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Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2016 Oct; Special issue SP03 “National conference on Recent innovations in biotechnology.”

1

AVIT

AARUPADAI VEEDU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution,

NBA-AICTE, New Delhi Accreditation for Major Courses )

An ambit Institution of

VINAYAKA MISSIONS UNIVERSITY

(Declared Under Sec 3 of UGC Act, 1956)

NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON

RECENT INNOVATIONS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY

(RIBT-2016)

18th April 2016

Organized by

THE DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

National Conference on “Recent Innovations in Biotechnology”

(RIBT-2016)

18th

April 2016

CHIEF PATRON

Dr. A. S. Ganesan

Honourable Chancellor,

VinothHighlight

VinothHighlight

VinothSticky NoteBring this content to next page


2

Vinayaka Missions University.

CONFERENCE CHAIR

Dr. A. Prabakaran

Principal,

Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology,

Vinayaka Missions University,

Chennai.

CONVENER

Dr. K. Velmurugan

Associate Professor and Head

Department of Biotechnology



Chennai.

CO-CONVENERS

Dr. B. Prabasheela

Associate Professor,

Department of Biotechnology,



Chennai.

Dr. S. Vinoth

Assistant Professor,

Department of Biotechnology



Chennai.

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE MEMBERS

Dr. R. Devika

Professor,




Chennai.

Ms. P.K. Sugashini





3


Chennai.

Ms. A. Nirmala





Chennai.

Ms. M. Padmapriya





Chennai.

TREASURER

Ms. A. Nirmala

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE

Dr. R. Devika

Dr. K. Velmurugan

Dr. B. Prabasheela

Dr. S. Vinoth


4

REGISTRATION COMMITTEE:

Dr. R. Devika

Ms. A. Nirmala

STAGE AND RECEPTION COMMITTEE

Ms. P.K. Sugashini

Mr. L. Sudhakar

FOOD AND ACCOMMODATION COMMITTEE

Ms. M. Padmapriya

Ms. S.Salome

Ms. V. Savitha

Volunteers from B.E Biotechnology Students


5

CONTENT SPECIAL ISSUE

S.No. Title of the paper Author (s) Page no.

1 NERVE STIMULATION BASED PROSTHETIC ARM FOR AMPUTEES

Hema.L.K, Krishnakumar.B, Mohammad Abdul Wahed Faisal, Muvva Praveen, Jeethika.R

7-17

2 IMAGE SEGMENTATION AND MATCHING BASED DENTAL BIOMETRIC SYSTEM- A SURVEY

Hema LK,

Ankit Singh, Aravindan.A, Chalamcharla Kalyan, Vadavalli Naga Tejaswi

18-25

3 ADSORPTION OF MALACHITE GREEN DYE FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING ACTIVATED CARBON PRODUCED FROM SESBANIA GRANDIFLORA STEM

Ameeth Basha, T. Shanthi, R.Nagalakshmi

26-32

4 IN VITRO EVALUATION OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOUR OF NITI SUPERELASTIC ALLOY IN SYNTHETIC URINE IN PRESENCE OF METHYLENE BLUE DYE

R.Nagalakshmi , S.Rajendran, J.Sathiyabama, I. Ameeth Basha

33-39

5 GC-MS ANALYSIS OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF TECOMA STANS

Devika. R, Suganya Devi. S, Padmapriya. M Sugashini. P. K

40-46

6 PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING STUDIES OF SPAHGNETICOLA TRILOBATA

Devika R, Krishna Priya.S, Sugashini.PK, Padma Priya.M

47-53

7 EFFECT OF RHIZOMES OF WITHANIA SOMNIFERA AGAINST ENDOSULFAN INDUCED HEPATIC DEGENERATION IN FRESH WATER CATLA CATLA

Amutha Kumaravel, Krishnaveni Sundaram

54-62

8 ASSESSMENT OF CITRIC ACID ACTIVITY ON WOUND HEALING IN DIABETIC ULCERS

Girijabhaskaran

63-68


6

9 STUDIES ON THE MOULTING AND REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF THE MOLE CRAB EMERITA ASIATICA (MILNE EDWARD)

Madhuramozhi Govindarajalu , V.Vijayalakshmi

69-75

10 ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY STUDY OF MARTYNIA ANNUA

Padma Priya M, Prabhitha K S, Devika R, Sugashini P K.

76-81

11 ASSOCIATION BETWEEN LIPID PROFILE AND LIVER FUNCTION TEST

T.Vijayalakshmi , Elangovan, Mallika Ravindran

82-86

12 EFFECTS OF ASPARAGUS OFFICINALIS. L ON INFLAMMATION

Sumathi, Shanthi, A.Meena

87-96

13 CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF THE LEAF EXTRACTS OF TYLOPHORA INDICA

P Gunasekaran, MS Dhanarajan, E Jagathambal

97-103

14 ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY STUDY OF SENNA ALATA

Sugashini. P K, Gokul . R, Saravanan . M, Padmapriya. M, Devika .R

104-108

15 EFFECTS OF THE PLANTS TRICHOPUS ZEYLANICUS AND GOMPHRENA CELOSIOIDES ON LIPIDPEROXIDATION AND ANTIOXIDATIVE VITAMINS IN DEN/HCB INDUCED LIVER CARCINOGENESIS

A. Meena, B.Prabasheela, Premalatha

109-121

16 ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF TWO MARINE ALGAL SPECIES

R. Preethi, P. Mohanapriya P.K. Sugashini

122-130

17 SCREENING AND EVALUATION OF BIOACTIVIE COMPOUNDS FROM SENNA ALATA BY GC-MS ANALYSIS

Sugashini P.K, Saravanan.M, Gokul.R, Devika.R, Padmapriya.M

131-136


7

NERVE STIMULATION BASED PROSTHETIC ARM FOR AMPUTEES

HEMA.L.K*1, KRISHNAKUMAR.B2, MOHAMMAD ABDUL WAHED FAISAL2, MUVVA PRAVEEN2,

JEETHIKA.R3

*1Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Techonolgy,

Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu

2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Techonolgy, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu

3 Department of Biotechnology, Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Techonolgy, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu

Corresponding author email *[email protected]

ABSTRACT:

The hand is an important organ of human being. About half the bones in the human body are found in hand and feet. Fingers have an indigenous range of fine, delicate movements. The electric powered hand was developed 50 years ago to grasp. But the advanced hand with microprocessor controls and miniaturized components within the individual fingers helps to deliver finest movements. A bionic arm combines robotics, biotechnology and electronics to recreate the functions of human arm. The advanced bionic arms like bebionic, I limb, Michelangelo arms facilitate the usage of all normal functions of tissue arms. These prosthetic hands are controlled and operated by capturing the Electro Myo Gram (EMG) signals and Li- ion batteries. These arms have special compartments to store the series of batteries. These hands give the boon to the amputees. This paper explains how to capture the EMG signals from the arms to convert into mechanical action of phalange. We have done a survey over the Advanced BIONIC ARM and noticed a drastic change from the ancient day to the present day. We proposed to develop a prototype of an enhanced bionic arm by capturing the nerve stimulators to activate the prosthetic limbs.

KEYWORDS:

Prosthetic hand, bebionic, Michelangelo, EMG signals, amputees, phalange.

INTRODUCTION:

The world moves on by century to century meanwhile the technology also growing rapidly. Human hand

prosthesis is developed in earlier centuries with hooks. It has been upgraded step by step. The first prosthetic

limb was developed in earlier stages called civil war prosthetic hook. Later it is developed into the Vincent, i-

limb, i-limb pulse, bebionic, bebionic v2 ,and Michelangelo hands. These all prosthetic hands are working with

the help of picking up the Myo signals from the amputees muscle. The main components of prosthetic limbs are

electrodes, graphical recorder, servo motor, microprocessor and batteries. The function of this hand is to pick up


8

the electrical signal from the muscle and send it to the microprocessor to stimulate the process as shown in the

figure (Fig 1)1. With the help of prosthetic hand we can able to hold the common things in daily life such as

ball, bat, pen, cube etc.,

Figure 1

Picking up the Myo signals from the muscle and the prosthetic hand socket with electrodes. Courtesy:

Muzumdar, 2004.

