Slide 1

INTESTINAL FAILURE Dr Mike Stroud FRCP Senior Lecturer in Medicine & Nutrition Consultant Gastroenterologist Chair British Intestinal Failure Alliance Slide 2 Intestinal Failure: Definition The reduction of functioning gut mass to below the minimum necessary for the absorption of nutrients Fleming & Remington, 1981 and/or water & electrolytes Nightingale, 2001 Slide 3 Slide 4 Types of Intestinal Failure Type 1 Self-limiting intestinal failure Type 2 Significant & prolonged PN support (>28 days) Type 3 Chronic IF (long term PN support) SHORT TERMMEDIUM TERMLONG TERM Lal et al. AP&T 2006:24;19-31 Slide 5 INTESTINAL FAILURE Type 1 Surgical ileus Critical illness GI problems Vomiting Dysphagia Pancreatitis GI obstruction Diarrheoa Oncology Chemo/DXT GVHD Type 3 Short Bowel syndrome +/- other pathology Crohns +/-SBS Radiation +/-SBS Dysmotility Malabsorption Scleroderma CV Immunodef Inoperable obstruction Ca Type 2 Post surgery awaiting reconstruction Disaster Crohns SMA Radiation Adhesions Fistulae Slide 6 Short Bowel Syndrome Slide 7 Types of short-bowel Jejunostomy Ileostomy Jejuno- colic Ileo- colic Slide 8 Physiological changes with SBS Gastric emptying with jejunostomy SB transit time with jejunostomy Gastric secretions gastric acid (hypergastrinaemia) GI hormones gastrin, CCK, PYY, GLP-2 Slide 9 Problems in short-bowel patients Nutritional Macro-nutrient and energy deficiencies. Water and sodium losses Magnesium/potassium Vitamin and trace element deficiencies. Other Bile salt diarrhoea Gall stones oxalate absorption from colon and renal stones. D-lactic acidosis Slide 10 Slide 11 Nightingale, 1990 r = 0.96 p Jejunum Hypotonic fluids Na Water, tea, coffee, fizzy drinks, soup Jejunal mucosa Unable to maintain a Na gradient >30-40mmol/L Slide 18 Jejunum Decreasing fluid losses & increasing absorption Electrolyte Mix NaX Na + + H 2 0 100mmol/l Na Slide 19 -125 -100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 Sodium balance (mmol/day) control loperamide codeine loperamide & codeine ranitidine electrolyte loperamide codeine electrolyte Nightingale JMD et al. Clin Nutr 1992; 11: 101-5 Sodium balance Patient with jejunostomy at 100 cm Slide 20 E-mix recipe IngredientAmountNote Glucose20g6 teaspoons Salt3.5g1 level 5ml teaspoon Sodium bicarbonate2.5g1 heaped 2.5ml teaspoon Stir into 1L water & chill overnight: enjoy the next day! Slide 21 Parenteral fluids nutrition Fluid & nutrition requirements are best considered separately Standard IVN bags will not be sufficient Bags need to be tailored to requirements Requirements alter daily until steady state Random urine Na: best measure of depletion Slide 22 Recommended diet Nutrient groupAmountNote EnergyHigh30-60 kcal/kg/day ProteinHigh0.2-0.25g N 2 /kg/day (80-100g protein) FatHigh FibreLow Jejunocolic anastomosis Nutrient groupAmountNote EnergyHigh30-60 kcal/kg/day ProteinHigh0.2-0.25g N 2 /kg/day (80-100g protein) FatLow/moderateaccording to degree of steatorrhoea FibreModerate/high OxalateLow Jejunostomy patients Slide 23 Enteral feeding Avoid elemental diets high osmolality (small molecules) low macronutrient & Na + content high volume required to meet requirements No benefit over polymeric & will increase output Oral nutrition + supplements (? With added Na) Sometimes enteral nutrition useful Usually supplementary overnight enteral feed Occasionally impaired swallow X Aim Maximise macronutrients & electrolytes Minimise volume Slide 24 Maximising GI function Fistuloclysis & enteroclysis Infusion of feed into distal limb of ECF or loop stoma Promotes intestinal adaptation before reconstructive surgery? Can replace IVN in selected patients Slide 25 Lifelong HPN Some patients can manage a good quality of life Full time workHolidayChallenge Manchester to London canoe Slide 26 Surgical approaches Restorative surgery Fistula repair Restore intestinal continuity Intestinal lengthening Bianchi technique STEP Intestinal transplantation Small bowel colon Other abdominal organs +/- Abdominal wall Slide 