internet is the world1.doc

7/27/2019 Internet is the world1.doc

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/internet-is-the-world1doc 1/8

National Microsystems 10/28/13

Internet Introduction

Internet is the world’s largest computer network, the network of networks, scattered all over the world. It wascreated nearly 25 yr. Ago as a project for the U.S. Department of Defense. “ Intranet system” or “Internet” or“Network of Network” is a group of two or more networks that are:

• Interconnected physically.

• Capable of communicating and sharing data with each other.• Able to act together as a single network.

To access two or more computers effetely, machine should speak the same “language”. Here languageactually means software. To make all language same computer use “TCP/IP” for Internet access. The Internet coversthe globe and includes large; international networks as well as many smaller, LANs.

We use Internet for different reasons:Like, Getting information, provide information, compiling information. There are many World Wide Web

(WWW) to get information, we can get personal information, information related to products, organizations, researchdata etc. from the Internet. Some one provides the information, which we can get, and we can also provide messageby the same way. Similarly we can compile (collect) information with the help of WWW or E-mail facilities.

Internet accessWe can access to the Internet in one of two basic ways, dialing into an Internet Service Provider’s ( ISP)

computer, or with a direct connection to an ISP. This type of connection is called Dial-up connection.

Internet protocolsWe will examine the various Internet protocols used. The most commonly used protocols are:Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)File Transfer Protocol (FTP)Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)TelnetWide Area Information Service (WAIS)

TCP/IP

It is actually a collection of protocols, or rules, that govern the way data travels from one machine to anotheracross networks. The Internet is based on TCP/IP has two major components: TCP and IP.

IPThe IP component does the following:

• Envelopes and address the data

• Enables the network to read the envelop and forward the data to its destination

• Defines how much data can fit in a single “envelope” (a packet).

We can compare data, IP and networks with letter, its address and postal system. If we have to send letter we most have address of the home (destination computer). And, should be posted through postal system (Network).

TCP

The TCP component does the following:• Breaks data up into packets that the network can handle efficiently.

• Verifies whether all the packets have arrived at their destination

• “Reassembles” the data.

If we assume TCP/IP to be postal system across country, we pack our house (things) in boxes and put our newaddress on them. The moving company picks them up, makes a list of the boxes, and ships them across countryalong the most efficient route - this may mean putting our dishes and our bedroom furniture of different tracks.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

1




It is a part of TCP/IP which main function is to transfer files. We can have these types of protocol in LANnetworking or file downloading from Internet. If we want to access these types of protocol we have to access to FTPprotocol.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)It is the set of rules, or protocol that governs the transfer of hypertext between two or more computers. The

World Wide Web encompasses the universe of information that is available via HTTP.Hypertext is text that is specially coded using a standard system called Hypertext Markup Language

(HTML). The HTML codes are used to create links. The link can be of documents, text files, graphics, animation andsound.

When a user pointer to the text the sign of pointed hand appear in the linked word, figure etc. It alsoprovides other Internet protocols like FTP, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Network News Transfer Protocol(NNTP) etc.Telnet

Telnet is a protocol, or set of rules, that enables one computer to connect to another computer. Thisprocess is also referred to a remote login. In this types of protocol we do work in another host in Internet as if it is thelocal computer.

Internet AddressingThere are two types of internet Addressing.

1. Alphabetic address2. Numeric address

Internet addressing is a systematic way to identify people, computers and Internet resources. On theInternet, the term “address” is used loosely. Address can mean many different things from an electronic mail addressto a URL.IP Address

To identify particular computer there are names of the particular machine. To send data we have to first toknow the address (name) of the computer. IP address is a part of identifying particular computers on the Internet. IPaddress is also called IP number or Internet address for example ‘202.79.34.200’ is an IP number.

Features of IP address:

• IP addresses are unique.

• IP addresses are also global and standardized.

• All machines connected to the Internet agree to use the same scheme for establishing an address.

Domain Name (letter address)There are some particular code to identify computers connected to the Internet is called Domain Name.