This paper explains the functions and specifications of the current bionic arms which is commercially available

in the market and a new system of prosthesis involving nerve stimulation. We noticed that the existing

prosthetic hands are having some disadvantages even though they are working like a original hand because of

the less finger grip and thumb rotation. The weight of the bionic hand is also the one disgrace for it due to the

batteries and the control components in it. The battery, controller and two force sensing resistors are used to

stimulate the electromyography electrodes which all present in the i limb pulse, bebionic v2 hands. So, the

nerve stimulation of the bionic hand is much useful to reduce the weight of the anthropomorphic prosthetic

limbs by eliminating it (i.e. Myo signal electrode stimulators). We proposed to develop a prototype over the

prosthetic limb which is controlled and stimulated by nerve stimulators. This bionic hand helps the amputees to

lift the hand and do the work properly as carried out by a normal hand.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The components used in the prosthetic hands are sensing electrodes, batteries, microprocessor, motors,

electronic speed controller, microcontroller selection, fingertip force sensor, and so on. Let us see the some

important components in this hand briefly. The electrodes are specially designed to pick up the Myo signals


9

effectively and reduced in size to place within the socket 8,9. The electronic speed controller is used to take

power from the battery which is converted into a controllable desired voltage to control a motor’s direction and

power level. When selecting the proper speed controller, we must look at the required voltage, maximum

current drawn, average current drawn and features. In this case, the features required are full forward and

reverse (some small speed controllers are meant for single direction only which are designed for remote control

airplanes), good low speed control, and PWM input, the remote control and hobby signal input standard. 2

The Microcontroller is capable of handling all the movements in addition to the sensor inputs and user

feedback and the features are: Dimensions: 0.7x1.3” (18x33mm), Atmega328 running at 16MHz with external

resonator (0.5% tolerance), USB connection off board, Supports auto-reset, 5V regulator, Max 150mA

output, Over current protected, Weighs less than 2 grams!, Reverse polarity protected, DC input 5V up to

12V, On board Power and Status LEDs, Analog Pins: 8, Digital I/Os: 14 (Sparkfun Electronics, 2012) .2 The

fingertip force sensor is used to sense the object and able to apply the grip force with respect to the lifting

object.

A motor is the main component of the bionic limb which is responsible for the movement and flexible

action of the hand. Achieving a more complex set of movements relies on integration with a digital control

method. These can be very basic, such as placing a controlling unit into the user’s shoe, or very complex such

as myoelectric control that interprets electrical activity in the neuromusculature of the limb stump to allow

motion.3 The reinnervated muscles act as biological amplifiers of motor commands in the amputated nerves and

the surface electromyogram (EMG) can be used to enhance control of a robotic arm.12 The sensors are also play

a vital role in sensing the objects to protect the bionic hand from the harm. It is the advanced technology in the

current prosthetic limbs.

EXISTING PROSTHETIC LIMBS:

1. VINCENT LIMB:

This is the world’s first touch sensing hand prosthesis with least weight and compact design. After

the VINCENT systems the first bionic hand was introduced with the six motor control, individual movable


10

digits, and fully movable thumb for the first time in 2009. This is able to sense the environment like human

skin. The sentient prosthesis should stimulate the sensory area of the cerebral cortex by selective stimulation of

receptors on the arm stump and thus has a positive effect on phantom pain and also makes gripping of goods

easier and safer.4 Now, VINCENT evolution 2 has been introduced with a compact and biomechanically

optimized hand from a high-strength aluminium alloy. It combines 10 bi-directionally motor driven axes with

an innovative control strategy which is unique in the field of hand prostheses. The hand allows an active

individual agility of the fingers and the thumb. The springs between the proximal and distal joints also allow an

adaptive tension - in accordance with muscles and ligaments of the human hand4. This hand is working by

picking up the muscle potential with the help of electrodes which is located inside the socket.

Figure 2

VINCENT evolution 2 prosthetic limb with label.

This limb helps the amputees to do work with the necessary grip force, sense of touch, and force feedback. A

force feedback system has been developed for inclusion as standard in the VINCENTevolution2 prosthetic

system which was suitable for everyday use and considerably mitigated this habituation effect.4

2. BEBIONIC LIMB: 6


11

A bebionic hand uses five actuators and therefore requires a higher current supply than traditional myo-

electric hands. This can be best accommodated using bebionic batteries and cabling. These include split cell

batteries in 2200mAh or 1300mAh. Each battery is provided with an integrated ON / OFF switch and the

required cabling. It has 14 different grip patterns and hand positions to do anything you want in the day to day

life like eating meals, carrying bag, typing keyboard, etc., New Seal-in Electrodes are the perfect compliment

for Suction Sockets. They are retrofittable in most sockets and provide increased sensitivity to capture weak

signals. This hand can also be configured and customized wirelessly to the user requirements via easy-to-use

software package, be balance. Biocompatible titanium skin contacts provide superior conductivity, while

interference protection shields from common power source and high frequency emitting devices. This hand is

suitable for child and adults.

Enhanced skin contact interface are -

• Superior sensitivity to capture weak signals

• Proportional control and built-in gain adjustment

• Advanced electronics with interference protection

• Available in 50Hz or 60Hz

• Retrofittable in existing sockets.


12

The individual motors placed in each finger of this limb allow moving and gripping the things. Motors are

positioned to optimize weight distribution. Powerful microprocessor continuously monitors the position of the

each finger which is responsible for limb movement. Propotional speed control gives precision control over

delicate tasks. It has four wrist options such as quick disconnect, Multi-Flex, Flexion and short wrist.

Bebalance software and wireless technology located in this bionic limb helps to work efficiently. Selectable

thumb positions and built in sensor enable to complete more tasks. Auto grip is used to sense the objects to

protect it from damage due to slipping from the hand. Foldaway fingers provide this hand looking like a original

human upper limb. Durable construction and advanced material makes this hand strong enough to handle the

things up to 45 kg. Innovative palm design and soft finger pads protects bebionic hand from impact damage and

makes the hand quieter than ever.

BEBIONIC V2 limbs are also have the same functions and specifications with more efficient than bebionic

limb.

3. I LIMB HAND:

The I limb is also a type of prosthetic limb commercially available in the market, which is controlled

through the use of myo signals. The electrodes are present inside socket pick up the Myo signals

according to the action or movement of the amputees muscle. These signals are sent to the

microprocessor which causes the device to move. The I limb hand has up to four different muscle

Figure 3

5 (a) Vincent hand by Vincent Systems, (b) iLimb hand by Touch Bionics, (c) iLimb

Pulse by Touch Bionics, (d) Bebionic hand by RSL Steeper, (e) Bebionic hand v2 by

RSL Steeper, and (f) Michelangelo hand by Otto Bock. All hands shown without

cosmetic glove.5


13

triggers. They are hold open, double impulse, triple impulse and co-contraction. The features of the I

limb hand are-

� Smarter - i-mo technology - use of simple gestures to change grips

� Faster - boost digit speed by up to 30%

� Stronger - up to 30% more power when needed

� Smaller - anatomical styling now available in 3 sizes - smaller size hand suitable for women and

children.7

The capacity with 1,300 mAh and 2,000 mAh are the two batteries applicable for I limb hands. These

batteries are rechargeable with the help of charger. There are four wrist connection options are present in this

hand such as Quick wrist connection (QWC), Wrist Disarticulation, Flex Wrist and Multi-flex Wrist. These all

connections are controlled by switch which has ON/OFF mode. After the installation of I limb to the amputees

it can be covered with the active skin which is looks like a original human skin. The i-limb ultra revolution is

fitted with a Bluetooth® receiver enabling it to work with a sophisticated software package known as biosim.

biosim-pro is the clinician’s version of biosim and biosim-i is the version designed for patient users. Using

biosim it is possible to make changes to the functionality of the hand. biosim-i is the simplified patient user

version of biosim and contains with access to training and games features along with some basic changes to

settings.7 These biosim method is one of the most advanced technology to control the process of the I limb

hand. This hand have the more grip force then the all other bionic hands. Even though it has some defect due to

battery problems. I limb pulse are also have the same functions and specifications of the I limb hand with some

upgraded technologies i.e. result of this hand is more efficient than the I limb.

