INTO THE WORLD OF BOOKS - LITERATURE

MS30214 Euijung LeeMS30215 Jungwon LeeMS30231 Hyunsoo Kim

MS30232 Junghyun Sung

• A literature presentation• Delving into the theme of…

GREEK TRAGEDYand

MEDIEVAL ROMANCE

GREEK TRAGEDY

“ANTIGIONE” Jungwon&

Euijung

MEDIEVALRO-MANCE

“The Crowning of Arthur”

Hyunsoo

“Sir Lancelot du Lake”

Euijung

“The Acts of King Arthur and his no-

ble knights”

Euijung

“Don Quixote” Junghyun

“Man of La Man-cha”

Junghyun

BASIC BACKGROUND

• Ancient Greek• Temples, gods, marble, theatres…• Greek plays – tragedies and comedies• Arose from Athens in religious rituals and ceremon-

ies, honouring the gods and their might over the mortal world

• Human weaknesses, virtues…• FATE

GREEK TRAGEDY

BASIC BACKGROUND

• Medieval Europe (post-Roman, Byzantine)• Castles, wars, knights• During the medieval era, mythical elements

such as magic and dragons influenced the lit-erature of the time, turning to supernatural themes

• CHIVALRY

MEDIEVAL ROMANCE

ANALYSIS WORKSHOP

• TRAGIC DRAMA of the downfall of a PROTAGONIST• TRAGEDY – The downfall of a dignified, superior main char-

acter• Explored subjects such as suffering and duty, in order to iden-

tify human relationships to the gods and their power• Subjects of myth and legends

• Central belief – FATE The Greeks believed in a predetermined path from the gods in

everyone, under whatever circumstances

GREEK TRAGEDY

Tragic Hero The PROTAGONISTFaces and accepts his/her

downfall

Tragic Flaw ERROR or FLAW in the protagonist that ultimately leads to his/her demiseIs noticed, but by then is far too late

Catastrophe DISASTROUS CONCLU-SION

Death or complete fall of pro-tagonist

Chorus Observers and responders on the play

The Chorus – a group of usually 15 people that sing and comment on the events of the plot or the actions of the characters, providing insights and reflections on the play. The chorus wore masks as the actors did. They sing and dance to the music, communicating beliefs and virtues of the common Athenian. The leader is called the choragus, who occasionally participates in the dialogue as well.

The Actors – men, wear costumes and masks to identify character, changed attire for different characters.

• The Greek theatre

ANALYSIS WORKSHOP

• ROMANCE of “Knights in shining armour”• ROMANCE – love, exotic places, fantastic characters…• First appeared through Medieval French literature• Honour, Medieval beliefs, Christian ideas

• Central belief – CHIVALRY People of the Medieval Era believed in chivalry, a concept

of honour and dignity among esteemed people such as knights

MEDIEVAL ROMANCE

ROMANCE HERO Knight of superhuman strength, virtue, intelligence and abilitiesFollows the code of chivalry

QUEST A difficult journey motivated by love, religion or adventure. The hero

must overcome the obstacles to prove his worth

EXOTIC SETTING Imaginary kingdoms with magic, enchantments and creatures

SUPERNATURAL Magicians, mysterious evil, foretell of the future etc.

HIDDEN IDENTI-TIES

Unaware of each others’ true identi-ties

Revealed at climax

EPISODICSTRUCTURE

Not under tight structure;One adventure to next

Antigone

MS30214 Euijung LeeMS30215 Jungwon Lee

Author Analysis: Sophocles• Born few years before the

marathon• One of three Greek Trage-

dians• Wrote`123 plays but sur-

vives only 7• The starting point of addi-

tion of a third actor• deeper development of

characters than earlier pe-riod

• First prize in Dionysia the-atre competition beating Aeschylus

• DIED at the age of 90 or 91 in the winter of 406/5 BC

Antigone Analysis

Tragic Hero: AntigoneTragic Flaw: Creon’s decision to neglect the corpse of PolyneicesCatastrophe: Antigone kill herself and because of that Haemon and Ismene suicides. In the end, the wife of Creon, Eurydice, also kills herself because of the shock from her son’s death

Theme:No one can change

one’s fate

Setting

Place : Palace of Creon, king of ThebesTime : Dawn of the day after the edict of king Creon

Summary

Antigone buries her slain brother, contravening the decree of her uncle, king creon. When he learns of her action, his rage leads him to bury her alive, despite the pleas of his son, antigone's fiance.After a warning from the seer teiresias, the king repents, but he's too late to prevent the suicides of antigone, his son, and his wife.

Characters

Antigone  -  Tragic heroine of the play. In the first mo-ments of the play, Antigone is opposed to her radiant sister Ismene. Unlike her beautiful and docile sister, Antigone is sallow and recalcitrant.

Characters

Ismene  -  Blonde, radiantly beautiful, laughing, and talkative Ismene is the good girl of the family. She is reasonable and understands her place. She bows to Creon's edict and attempt to dissuade Antigone from her act of rebellion.

Characters

Creon  -  Antigone's uncle. Creon is powerfully built, but a weary and wrinkled man suffering the burdens of rule. He firmly distances himself from the tragic aspirations of Oedipus and his line. As he tells Antigone, his only interest is in political and social order.

Characters

Haemon -  Antigone's young fiance and son to Creon. Haemon appears twice in the play. In the first, he is rejected by Antigone; secondly, he begs his father for Antigone's life. He refuses the happiness that Creon offers him and follows Antigone to a tragic demise.

Characters

Eurydice  -  Creon's kind, knitting wife whose only function, as the Chorus declares, is to knit in her room until it is her time to die. Her suicide is Creon's last punishment. This left him entirely alone.

Characters

Chorus -  The Chorus appears as narrator and commen-tator. The Chorus frames the play with introducing about the actions and characters under the sign of fatality. The Chorus also attempts to intercede throughout the whole play, whether on the behalf of the Theban people or the horrified spectators.

Play• Prologue• Antigone tries to persuade Ismene

Plot Diagram

Rising action1. Creon decrees that Polyneices shall not be buried2. Antigone declares decision to bury Polyne-ices3. Antigone caught, appears before Creon4. Haemon Pleads for Antigone5. Antigone put in valut6. Teiresias warns Creon

ClimaxCreon is slow to act on Teiresias' warn-ing

ResolutionMessenger reports death of Antigone and Haemon

Falling action1. Creon reconsiders his decree2. Creon buries Polyneices3. Creon goes to free Antigone

Vocabularies Auspicious : adj. promising success; favorable Anarchist : n. a person favoring the overthrow of government Contempt : n. an attitude of regarding sbd or sth as worthless or

inferior Defile : v. to make dirty, unclean, or impure Impassively : adv. in a way that shows no emotion or feeling Insolence : n. rudeness and disrespect Lamentation : n. an expression of grief Perverse : adj. willfully determined to go against what is ex-

pected or desired Reverence : n. awe and respect Sate : v. to satisfy fully Sententiously : adv. in a pompous, moralizing manner Transgress : v. to violate or break a law, command, or moral code

Thank you, and the next is king Arthur, HYUNSOO KIM!!!

with EuiJeong Lee

MEDIEVAL ROMANCEthe King Arthur stories

“The Crowning of Arthur”“Sir Lancelot du Lake”

“The Acts of King Arthur and his noble knights”

King Arthur???• Legendary King and Knight of England• The Celts ruled England during the time• Son of King Uther Pendragon• Claimed heir as taking out a magic sword from a stone• Reigned as king in Camelot• Married to Lady Guinevere• The Round Table• The Holy Grail• Excalibur

From Sir Thomas Malory’s “Le Morte d’Arthur” (the Death of Arthur in French)

“The Crowning of Arthur”

Author AnalysisSir Thomas Malory English knight (1405? ~ 1471) Fought in the Hundred Years’ War After the end of the war, accused of highway robbery and

murder, imprisoned many times Rebelled against Edward IV in War of the Roses, failed Imprisoned for life in London Newgate Prison, wrote “Le

Morte d’Arthur” there. Said to have added a prayer for his release after the comple-

tion of “Le Morte d’Arthur” in 1469 or 1470

Characters

King Uther Pendragon – King of Britain and father of Arthur. Falls in love with Lady Igraine and conflicts with the Duke of Tintagil over her. He took Merlin in as his advisor, and put his son under the care of Sir Ector after his death.

Lady Igraine – wife of the Duke of Tintagil and Arthur’s mother. She is a beautiful, faithful woman to her husband the Duke, but after bearing King Uther’s child and the Duke’s death, she turns her marital allegiance to the King.

Merlin the Prophet – the magician that advises King Uther. He arranges almost all of the King’s plans and actions, and using his magical abilities, make them completely flawless. He disguises as a beggar when he needs to avoid attention.

