into. to arch week 3

“Commodity” (utility): how does the building function?

“Firmness” (strength) : ( g )how does the building stand up?

VITRUVIUS ON ARCHITECTUREEDITED FROM THE HARLEIAN MANUSCRIPT 2767 AND TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH BY FRANK GRANGER, D.Lrr., A.R.I.B.A. PROFESSOR IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, NOTTINGHAM IN TWO VOLUMES I

H“Haec autem ita fieri debent, ut habeatur ratiofirmitatis, utilitatis, venustatis.”firmitatis, utilitatis, venustatis.

Image: Vitruvius’ De Architectura, Book X. Medieval Copy Carolingian Anonymous (750-987) Image source: http://wobblingsolutions.wordpress.com/category/uncategorized/page/2/

BOOK I. c. i., CHAPTER III, ON THE PARTS OF ARCHITECTURE, page 34 / 35

“2. Now these should be so carried out that account is taken of

t th tilitstrength, utility, grace.

firmitatis, utilitatis, venustatis (lat.)

Account will be taken of strength when the foundations are carrieddown to the solid ground and when from each material there is a

CHAPTER IIION THE PARTS OF ARCHITECTURE, page 34 / 35

down to the solid ground, and when from each material there is a choice of supplies without parsimony;

of utility, when the sites are arranged without mistake and impediment to their use, and a fit and convenient disposition for the aspect of each kind ;aspect of each kind ;

of grace, when the appearance of the work shall be pleasing andof grace, when the appearance of the work shall be pleasing and elegant, and the scale of the constituent parts is justly calculated for symmetry”

strength utility graceg y g

?

“Commodity”:

how does the building function?

A place to shelter, celebrate, work or worship?

We can talk about “utility” on two levels, i.e, from two aspects: e ca ta about ut ty o t o e e s, e, o t o aspects

• in regard with organization of space, which must meet the needs arising from a specific physiological civilizational anthropological spiritualfrom a specific physiological, civilizational, anthropological, spiritual,

cultural, economic, social and other needs.

• in regard with material components i e material system of building• in regard with material components, i.e., material system of building -enclosure, that must respond to all physical impacts of environment and

needs of users.

Concept of Shelter

Shelter

1 21 2Artificial shelter starts with such gentle manipulations of the landscape as planting a tree for shade or a row

In progressively more elaborate stages ofenvironmental intervention, a paving of stonesof the landscape as planting a tree for shade or a row

of shrubbery for a windbreak. A simple, freestanding east-west wall of piled-up rocks, by means of its vertical profile and its thermal capacity, can create a small zone of shaded coolness immediately to its

environmental intervention, a paving of stonesor a platform of wood provides a drier footingfor the inhabitant. A lean-to roof keeps off rainand snow.

ynorth in hot weather and a sun-warmed, less windy zone to its south in cold weather.

Shelter

3 4At night, a fire at the mouth of this simple shelterwarms its occupants by both direct and wall-reflected radiation, and a small portion of its heat is stored in the stones to moderate the temperature of

One can easily imagine further steps in the improvement of such a rudimentary shelter: the use of fabric or skins to close off the open side after dark or on cloudy days, the moving of the fire to an interior

the sheltered space even after the fire has died. hearth, and so on.

Development of human civilization –development of needs, requirements, spaces

Development of human civilization: development of needs,

irequirements, spaces

The Function of Buildings

Spiritual cultural social and other needsSpiritual, cultural, social and other needs

Temple of Horus, Edfu, 237-212 B.C., the Ptolemaic period

Temple of Aphaia, Aegina, cca. 490 B.C.

Differences regarding disposition, articulation of space and arrangement of space:buildings of same functions, constructed in different cultural, civilization and religious contexts.


Spiritual cultural social and other needs

Differences regarding visual expression:

Spiritual, cultural, social and other needs

buildings of same functions, constructed within different cultural, civilization and religious contexts.

Temple of Horus, Edfu, 237-212 B.C., the Ptolemaic period Temple of Aphaia, Aegina, cca. 490 B.C.


A place to shelter celebrate work or worship?A place to shelter, celebrate, work or worship?

Differences regarding articulation of space and arrangement of space:buildings of different functions

public library layoutpublic library layout


A place to shelter celebrate work or worship?A place to shelter, celebrate, work or worship?