4. MICHELANGELO HAND:2

The Michelangelo Hand built by Advanced Arm Dynamics is simply the most advanced hand on the

market today in prosthetics. It actually has the powered opposable thumb, the first one released as an actual

product. Sadly, the arm costs $100,000, so it is unable to be purchased, and difficult for even insurance

companies to pay for. (Pittman, 2012) The hand is incredibly well refined and streamlined in execution.


14

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMERCIAL PROSTHETIC HANDS:

VINCENT HAND: (2010) 8

1. Developer – Vincent systems

2. No.of joints – 2

3. Degree of freedom – 6

4. No.of actuators – 6

5. Actuation method – DC motor-worm gear

6. Joint coupling method – Linkage spanning MCP to PIP

7. Adaptive grip – yes.

I LIMB: (2009) 9

1. Developer – Touch bionics



4. No.of actuators –5


6. Joint coupling method –Tendon linking MCP to PIP

7. Adaptive grip – yes

8. Weight (g) – 450-615

I LIMB PULSE: (2010) 9

1. Developer – Touch bionics





6. Joint coupling method –Tendon linking MCP to PIP


15


8. Weight (g) – 460-465

BEBIONIC LIMB: (2011) 10

1. Developer – RSL steeper




5. Actuation method – DC motor- lead screw



8. Weight (g) – 495 – 539.

BEBIONIC V2 LIMB: (2011) 10

1. Developer – RSL steeper




5. Actuation method – DC motor- lead screw



8. Weight (g) – 495 – 539.

MICHELANGELO HAND: (2012) 11

1. Developer – Otto block





16

5. Actuation method – -

6. Joint coupling method – cam design with liks to all fingers

7. Adaptive grip – no

8. Weight (g) – ~420.

CONCLUSION:

The current prosthetic hands are all having the similar function with some changes such as weight, grip force,

actuation method and batteries. These all bionic limbs are controlled and processed by only conducting the Myo

signals from the muscle of amputees. So, the bionic limbs have electrodes and batteries to stimulate processor

with proper cabling. This takes the 50% weight of the limb. We propose the nerve stimulation based prosthetic

arm which helps to reduce the weight of the limb because it doesn’t need this much battery capacity and

components. The nerves are able to polarize and depolarize, according to the brain stimulation. So, we directly

connect the processor with nerve stimulators in addition with the amplifier. This technique will give better

result than the existing prosthetic limbs. We focused to develop a prototype over the nerve stimulation

prosthetic limb in upcoming years.

REFERENCES:

1. Steven den Dunnen. The design of an adaptive finger mechanism for a hand prosthesis;27.10.2009. 2. Paul Ventimiglia (LA&E). Design of a Human Hand Prosthesis; April 26,2012. 3. R.G.E. Clement*, K.E. Bugler, C.W. Oliver. Bionic prosthetic hands: A review of present

technologyand future aspirations; the surgeon 9 (2011) 336-340.

4. Vincent evolution 2; web: http://vincentsystems.de/en/prosthetics/vincent-evolution-2/.

5. Joseph T. Belter, MS, BS; Jacob L. Segil; Aaron M. Dollar, PhD, SM, BS; Richard F. Weir, PhD.

Mechanical design and performance specifications of anthropomorphic prosthetic hands: A review; Nov

5,2013 (599-618).

6. Steeper Manufacture centre, Bebionic hands, Leeds.

7. i-LIMB Hand wins Prosthetic Product Innovation Award Touch Bionics (December 2008).


17

8. David Talbot, “An artificial hand with real feelings”, Computing, MIT Technology Review.

9. Bernard O’Keeffe, “Prosthetic rehabilitation of the upper limb amputee”, Indian Journal on Plastic Surgery. 2011 May-Aug; 44(2): 246–252, doi: 10.4103/0970-0358.85346.

10. VINCENT hand [Internet]. Weingarten (Germany): Vin-cent Systems; 2013. Available from:

http://handprothese.de/vincent-hand/.

11. Touch Bionics web site [Internet]. Mansfield (MA): Touch Bionics Inc; 2013. Available from:

http://www.touchbionics.com/.

12. RSL Steeper web site [Internet]. Leeds (United Kingdom): RSL Steeper; 2013. Available from:

http://rslsteeper.com/.

13. Michelangelo operation manual. Duderstadt (Germany): Otto Bock; 2012.

14. Zhou P, Lowery MM, Englehart KB, Huang H, Li G, Hargrove L,et al. Decoding a new neural machine

interface for control of artificial limbs. J Neurophysiology 2007;98:2974-82.


18

IMAGE SEGMENTATION AND MATCHING BASED DENTAL BIOMETRIC

SYSTEM- A SURVEY

HEMA LK*1, ANKIT SINGH1, ARAVINDAN.A2, CHALAMCHARLA KALYAN3, VADAVALLI NAGA

TEJASWI4

*1Associate Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,

1,2,3,4 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Aarupadi Veedu Institute of Technology, Kanchipuram, Tamil

Nadu

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT:

Biometric is an identification tool with wider applications. This Biometric identification system is based on physical characteristics. In the past few years dental biometric has emerged as vital biometric information for the human beings on the basis of its stability, uniqueness and contours of teeth. It uses dental photograph and dental radiograph technique for human identification. These systems are used during the Ante mortem (AM) and Post mortem (PM) to identify unidentified subject. The Dental biometric involves three processes preprocessing of dental radiography, segmentation and matching of AM and PM radiography. Feature extraction method uses anisotropic diffusion method to enhance the dental image with a mixture of Gaussian model to separate the dental image. Matching process is used to get the acquired data from the process and match the similarities between two images in identification of human beings. Matching of AM with PM can be done by using specific algorithm. This paper surveys different techniques used in dental biometric.

KEYWORDS:

Biometric, Dental biometrics, segmentation, Dental radiograph, Dental photograph, Matching.

1. INTRODUCTION:

Bio metric relates to human physiological characteristics (or) it is the application of statistical analysis of

biological data. It is used to identify individuals from groups. In human different aspects like human physiology

and behavior can be used for biometric authentication. According to physiological character, they are related

with the shape of the body like finger print, palm vein, face recognition, iris recognition, dental recognition etc.

Behavioral characteristics are related with the voice, gait and pattern of behavior of the person.

Since every human in this world has different biometric characteristics we can use this unique feature to

identify a person. Our paper is to identify the particular person using the dental biometric system when


19

compared with its database images. So this process is mainly used in forensic sciences.4 The main purpose for

using this technique in forensic dentistry is to identify the deceased individual.

Figure 1: Basic block diagram of Identification technique using Ante mortem records and post mortem

records

This can be done by comparing the Post mortem (PM) dental records with the Ante mortem (AM) records

to identify the closest match. These are the two main advantages of using this technique. Firstly, it will compare

the PM record with the AM record with multiple identities to get the closest match. Secondly, manual system is

used when there are a less set of data to analyze and verify whereas automatic system is used to identify on a

large database.1

1.1 DENTAL BIOMETRIC:

Teeth has a unique identification system due to containing various contours and their mode of arrangement.

Teeth are a part of human organ which are made of calcium and that are not easily decayed even after the death

of human beings. According to this paper, the technique proposed uses features like tooth present/not present,

crown and root morphology, dental restoration, tooth contours etc.1, 2 This technique for identification uses

three main steps: Preprocessing, Segmentation and Matching.


