INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE TEACHING

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE TEACHING

European summer school for primary science trainers

European summer school for primary science trainers

9 – 14 July 2005Erice, Sicily - Italy

9 – 14 July 2005Erice, Sicily - Italy

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Children’s comprehension of Children’s comprehension of physical phenomena at preschool physical phenomena at preschool and lower elementary school leveland lower elementary school level

Children’s comprehension of Children’s comprehension of physical phenomena at preschool physical phenomena at preschool and lower elementary school leveland lower elementary school level

Vera Bojović

Institute of Education Development

Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro

Vera Bojović

Institute of Education Development

Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro

The results obtained after several years of research on children’s understanding of physical phenomena at the preschool and lower elementary school level, have shown that physical phenomena motivate children as an intellectual challenge.

The results obtained after several years of research on children’s understanding of physical phenomena at the preschool and lower elementary school level, have shown that physical phenomena motivate children as an intellectual challenge.

The value of experiments of natural or physical phenomena consists in enabling children to satisfy their curiosity in many different ways and lies in the stimulation of mental activities by:

The value of experiments of natural or physical phenomena consists in enabling children to satisfy their curiosity in many different ways and lies in the stimulation of mental activities by:

observation

perception

classification

measuring

hypothesizing or predicting

describing

making conclusions from data, asking insightful question about nature

carrying experiments

These experiments provide children with opportunities for active participation by introducing small changes and verifying their effects.

HOW TO TEACH SCIENCE?HOW TO TEACH SCIENCE?

The excitement and fun of finding answers through science processes should be the means of how to teach science.

Providing science education for children ages 3 – 11 communicate the following points:

Science is fun

I can do it

Science is a process for discovering things

Science is questioning

We have examined the importance of science with regard to children’s developmental needs and also as a stimulus to children’s curiosity and their intellectual activities.

We have examined the importance of science with regard to children’s developmental needs and also as a stimulus to children’s curiosity and their intellectual activities.

Special attention will be paid to discovery activities, which enable children to get acquainted with physical phenomena through experimenting and play.

Special attention will be paid to discovery activities, which enable children to get acquainted with physical phenomena through experimenting and play.

SCIENCE CAN BE ELEMENTARY SCIENCE CAN BE ELEMENTARY

There are many physical phenomena in nature, which can be presented to children in way adjusted to their age.

Physical phenomena are particularly suitable because they provide opportunities for children to observe, according to their own abilities, what happens as well how and why it happens.

Teachers must adapt logically well organized contents and precepts of physics to the school-age level as a source of great intellectual stimulation and contribution to cognitive development in a broad sense.

Teachers must adapt logically well organized contents and precepts of physics to the school-age level as a source of great intellectual stimulation and contribution to cognitive development in a broad sense.

Study of movement and forces provides opportunities to overcome the problem of

the conservation abilities

Study of movement and forces provides opportunities to overcome the problem of

the conservation abilities

conservation of massconservation of mass

conservation of numberconservation of number

conservation of weightconservation of weight

conservation of lengthconservation of length

Examining the movements of objects of various shapes (made of an equal quantity of plasticine) in water, children overcome the problem of conservation of mass. They observe how the speed of movement depends on the shape of the body.

The same experiment can be applied in the study of the conservation of volume, for the purpose of observation of the bodies of different forms, which occupy the same volume when submerged in water.

Conservation of mass and volume

TEACHING AND LEARNING ACTIVITIESTEACHING AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES TEACHING AND LEARNING ACTIVITIESTEACHING AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Various physical phenomena were selected for teaching through discovery. Various physical phenomena were selected for teaching through discovery.

This approach to the subject can be called "discovery teaching/ learning". This approach to the subject can be called "discovery teaching/ learning".

Attention was paid on selecting and structuring experiments, keeping in mind the complexity of the phenomenon and children's ability to understand it.

Attention was paid on selecting and structuring experiments, keeping in mind the complexity of the phenomenon and children's ability to understand it.

The teaching and learning activities are based on the results of our research and experience enriched by direct contact with children.

The teaching and learning activities are based on the results of our research and experience enriched by direct contact with children.

PHYSICAL PHENOMENA AS A STIMULUS PHYSICAL PHENOMENA AS A STIMULUS FOR INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITYFOR INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITY

PHYSICAL PHENOMENA AS A STIMULUS PHYSICAL PHENOMENA AS A STIMULUS FOR INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITYFOR INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITY

If our primary goal in introducing children to physical phenomena is intellectual activity, it is necessary to consider in detail the following questions:

If our primary goal in introducing children to physical phenomena is intellectual activity, it is necessary to consider in detail the following questions:

The choice of experiments and method of presentation The choice of experiments and method of presentation

Children's ability to comprehend physical phenomena Children's ability to comprehend physical phenomena

Variations of the experiment and the problem situations as a stimulus for intellectual activityVariations of the experiment and the problem situations as a stimulus for intellectual activity

The role of the teacher during the experiment The role of the teacher during the experiment

The selection of experiments The selection of experiments and method of presentationand method of presentation

The choice of experiments should not be The choice of experiments should not be limited only to the most interesting limited only to the most interesting phenomena in respective fields.phenomena in respective fields.