Arthur – son of Uther Pendragon and Igraine, and the rightful heir to the throne of Britain. He was brought up by Sir Ector, oblivious to the fact he was of royal blood. After taking the sword out of the stone he realized this, and he proved himself and honourable, dignified young man fit as the new king.

Sir Ector – brought up Arthur under the request of the King. He and his wife brought him up as his own son.

Sir Kay – Sir Ector’s real son. He left his sword for the tour-nament over the throne, so he sends Arthur to fetch it for him. During this, Arthur discovers the fateful sword in the stone.

Duke of Tintagil – original husband of Lady Igraine. He bat-tles against King Uther over his wife, and continuously re-mains loyal to his wife. He is later killed during a surprise attack on the King.

Sir Ulfius – friend and co-operator of King Uther. He finds Merlin for King Uther and aids in the King’s causes.

Archbishop of Canterbury – proclaims the sword in the stone and the true heir to the throne. Later crowns Arthur king.

PLOT King Uther falls in love with Lady Igraine, so he battles the Duke of Tin-

tagil Igraine denies Uther’s request Ulfius finds and brings Merlin to Uther, to whom he asks to help him claim

Igraine. Merlin agrees at the exchange of the arrangement on how the child of Uther and Igraine’s will be brought up

Merlin uses his magic to change Uther’s form into the Duke, and arranges him to enter Igraine’s castle and earn her. The Duke himself died three hours before this.

Igraine, widowed, becomes married officially to Uther. When Igraine was ashamed of bearing another’s child, Uther reveals that he is the father of that child.

Arthur is born, and Merlin takes him to the care of Sir Ector, there to be brought up until the time has come. Uther faces a series of invasions, and under Merlin’s guidance, he crushes them all.

Uther falls sick, and facing death, he announces his son Arthur as the right-ful heir to the throne after him.

The Archbishop reveals on Christmas Day a sword stuck in an anvil upon a stone, and the legend arousing it.

“Whoso pulleth oute this swerd of this stone and anvyld is rightwys kynge borne of all Brytaygne”

Many have tried but failed, so the knights and nobles arrange a tournament to win the succession. Sir Ector and his son Sir Kay join in the tournament.

Kay has left his sword in their lodging, so he asks Arthur to retrieve it for him. Arthur finds the lodging locked for the tournament, when he notices the sword, unguarded at the time, in the stone.

Unknowing of the legend, he pulls out the sword with ease and gives it to Kay. Ector notices this and Kay at first tells that he is the rightful heir. He soon admits that Arthur has pulled it out.

Arthur makes a second demonstration in front of the suspicious and disbelieving nobles, who refuse an ordinary, young boy take their prize.

After a series of failed tournaments, the nobles finally give in and beg Arthur for forgiveness. Arthur, a dignified and chivalric young man, forgives them and is crowned King, with Kay as his Royal Senschal from the request of his foster father Ector.

ROMANCE HERO Arthur – chosen one to pull out sword, dignified and forgiving.

King Uther – esteemed king of Britain, faithful to only one woman

QUEST Uther’s quest for love – King Uther endeavours to earn Igraine and have her

as his wife

EXOTIC SETTING An imaginary version of Britain

SUPERNATURAL Merlin’s impersonation magic, the sword of the stone, prophecies

HIDDEN IDENTI-TIES

Igraine did not know the father of her child (Uther);

Arthur was hidden as the true heir

EPISODICSTRUCTURE

One adventure to next – Naturally flows from Uther’s episode to

Arthur’s story chronologically

Sir Lancelot du LakeSummary

• A match between Sir Tarquine and Launcelot

• Morgan le Fay & 3 other queens• Sir Belleus• Tournament (line 170~212)

Launcelot Goes on a Ad-venture

Sir Launcelot du LakeLiterary Analysis (Medieval Romance)

1. Romance Hero: Sir Launcelot2. A Quest: Sets out for adventure (Line 7~10)3. Exotic Setting: Castle of Sir Tarquine (Line 36~42)4. Supernatural Elements: Spells [Instead, I will cast a spell over

him(Line 74~75)]5. Hidden Identities: Launcelot accidentally wounds Sir Belleus (Line

138~140)6. Episodic Structure: Escape from Morgan le Fay => Conflict be-

tween Sir Tarquine

The Acts of King Arthur and His Noble Knights

The Acts of King Arthur and His Noble Knights

conflict