20

Figure 2: basic block diagram of dental biometric system

Preprocessing is a technique used to get output from the input ant this output is used as an input in other

process.9 Segmentation usually uses threshold operation to separate the desired dental work.9 final process is the

Matching process where it uses the shape, size, teeth contour, dental works and identifies the image from the

database. 9, 1

1.2 IMAGE PICTORALIZING TECHNIQUE IN DENTAL BIOMETRIC:

In dental biometric technique images are pictorialized using two techniques. They are Dental photography

and Dental radiography techniques.10 In Dental photography, it gives a pictorial view of the teeth structure and

its neighboring teeth with their appearance and shape. They are done using any digital camera.

Figure 3

Example of Dental photography

Whereas the Dental radiography are done using X-ray radiations for intra and oral images. There are three

types of Dental radiography: Periapical radiography, Bitewing radiography, panoramic radiography

Figure 4


21

Three types of Dental radiographs. a) Bitewing radiography; b) periapical radiography; c) panoramic

radiography

2. LITERATURE REVIEW:

According to the papers we have explored the feature extraction and matching dental photography and

dental radiography are the main techniques used in dental biometric. Hong Chen and Anil.K Jain describes that

the feature extraction stages uses anisotropic diffusion for the enhancement of the images and Gaussian model

to segment the dental work. The matching stage is done according to three steps: tooth level matching,

computating the image distance and subject identification.1, 5 Devan N.Trivedi, Ashish M.Kothari, Sanjay Shah

and Shingala Nikunj uses Canny algorithm for dental image matching for human identification. The Canny

algorithm process uses the edge detection method. In this process firstly the noise are removed by a low pass

filter. Secondly when Canny algorithm is applied the gray images are been converted into black and white


22

images.2 Mohammed shammas and Rama Krishna Alla uses the colour and shade matching technique in

dentistry.3

Shubhangi Jadhav and Revati Shriram the uses the PM and AM records and compares them with database.

They uses techniques like feature extraction, segmentation and matching. In matching process the Dental code

generated is compared with the database and the finally we receive the matching percentage of the AM and PM

records.4 Stephen J.Chu, Richard D.Trushkowsky, Rade D.Paravina tells us about the different techniques used

to match the tooth colour. They uses Spectrophotometers, Colorimeter and imaging system for tooth colour

measurement and analysis.6 Shubhangi Dighe and Revati Shriram proposed that they uses three techniques in

preprocessing stage: Image enhancement, Edge detection and Sobel operator. In these processes the Dental

radiography image are converted into gray scale image and using Sobel operator the image is detected vertically

and horizontally. They also uses threshold for segmentation process. Threshold is use to separate the desire

work from the teeth. They produce binary images which simplified image analysis and they produce a good

result for dental work.9 Eyad Haj Said, Diaa Eldin M. Nassar and Gamal Fahmy proposed to improve the teeth

segmentation using the grayscale contrasting stretching technique.8 Swarnalatha Purushotham and Margret

Anouncia proposed to reduce the amount of intensity variation between one pixel to another by using nine

methods in smoothening technique.11

3. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS:

TABEL 1: Comparative analysis of different technique

Serial. No Methods used Algorithms Parameters Advantages

1. Alignment and

matching

Shape registration Tooth contours It gives automatic

method for

matching of

dental


23

radiography

2. Shape extraction

and matching

Anisotropic

diffusion and

Gaussian mode

for segmentation

of dental work

Tooth shape Helps in missing

tooth

identification

cases.

3. Manual system Integral

projection

Root, teeth shape,

root contour

It is used when

there are less set

of data to verify

4. Automatic system Hierarchical

chamber distance

Shape and

contour

Used to identify

on a large

database and

speed of

computational is

high in his

process

5. Feature extraction

and matching

Scale invariant

feature transform

Contour shape

and edge distance

It gives better

matching of data

6. Spectrophotometer,

colorimeter

Optical radiations

to give 3-D

images

Tooth shade and

colour

It gives a more

precise depiction

of colour than an

conventional

system


24

7. Edge detection

method

Canny algorithm Teeth shape,

Teeth edges,

Teeth contour

It produces

separate

measurement for

gradient

component in

each orientation

4. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK:

From this survey, we review the role of dental images in identification and different types of technique used in

dental biometric. We got an analysis that the most commonly used system is the dental radiography, whereas

both Dental radiography and Dental photography are used during some circumstances. By this survey we have

studied and found that the radiography technique gives more feasible information when compared to

photography system. This dental biometric is applicable during mass disaster. Future studies tell us that there

are new techniques which are still in process for poor quality images and blur images. Future works involve

these additional information to improve the reliability of person identification when comes to dental imaging.

There are many advanced works which are been developed for Forensic departments and dentistry. Some of

them are cropping the dental film from the dental X-ray records using segmentation technique, Matching based

on distance. There are also researches going for the human identification system for dental biometrics system to

be embedded in a chip. In future we are about to propose an algorithm which can be assessed on a larger

database to find a particular individual using the Ante mortem and Post mortem dental records with more

parameters to retrieve.

REFERENCE:

1. Anil K.Jain, Hong Chen. Matching of Dental X-ray images for human identifications. Pattern

recognition 37(2004) 1519-1532


25

2. Deven N.Trivedi, Ashish M.Kothari, Sanjay Shah and Shingala Nikunj. Dental image matching by

Canny Algorithm for Human identification. International journal of Advance computer research 2249-

7277( Dec- 2014)

3. Mohammed Shammas and Rama Krishna Alla. Colour and shade matching in dentistry. Trends

Biomater. Artif. Organs, 25(4), 172-175(2011)

4. Shubhangi Jadhav and Revati Shriram. Dental biometrics used in forensic science. E-ISSN0976-7916

5. Hong Chen and Anil K.Jain. Dental Biometrics: Alignment and Matching of Dental Radiographs. 0-

7695-2271-8/05

6. Stephen J.Chu, Richard D.Trushkowsky, Rade D.Paravina. Dental matching instruments and systems.

Review of clinical and research aspects. Journal of dentistry 38S(2010)E2-E16

7. Michael Hofer. Dental Biometrics: Human identification based on Dental work information.

8. Eyad Haj Said, Diaa Eldin M. Nassar and Gamal Fahmy. Teeth segmentation in digitized dental X-ray

film using mathematical morphology. IEEE Trans.Inf.Forensics sec.,2006,1,(2),pp.178-189 9

9. Shubhangi Dighe and Revati Shriram. Preprocessing, Segmentation and Matching of Dental

Radiographs used in Dental Biometrics. ISSN No.2278-3083

10. Dr.Ganesh Sable and Dipali Rindhe. A Review of Dental Biometrics from tooth feature extraction and

matching technique. ISSN 2319-7064

11. Swarnalatha Purushotham and Margret Anouncia. Enhanced Human identification system Using Dental

Biometrics.ISSN: 1790-5109. ISBN:978-960-474-065-9

12. Anil K.Jain and Robert P.W.Duin. Introduction to pattern recognition. The oxford companion to the

Mind, Second edition, UK, 2004, 698-703

13. Aqsa Ajaz and Kathirvelu.D. Matching of dental panoramic radiographs based on dental works

information. ISSN :2278-0181 (Jan 2013).


26

ADSORPTION OF MALACHITE GREEN DYE FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING

ACTIVATED CARBON PRODUCED FROM SESBANIA GRANDIFLORA STEM

AMEETH BASHA1*, T. SHANTHI2, R.NAGALAKSHMI1

1Department of Chemistry, Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technlogy, Vinayaka Missions University, Paiyanoor,

Tamil Nadu, India.

2V.M.K.V. Engineeirng College, Vinayaka Missions University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India.