27 Intestinal lengthening Bianchi technique STEP Serial Transverse EnteroPlasty Slide 28 Liver No liver Slide 29 Glucagon-like Peptide 2 Naturally occurring 33 AA peptide Bone density Intestinal perfusion Nutrient absorption Mucosal proliferation Cytoprotection ProductionIntestinal L cells (ileum & colon) Releasestimulated by luminal nutrition ReceptorsMainly in jejunum & proximal ileum ActionStrong intestinotrophic properties Slide 30 Teduglutide in HPN Patients 30 Jeppesen et al, Gut 2011:60(7):902-914 Slide 31 Summary Understand the basic physiology Makes the management easy / possible Multidisciplinary approach essential Medications, diet, fluid intake Stoma care crucial Psychological issues should not be overlooked Optimise medical treatments Including PN were needed Surgical approaches Assess if any bowel can be brought back into continuity Long term outcome Balance life expectancy with quality of life for that patient Know your patients well to give them the best advice Slide 32 Regional HPN & IF Networks Slide 33 IF in Southampton Southampton has had NST for >25 years started by Prof Alan Jackson Long record (>20 yrs) as a regional centre for Type 3 HPN patients Increasing number of specialist Type 2 referrals since appointment of Andy King April 09 Specific 12 bedded IFU since Apr 2010 First Independent AHP PN prescribers in the UK (2007 with published audit confirming excellent outcomes which won National GSK Advanced Practice Award Slide 34 The UHS Intestinal Failure Unit Opened April 2010 12 bed on Ward E8 within regional HPB surgical unit Adjacent to Surgical High Care IFU supported by extended multi-disciplinary healthcare team Majority Type 2/3 IF on IFU but no side rooms Some patients looked after in specialized areas e.g BM Tx/ITU IFU Nurse: patient ratio 1.25 wte nurses per bed 6 trained +2 assistants on an early shift 6 trained +1 assistant on a late shift 3 trained +2 assistants on a night. Slide 35 2010: IF outpatient clinics Weekly MDT clinic for Type 2 and 3 IF patients >10 years with joint med/surg review since 2009 Ad-hoc day-case review for urgent cases (although lack clinical examination/procedure room) Paediatric IBD/IF Transition clinic with Mark Beattie (President of BSPGHAN) every 6 months Joint small bowel transplant assessment clinics with Oxford (Prof Peter Friend + Mr Anil Vaidja) every 6 months (2 x transplants) Monthly OP clinic at Royal Bournemouth Hospital for Dorset IF patients Planning outreach clinic to serve Sussex patients if designated IF Regional out-patient experience published in 2010 The value of multidisciplinary nutritional gastroenterology clinics for intestinal failure and other gastrointestinal patients Frontline Gastroenterology 2010; 1:178-181 Slide 42 Surgery for Intestinal Failure 44 patients over the 3 years 65% of patients were from the surrounding region Complex referrals: 30 enterocutaneous fistulae Of which 19 had laparostomies In 22 cases other organs were involved 5 urology 5 pancreatico-biliary 4 gastro-oesophageal 8 colorectal Slide 43 Surgical Complexity 12 patients required interventional radiology placement of large bore drains in the acute phase of their illness to drain sepsis 5 patients had radiation enteritis 19 patients had had 3 laparotomies or more in the 3 months prior to transfer Slide 44 Surgery - Outcomes No in-hospital or 1-year mortality 1 patient (2.2%) unexpected return to ICU 0f 30 patients who were TPN dependant 29 of patients are free of TPN (97%). 