Each domain name contains two or more components separated by periods, called “dots”. Some examples aremocrosoft.com, utexas.edu etc. It is also called Domain Name service (DNS)Some commonly used domain names are:.com commercial entities.edu educational institutions.net (network) organizations directly involved in Internet operations.org (organization) miscellaneous organizations that don’t fit any other category, such as non-profit groups

Country codes –a two-letter abbreviation for a particular country. For example, “in” for India, “UK” for United

Kingdom or “Fr” for France, etc. Electronic Mali Address (E-mail)

Email, allows information to be sent between computers and people on the Internet. It is the most widelyused Internet resource. Just as correspondence through letter can be send to one of more person E-mail can also besend to one of more person.

Format for e-mail address

2




Username@host.suddomain.second-level-domain.first-level-domainExample: [email protected]

[email protected]

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)A URL identifies a particular Internet resource from where we can get data to display. For example a web

page, text file etc.

The World Wide Web (WWW)The WWW is the brainchild of Tim Berners Lee a CERN (European Laboratory for Particle Physics)

engineer, who had the idea of creating an electronic web of research information. He on whom Web is baseddevelops a programming language called Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). There are millions of computers inInternet.

Actually WWW is the graphical Internet service that provides a network of interactive documents and thesoftware to access them. It is based on documents called pages that combine text, pictures, forms, sound, animationand hypertext links called hyperlinks.

WWW, also referred to as the W3 or simply “the web”, is the universe of information available via hypertexttransfer protocol (HTTP).WWW or HTTP:

• Allow you to create “links” from one piece of information to another.

• Can incorporate references to sounds, graphics, movies, etc.

• Communicate with other Internet protocols, such as FTP, Gopher and Telnet.

There is no top or low level of pages in WWW. Thus

• You can jump from one link (resource) to another

• You can go directly to a resource if you know the URL i.e. its address

• You can even jump to specific parts of a document.

That’s why www is a flexible to use, organizing, presenting, and describing the information resources.

A web page is a single unit of information, often called a document that is available via the World Wide Web (WWW).A web page can be longer than a computer screen and may require more than one piece of paper when it is printed.

It can be a simple page of .txt (text) file or colorful file. Most of the items of are linked with other pages with the help ofhyperlink. We can create web page with the help of HTML, DHTML, Ms FrontPage etc.

Web BrowsersA browser is a piece of software that acts as an interface between the user and the inner-workings of the

Internet, specifically the WWW.Some of the Web Browsers programs are:

• Ms Internet Explorer

• Netscape Navigator

• HotJava

Searching The WebThere are millions of web sides present in the Internet. It is impossible to know all the web sides of

particular subject. Thus there are some sides which help of to find the web related to particular subject.There are two types of searching tools.

1. Web Index: A web index is designed to assist users in locating information on the World Wide Web. Webindexes are also referred to as catalogs or directories. A web index collects and organizes resources availablevia the WWW. There are a number of web indexes available. Some of the web index are

Yahoo! (http://www.yahoo.com)Magellan (http://www.mckinley.com)Apollo (http://www.appolo.co.uk)

3

mailto:[email protected]



http://www.yahoo.com/



http://www.mckinley.com/

http://www.appolo.co.uk/






http://www.mckinley.com/





2. Web search engine: A web search engine is an interactive tool to help people locate information available viathe World Wide Web. Web search engines are actually databases that contain references to thousands ofresources. Users interact with the database, submitting questions that “ask” the database if it containsresources that mach a specific criteria.

There are some web sides that provide us such facilities:

• AltaVista (http://www.altavista.digital.com)

• Exice (http://www.excite.com)

• Lycos (http://www.lycos.com)

• Yahoo! (http://www.yahoo.com)

Meta-search EnginesA web meta-searcher is a tool that helps users locate information available via the World Wide Web. Web

meta-searchers provide a single interface that enables users to search many different search engines, indexesand databases simultaneously. There are a number of web meta-searches available. When we search for anysubject in the web there we find different items in different search engine or indexes. Thus a meta-searcherhelps to make this task more efficient by providing a central location where the query is typed in once, andresults can be obtained from multiple search engines. Meta-searchers differ from other search engines and

indexes in the following:• Single search engines and indexes provide a collection, or database of resources that can be queried.