*Corresponding author email : [email protected],

ABSTRACT:

Dyes are very perilous pollutant discharged in the effluents of textile industries through dyeing and rinsing processes causing destructive effects on the workers. It is therefore indispensable to remove the dyes by using a range of techniques. In the current paper adsorption technique was engaged for removal of Malachite Green dye. Malachite Green dye is a carcinogenic dye, which comes in the effluents of textile industries during dyeing and rinsing processes. In the current work, the effect of variables such as adsorbent dose and contact time on adsorption of dye was calculated. The dosage of Sesbania grandiflora stem charcoal was varied from 0.2 g/L - 2.0 g/L, and contact time was assorted from 30 minute to 360 minute. Maintaining all parameters constant, with the change of dose of Sesbania grandiflora stem charcoal, it was found that adsorption increases from 0.2 g/L to 1.1 g/L and then it becomes constant; with the vary of contact time, the adsorption increases from 30 minute to 220 minute and then becomes constant. Using batch extraction method and Sesbania grandiflora stem charcoal, Malachite Green can be detached from the effluents of textile industry, which is very profitable and effective methods comparison to activated charcoal available in market.

KEYWORDS:

Sesbania grandiflora stem charcoal, Adsorption, Malachite Green, Contact time, Effluents.

INTRODUCTION:

In the midst of the different organic pollutants of aquatic ecosystems, dyes are the hefty and significant

group of chemicals present in industrial waste1. Dyes in water have an effect on the nature of water, restraining

sunlight penetration into the stream and tumbling photosynthesis reaction2. Most dyestuffs are intended to defy

environmental conditions like light, effect of pH and microbial assault and hence their presence in waste water

is unprovoked and it is therefore enviable to remove coloring materials from effluents before their expulsion

into the environment, for artistic reasons and in all the more important regions where water resources are scant3.

Waste water from textile industries contains dyes in dissolved and suspended form and poses a severe health

problem because it has a high concentration of both colour and organic matter. This colour of the effluents


27

discharged into various water bodies affects the aquatic vegetation and causes many water born diseases4. It has

been reported that some dyes are carcinogenic and others after transformations or humiliation concede

compounds such as aromatic amines, which may be carcinogenic or otherwise toxic5. It has also been reported

that azo dyes comprise about 60 ‐70% of the total dyes used in the industry. Most of the azo dyes are

carcinogenic in nature and create an explicit menace to the environment, above and beyond many dyes are

agreeable for biological degradation6. Various researchers have also reported that dyes mount up in sediments at

many sites, especially at locations of wastewater discharge, which has a bang on the ecological stability in the

aquatic system. Groundwater systems are also pretentious by these pollutants because of discharging from soil4.

Considering both the volume and composition of discharged effluent, the textile, dyeing, pulp, paper and

printing industries are the major polluters among the industrial sector. Pulp and textile industries devour

substantial amount of water in their manufacturing processes and hence produce large amounts of wastewater.

The textile industries use dyes and pigments to colour their final products, such extensive use of colour often

poses problem in the form coloured waste water that oblige pre‐ treatment prior to its dumping into the

receiving water bodies. Different processes for the removal of coloured dyes from industrial have been reported

in the past such as coagulation, flocculation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, precipitation etc. these techniques

do not show considerable efficacy and monetary advantages2. Over the years, the adsorption process has

emerged as a doable and effective substitute to most of these conventional methods of treatment, which are

pretty pricey. In the latest history, it has been reported that the adsorption a physicochemical process, offers a

great potential for treating effluents containing objectionable compounds and renders them secure and reusable7.

The key advantage of adsorption process for water pollution control are low venture in terms of rate, trouble-

free design, easy & economical procedure and absence of noxious detrimental substances2,7. Activated carbon

happens to be the most repeatedly used conventional adsorbent because of its high surface area. But it is

expensive and at the same time the lofty cost of regeneration and losses during regeneration made carbon black

less attractive. Therefore research is on to look for cost-effective, plentiful and eco‐friendly adsorbent2,7.

Utilization of agriculture solid wastes for the treatment of wastewater could be helpful not only to environment


28

in solving the solid waste disposal problem but also the economy. This technique has been used by various

researchers and they have used various adsorbents like fly ash and red mud2, fly ash and soil3, lignite coal6 , coir

pith5, tamarind fruit shell and sun flower stalks9, sugarcane baggase pith, coir pith, brick powder10, simaraubha

shells11, jack fruit peel12, pipal bark13, orange peel14 ,apple pomade and wheat straw15, mixed oxide coated sand

(mocs)16 etc.

In the present investigation, charcoal made from Sesbania grandiflora stems, an agricultural waste

which is available in abundance all over India. Measuring the changes in concentration of adsorbed solution

will assess the rate and the extent of adsorption at solid solution interface. Adsorption studies were carried out

by shaking 50 ml of aqueous solution of adsorbate (dye) of desired initial concentration for different agitation

times, at constant temperature and constant pH using temperature controlled bath. The progress of adsorption

was noted at different time intervals till the saturation was attained. After the predetermined time interval, the

adsorbate was removed by centrifugation and supernant liquid was analyzed spectro‐photometrically to

determine the residual dyes concentration at wavelength corresponding to their maximum absorbance. Sesbania

grandiflora stem is available in abundance all over India, so, we can prepare charcoal in abundance and with

ease by activating it. We can use it as an adsorbent to remove dyes from effluents of textile industries. Use of

Sesbania grandiflora stem as an adsorbent will be beneficial and become an alternate of activated carbon in

treatment of wastewater of textile industry. It will also provide extra income to marginal farmers and landless

laborers. On the other hand, it also helps in removal of waste from agriculture fields.


Malachite Green used for study was purchased from Loba chemicals and Sesbania grandiflora stems

were cut into small pieces of 2-3 cm and dried for 36 h at 393 K. The unprocessed material is mixed with

K2CO3 at an impregnation ratio of 1:1. The mixture is dehydrated in an oven at 393 K for 1 day. The samples

were encumbered in a ceramic boat and taken in a tubular furnace under high purity N2 (99.99 %) flow of 100

cm3/min. The sample is heated to 700°C and it is maintained at that temperature for 30 minute. The reactor is

subsequently cooled to room temperature under N2 flow and the sample is frequently washed with water until


29

the filtrate turn into neutral. The sample is dried at 373 K for 1 day to get ready the adsorbent used for the study.

The carbon is then crushed and they are sieved to particle size of 125-150 mesh and stored in plastic bottles for

adsorption studies.

Adsorption studies were carried out using Sesbania grandiflora stem charcoal. The adsorbent dose and contact

times were measured. Solutions of fixed initial concentration with fixed amount of Sesbania grandiflora stem

charcoal at constant pH and room temperature were stirred for fixed time interval on constant temperature

magnetic shaker. After that 10 ml solution was taken out and centrifuged and studied on uv-visible

spectrophotometer. Absorbance is noted between 496 nm and 500 nm.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Effect of adsorbent dose:

For the study of effect of adsorbent dose, a solution of 20 ppm Malachite Green at 300oC and 7.3 pH

was enthused on magnetic shaker with different concentration (0.2 - 2.0 g/L) of Sesbania grandiflora stem

charcoal for 30 min. After this, it was centrifuged and calculated on spectrophotometer. It was originated that

the adsorption increased from 0.2 to 1.3 g/l dose of activated charcoal and then it became constant as shown in

figure 1.

Figure 1

Effect of Adsorbent dose on adsorption of Malachite Green


30

Effect of contact time:

To learn the effect of contact time, a solution of 20 ppm with 0.6 g/l activated charcoal at 7.3 pH and at

room temperature was agitated for various contact time, from 30 min to 300 min. It was originated that the

adsorption increased from 30 min to 200 min then it attains about constant value due to saturation as shown in

figure 2.

Figure 2

Effect of contact time on adsorption of Malachite Green

CONCLUSION:

Adsorption of Malachite Green on Sesbania grandiflora stem charcoal is spontaneous process. By

optimizing both factors/parameters, we can employ this trouble-free method of adsorption using batch

extraction method and Sesbania grandiflora stem charcoal, Malachite Green can be detached from the effluents

of textile industry, which is very profitable and effective methods comparison to activated charcoal available in

market.

REFERENCES:

1. Anliker R. and Clarke E.A. Organic dyes and pigments. In the hand book of Environmental Chemistry. V

ol. 3, Part A. Antrop ogenic compounds, Hutzingler, O. (Ed.) Springer – Verlag, Heidel berg, 1980. P.