1 patient (3.3%) re-fistulated - this resolved spontaneously Slide 45 SHIFNET The Southern Home Intestinal Failure Network Basingstoke Bath WorthingPortsmouth St Marys Chichester Winchester Salisbury Dorchester Poole Bournemouth Oxford London Southampton Reading Swindon Stoke Newington Milton Keynes Better Patient Care Shared protocols Clinical Governance Standardised audit Education Communication Website Bucks Trust Slough Northampton Slide 46 Type 3 Intestinal Failure Case Presentation Dr Trevor Smith Nutrition Support & IF Team University Hospital Southampton Slide 47 Case Presentation 2004 22 year old male Presented with life threatening acute abdomen SMA infarct Emergency laparotomy at local hospital Slide 48 Cut and Shut ? Extensive intestinal ischaemia Extensive SB and colonic resection End Jejunostomy 20cm from DJ flexure Mucous fistulae to 50cm colon Discharged home after long admission, including ITU with multi-organ failure Slide 49 Medical Issues: 2004-2008 High stomal losses (5-6 l/day) Limited oral intake Antisecretory and antimotility agents Dietary manipulation 6 litre iv fluid requirement 4 litres PN & 2 litres 0.9% saline 555 mmol sodium per day Weight stable at 67kg BMI 20 Unable to gain weight; physically very weak Slide 50 Medical Issues: 2004-2006 Behavioural problems Depressed/socially isolated Psychiatry review in UHS and community ?related to cerebral damage during critical illness Recurrent line infections Multiple interruptions to nutrition IFALD ALT 72; ALP414; Bili 10 Osteoporosis Slide 51 Therapeutic options considered Intestinal lengthening procedure Only 20cm of jejunum therefore not possible Intestinal transplantation assessment Assessed in Cambridge Turned down because of mental health issues Slide 52 Therapeutic interventions in Southampton Taurolidine line locks Significant reduction in admissions for line sepsis Slide 53 Taurolidine significantly reduces the incidence of catheter related blood stream infections in patients on home parenteral nutrition. J Saunders, M Naghibi, T Smith, A King, Z Leach and M Stroud Southampton NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK. Slide 54 Southampton indications for taurolidine Slide 55 Results *per 1000 patient days HPN Slide 56 Therapeutic interventions in Southampton Taurolidine line locks Significant reduction in admissions for line sepsis Reconstructive surgery Re-anastamosis of jejunum to remaining colon 20cm + 50cm colon High risk of intractable diarrhoea Distal colostomy considered Slide 57 Surgery in 2008 4 years after initial event Anastamosed 20 cm of jejunum to 30cm of colon End sigmoid colostomy Uneventful recovery 12 days in hospital HPN dependent IF team not very optimistic that surgery would radically change prognosis: nutritional balance, line complications, liver Slide 58 Life after surgery: 2009 Stoma losses >50% IV fluids requirements to 4.1L per day LFTs normalised Weight gain no change to PN protein/energy Functional improvement Huge improvement in QOL Slide 59 DateJune 2006 May 07Nov 08 Surgery Jan 2009July 2009Jan 2010 Weight (kg) 67.567.766.970.575 BMI20.8 20.621.823.1 Fluid input (litres) 6.1 4.1 Stoma output (litres) 5-6 3.52.52 ALT iu/l7267141623 ALP iu/l4141529496104 Bil mmol/l101410811 Urine Na mmol/l 10-7810-57--85 Results Slide 60 Slide 61 Mechanisms underlying the benefits of jejuno-colic anastamosis Improved sodium & water resorption Decreases in hyperaldersteronism urinary potassium losses potassium availability to form lean body mass Adaptive small bowel changes GLP2 peptide from colon absorptive capacity Reduced small bowel transit times Peptide YY acting as a colonic brake Nitrogen & energy recovery by the rejoined colonic segment Slide 62 Progress in 2009 Clinically and subjectively much improved Transplant assessment Reviewed in joint clinic in Southampton Admitted for assessment in Oxford Deemed unnecessary But, why did he have a mesenteric infarct? Slide 63 Patent Foramen Ovale Slide 64 Current health 2010-2014 HPN dependent, but rarely uses saline Eating, with manageable stomal losses Maintains healthy weight Decreased line infections fewer connections and taurolidine Last admission for CRS May 2012 after fighting...... Better quality of life Time off IV infusions Expert in poisonous snakes and spiders!! Has avoided transplantation Slide 65 Current health 2010-2014 LFTs normal Micronutrient screen normal Bone health Osteoporosis treated with IV Zolendronic acid T score now -1.8 T score -2.7 in 2006 Mental health Stable, with easy access to CMH team