Differences regarding articulation of space and arrangement of space:buildings of different functions

hotel, floor layout


Factor of traditionFactor of tradition

Specific developing of layout based on traditions and cultural factors

Japanese house with spatial sections serving for traditional tea ceremony

Japanese house, interior

What a building should do?

This is the graphical presentation of the list,attempting to include all

the functional expectations we have for a building at

the present time.

The diagram shows interconnections /

interdependences of diff f i f hdifferent functions of the

building.

What a building should do?

After Vitruvius, many theoreticians of architecture proposed many different systems by which buildings may be analysed, their qualities discussed and their

meanings understood.meanings understood.

Besides this, within the scope of building sciencenumerous sets of requirements, standards and

regulations on different aspects of building functioningregulations on different aspects of building functioning have been developed.

Set of requirements on wall designing, according to Neil Hutcheon.

Below: Some of the more critical physical phenomena impacting enclosures, according to Hutcheon.

Left:Building occupancy types and occupancy factors, according to Hutcheon.

Concept of Enclosure

wigwamigloo

Buildings are enclosed for privacy, to excludewind, rain, and snow from the interior, and to

control interior temperature and humidity.yurt

A single-enclosure type of system is one that extends continuously from the ground to enclose the floor. Simple examples are cone-like tepees

and dome igloos

y

and dome igloos.

A multiple-enclosure type of system consists of a horizontal or inclined top covering, called a roof, and vertical or inclined side enclosures called

ll

isba hut

walls.

hut

pile dwelling

hut

tepee

Concept of EnclosureBuilding: shell (envelope) and structure

In order to understand how a building works, we can dissect it

and studyits various elemental functions.

But few building functionstake place in isolation. Almost every component of a building

h f iserves more than one function, with some components

commonly serving ten or more simultaneously, and these

f ti h ilfunctions are heavily interdependent.

A VISUAL DICTIONARY OFARCHITECTURE, FRANCIS D.K. CHING

How Buildings Work?

THERMAL CONTROL: Heat transfer and the building envelopeTHERMAL CONTROL: Heat transfer and the building envelope

Insulated wallInsulated wall

How much heat the building envelope -the construction that separates the interior spaces from the outside environment - gains or loses is influenced by the construction of the outside of the building envelope, along with the wind velocity outside the building. Each layer of material making up the building’s exterior shell contributes some resistance to the flow of heat into or out of the building. The amount of resistance depends on the properties and thickness of the materials making up the envelope. Heavy, compact materials usually have less resistance to heat flow than light ones. Each air space separating materials in the building envelope adds resistance as well. The surface inside the building also resists heat flow by holding a film of air along its surface. The rougher the surface is, the thicker the film and the higher the insulation value.

How Buildings Work?

THERMAL CONTROL: VentilationTHERMAL CONTROL: Ventilation

Before the invention of mechanical ventilation,the common high ceilings in buildings created a large volume of indoor

air that diluted odors and carbon dioxide. Fresh air was provided by infiltration, the accidental leakage of air through cracks in the building, which along with operable windows created a steady exchange of air

with the outdoors.

Whole house fan

“Cupola”

Roof window

How Buildings Work?

DAYLIGHTINGDAYLIGHTING

Skylights

Clerestory window

Until recently, the workday ended when the sun went down. At the end of the day, everyone huddled around the fire, and then headed off to bed in the dark. Fires, candles, and oil lamps provided weak illumination, and were often too expensive for poorer people. People depended on daylight entering their buildings to give enough light for daily tasks. Architects and builders understood the role of natural light in buildings intuitively. Building orientations, configurations, and interior finishes were selected to provide sufficient levels of daylighting in interior spaces.

How Buildings Work?

WATER AND WASTESWATER AND WASTES

Throughout history, a primary concern of architects, builders, and homeowners has been how to keep water out of

buildings. It wasn’t until the end of the nineteenth century that supplying water inside a building became common in

industrial countries. Indoor plumbing is still not available in many parts of the

world today.Today, interior designers work with architects, engineers, and contractors to make sure that water is supplied in a way that

supports health, safety, comfort, and utility.

Supply plumbing

How Buildings Work?

HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMSHEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS

In steam heating systems, steam that is produced in a boiler is circulated under pressure through

insulated pipes, and then condensed in cast-iron radiators. In the radiator, the latent heat given off

when the steam cools and becomes water is released to the air of the room.

The condensed water then returns to the boiler through a network of return pipes. The system is

reasonably efficientbut difficult to control precisely, as the steam gives

off its heat rapidly.

Radiators

How electricity is supplied to a building

How Buildings Work?

ELECTRICITYELECTRICITY

Until around 1870, only fire and muscle power were commonly used in buildings to perform useful work. Historically, coal and oil were burned for heat and light or converted into energy for machines that generated heat. Since the end of the nineteenth century, heat has been converted into electricity. Even nuclear energy produces heat for conversion to electricity. Converting heat to electricity is inherently inefficient, with about 60 percent of the energy in the heat wasted.Today, electricity offers a clean, reliable, and very convenient source of energy for illumination, heating, power equipment, and electronic communication.

How Buildings Work?

ACOUSTICSACOUSTICS

Reverberation

Acoustics is the branch of physics that deals with the production, control, transmission, reception, and effects of sound. Acoustical design is the planning, shaping, finishing, and furnishing of an enclosed space to establish an acoustic environment necessary for the distinct hearing of speech or musical sounds. Understandinghow we hear sound and how sound interacts with the built environment helps us design spaces that are asacoustically pleasing as they are visually rich.

“Firmness” :how does the building stand up?

Structural Requirements

“DESIGN ERROR MY FOOT ....WE ALL CAN SEE YOU ARE LEANING AGAINST IT !!!"

Structural Requirements

Structural Types

Structural Types

POST AND BEAMPOST AND BEAM (POST AND LINTEL)

Beam is a rigid structural member designed to carry and transferdesigned to carry and transfer

transverse loads across space to supporting elements.

Column is a rigid relatively slenderColumn is a rigid, relatively slender structural member designed primarily to support axial, compressive loads applied

at the member ends.

A VISUAL DICTIONARY OF ARCHITECTURE, FRANCIS D.K. CHING

Structural Types

POST AND BEAMPOST AND BEAM (POST AND LINTEL)

Structural Types

ARCHES AND VAULTSARCHES AND VAULTS

Arch is a curved structure for spanning an opening designed to support a vertical load primarily by axial


Arch is a curved structure for spanning an opening, designed to support a vertical load primarily by axial compression.

Structural Types


Ilustracija 7: potkovičasti kameni luk, u različitim izvedbama, periodima i kulturama.

Figure 7: stone horseshoe arc, in different versions,periods and cultures.

MUJEZINOVIĆ, NERMINA: KAMEN – MATERIJAL KONTINUITETA I IZRAŽAJNIH MOGUĆNOSTI,

FEDERAL MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE, SARAJEVO, 2009.

Structural Types


V l i h d f b i kVault is an arched structure of stone, brick or reinforced concrete, forming a ceiling

or roof over a hall, room or other wholly or partially enclosed space.


Structural Types


Ilustracija 19: romaničko i gotičko oblikovanje u kamenu, kameni rebrasti svod.kamenu, kameni rebrasti svod.

Illustration 19: artistic expression of Romanesque and Gothic periods in stone. Ribbed vault made of stonestone.



Structural Types

DOMESDOMES

Dome is a vaulted structureDome is a vaulted structure having a circular plan and usually the form of a portion of a sphere, so constructed as to exert an equal thrust in all directionsequal thrust in all directions.

A VISUAL DICTIONARY OFARCHITECTURE, FRANCIS D.K.

CHING

Structural Types

DOMESDOMES

Ilustracija 8: najstarije kupole na trompama,Ilustracija 8: najstarije kupole na trompama, Firuzabad, rano III st.

Illustration 8: The oldest domes on squinches, Firouzabad, early III century



Structural Types

FRAME STRUCTURESFRAME STRUCTURES

Structural Types

PORTAL FRAME STRUCTURESPORTAL FRAME STRUCTURES

Portal frame construction is a method of building and designing simple structures primarily using steel or steeldesigning simple structures, primarily using steel or steel-

reinforced precast concrete although they can also be constructed using laminated timber. The connections

between the columns and the rafters are designed to be moment resistant i e they can carry bending forcesmoment-resistant, i.e. they can carry bending forces.