The phenomenon is truly fascinating!The phenomenon is truly fascinating!

If a phenomenon is not supplemented by If a phenomenon is not supplemented by variations that help the child to variations that help the child to understand it, only prompts the child's understand it, only prompts the child's egocentricity, particularly at preschool egocentricity, particularly at preschool level. Then it is almost unavoidable to get level. Then it is almost unavoidable to get answers in which everything that has been answers in which everything that has been seen is attributed to "magic", "trickery" seen is attributed to "magic", "trickery" or "conjuring tricks".or "conjuring tricks".

For instance, if the experiment with the For instance, if the experiment with the stream of water is carried out after a series stream of water is carried out after a series of activities in which the children have the of activities in which the children have the opportunity of charging different objects opportunity of charging different objects and examining their proprieties, the and examining their proprieties, the bending of the stream of water would then bending of the stream of water would then be an expected phenomenon.be an expected phenomenon.

The requirements that must be met:The requirements that must be met:

simple equipment and material for the simple equipment and material for the experimentexperiment

dynamic changes that can attract dynamic changes that can attract children's attentionchildren's attention

possibility for children to carry out possibility for children to carry out experiments by themselvesexperiments by themselves

safety of the childrensafety of the children

Children try to answer the question: Children try to answer the question:

Which bar should be used, wooden or metal, to connect Which bar should be used, wooden or metal, to connect electroscope's rings and to make the foil on the uncharged electroscope's rings and to make the foil on the uncharged

electroscope spread?electroscope spread?

Children try to answer the question: Children try to answer the question:

Which bar should be used, wooden or metal, to connect Which bar should be used, wooden or metal, to connect electroscope's rings and to make the foil on the uncharged electroscope's rings and to make the foil on the uncharged

electroscope spread?electroscope spread?

Experiments should be structured in such Experiments should be structured in such way that they represent individual way that they represent individual physical phenomena which we often physical phenomena which we often encounter in everyday life. There are encounter in everyday life. There are many "physical experiments" we all take many "physical experiments" we all take part in when we do everyday chores, walk, part in when we do everyday chores, walk, run or go in for sports.run or go in for sports.

Children observe the behavior Children observe the behavior of the doll when the pram of the doll when the pram suddenly starts moving or suddenly starts moving or stops short.stops short.

After the experiment with After the experiment with rocking doll and the pram, it is rocking doll and the pram, it is recommended to have recommended to have conversation with children conversation with children about the effects that appear about the effects that appear when the bus suddenly starts or when the bus suddenly starts or stops short.stops short.

HOW TO INTRODUCE CHILDREN TO THE HOW TO INTRODUCE CHILDREN TO THE WORLD OF PHYSICAL PHENOMENAWORLD OF PHYSICAL PHENOMENA

HOW TO INTRODUCE CHILDREN TO THE HOW TO INTRODUCE CHILDREN TO THE WORLD OF PHYSICAL PHENOMENAWORLD OF PHYSICAL PHENOMENA

According to our experience, the child should first become According to our experience, the child should first become acquainted with a certain physical phenomenon through immediate acquainted with a certain physical phenomenon through immediate experience in everyday life.experience in everyday life.

Later through research as an individual activity, the child satisfies Later through research as an individual activity, the child satisfies his or her curiosity, thinks about his experience, and introduces his or her curiosity, thinks about his experience, and introduces small changes and checks up on their effects.small changes and checks up on their effects.

In the end, during a conversation about similar phenomena in life, In the end, during a conversation about similar phenomena in life, the child returns to everyday life enriched with new insights.the child returns to everyday life enriched with new insights.

For this reason after the experiment on movement on rough and For this reason after the experiment on movement on rough and smooth surfaces, the subject of the conversation should be: smooth surfaces, the subject of the conversation should be: Is it Is it possible without friction?possible without friction?

Is it possible without friction ? Is it possible without friction ?

Children's ability to comprehend physical phenomena

Children's ability to comprehend physical phenomena

The choice of the method of presentation of the experiment depends on the complexity of a phenomenon on one hand, and the children's ability to understand it on the other.

The choice of the method of presentation of the experiment depends on the complexity of a phenomenon on one hand, and the children's ability to understand it on the other.

Some experiments should be arranged in separate phases, starting with the simplest and gradually progressing towards the more complex ones.

Some experiments should be arranged in separate phases, starting with the simplest and gradually progressing towards the more complex ones.

The experience gained at one stage is important for the next stage since it enables the child to participate in the more complex activities that follow.