181‐215.


31

2. Shaobin Wang , Bayjoo Y., Choneib A. and Zhu Z.H. Removal of dyes fro m aqueous so lution using fly

ash and red mud. Water Research. 2005;39:129‐138.

3. Albanis T.A., Hela D.G., S akellaride T.M . and Danis, T.G. R emoval of d yes from aqueous solution by

adsorption of mixtures of fly a sh and soil in batch and column techniques. Malaysian Journal of Chemistry.

2003; 2(3): 237‐242.

4. Namasivayam C. and Sumithra S. Remo val of direct dye 12 B and methyle ne blue from waterby

adsorption onto Fe III/ Cr III hydroxide. Journal of Environmentl Management.2005; 74: 207‐215.

5. Namasivayam C. and Kavitha D. Removal of phenol and c hlorophenols from water by coir pith carbon eq

uilibrium and rate studies. J ournal of Environ. Sc ience and Engg. 2004; 46(3) : 217‐ 232.

6. Nageshwar Ra o A., Lathasr ee S., Sivasan ker B., Sadasivam V. and Rangaraj a K. Removal of azo dyes

from aq ueous soluti ons using activated carbon as an adsorbent. Journal of En viron. Science & Eng g.

2004; 46(2): 172‐178.

7. Dadhich A.S., Beebi S.K. and Kavitha G.V. Adsorption of Ni II using agro waste, rice husk. Journal of En

viron. Science and Engg. 2004; 46(3): 179‐185 .

8. Jain R., Mathu r M. and Sika rwar S. Remo val of Indigo carami ne from indus trial effluents using low cost

ads orbent. Journ al of Scientific and Industrial Rese arch. 2006; 65 : 258‐263.

9. Reddy M.C. Somesekhara. Removal of direct dye from aqueous solutions with an adsorbent made from

tamarind fruit shell, an agricultural waste. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 2006; 65:443‐446.

10. Sharma J.K., Kaushik C.P. and Kaushik N. Low cost adsorbents in decolourisation of effluents from dyeing

of cotton fabric with Malachite Green and chrysophenine‐ G. Ind. J. Env. Prot. 2005;25(1): 61‐65.

11. Jayaveera K.N., Neelavathi A., Chandrashekhara K.B. and Ramesh Babu C. Removal of toxic Cr (VI) by

the adsorption of activated carbons prepared from Simaroubha shells. Journal of Environ. Science and Engg.

2004;46(2): 137‐142.


32

12. Inbaraj B.S. and Sulochana N. Kinetic and isotherm analysis for adsorption of a triphenyl methane dye onto

jackfruit peel carbon. Journal Indian Chemical Society. 2005; 82: 232‐235.

13. Joshi M. and Srivastava R.K. Chromium (VI) removal from waste by using carbonized pipal bark adsorbent.

Ind. J. Env. Prot. 2005; 25(1): 57‐60.

14. Kannan N. and Ramamoorthy K. Studies on removal of dyes by adsorption on orange peel, Ind. J. Env. Prot.

2005; 25(5): 410‐416 .

15. Robinson T., Chandran B. and Nigam P. Removal of dyes from a synthetic textile dye effluents by

biosorption on apple pomade and wheat straw. Water Research. 2002; 36(11): 2824‐30.

16. Vaishya R.C. and Gupta S.K. Batch kinetic modeling of ash removal from water by mixed oxide coated

sand (mocs). Journal of Environ. Science and Engg. 2004; 46(2): 123-136.


33

IN VITRO EVALUATION OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOUR OF NITI

SUPERELASTIC ALLOY IN SYNTHETIC URINE IN PRESENCE OF

METHYLENE BLUE DYE

R.NAGALAKSHMI *1, S.RAJENDRAN2, J.SATHIYABAMA2, I. AMEETH BASHA3

1,3Department of Chemistry, Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, Chennai-603 104, Tamil Nadu, India 2Department of Chemistry PG and Research Department of Chemistry, GTN Arts College, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India

*Corresponding Author Email id : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA) as biomaterials which are used in medical implants and devices such as orthodontic wires, self expanding cardiovascular and urological stents, spine correction rods, bone fraction fixation plate and staples, and so on. The reasons for adopting NiTi SMAs in biomedical implants are their unique shape memory effects and super elasticity properties, low Young’s modulus compared with stainless steels and titanium alloys, reliable and stable mechanical properties, as well as good biocompatibility. However, as are other metallic implants, when NiTi SMAs are subjected to the physiological environment, the corrosion behavior affects not only their biocompatibility but also long-term implantation safety in the human body. The aim of this paper is to study the electrochemical corrosion behaviour of NiTi superelastic alloy in synthetic urine in presence of Methylene blue dye. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) were carried out to characterise the surface morphology and also to understand the nature of protective coating formed on the substrates. The corrosion behaviour of NiTi superelastic alloy in synthetic urine in presence of Methylene blue dye was evaluated using polarisation and impedance spectroscopy studies. The results reveal that the NiTi superelastic alloy exhibits a higher corrosion resistance in synthetic urine in presence of Methylene blue dye than in the absence of Methylene blue dye.

KEYWORDS

NiTi superelastic alloy, Methylene blue dye, Synthetic urine, SEM and EDAX, Electrochemical

impedance spectroscopy.

INTRODUCTION

A large number of materials are continuously being developed to meet the requirements for different

engineering applications including biomedical area. However, development of a material in this field is a

challenging issue especially for those devices that are implanted in the human body, because the material

must fulfill an array of fundamental biological and mechanical requirements. Among these, orthopedic

applications require careful attention as a result of ageing population worldwide, large number of injuries

and the demand for higher quality of life. A wide range of materials including metals, alloys, ceramics,

polymers and composites are currently used in this area, but unfortunately, some have shown tendencies to


34

cause device failure after long term use in the body since they cannot fulfill some vital requirements.1,2

Nowadays, shape memory alloys (SMA), and in particular nickel-titanium alloys (NiTi), is commonly used

in biomedical applications.3,4 The main attractive features of this class of materials are the capabilities of:

recovering the original shape after large deformations induced by mechanical load (pseudo elasticity) and

maintaining a deformed shape up to heat induced recovery of the original shape (shape memory effect).

Shape memory alloys (SMA) have provided new insights into biomedical area for cardiovascular,

orthopedic and dental applications, and for making advanced surgical instruments. The biomedical success

of these materials is due to their unusual properties, which makes them superior to conventional materials.

Among many SMAs, NiTi alloy is considered to be the best because of its superb characteristics. NiTi alloy

possesses most of the necessities for orthopedic implantation and is used in a large number of applications.

Therefore, it is worth to highlight the orthopedic applications of this material. NiTi alloy is quite new in

medical use. It provides possibilities to make applications that no other implant material has offered before.

A few commercial applications have been successfully developed since the 1970s, when Nitinol was first

reportedly used for medical purposes. These applications include dental arch wire, vena cava filter and

suture anchor for orthopedic surgery. In the 1990s, further development has been carried out with markedly

increasing interest. Urethral, esophageal and intracoronal stents, aneurysm prostheses, and some orthopedic

implants seem promising.

The present work is undertaken i) to evaluate the corrosion inhibition efficiency of NiTi superelastic alloy in

synthetic urine in presence and absence of methylene blue dye. Ii) To analyse the protective film formed on

NiTi superelastic alloy by SEM and AFM techniques.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

MATERIALS:

Nickel Titanium super elastic alloy was chosen for the present study. The composition of Ni-Ti

super elastic alloy was (wt %) Ni 55.5, and balance Ti.5 The metal specimens were encapsulated in Teflon.

The surface area of the exposed metal surface was 0.0785 cm2.The metal specimens were polished to mirror

finish and degreased with trichloroethylene. The metal specimens were immersed in synthetic urine (SU) (J.