• Meta-searchers do not provide a database. They provide a service that sends a single query to multiple

databases.Some examples of meta-searchers are:

• All-in-One search ( www.albany.net/allinone)

• c|net(http://www.search.com)

• cyberlands Web (http://www.chberlands.com/resources/search/)

• Eureka! (http://www.best.com/~mentorms/eureka.htm)

• SavvySearch (http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~dreiling/smartform.html)

Internet ChatInternet chat lets you communicate with people from all over the world, in real-time. There are many ways

to chat with other users.Some examples are:

• Funcity Chat Site (http://www.theglobe.com)

• TalkCity (http://www.talkcity.com)

• Funcity Chat Site (http://www.funcity.com/chat)

Electronic mailE-mail is one of the recent used ways of information exchanging from one part of the world to other the

Internet. It is very fast easy cheap and convenient method of correspondence. It is not a good means ofcorrespondence for confidential mail.

How it worksWhen a message is send first it will be received by the ISP; it will provide this message to other ISP of other part ofthe world through satellite which will send this E-mail to the destination computer.E-mail Name & AddressFormat:Username@host.subdomain.second-level-domain.first-level-domainTwo examples:1. [email protected]. [email protected]

4

http://www.altavista.digital.com/


http://www.excite.com/

http://www.lycos.com/




http://www.albany.net/allinone

http://www.search.com/

http://www.chberlands.com/resources/search/


http://www.best.com/~mentorms/eureka.htm


http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~dreiling/smartform.html

http://www.theglobe.com/

http://www.talkcity.com/

http://www.funcity.com/chat





http://www.excite.com/



http://www.albany.net/allinone

http://www.search.com/



http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~dreiling/smartform.html

http://www.theglobe.com/

http://www.talkcity.com/

http://www.funcity.com/chat







“nmsag” is the name of the person sending or receiving the message; this is referred to as the username.“Hons” is a part of the domain name of the organization“com” is also a part of the domain name and indicates.“np” np is a country code for Nepal

Starting InternetWhen we are using Internet actually we are using World Wide Web. We can lunch to Internet with the help

of Dial-up Networks.Steps for connecting to ISP

• Go to My computer / dial-up network

• Open the Connection (My connection) dialog box.

• Choose your server, User name, password and haunting number.

• Click to connect.

5

Hunting

number

Server of the server name (ISP)

that your have in your computer, If there is more thanone connection.

User name which is registered

in ISP.

Saving password

for future use.

Connect to the web

automatically.

Dialing location

Dialing property

Connecting property connection

number




Fig:- Web browser

Some Function that is used in web browser

• Back: It helps us to go back to the previous page.

• Front: It helps us to go again to the front page.

• Stop: It helps us to stop the loading page.

• Refresh: It helps us to re-lode the braked or stopped page.

• Home: It helps us to lode the page of our ISP (server).• Search: It helps us to search the web pages.

• Favorites: It helps us to save viewed page so that we can directly link to the target page without entering the

web site.

• History: It helps us to save the addresses & pages of the viewed web sites during the set date.

Note: -

To change the connecting password i.e. the password to connect the server (ISP), go to the home page ofthe server.

To change and clear the history go to Tools/Internet option/General option or Control panel/Internet Option/General Option.

6

Give the address of the Website you want to open




Some Important Items of E-Mail (Referred to Out look explorer)

Inbox: It is the folder where all received mails comes.

Outbox: It is the folder where our entire going mails stores for conformation. Sent Items: It is the folder where all the sent item comes, which has been send from outbox.

Deleted Item: It is the folder where all the deleted items store.

To compose new message button on standard toolbar or click to new message of file/new/message

Some Important Items of New windows.To box: This box is used to give the address of the destination E-mail address.CC box: This box is used to give the address of the destination E-mail address if there is more than one user which will be displayed to the receiver of To user.BCC: This box is used to give the address of the destination E-mail address if there is more than one user which willnot be displayed to the receiver of To box's user.Subject: This box is used to give the subject of the message.Body box: This box is used to give the message.Attach: It is used to attach any types of file, if you have to attach the file.Priority: It is used to give the importance of the message.

Note: "!" is displayed for high priority and "↓" is displayed for low priority.

Note: - In E-mail account if you want to send the message you have to send the mail two times.1st it will go the out box and later it will be send to the destination E-mail receiver. But in Internetmail like Hotmail you will have to send the mail only one time.

7

history setting days

to clear History

To Set Home Page

To Clear Temporary

History




Fig: - Outlook Express main window

8

internet is the world1.doc

Documents