January e-ISSN: 2231-5152, p-ISSN: 2454-1796
37
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH
DESIGN LAMP LIGHTING STREET BASED COMFORT,
EYE FATIGUE, AND SECURITY
I Ketut Wijaya
Faculty of Electrical Engineering University of Udayana, Badung, Bali, Indonesia
Home address : Jln. Gunung Batukaru 42 A Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia, Post Code: 80119
ABSTRACT
Public street lighting is very helpful in the creative endeavors of the community though only small but
sustainable. Street lights are required for all walks of life. Street lighting is required for activities and other
activities.
The community desperately needs street lighting in relation to relaxing on the field with the family. Street
lighting can work as well as to provide comfort, reduce eyestrain, and make to sense of security. The data is
taken from calculation on the street lighting and gives the questionnaire on the subject. The method used is
the method of analysis by analyzing the results of the calculation and the results of the questionnaire.
The calculation results of 120 Watt LED lamps with 121 lumens / Watt mounted as high as 6 meters
produces light intensity of 23.06, 19.63, 14.56, 10.68, 8.85, 6.95, and 5.49 Lux on as far as 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
and 9 meters up to the edge of the road. There was a 53% increase in comfort, reduction in eyestrain
amount 75 %, and adds a sense of security amount 57%. The results obtained from this research deserve to
be followed up to be able to be installed the lamp street lighting.
Keywords: Street lighting, Comfort, Eye Fatigue, Security.
A. BACKGROUND
Street lighting is required for road lighting in terms of comfort, eyestrain, and people's safety
on the road. The street lighting is needed to be able to indulge in any activity without any
hesitation. Street lighting is necessary to accelerate the economy from a small economy to the
largest economy. The street lighting can spur economic growth with higher levels of security.
Street lights should be designed based on the needs and characteristics of the road users'
activities. The community of road users should feel safe and comfortable in the activity after
installed lamp the street lighting. In the City people have started beraftifitas at night according to
the needs of the market. Street lights should be bright enough so that the community are not afraid
of the conditions night. Street lighting can funcion as well as reducing people to evil and
discouraging to do evil. Evil intentions can arise because there is an opportunity and let alone no
street lighting. The needs of street lighting can stimulate the community to conduct activities
related to the addition of family income. People in Bali have started with night activities going to
the market to selling something. People in Bali have started with the activities of the night went to
market to selling. Seen people who to the selling are ready to go to the market at night at 12:00 in
the morning.am until 7:00 am. The existence of street lights buffers help people to the trade
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because people in selling do not use lighting at all. Street lighting is indispensable for night
activities with designs that meet comfort, eye health, and safety requirements.
Will be conducted research to get comfortable condition, eye health and safety in activity with
existence of street lighting. Street lights will be ergonomically designed to get a sense of comfort,
eye health, and a sense of security in the activity.
a. Problem Formulation
From the above uaraian can be made problem formulation as follows:
1. What is the operational cost per year?
2. Does the street lighting can add to the comfort of outdoor activities?
3. Does the street lighting reduce eyestrain?
4. Does the street lighting can increase the security of activities outside the home?
b. Research Benefits
The benefits of this research are:
1. The benefit of this research is to provide understanding that street lighting can serve to
keep society from unfavorable condition.
2. Research may also reveal unfavorable conditions due to no street lighting.
c. Way Conduct Research
1. Doing calculations on street lighting.
2. Measuring the intensity of light on street lighting.
3. To giving questionnaires to the community around street lighting.
4. Conducted analysis to be able to generate conclusions.
B. THE MATERIAL AND METHODS
The material in this research is LPJ lamp in Badung regency in one place where activity is
often done by society.
The method used is to calculate the intensity of street lighting, to provide comfort
questionnaires, eyestrain, and safety with samples in the that place.
C. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
a. Results b.
a) Lamp Completeness
Very necessary to do calculate street lighting for easy installation preparation. Street
lighting has the criteria:
1. Artery
2. Collector road
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3. Local road
b) Image from lamppost
W1 W2
Where :
h: height of pole
c: : the horizontal distance of the lamp in the middle of the night
t: The lamp distance to the middle of the road
W1:distance the pole to the end of the lamp
W2: the horizontal distance of the lamp to the end of the road.
To find the slope angle from lamp so point of illumination towards the middle of the road.
T = 𝑡2 + 𝐶2 (1)
So Cos ∅ = h / t (2)
c). Part of the streetlight house
1. Reflector of lamp
2. Armature of lamp
d). Cable
The cable used is a cable that can be planted in the ground.
1. Cable NYA (single core cable with insulate of PVC) with a maximum temperature of
7000 C
2. NYM cable (multicore PVC with insulated of the white)
3. NYY cable (multinode cable PVC insulated black) has a maximum ability of 1 KV.
e). Protection used
1. Type of protection (MCB) which if there is more current then this protection will be
open in accordance PUIL 2011.
2. This type of protection is required to withstand the shock current (lightning strike) or due
to the infestation (RCCB protection).
h
t C
safety peg
PLN
meters
box
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f). Lamp
Lamp that is used is a type of LED lamp with the provision of a large 120 Watt lamp with a
6 meter pole height, both for one handlebar or two handlebar.
1. Lamp type: LED
2. Power: 120 Watt
3. Light efficiency: 14,520 lumens
4. Luminous efficiency:> 121 lm / W
5. Color: yellow
g). Calculation result
(a) Determined the angle of inclination with a width of 4 meters:
r = ℎ2 + 𝑐2
r = 62 + 42 = 7,21 meters
So that Cos = ℎ
𝑡 =
6
7.21 = 0,83
= 𝐶𝑜𝑠−10,83 = 37,550
(b) The magnitude of index K (light efficiency of the lamp) and the angle of slope
ω = 4π
Then 𝑖 = 𝐾𝑃
𝜔 =
120𝑥121
4 𝑥 3.14𝜔 = 1156,05 Cd
(c). Calculates illumination at the lamp point to the end of the road
(a) Calculating the illumination with a 3 meter road width:
r = 62 + 32 = 6,71
So that Cos = ℎ
𝑡 =
6
6,71 = 0,89
= 𝐶𝑜𝑠−10,89 = 30,140
Er = 𝑖
𝑟2 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽 = 1156,05
6,712 x 6
6,71 =
1156,05
45,02 x 0,89 = 22,85 Lux
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98.51
06.1156
(d) Calculating illumination at the point of lamp to end of ramp (r)
r = 62 + 42 = 7,21 meters
Er = 𝑖
𝑟2 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽 = 21.7
2
06.1156 x
21.7
6 = x 0,83 = 18.46 Lux
(c) Illumination at a distance of 5 meters (r)
r = 62 + 52 = 7,81 meters
Er = 𝑖
𝑟2 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽 = 281.7
06.1156x
81.7
6 =
99.60
06.1156x 0.77 = 14.59 Lux
Table 1. Angle of Tilt
No. High of Pillar Length Stang 2.1 meters Length Stang 3 meters
Angle of Slope (0
Angle of Slope (0)
1 6 36.63 29.55
2 7 32.31 25.66
3 8 28.87 22.76
4 9 19.29 20.34
5 10 10.73 10.44
6 11 11.67 11.40
7 12 19.88 15.40
Table 2. Light Intensity Calculation Result
No.
Distance of
Illumination Up
to the Edge of
the Road
Light Intensity of LED Lights
120 Watt LED Lamp
(121 Lumen / Watt
with Height of Pole 6
meters
200 Watt LED
Lamp (23000
Lumen) with 7
meter pole height
200 Watt LED (100
Lumen / Watt) lamp
with 7 meter pole
LED 240 Watt (26000
Lumen / Watt) with 8
meter pole height
1 3 22,85 25.03 21.68 19.54
2 4 18.46 21,14 18.38 17.38
3 5 14.59 17.27 15.02 14.81
4 6 10.68 14.02 12.19 12.00
5 7 8.85 11.36 5.35 10.34
6 8 6.95 9.15 7.95 8.59
7 9 5.49 7.42 6.45 7.12
h) Number of Lamp Point Required at 40 Meters Place Distance Between Pile
B = 𝑙
𝑠 + 1 =
500
40 + 1 = 13,5
So the number of lamp points needed is 14 point lights.
