interventions in acute ischaemic stroke
TRANSCRIPT
Interventions in acute ischaemic stroke –Where do we stand in 2014?
Vipul GuptaNeurointerventional Surgery
(Interventional Neuroradiology)Institute of Neurosciences
Medanta the Medicity
Intervention in Stroke - 2014
• Rationale
• Good outcome – what have we learned
• Current technique - 2014
• Future evolution
• Data, trials – past and on-going
Issues with IV tPA
• Time factor
• Large vessel disease
• Time to recanalize
• C.I. – anti-coagulants, recent surgery, wake-up strokes….
Less than 10% patients are eligible
•Distal MCA – 44%
•Proximal MCA - 30%
•Terminal ICA - 6%
•Tandem cervical ICA/MCA -27%
•Basilar artery- 30%
Prerecombinant tissue plasminogen activator, National Institutes of
Health Stroke Scale score, systolic blood pressure, glucose, and
Thrombolysis in Brain Ischemia flow grade at the occlusion site were
the negative independent predictors for complete recanalization in the
final model.
• 53 studies, 2066 patients
• Sp.- 24%, IV tPA- 46%, IA- 64%, Mechanical- 84%
• Good outcome more in recanalized patients (OR- 4.4)
• Less mortality in recanalized patients
•The Interventional
Management of Stroke
pilot trials tested
combined IV/IA therapy
onset.
•Among the 54
cases, only time to
angiographic reperfusion
and age independently
predicted good clinical
outcome after
angiographic
reperfusion.
Intra-arterial recanalization
• Major vessel occlusion- IV-tPA given- but not effective- bridging
• IV-tPA not possible-( >4.5 hrs, wake-up strokes, anti-coagulants, recent surgery etc. ) (and MVO)
Good outcome in IAT - 2014
• Viable tissue – Penumbra
• TICI IIb/IIIa
• Time…time…time
Expertise, team, system…
Imaging approaches for case selection
• NCCT (ASPECTS)- NIHSS
• NCCT & CTA, CTA-SI
• NCCT, CTA & CTP
• MRI-DWI, (MRA, PWI)
What information is needed?
• Bleed
• Infarct core – is critical 70-100 ml
• Major vessel occlusion
• Tissue at risk- penumbra
Time, imaging interpretation, unstable patients
• Hemorrhage
# NCCT- excluding hemorrhage is necessary and sufficient for IV –tPA
# MR- quite good, expert interpretation
• Major vessel occlusion
# CTA better & quicker than MRA for MVO
# Can be obtained without slowing IV thrombolysis.
• Core
# Most accurate - DWI.
# NCCT – least
# CT A- SI- better than NCCT
# CT perfusion- CBF, CBV, MTT – better
Imaging…
Concept of Penumbra
CBF/MTT CBVMatched
No penumbra
CBF/MTTCBV
penumbra
Penumbra# MVO with small core (CTA-SI or DWI)-
penumbra is usually there
# CT perfusion
CT, CTA, CTP….
CT perfusion imaging
MTTCBF CBV
Quantitative CTP mismatch classification using relCBF and Tmax is similar to perfusion-diffusion MRI.
Stroke. 2012 Oct;43(10):2648-53. Epub 2012 Aug 2.
Incremental improvement in interobserver reliability was demonstrated
for NCCT, CTA-SI, and CTP-CBV, respectively. (Stroke. 2013;44(1):234-6) 25.
5:18 am
5:23AM
CBV-
CORE
CBF, MTT-
perfusion
Patient presented with in 2 hours
Futile IV tpa
NCCT & NIHSS…
Not
reliable
NCCT & CTA, CTA-SI….
Can be implemented everywhere, good enough in expert hands
DWI MTT
Pre tPA
Post tPA
MRA
MRI guided intervention? MRI
Great for core, time??
Issues• Criteria for penumbra
• DEFUSE – PWI 120% of DWI
• DEFUSE 2 – 1.8
• MR RESCUE - DWI 70% or less
PENUMBRAMERCI
STENTREIVERS- SOLITAIRE, TREVO…..
Technique
120
64.6 54.7
0
50
100
150
MS PS RS
TIME
MS
PS
RS
59.186.6 93
0
50
100
MS PS RS
Recanalization
MSPSRS
31.5 36.646.9
0
20
40
60
MS PS RS
MRS<=2
MS
PS
RS
MERCI
PENUMBRA
SOLITAIRE
AJNR, Jan, 2013
•68/M, Acute onset right side weakness with aphasia.