Structural Types

PORTAL FRAME STRUCTURESPORTAL FRAME STRUCTURES

Structural Types

TRUSSESTRUSSES

A structural frame based on the geometric rigidity of the triangle and composed of linear members subject only to axial tension or compression.


Structural Types

SPACE FRAME TRUSSESSPACE FRAME TRUSSES

Structural Types

SPACE FRAME TRUSSESSPACE FRAME TRUSSES

A two-dimensional truss transforms into three dimensions over the central span of the terminal.

Interior of a concrete shell structure Structural Types

SHELLSSHELLS

Also known as ‘surface structures’, shells resist and transfer loads within their minimal

thicknesses. They rely upon their three-

Interior ribbed surface of the shell.

dimensional curved geometry and correct orientation and placement of supports for their

adequate structural performance.

Structural Types

MEMBRANE STRUCTURESMEMBRANE STRUCTURES

Fabric or membrane structures represent another type of surface structure. These structures, where tensioned fabric initially resists selfweight and other loads, also rely upon their three-dimensional curvatures for structural adequacy. Fabric form, thickness and strength must match the expected loads, and all surfaces must be stretched taut to prevent the fabric flapping during high winds. Like shell structures, there is no distinction between the architectural and the structural forms.

Structural Types

SUSPENSION STRUCTURESSUSPENSION STRUCTURES

Suspension structure is structure of cables suspended and prestressed between compression members to directly support applied loads.


Structural Types

SUSPENSION STRUCTURESSUSPENSION STRUCTURES

...ALL THESE as applied within the contemporary architectural and engineering practice: typical working

d i h f di i d b ildidrawing sheets for a medium – sized building

In contemporary practice, a set of projects which is to be provided within the construction documentation stage consists of the

following projects: architectural project, landscape project, structural design with a static estimate and analyses, the project of electrical

supply (electrical installation) project, heating and ventilation projectand plumbing (water supply and sewerage) project.

1. “Commodity (utility)”: how does the building function?“Firmness (strength)” : how does the building stand up?

Exam preparation:

Professor’s lecture and presentationProfessor s lecture and presentation

Ching, Francis D., A Visual Dictionary of Architecture, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1997., “Arch”, pages: 12; “Beam”, pages: 15; “Building”, pages: 21-23; “Cable structure”, pages: 29; “Column”, pages: 40; “Dome” pages: 60 61; “Heating” pages:121; “House” pages:136; “Light” pages: 150; “Membrane” pages:40; Dome , pages: 60,61; Heating , pages:121; House , pages:136; Light , pages: 150; Membrane , pages: 168; “Plate”, pages: 195.; “Plumbing”, pages: 196; ”Shell”, pages: 219; “Truss”, pages 259; “Vault”, pages 262.

Neufert, E., Neufert, P., Baiche,B. , Walliman, N., Architects' Data, 3rd Edition, 2002., “Suspensioned and Tensioned Structures” pages: 88; “Space Frames: Principles” pages: 89; “Tensile andSuspensioned and Tensioned Structures , pages: 88; Space Frames: Principles , pages: 89; Tensile and

Inflatable Structures”, pages: 86; “Cable Net Structures”, pages:87; “Thermal Insulation”, pages: 111.

Further readings :

M j i ić N i K t ij l k ti it t i i ž j ih ć tiMujezinović, Nermina: Kamen – materijal kontinuiteta i izražajnih mogućnosti, Federal Ministry of Education and Science, Sarajevo, 2009.

Prepared by:

Dr Sc Nermina MujezinovićDr. Sc. Nermina Mujezinovićarchitect

Lit t th t d f l t ti / C dit & R fLiterature that was used for lecture preparation / Credits & References

Vitruvius, on Architecture, Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press; William Heinemann. 1953. Charleson, A.W., Structure as Architecture, A Source Book for Archtects and Structural Engineers, Elsevier, 2005.Ching, Francis D., A Visual Dictionary of Architecture, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1997.Allen, E., How Buildings Work – The Natural Order of Architecture, Oxford University Press, 2005. Binggeli, C., Building Systems for Interior Designers, John Wiley & Sons, 2003.Mujezinović, N., Kamen – materijal kontinuiteta i izražajnih mogućnosti, Federal Ministry of Education and Science, Sarajevo, 2009. