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International Symposium for the 50th Anniversary of the Forestry Sector Planning in TurkeyPlanned Forestry For the Desired Future of our Forests
Issues facing forest planning in the southern United States
Pete BettingerProfessor
School of Forestry and Natural ResourcesUniversity of Georgia
Athens, GA USA
For pulp and paper purposes, the southern region provides most (75%) of the domestic commercial roundwood used in the USA.
The forests of the South have a long history of development, and have been closely tied to environmental and economic challenges facing the agricultural sector.
Continuously forested areas have been harvested 2–5 times.
Recent changes in forested area have been slightly positive.
International Symposium for the 50th Anniversary of the Forestry Sector Planning in Turkey
Southern USA Forest Planning
Nearly 88% of the forest land is privately owned, and each owner may have different objectives and constraints that influence planning.
International Symposium for the 50th Anniversary of the Forestry Sector Planning in Turkey
Southern USA Forest Planning
Ownership is diverse across the landscape.
International Symposium for the 50th Anniversary of the Forestry Sector Planning in Turkey
Southern USA Forest Planning
Management planning for forest lands in the United States is not necessarily mandatory, and is not coordinated at any level (County, State, Region).
• All industrial or corporate landowners have at least a short-term management plan.
• All public lands are guided by a long-term management plan.
• 97% of the private landowners have no formal management plan.
• Most advice received by private landowners comes through state forestry agents, private consultants, other landowners, and loggers.
International Symposium for the 50th Anniversary of the Forestry Sector Planning in Turkey
Southern USA Forest Planning
If performed, forest planning processes in the southern USA typically involve.....
Database development Modeling Synthesis and development of knowledge Acknowledgement of risk and economics Technology People Organizational issues
Unfortunately, the perfect forest management model has not been developed, and thus each landowner may use a model or process that they have developed independently of others.
International Symposium for the 50th Anniversary of the Forestry Sector Planning in Turkey
Southern USA Forest Planning
Management policies are influenced by
State and federal regulations Guidance from forest certification programs Organizational decisions
These affect the ability of an organization to recognize and model complex functional relationships among forests, the environment, and various socio-economic institutions.
International Symposium for the 50th Anniversary of the Forestry Sector Planning in Turkey
Southern USA Forest Planning
In assessing the value of owning forests and practicing forestry, landowners must acknowledge the spread of human civilization...
This is perhaps the most important issue facing forest management in the southern USA.
Most southern states do not have comprehensive land use plans that limit the type of development that can occur along the urban / rural edges of cities.
The addition of homes in rural areas can influence land prices and the fragmentation of forests.
Southern USA Forest Planning
International Symposium for the 50th Anniversary of the Forestry Sector Planning in Turkey
.... the risks posed by weather ....
Damage to forests and natural resources during a tropical cyclone will occur primarily as a result of winds and storm surges generated by the storm.
Southern USA Forest Planning
International Symposium for the 50th Anniversary of the Forestry Sector Planning in Turkey
.... the risks posed by fire ....
The main causes of wildfires in the southern United States are primarily human actions and lightning.
The impact of wildfires on forests will vary depending on the intensity and extent of the fire, and whether the forested ecosystem is sensitive to fire, influenced by fire, or independent in any regard.
Southern USA Forest Planning
International Symposium for the 50th Anniversary of the Forestry Sector Planning in Turkey
... and the risks posed by insects and diseases.
Examples: Cogongrass - an aggressive plant species that out-competes native vegetation. Kudzu - another plant species that grows aggressively, covering plants and trees. Southern pine beetle - Outbreaks can last from two to three years.
Southern USA Forest Planning
International Symposium for the 50th Anniversary of the Forestry Sector Planning in Turkey
In general, there are three levels of forest planning in the southern United States.
Strategic 20-150 year time horizon. Goal is to assess sustainability of the management approach.
Tactical 1-20 year time horizon. Goal is to assess when, where, and how to implement the management strategy, given economic, commodity production, and environmental constraints.
Operational Weekly, monthly, annual time horizon. Goal is to manage people, equipment, and budgets so that the forest
plan can be followed. This plan is influenced most by weather and market conditions.
Southern USA Forest Planning
International Symposium for the 50th Anniversary of the Forestry Sector Planning in Turkey
However, there are many types of "optimization" processes that occur.
Optimal stand establishment processes Specific site preparation methods and stand establishment treatments
Optimal management intensity Specific decisions herbicide treatments, pre-commercial, thinning, pruning, etc.
Optimal nutrient regimes Specific fertilizer treatments to combat nutrient deficiencies
Optimal stand-level management regimes Broader stand-level optimization of sets of treatments
Optimal forest-level management regimes Broad forest-wide considerations, such as wood flows, income, and spatial constraints are recognized
Optimal supply chains Region-wide transportation, supply, demand analyses
Southern USA Forest Planning
International Symposium for the 50th Anniversary of the Forestry Sector Planning in Turkey
General Scope
Southern USA Forest Planning
International Symposium for the 50th Anniversary of the Forestry Sector Planning in Turkey
Public Land Planning
Ecosystem processes Multiple uses Forest health Climate change
Forest Industry Planning
Economics Wood flow Spatial placement of activities Recreation Carbon Wildlife habitat
Private Land Planning
Recreation Economics Other uses
National Forest Planning
There are 5.38 million hectares of National Forest System lands in the Southern USA.
Three key focus areas of management:
1. Returning ecological systems to their natural resilience and sustaining them.2. Protecting human, natural and physical resources from degradation and harm.3. Responding to social needs in an environmentally sensitive manner.
Southern USA Forest Planning
International Symposium for the 50th Anniversary of the Forestry Sector Planning in Turkey
National Forest Planning
Oconee National Forest (Georgia)
Management prescription group
Red-cockaded woodpecker habitatManagement, maintenance, and restoration of plant communitiesRecreationExperimental forestsWild and scenic riversRiparian areasOld growth forestsOther
Southern USA Forest Planning
International Symposium for the 50th Anniversary of the Forestry Sector Planning in Turkey
Percentof land
40.930.4
8.18.14.24.11.42.8
National Forest Planning
Modeling SystemsLinear programmingState-transition models
Parameterization within a model Model assumptions or rules
Southern USA Forest Planning
International Symposium for the 50th Anniversary of the Forestry Sector Planning in Turkey
www.essa.com/tools/vddt/highlight/
Forest Industry Planning
There are 15.89 million hectares of forest industry, timberland investment organization,or real estate investment trust lands in the Southern USA.
Three key focus areas of management:
1. Capturing value from the forest resource.2. Supplying wood to local mills.3. Managing land in an environmentally responsible manner.
Southern USA Forest Planning
International Symposium for the 50th Anniversary of the Forestry Sector Planning in Turkey
Forest Industry Planning
The clearcut harvest adjacency problem
Clearcut sizes and their impact on economic returns.
Green-up periods and their impact on economic returns.
Effect of constraint formulation type on time required to generate a solution.
Southern USA Forest Planning
International Symposium for the 50th Anniversary of the Forestry Sector Planning in Turkey
Forest Industry Planning
Southern USA Forest Planning
International Symposium for the 50th Anniversary of the Forestry Sector Planning in Turkey
Forest Industry Planning
The wood flow problem
Different products desired each period.
Beginning / ending inventory constraints.
Even-flow, or deviation in flow allowed.
Biomass.
Southern USA Forest Planning
International Symposium for the 50th Anniversary of the Forestry Sector Planning in Turkey
Forest Industry Planning
Southern USA Forest Planning
International Symposium for the 50th Anniversary of the Forestry Sector Planning in Turkey
Need to have available ..... An optimal stand-level regime for each stand Multiple other alternative stand-level regimes
Forest Industry Planning
Southern USA Forest Planning
International Symposium for the 50th Anniversary of the Forestry Sector Planning in Turkey
Even-flow of wood volume produced
Forest Industry Planning
Southern USA Forest Planning
International Symposium for the 50th Anniversary of the Forestry Sector Planning in Turkey
About 86% of beginning inventory
About 96% of beginning inventory
Ending inventory constraint
Forest Industry Planning
Modeling SystemsAd-hoc methodsLinear programmingMixed integer programmingBinary searchHeuristics
Parameterization within a model Model assumptions or rules Length of time allowed to develop a solution Global optimum vs. local optimum Relaxation of constraints Sophistication of constraints
Southern USA Forest Planning
International Symposium for the 50th Anniversary of the Forestry Sector Planning in Turkey
Private Land Planning
There are 57.29 million hectares of privately-owned forest lands in the Southern USA.
Key focus areas of management:
1. Multiple use management.2. Family investment.3. Practice conservation.
Southern USA Forest Planning
International Symposium for the 50th Anniversary of the Forestry Sector Planning in Turkey
U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report NRS-27
Private Land Planning
Modeling SystemsAd-hoc methods
Assumptions or rules Sophistication of the model
Southern USA Forest Planning
http://www.pfla.bc.ca/category/forest-management-tips/
Organizational Problems or Barriers
Southern USA Forest Planning
International Symposium for the 50th Anniversary of the Forestry Sector Planning in Turkey
Public Land Planning
Time Cost Budget Extensive scope of issues Data
Public employees
Forest Industry Planning
Time Cost Budget Functional relationships Data Technology
Private company employees
Private Land Planning
Not required Time Cost Budget
Consultants or state foresters
Organizational Problems or Barriers
Placed too much effort on data development Found that data were relatively unavailable Used old technology due to limited funds Failed to adapt to new technology Involved the wrong people Needed the involvement of decision makers Needed the involvement of stakeholders and users Were unsure of who were the future customers Had a limited budget for development Placed limited effort on documentation Applied limited effort to training Received no support from direct management Found that periodic timelines were too restrictive
Data
Technology People
OrganizationalCommitment
Southern USA Forest Planning
International Symposium for the 50th Anniversary of the Forestry Sector Planning in Turkey
Summary
Land managers attempt "optimization" at many stages within the planning process.
Optimal stand establishment processes Optimal management intensity Optimal nutrient regimes Optimal stand-level management regimes Optimal forest-level management regimes Optimal supply chains
The processes employed the and successes obtained vary widely among the differentland ownership groups.
Southern USA Forest Planning
International Symposium for the 50th Anniversary of the Forestry Sector Planning in Turkey
Summary
All land owners pose the same basic types of questions:
How much of ________ do we have ? Where is (are the) __________ located ? What is the rate of _____ of ______ ? Is ___________ sustainable in the long-run ? Is _____ possible ? How good is ________ ? Should we use ________ ?
Some planning models and processes can be used to address these questions.
Southern USA Forest Planning
International Symposium for the 50th Anniversary of the Forestry Sector Planning in Turkey
Summary
Many land owners and managers also pose challenges for forest planning efforts.
With respect to optimization model development:
Can we incorporate _____________ into a planning model ? Is the __________ model better than other models ? Does the ___________ model produce the desired quality of solutions ? How sensitive is the _____________ model to changes in parameters ?
With respect to policy analyses:
Can we evaluate trade-offs among varying levels of a single constraint ? Can we evaluate different scenarios and different collections of constraints ?
Southern USA Forest Planning
International Symposium for the 50th Anniversary of the Forestry Sector Planning in Turkey
International Symposium for the 50th Anniversary of the Forestry Sector Planning in TurkeyPlanned Forestry For the Desired Future of our Forests
Issues facing forest planning in the southern United States
Pete BettingerProfessor
School of Forestry and Natural ResourcesUniversity of Georgia
Athens, GA USA
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