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For public roads with a length of 500 meters can be installed lights with a distance of 25
meters or with a distance of 30 meters between the lamp.
i) Calculation of protection used
The large calculation of the safety current used for the bulb is Power that used 14 pieces of
lamp = 14 x 120 x Cos = 1480 Watt.
In = 𝑃
𝑉 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ∅ = A
x
x98.8
85.0220
12014
Irating = K x In = 125% x In = 125% x 8.98 = 11.23 A
APP rating flows are:
In = 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
3 𝑉 𝐶𝑜𝑠∅ = 66.1
85.038014.3
1680
3
14120
xxVCos
x
A
j) Flows of rating on the APP ie
Calculation of protection used
The large calculation of the safety current used for the bulb is
Flows of the rating = K x In = 125% x 1.66 A = 2.075 A
Based on field observation, there is no the protection 3 A, therefore protection is used with
large current of 4 A. The size of 4 A protection can be used for 8 lamps.
k) Calculation of electrical power required is
At six o'clock the lights came on and stopped burning at 6:00 am. Lights operate for 12
hours. Energy required for 12 hours of operation is P = 120 watt x 40 (The distance between
the pole) x Cos ∅ = 4800 x 0.85 = 4080 Watt.
Then the power is connected to 14 lights = 4.8 kVA.
l) The fact the lights turn on in 12 hours for 14 pieces of light per day is
W = (P x t) / Cos∅
= (120 x 14 x 12) / 0.85
= 23.72 kWh per day
In one month the energy needed for 14 lamps:
W / month = 23.72 x 30 days = 711.6 kWH. Based on the Regulation of the Minister of Energy
and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Indonesia (ESDM) no. 28 year 2016, regarding the
electricity tariff provided by PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PERSERO), that the electricity
tariff for street lighting in the January-March 2018 tariff adjustment from 1300 VA - 200 kVA =
Rp. 1,049, - / kWH. Electricity used in one month for 14 lamps are:
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Table 3. Tariff of Electricity Usage
N0. Number
of Pole
Number
of
Zones
Power of
Electricity
(kWH / month)
Basic
Electricity
Tariff
(TDL)
(Rp./kWH )
Total
Electricity
Tariff (Rp.)
1 T7 1 355.8
1,049.00
373.23
2 T7 1 355.8
1,049.00
373.23
Total Cost
746.47
To find the total cost of the load used by 14 lamps per month is the calculation of the Tariff of
load of PJU = (40 (flash time) x connected power x usage cost per kWH).
Table 4. Total Cost of Expenses
N0. Number
of Pole
Number
of
Zones
Load (S) / kWh
Basic
Electricity
Tariff
(TDL)
(Rp./kWH )
Total Cost of Expenses
(Rp.) = (40xZxSxTDL)
1 T7 1
2.95
1,049.00
123.78
2 T7 1
2.95
1,049.00
123.78
Total cost
247.56
The operational cost of conventional PJU is monthly electricity bill (load charge + electricity
usage rate) to be paid. So the monthly electricity bill costs around:
Total operational cost / month = 746.47 + 247.56 = Rp. 994.03, -
Total operational cost / year = Rp. 994.03 x 12 = Rp. 11,928.36, -
m) Comfort Analysis Results
Table 5. Results of Comfort Analysis Before and After Repair
Data N Mean SD Different SD P
Before Repair 10 24.03 2.68 12.67 1.69 0.00
After Repair 10 36.70 1.84
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n) Eye Fatigue Analysis Result
Table 6. Eye Fatigue Analysis Result
Data N Mean SD Different SD P
Before Repair 30 15.10 2.82 11.27 1.74 0.00
After Repair 30 26.37 3.76
o) Results of Security Analysis
Table 7. Security Analysis Results
Data N Mean SD Different SD P
Before Repair 30 18.33 2.25 10.40 1.16 0.00
After Repair 30 28.73 2.70
b. Discussion
a). Large of intensity of light at the street point from of the lamp
(a) Results of analysis of 120 Watt LED lamp
The calculation results show 120 Watt LED lamp with 121 Lumen / Watt is able to
give light intensity equal to 23.06; 19.63; 14.56; 10.68; 8.85, 6.95. and 5.49 Lux at the
farthest point of the lamp that is as far as 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 meters. At a distance of
3 meters can provide a light intensity of 23.03 Lux. Intensity of lighting has been
qualified to be used as street lighting (Badung Government, 2016). Street lights are
installed with a 6 meter pole height with a width of 9 meters. Installation of street
lighting with one another will strengthen the intensity of each other. Installation of
street lighting should be installed closer than 40 meters (20, 25, 30, and or 35 meters)
with 120 Watt street lamps or enlarged street lighting with larger Watt (Table 2.).
