interwar period: russia - north penn school district … · 900+ aircraft, 1000+ men to ... the...
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Objectives Comprehend the factors that contributed to Russian
foreign policy during the interwar years.
Describe the factors that influenced Russian military doctrine during the interwar period
Russian Revolution In February 1917, citizens of St.
Petersburg led a mass protest against food shortages, living conditions and the Tsarist regime.
Nicholas ordered the police and military to intervene, however the military was no longer loyal to the Tsar.
By October , with chaos widespread; over 80,000 troops mutinied from the army to join the rioters
Faced with this crisis, Tsar Nicholas abdicated his throne, leaving Russia
without a head of state.
Russian Revolution One person keen to take advantage of
the chaotic state of affairs was Lenin who saw the opportunity to lead his party, the Bolsheviks, to power
By the end of October 1917, every key building in St. Petersburg was under Bolshevik control.
Shortly after the October Revolution, the Russian Civil War broke out between the 'Reds' (Communists) and the 'Whites' (Nationalists and other anti-Bolshevik groups).
After a bloody four year struggle Lenin and the Reds won, establishing the Soviet Union in 1922
Stalin’s Consolation of Power With all opposition gone, Stalin consolidated
power. In 1928 installed a system of central planning, which dictated everything from where factories should be built to how farmers should plant their crops.
During the 1930s, Stalin sought to eliminate all potential opposition. In 1933, he created the Central Purge Commission, which publicly investigated and tried members of the Communist Party for treason. In 1933 and 1934, 1,140,000 members were expelled from the party.
As many as 3 million Russians were killed.
Soviet Military Structure In 1936, in response to perceived Red
Army opposition to his policies, Stalin conducted a purge of the military.
Lasting almost 2 years the purge eliminated over 35,000 officers (half of their high ranking officers).
This left the Red Army inexperienced and deathly afraid of Stalin. He believed that political loyalty was far more important than military capability.
Stalin favored space over a strong defensive line
Soviet Military Strategy: Air Force
Doctrine centered on the “Deep Battle”
Soviet Union began the interwar period with the weakest Air Force, but by World War II had built a relatively effective force from the ground up.
Two very innovative Soviet air theorists emerged in the period
Mikhail Frunze (1885 - 1923)
Mikhail Tukhachevski (1893 - 1937)
Airpower
World’s 1st Airborne Forces
Combat Support Centered
The German Connection
From 1925 -1933 German Air Officers taught at the Soviet General Staff College
Germany tested new weapons designs (Versailles Treaty)
Germany trained new Soviet pilots
Spanish Civil War; Russia commits:
900+ aircraft, 1000+ men to conflict
1939 Non-Aggression Pact
Soviet Air Force: Eve of WWII
From 1938 to 1941 another series of purges eliminated any experience in the Russian military, especially in the air force (75% of Red Air Force officers “disappeared” between 1937-39)
Massive and never ending reorganizations
Given the complexity of strategic bombers and her industrial capability, Russia focused exclusively on tactical aircraft.
Russia would use its tactical air force in delaying strikes in front of the German advance
• The Kalinin K-7 was a real Russian
Bomber designed in 1933 by WW-I
aviator Konstatin Kalinin.
• Top speed: 145 mph
• Flew 11 test flights before crashing
• Kalinin was later tried for treason
and executed
Interwar Period: Russia
Battle proven (Spain)
Reliable Allies privy to military plans
Consistency of command and organization
Technologically advanced
Industrial base to produce highly-technical weapons
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