35

Przondziono et al, 2009) 6, whose composition was: Solution A: CaCl2.H2O-1.765g/l,Na2SO4 - 4.862g/l,

MgSO4.7H2O - 1.462g/l, NH4Cl - 4.643g/l, KCl – 12.130g/l. Solution B: NaH2PO4.2H2O - 2.660g/l,

Na2HPO4 - 0.869 g/l, C6H5Na3O7.2H2O - 1.168 g/l, NaCl - 13.545 g/l. The pH of the solution was 6.5

(W.Kajzer et al, 2006).7

In electrochemical studies the metal specimens were used as working electrodes. Synthetic urine

(SU) was used as the electrolyte (10 ml). The temperature was maintained at 37±0.10C.Commercially

available methylene blue dye (MBD) was used in this study.

METHODS:

Potentiodynamic polarization study:

This study was carried out using a CHI 660A electrochemical impedance analyzer model. A three -

electrode cell assembly was used. The working electrode used was NiTi Super elastic alloy with 1 cm2

exposed area. A saturated calomel electrode (SCE) was used as reference electrode. A rectangular platinum

foil was used as the counter electrode. Polarization curves were recorded after doing iR compensation. The

parameters such as Tafel slopes, Corrosion current (Icorr) and Corrosion potential (Ecorr) were calculated.

Scanning electron microscopic studies (SEM):

The NiTi Super elastic alloy specimen immersed in synthetic urine solution for a period of one day

was removed, rinsed with double-distilled water, dried, and observed in a scanning electron microscope to

examine the surface morphology. The surface morphology measurements of the metals were examined using

JOEL-6390 computer-controlled scanning electron microscope instrument.

RESULTS

Analysis of polarization curves:

The Potentiodynamic polarization curves of NiTi Super elastic immersed in various test solutions are shown

in Fig.1 (a), (b) and (c). The corrosion parameters, namely corrosion potential (Ecorr), Tafel slopes (bc =

cathodic; ba = anodic), linear polarization resistance (LPR) and corrosion current (Icorr), are given in Table 1.

The changes were observed in the polarization curves after addition of the inhibitor are usually used as

criteria to classify inhibitors as cathodic, anodic or mixed (Bethencourt et al).8 From Figure 1, it can be seen

that the anodic and cathodic current densities obtained in the presence of inhibitor are lower than as


36

compared to that of in the absence of inhibitor. The corrosion potential (Ecorr) values in the presence of

inhibitor are shifted to negative direction and leftward displacement in the cathodic branch of the curves.

From these data observed that the corrosion resistance of NiTi super elastic alloy in SU increases in

the presence of MBD and the corrosion potential shifts to cathodic side (more negative) in the presence of

MBD. Hence it is concluded that in presence of MBD, the cathodic reaction is controlled predominantly.

Table: 1

Corrosion parameters of NiTi super elastic alloy immersed in SU in absence and presence of MBD

obtained by polarization study.

System

Ecorr

mV vs SCE

bc

mV/decade

ba

mV/decade

LPR

ohmcm2

Icorr

A/cm2

SU

-0.432

124

208

1.84 x 107

1.84 x 10-9

SU + 50 ppm Methylene blue dye

-0.331

195

127

4.42 x 106

7.56 x 10-9

SU + 100 ppm Methylene blue dye

-0.405

128

174

3.24 x 107

9.94 x 10-8

Figure1

Polarization curves of NiTi Super elastic in various test solutions.

a) SU b) SU+ 50 ppm of MBD c) SU+ 100 ppm of MBD


37

SEM Analysis of Metal Surface:

SEM provides a pictorial representation of the surface. To understand the nature of the surface film

in the absence and the presence of additives and the extent of corrosion of NiTi superelastic alloy the SEM

micrographs of the surface are examined. [9-11].The SEM images of of NiTi superelastic alloy specimen

immersed in SU for one day in the absence and presence of additives system are shown in Figure.2. The

SEM micrographs of polished NiTi super elastic alloy (control) shown in Figure.2a images illustrate the

smooth surface of the metal. These show the absence of any corrosion products formed on the metal surface.

The SEM micrographs of NiTi super elastic alloy immersed in SU in Figure.2b shows the roughness of the

metal surface which indicates the corrosion of NiTi super elastic alloy in SU. Figure.2c indicates that in the

presence of 100 ppm of MBD in SU, the surface coverage increases which in turn results in the formation of

insoluble complex on the metal surface covered by a thin layer of inhibition which effectively controls the

dissolution of the NiTi super elastic alloy.

Analysis of Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-rays (EDAX):

EDAX spectra were used to determine the elements present on the NiTi super elastic alloy surface

before and after exposure to the additive solution [12-14]. The objective of this section is to confirm, the

results obtained from chemical and electrochemical measurements, when a protective surface film of

additive is formed on the metal surface. To achieve this goal, EDAX examinations of the metal surface were

performed in the absence and presence of an additive system.

The energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) of NiTi super elastic alloy specimen polished is shown in

Figure 3a. This indicates the presence of Nickel (Ni), Titanium (Ti), Carbon (C) and Oxygen (O) on the

metal surface. Figure 3b shows the EDAX analysis of NiTi super elastic alloy surface immersed in SU. The

analysis shows the presence of characteristic peaks of corrosion product elements (Ti, Ni, Fe, O, C and V).

Figure.3c represents the EDAX analysis of NiTi super elastic alloy immersed in SU containing 100 ppm of

MBD. The analysis shows the formation a protective film on the metal surface. The surface of the NiTi

super elastic alloy is preserved to a large extent due to formation of the protective film of the additive

molecule as indicated by the increase of Titanium peak and decreases of Ni peak in Figure .3c.


38

The appearance of these peaks are the notable decrease in Ni peak in the presence of an additive

indicated that the protective film formed is strongly adhered to the surface, leading to a high degree of IE.

This result suggests that MBD is coordinated with Ni2+and Ti2+, resulting in the formation of complex on the

anodic sites of the metal surface and some of the compounds are precipitated on the cathodic sites of the

metal surface. The intensity is decreases due to the formation of film coated on the metal surface.

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 2

SEM images of NiTi super elastic alloy a) Polished NiTi super elastic alloy b) NiTi super elastic alloy

immersed in SU c) NiTi super elastic alloy immersed in SU containing MBD

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 3

EDAX images of a) Polished NiTi super elastic alloy b) NiTi super elastic alloy immersed in SU c)

NiTi super elastic alloy immersed in SU containing MBD

CONCLUSION

The present study leads to the following conclusion, Polarization study reveals that NiTi super elastic alloy

is more corrosion resistance in SU containing MBD than SU. The SEM micrographs studies confirm the

formation of thin protective layer on the metal surface in SU in presence of MBD and prevent the corrosion.

REFERENCES


39

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implants–A review." Progress in Materials Science 54(3): 397-425.

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applications,” European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 564–569,

2000.

4. T.Duerig, A. Pelton, and D. Stöckel, “An overview of nitinol medical applications,” Materials

Science and Engineering A, vol. 273–275, pp. 149–160, 1999.

5. M. Kaczmarek, J. Archive. Mater. Sci. Eng., Volume 28(5), (2007): p.269-272.

6. J.Przondziono, W.Walke, J. Archive. Mater. Sci. Eng., Volume 35(1), (2009).

7. W. Kajzer, A. Krauze, W. Walke, J. Marciniak, “Corrosion resistance of Cr-Ni-Mo steel in simulated

body fluids”, Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 18 (2006) 115-

118.

8. Bethencourt, M., Botana, FJ., Cauqui, MA., Marcos, M., Rodriguez, MA., “Protection against

corrosion in marine environments of AA5083 Al-Mg alloy by lanthanide chlorides,” Alloys

Compounds, Vol. 250, pp. 455–460, Elsevier (1997)

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40

GC-MS ANALYSIS OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF TECOMA STANS

DEVIKA. R*, SUGANYA DEVI. S, PADMAPRIYA. M AND SUGASHINI. P. K

Department of Biotechnology, Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, Paiyanoor-603104.