(b) Electricity operational cost per month
The electricity cost per month is derived from the electricity usage rate and total
monthly load cost. PJU lamp with 14 lamps will pay Rp. 746.47 + Rp. 247.56 = Rp.
994.03, - per month.
Total operational cost per year is Rp. 11,928.36, -
From this operational cost value can be selected mounting on the distance between
lampposts as far as 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 meters or more. This selection depends on the
financial condition of the region.
b). Street lights can provide comfort activities
From the results of questionnaires conducted on 30 correspondents can produce the
following analysis.
Results of the questionnaires conducted at the research site found all respondents feel
comfortable after the lights provide street lighting. Respondents also made longer visits
than previous ones because they languish comfortably with families in them having street
lighting. The results of from respondents obtained before and after installed lamps that
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produce a comfort difference of 12.67 ± 1.69. This means Convenience gained in that
place is very significant because of the difference before and after being installed with a
good enough improvement (significant).
c) The street lighting lights can reduce the Eye Fatigue
Basically the lights in general can ease in the eyesight. Lights also provide a sense of
comfort according to the results of the research above. The results of research conducted
at the place of research showed a significant change to the one's sight who was around
the research. This change leads to a the less mistakes that occur effect the eye can not see
well. Changes in eye fatigue caused by street lighting are 11.27 ± 1.74. This result is
indeed a significant result because it resulted in longer visiting hours.
d) Street lighting can enhance security
Based on the results of the above research that lighting lamps can increase safety in one's
condition. Street lights are able to provide a sense of security to a person as big as 10.40
± 1.16 of the respondents 30 people. A person's sense of security will cause people to stay
longer in that place. It is expected that all places to gather should be installed street lights.
Instalation of street lamps must comply with predetermined standards.
RESEARCH CAN BE DEVELOPED
New finding in this study is that this calculation can be changed according to the willingness of the
researcher. The brighter the lights are installed will cause comfort, reduce the eyes berakomodasi,
and more security.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
My thanks to friends in UNUD electro technique that has helped in this research.
CONCLUSIONS
From the above Description it can be concluded:
1. The calculation results may change as desired by the researcher.
2. Can be used in planning the street lamp to obtain the desired light intensity.
3. Installation of street lights can add comfort, eyestrain, and security in place.
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⦋2⦌ National Standardization Agency, 2000. SNI 6197 Energy Conservation Lighting System in
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⦋3⦌ National Standardization Body, 2003. SNI 6967 General Requirements of Network and
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AUTHOR PROFILE
First author : I Ketut Wijaya.
I was born : in Padangbai, Karangasem, Bali, Indonesia
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Date: October 12, 1959
Education :
1. Education Strata 1: Institute of Technology Surabaya in Surabaya, Indonesia and Acquired
degree which is Ir, 1986
2. Education Strata 2: Ergonomics of Work Physiology Udayana University in Denpasar, Bali,
Indonesia, and degree which obtained is M.Erg (Master Ergonomics), 2007
3. Education Strata 3: Ergonomics of Work Physiology Udayana University in Denpasar, Bali,
Indonesia, and degree which obtained is Dr (Doctor), in 2011
Often participated in the training, the writing and research national nor international.
Worked as a lecturer at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering University of Udayana Badung,
Indonesia from 1987 to the present.