IV- tPA given, no improvement
Clinical …• Left hemiplegia, left UL and LL 0/5
• Left facial palsy
• Dysarthria
• Confusion
• NIHSS 14 on admission5:14AM
• 60 years old female.
• h/o hypertension and hypothyroidism
• Acute onset left hemiparesis and left facial weakness
• CT Brain , CTP and CTA done 6 1/2 hours after ictus.
2 months later
Tight Stenosis Urgent stenting
Occluded brain
vessel
Opened up brain vessel
• 63 /M, AVR, Coumadin
• INR of 2.5
• RT hemiparesis - 2/5 in leg and 0/5 in arm
• Global aphasia
CBF CBV
Solitaire stent was deployed
Case 270 year old ladyHistory of sudden onset right UL and LL weakness of 2 hours duration, NIHSS 19
Left ICA occlusion Guiding
advancedLeft MCA occluded Good PCOM
Complete revascularisation
014 wire Tight stenosis AngioplastyFilter in place
Stenting Still occluded
Good collateral circulation through PCOM
Follow up
Good clinical recovery
Came back 2 months later with wire point in the thigh
Removed after making an incision
• Entry criteria: age 22-85; NIHSS ≥8 and <30; ineligible or failed IV-tPA; accessible occlusion in M1 or M2 MCA/ICA/BA/VA; able to be treated within 8 h of onset
• Primary endpoint- TIMI- 2 or 3, no hmg;3 passes
• 113 patients
• Primary efficacy - Solitaire 61%vs MERCI 24%
• 3-month good outcome- Solitaire 58% /Merci 33%
• 141 patients, 6 experienced European centers.
• Median NIHSS- 18
• 74 patients received intravenous tPA
• Complete revascularization - 85%
• Good outcome - 55%
• Good outcome more frequent in pts with IV tPA 66% versus 42%
• Symptomatic ICH- 5 patients (4%)
Our results• Total No. of patients= 42 (M-19, F- 23)
• Time of arrival: 30 min- 840 min (mean 203.8 minutes)
• NIHSS at admission: 5-22 (Mean 14.33)
• MVO 39, IV tPA- 19
Good recanalization (TICI 2b or 3) in 57.1%
mRS 0-2 =52.3%, 3-5 = 34.4%, 6 = 9.5%)
Recanalization V/s Outcome
Technical issues
• Recanalization rate - 60-90 %
• Calcified old clots
• MCA bifurcation/trifurcation clots
• I/C stenosis – more in Asian
• Balloon catheter – smaller tortuous arteries
• GA vs LA
• Proximal carotid stenosis /dissection
TREVO, Stryker Neurovascular
REVIVE, Codman
Neurovascular
ERIC, Microvention
Techniques..
• 6mm vs 4mm
•Length
•2 retriever
•ADAPT
•Proximal occlusion
and aspiration
•Distal aspiration
Intra-arterial methods
• IA-tPA- 71% (51)
• Microsonic – 71% SV Infusion with tPA (14)
• Merci- 73% (77)
• Penumbra- 85% (39)
• Solitaire- 75% (4)
Rapidity of treatment
• IMS 1 and II trials, 30-minute delay – 10%
less probability of independent existence
• Delay in IMS III was 32 min longer than
IMS I study
Case selection?
ISC 2013
Issues
• 21 sites- 8-years- 127 patients
• Revascularization in 67%, seventeen procedural complications
• Mostly used MERCI device- first generation;
• Trial completed over 8-years !!!
Time to groin puncture was 6 hrs 21 min !!!
Imaging to puncture- 2hrs 4min !!!
Trials…
• SWIFT PRIME (US)
• ESCAPE (Canadian)
• EXTEND- IA (Australia)
• POSITIVE trial (US)
• EASI trial (Canadian)
• EASY trial (France)
• PISTE (UK)
• SWISS (Swiss)
• RESILIENT (Brasil)
Where do we stand?
• Stent -retrievers – 80-90% recanalization (?70%)
• Time in < 1-hr
• Additional to t-PA
• Case selection (Penumbra imaging) & speed are crucial-“futile recanalizations”
• Further refinement of technique likely
• EXPERTISE, TEAM, SYSTEM….a challenge
• Results of randomized trials
• Need to do in monitored environment
Thank you