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The genus Tecoma is a native of Central and South Africa and they are traditional known for its

therapeutic and religious purposes .The methanolic extracts of various parts (leaf, stem, flower) of Tecoma

stans were subjected to GC-MS analysis during the period of study. The stem and flower extracts recorded

eight phytochemicals and six in the leaf extract. The common phytochemical registered in all the samples

were pentadecanoic acid with retention time ranging from 17.07 to 17.17. The leaf extract registered phytol

which is known for its high therapeutic evidences.

KEYWORDS

Methanol, Phytochemicals, Therapeutic, Retention time

INTRODUCTION:

Traditional medicines stresses the use of plant metabolites as medicines for treating many diseases 1.

The Chinese have well established the medical field based on the phytochemicals and actively participating

in the export and import of medicines to various part of the world 2,3. Traditional medicines known as the

complementary or an alternative medicine are used to prevent diagnose , improve or treat various human

illness4,5. Medicinal plants used for evident of high therapeutic potential and believed to be a high novel

drug6,7. Plants are known for rich source of primary and secondary metabolite which are evident as effective

chemotherapeutic because of a variety of structural arrangements and properties8-11.

In the present investigation , the phytochemicals constituents of Tecoma stans were analysed by GC-

MS . The significant of GC-MS is a combination of mass spectroscopy and separation gives a thorough

validation of the phytochemicals12 and also proves to be a valuable method to analysis non polar

components and volatile essential oils, fatty acids and lipids13,14. Many screening research for

phytochemicals were carried out in the various parts of the plant Cassia italica7,Nervilia

aragoana1,Vernonia cinerea15,Stylosanthes fruticosa16, Tagetes erecta17, Acacia nilotica18, Ceropegia


41

pusilla19etc. The efficacy of the phytochemicals depend on the biological potency and their role against

various diseases , including cancer20and Alzhemir’s disease21.


Tecoma stans is a species of flowering perennial shrub in the trumpet vine family, Tecoma stans is

the official flower of the United States Virgin Islands and the floral emblem of the Bahamas. Yellow

trumpetbush is an attractive plant that is cultivated as an ornamental. It has sharply toothed, lance-shaped

green leaves and bears large, showy, bright golden yellow trumpet-shaped flowers. It is drought-tolerant and

grows well in warm climates. The flowers attract bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds. The plant

produces pods containing yellow seeds with papery wings. The plant is desirable fodder when it grows in

fields grazed by livestock. yellow trumpetbush is a ruderal species, readily colonizing disturbed,

rocky, sandy, and cleared land and occasionally becoming an invasive weed.

Kingdom: Plantae, unranked: Angiosperms, unranked: Eudicots, unranked: Asterids, Order: Lamiales,

Family: Bignoniaceae, Genus: Tecoma, Species:T stans .

The whole diseased free plant were segregated into leaf, stem and flower after thorough washing in

tap water. The various parts were air dried , powdered and stored in air tight containers separetly for further

investigations. The known amount of the powdered leaf, stem and flower samples were subjected for

extraction with methanol solvents. The methanolic extracts (leaf, stem and flower) were investigated for

phytochemical screening by GC-MS as per standard methods.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Methanolic extract of leaf , stem and flower of Tecoma stans were subjected to GC-MS analysis. In

the present study, the leaf registered six different chemicals and the stem and flower registered eight

phytochemical each. The leaf sample registered six phytochemicals namely 11-dodecenoic acid,

hexadecanoic acid, propanedioic acid, pentadecanoic acid, elcoganoic acid and phytol. The maximum

retention time recorded was with elcoganoic acid with 151 ions and the minimum retention time was with

propanedioic acid (10.28) with 143 ions ( Table 1). The maximum ions (166) was recorded in phytol and the

minimum ions in 11-dodecenoic acid (92) ions . GC-MS analysis of p.glabrum revealed 10 phytochemicals


42

and they are highly used as herbal alternative and eefective antimicrobial agent22 and around twenty

chemical constituents from Vernonia cinerea15.

TABLE-1

GC-MS RESULTS OF METHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT OF TECOMA STANS

s.no Phytochemicals retention time no.of ions

1 11-dodeecenoic acid 12.28 92

2 Hexadecanoic acid 18.2 74

3 Propanedioic acid 10.28 143

4 Pentadecanoic acid 17.07 104

5 Elcosanoic acid 20.03 151

6 Phytol 18.97 166

In the present study ,around eight phytochemical constituents were identified in both methanolic

extract of stem and flower, respectively. The maximum retention time was observed with morin with 268

ions, followed by 18.13 retention time in mitoflaxone with 152 ions (Table 2). The other phytochemicals

were 4,7 octadecadeinoic acid (19 rt), terahydrotecomanica (10.23 rt ),pentadecconoic acid(17.17 rt

),propanedioic acid(10.65 rt),cycloisolongisolena (12.03 rt ) and 1,3-cyclohexanedic acetic acid (12.27 rt).

The entadeconoic acid was found to be in all three samples with retention time ranging from 17.07- 17.17

during the analysis . The rhizome of Nervilia arogoana showed a significant member of phytochemicals

with ascorbic acid as a predominant constituents.

TABLE-2

GC-MS RESULTS OF METHANOLIC STEM EXTRACT OF TECOMA STANS

s.no Phytochemicals retention time no.of ions

1 Mitoflaxane 18.13 152

2 4,7 octadecadeinoic acid 19 236

3 Morin 19.95 268


43

4 Tetrahydrotecomanine 10.23 88

5 Pentadecanoic acid 17.17 193

6 Propanedioic acid 10.65 143

7 Cycloisolongifolene 12.03 141

8 1.3-cyclohexanedi acetic acid 12.27 92

The first photochemical registered in the methanolic flower extract was pentadecenoic acid with 17.12

retention time of 104 ions within it. The other phytochemicals registered in the sample were 10-octodeonoic

acid (18.85 retention time),tridecacoic acid (7.77 retention time),benzeneacetic acid (14.12 retention time),

1,7- dinitrophenazine5-oxide (15.1 retention time), 2 ethylne dioxyl ethylamine (10.25 retention time), 1,4-

dioxacycle hexadecane-5 (18.13 retention time), and penta 1,4-dien-3-one (19.95 retention time). The

minimum ions registered was with 74 ions in benzene acetic acid (Table 3) and the maximum was observed

in 10-octodeonoic acid with 249 ions (Table 3).

TABLE-3

GC-MS RESULTS OF METHANOLIC FLOWER EXTRACT OF TECOMA STANS

S.No Phytochemicals Retention Time No. of Ions

1 Pentadeconoic acid 17.12 104

2 10-octodeonoic acid 18.85 249

3 Tridecanoic acid 7.77 177

4 Benzeneacetic acid 14.12 74

5 1,7-dinitrophenazine5-oxide 15.1 159

6 2-ethylamine 10.25 215

7 1,4-dioxacyclohexadecane-5 18.13 148

8 Penta-1,4-dien-3-one 19.95 167


44

CONCLUSION:

GC-MS analysis of Tecoma stans plant proved to contain various types of phytochemicals which

have high therapeutic value in the traditional medicines. Further investigations on these extracts will provide

a detail aacount on their efficient role in the various sectors of curing diseases and it will venture into a

combinations of developing a novel drug in near futures.

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47

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING STUDIES OF SPAHGNETICOLA

TRILOBATA

DEVIKA R, KRISHNA PRIYA.S, SUGASHINI.PK AND PADMA PRIYA.M

Department of Biotechnology, Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, Paiyanoor.

Corresponding author email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT:

Around 6000-7000 flowering plants are recorded to have medicinal usage in Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Homeopathy. Sphagneticola trilobata belongs to family Asteraceae with genera Aster family and they are from Mexico, Central America and Caribbean region. In the present study Sphagneticola trilobata plants were segregated into various parts (Leaf, Stem and Flower) and subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening with methanol as solvent. Around15 phytochemicals parameters were carried out during the present study and it was proved that the leaf, registered the maximum number (11) of phytochemical

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