The experience gained at one stage is important for the next stage since it enables the child to participate in the more complex activities that follow.

Efforts should be made to standardize the problem assignments in every phase of the experiment and stick to the sequences of their performance.

Efforts should be made to standardize the problem assignments in every phase of the experiment and stick to the sequences of their performance.

Can all objects be charged?

What does the attraction and repulsion depend on (when will it be stronger and when weaker)?

Are both substances (object and wool cloth, for example) charged by rubbing together?

Can the part of the object, which has not been rubbed, attract?

Is this a lasting phenomenon?

Do the charged objects interact with each other?

For example, a systematic and gradual introduction to electrical phenomena and their better comprehension require answers to series of questions:

How long pieces of paper are attached to the comb?

How long pieces of paper are attached to the comb?

Which end of the comb attracts pieces of paper? Which end of the comb attracts pieces of paper?

Variations of the experiment and problem situations as a stimulus for intellectual activities

Variations of the experiment and problem situations as a stimulus for intellectual activities

In order to observe objectively children's ability to comprehend physical phenomena separate stages of the experiment, whenever possible, should be structured in terms of problem situations, offering sufficient perceptive elements as basis for deductions.

In order to observe objectively children's ability to comprehend physical phenomena separate stages of the experiment, whenever possible, should be structured in terms of problem situations, offering sufficient perceptive elements as basis for deductions.

Each phase or variation of the experiment should prompt the child to further research, not to discourage. That is why the level of children's capability of comprehension should always be borne in mind.

Each phase or variation of the experiment should prompt the child to further research, not to discourage. That is why the level of children's capability of comprehension should always be borne in mind.

Children (students) investigate scientific concepts and phenomena firsthand, record and reflect on their observations, share their findings with others, and apply the skills and knowledge they have gained to new situations. This is hands-on but also minds-on, inquiry-based approach to physical phenomena (science). These activities help children (students) understand the "why" and "how" of their work.

Children (students) investigate scientific concepts and phenomena firsthand, record and reflect on their observations, share their findings with others, and apply the skills and knowledge they have gained to new situations. This is hands-on but also minds-on, inquiry-based approach to physical phenomena (science). These activities help children (students) understand the "why" and "how" of their work.

New variations of an experiment and problem situations should indicate the cause of the phenomenon in a more direct way to stimulate the child to reflect and overcome cognitive conflict. This particularly refers to contents with a higher degree of abstraction.

New variations of an experiment and problem situations should indicate the cause of the phenomenon in a more direct way to stimulate the child to reflect and overcome cognitive conflict. This particularly refers to contents with a higher degree of abstraction.

Children try to find the answer to the following questions:

Can you move the metal ring along the curved copper wire so that bulb doesn’t light up?

When will the bulb light? How should the ring be moved along the wire to make the bulb light continuously?

Children are asked to form the shadow of a stick at a given place and then to determine the position of the shadow in relation to the source of light and obstacle (the stick).

Children are asked to form the shadow of a stick at a given place and then to determine the position of the shadow in relation to the source of light and obstacle (the stick).

They are asked to form a shadow by moving the electric bulb (torch), but this time on the side of the torch. Then children experiment with two source of light.

They are asked to form a shadow by moving the electric bulb (torch), but this time on the side of the torch. Then children experiment with two source of light.

Here is a variation for the youngest children and the following interesting question: Is the shadow of a red circle (geometrical form made of cardboard) red?

Here is a variation for the youngest children and the following interesting question: Is the shadow of a red circle (geometrical form made of cardboard) red?

At some stages of an experiment, the problem may be set in such a way that requires close observation in order to find corresponding relations.

At some stages of an experiment, the problem may be set in such a way that requires close observation in order to find corresponding relations.

When do cubes of equal size cover different distances? When do cubes of equal size cover different distances?

What must be done if we want the bigger cube to cover the same distance? What must be done if we want the bigger cube to cover the same distance?

4. The role of teacher during the experiment4. The role of teacher during the experiment

The teacher helps and guides the child to observe connections between cause and effect, which is essential for understanding of natural phenomena.

The teacher helps and guides the child to observe connections between cause and effect, which is essential for understanding of natural phenomena.

His support is indispensable for the development of

logical and abstract thinking. His support is indispensable for the development of

logical and abstract thinking.

Activities with children can be realized in playActivities with children can be realized in play

The balloons "kissing”The balloons "kissing” Is it important which sides of the balloons are facing one another? (balloons are charged on one side only)

Is it important which sides of the balloons are facing one another? (balloons are charged on one side only)

"Facts are important, but the younger the students are, the more important it is to learn the process of science"

"Facts are important, but the younger the students are, the more important it is to learn the process of science"

Dr Leon Lederman, Nobel Prize Laureate Dr Leon Lederman, Nobel Prize Laureate