interprofessional team-based opioid education ......interprofessional team-based opioid education...

Interprofessional Team-based Opioid Education (videoconference version)

Patient case

Case:

Sam Jones, 63 year old male

Case Setting:

The patient has previously seen a former clinic prescriber (Dr. J. Larson) who no longer works at the clinic. Recently, the primary care clinic has adopted a team-based approach for pain management. This is the first time the patient care team will meet to plan Sam’s care.

CC:

Here today for a wellness visit and requesting additional pain medications for ongoing back pain due to car accident.

Progress note:

Visit 1 (Three months ago): Patient was in car accident with acute back injury diagnosed as a lumbar strain with negative lumbar spine x-rays. Emergency department-initiated hydrocodone/acetaminophen 5 mg/325 mg 1 tab PO q 4-6 hours prn pain for 14 days. Visit 2 (2.5 months ago): Ten days following the accident, the patient had a follow up clinic appointment with PCP. Reported continued pain (6 out of 10) despite maximum allowed dose of hydrocodone/acetaminophen. Average Pain, Enjoyment, General activity (PEG) score was 7 out of 10 (with 10 indicating a poor function). Prescribed additional hydrocodone/acetaminophen 5 mg/325 mg 1 tab PO q 4-6 hours prn pain for 15 days. Visit 3 (Two months ago): One month following the accident patient returned to clinic. Patient reported taking the prescription every 4 hours. Patient’s pain 7 out of 10. Average PEG score 7 out of 10. Prescriber increased dose of hydrocodone/acetaminophen to 10 mg/325 mg 1 tab PO q 4-6 hours prn pain and initiated carisoprodol 250 mg 1 tab PO TID and at bedtime prn back muscle spasm. Visit 4 (Today): Patient returns having had regular refills of prescriptions from visit 3. PEG score remains 7 out of 10. Pain is localized to lumbar area without radiation or lower extremity weakness. There is no bowel or bladder incontinence. Exam confirms normal vital signs and no lower extremity weakness or sensory deficits. Patient requests ongoing medication refills.

Past medical history:

Allergies: penicillin (rash) Problem list: 1. Hypertension

2. Hyperlipidemia 3. History of depression 10 years ago. Improvement following counseling, exercise 4. Lumbar strain from car accident

Social History:

1 year ago: Reports drinking occasionally 3-4 drinks per week either beer or wine. Drinks 1-2 cups of coffee per day. Does not smoke or use tobacco products. Retired lawyer who lives with spouse and two dogs. No children.

Family History:

Reports father died of alcoholic cirrhosis

Currently prescribed medications:

- Hydrocodone/acetaminophen 10 mg/325 mg 1 tab PO q 4-6 hours prn pain for back pain - Carisoprodol 250 mg 1 tab PO TID and at bedtime prn back muscle spasm - Lisinopril 10 mg 1 tab PO daily for hypertension - Rosuvastatin 20 mg 1 tab PO daily for hyperlipidemia


Vital signs from today’s visit:

• Height: 5’6” • Weight: 155 lbs (today)

145 lbs (3 months ago) • BMI: 25 (medically overweight)

• HR: 73 RR: 16 • BP: 125/84 • Temp: 37°C

Lab results:

None today

Diagnostic imaging:

3 months ago (following car accident): X-rays negative

Past surgeries:

No surgeries

Results of screening tools administered today:

PEG Scale Assessing Pain Intensity and Interference (Pain, Enjoyment, General Activity)

1. What number best describes your pain on average in the past week? _____________________________________________________ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 No Pain Pain as bad as you can imagine

2. What number best describes how, during the past week, pain has interfered with your enjoyment of life? _____________________________________________________ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Does not Completely interfere interferes

3. What number best describes how, during the past week, pain has interfered with your general activity? _____________________________________________________ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Does not Completely interfere interferes

PEG score: ___7______ Calculating the PEG Score: Add the responses to the three questions, then divide by three to get a mean score out of 10 points. Using the PEG Score: The score is best used to track an individual’s changes over time. The initiation of therapy should result in the individual’s score decreasing over time. Krebs, E. E., Lorenz, K. A., Bair, M. J., Damush, T. M., Wu, J., Sutherland, J. M., Asch S, Kroenke, K. (2009). Development and Initial Validation of the PEG, a Three-item Scale Assessing Pain Intensity and Interference. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 24(6), 733–738.


Opioid Risk Tool (ORT)

Mark each box

that apply

Item score

(female)

Item score

(male)

1. Family history

of substance abuse

Alcohol [X] 1 3

Illegal drugs [ ] 2 3

Prescription drugs [ ] 4 4

2. Personal history

of substance abuse

Alcohol [ ] 3 3

Illegal drugs [ ] 4 4

Prescription drugs [ ] 5 5

3. Age (mark box if 16 to 45) [ ] 1 1

4. History of preadolescent sexual abuse [ ] 3 0

5. Psychological

disease

Attention deficit disorder

Obsessive compulsive

disorder

Bipolar

Schizophrenia

[ ] 2 2

Depression [X] 1 1

TOTAL: ___2____ ___4___

Total score risk category:

Low risk for future opioid abuse: 0 to 3

Moderate risk for future opioid abuse: 4 to 7

High risk for future opioid abuse: ≥8

Webster LR, Webster RM. Predicting aberrant behaviors in opioid-treated patients: Preliminary validation of the opioid risk tool. Pain

Medicine 2005; 6(6):432-442, by permission of Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Pain Medicine, and

Lynn R. Webster, MD, author of "The Painful Truth: What Pain is Really Like and Why it Matters to Each of Us."


Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) 1. Over the last 2 weeks, how often have you been bothered by any of the following problems? Read each item carefully, and circle your response.

Not at all (0 points)

Several days

(1 point)

More than half the days

(2 points)

Nearly every day (3 points)

a. Little interest or pleasure in doing things x b. Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless x c. Trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, or sleeping too much

x

d. Feeling tired or having little energy x e. Poor appetite or overeating x f. Feeling bad about yourself, feeling that you are a failure, or feeling that you have let yourself or your family down

x

g. Trouble concentrating on things such as reading the newspaper or watching television

x

h. Moving or speaking so slowly that other people could have noticed. Or being so fidgety or restless that you have been moving around a lot more than usual

x

i. Thinking that you would be better off dead or that you want to hurt yourself in some way

x

Totals

Score total: __13__ 2. If you checked off any problem on this questionnaire so far, how difficult have these problems made it for you to do your work, take care of things at home, or get along with other people?

Not Difficult At All Somewhat Difficult Very Difficult Extremely Difficult

x

Scoring method for diagnosis:

• Major Depressive Syndrome is suggested if: o Of the 9 items, 5 or more are circled as at least "More than half the days" o Either item 1a or 1b is positive, that is, at least "More than half the days"

• Minor Depressive Syndrome is suggested if: o Of the 9 items, b, c, or d are circled as at least "More than half the days" o Either item 1a or 1b is positive, that is, at least "More than half the days"

Scoring method for planning and monitoring treatment:

• Question one o To score the first question, tally each response by the number value of each response: Not at all = 0,

Several days = 1, More than half the days = 2, Nearly every day = 3 o Add the numbers together to total the score. o Interpret the score by using the guide listed below:

<4: The score suggests the patient may not need depression treatment. 5-14: Prescriber uses clinical judgment about treatment, based on patient’s duration of

symptoms and functional impairment. >15: Warrants treatment for depression, using antidepressant, psychotherapy and/or a

combination of treatment • Question Two

o In question two the patient responses can be one of four: not difficult at all, somewhat difficult, very difficult, extremely difficult. The last two responses suggest that the patient's functionality is impaired. After treatment begins, the functional status is again measured to see if the patient is improving.

(From the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders Patient Health Questionnaire (PRIME-MD PHQ).Copyright 1999 by Pfizer, Inc.)


Drug Screening Questionnaire (DAST) Using drugs can affect your health and some medications you may take. Please help us provide you

with the best medical care by answering the questions below.

Which recreational drugs have you used in the past year? (Check all that apply) methamphetamines (speed, crystal)

cannabis (marijuana, pot)

inhalants (paint thinner, aerosol, glue)

tranquilizers (valium)

cocaine

narcotics (heroin, oxycodone, methadone, etc.)

hallucinogens (LSD, mushrooms)

other _______________________ How often have you used these drugs? Monthly or less Weekly Daily or almost daily

1. Have you used drugs other than those required for medical reasons? No Yes

2. Do you abuse (use) more than one drug at a time? No Yes

3. Are you unable to stop using drugs when you want to? No Yes

4. Have you ever had blackouts or flashbacks as a result of drug use? No Yes

5. Do you ever feel bad or guilty about your drug use? No Yes

6. Does your spouse (or parents) ever complain about your involvement with drugs? No Yes

7. Have you neglected your family because of your use of drugs? No Yes

8. Have you engaged in illegal activities in order to obtain drugs? No Yes

9. Have you ever experienced withdrawal symptoms (felt sick) when you stopped taking

drugs?

No Yes

10. Have you had medical problems as a result of your drug use (e.g. memory loss, hepatitis,

convulsions, bleeding)?

No Yes

Score: 4

Scoring and interpreting the DAST: 1. “Yes” responses are one point, “No” responses are zero points. All response scores are added for a total

score.

2. The total score correlates with a zone of use.

Score* Zone Explanation Action

0 I – Low Risk “Someone at this level is not currently

using drugs and is at low risk for health or

social complications.”

Reinforce positive choices and

educate about risks of drug use

1 - 2 II – Risky “Someone using drugs at this level may

develop health problems or existing

problems may worsen.”

Brief Intervention to reduce or abstain

from use

3 - 5 III – Harmful “Someone using drugs at this level has

experienced negative effects from drug

use.”

Brief Intervention to reduce use and

specific follow-up appointment (Brief

Treatment if available)

6-10 IV – Severe “Someone using drugs at this level could

benefit from more assessment and

assistance.”

Brief Intervention to accept referral to

specialty treatment for a full

assessment


Prescription Monitoring Program (PMP) Recipient Report

Last Name: First Name:

Date of Birth: Gender:

Jones Sam 1/5/19XX

County: Zip code:

Dispensed Start Date: Dispensed End Date:

One year prior Today

Recipients:

Date Dispensed/ Date Prescribed

Drug name/ NDC

Quantity dispensed/ Days Supply

RX # Prescriber Dispenser Recipient *Payment Method

3 months ago 3 months ago

Hydrocodone/acetaminophen 5 mg/325 mg 53746-0109-01

84 14

76248 Wilson, K AW6125341 (ER MD)

General Hospital Small town, WA

Jones, Sam 1/5/19XX 123 E. 5th Ave. Small town, WA

04

2.5 months ago 2.5 months ago


90 15

58762 Larson, J AL7604247 (Clinic MD)

Main Ave. Pharmacy Small town, WA


04



90 15




04


Carisoprodol 250 mg 51525-5901-01

56 14




04

7 weeks ago 7 weeks ago

Hydrocodone/acetaminophen 5 mg/325 mg

20 5

840921 Johnson, M AJ6125341 (Dentist)

Walmart Pharmacy Small town, WA


01



90 15




04

6 weeks ago 2 months ago


56 14




04


Tramadol 50 mg 00185-0311-10

60 10

89427 Thomson, A AT7604247 (Urgent care PA)

Walmart Pharmacy Richland, WA


04

30 days ago 30 days ago


90 15




04

30 days ago 2 months ago


56 14




04


Tramadol 50 mg 57664-0377-13

60 10

124895 Smith, T AS6125341 (Urgent care DO)

Walmart Pharmacy Small town, WA


01



90 15




04

14 days ago 2 months ago


56 14




04


Oxycodone/acetaminophen 7.5 mg/325 mg 00406-0522-01

28 7

62001 Truman, P AT6125341 (ER MD)



01

*Pmt. Method: 01=Private Pay; 02=Medicaid; 03=Medicare; 04=Commercial Insurance; 05=Military Installations and VA; 06=Worker’s Compensation; 07=Indian Nations; 99=Other

interprofessional team-based opioid education ......interprofessional team-based opioid education...

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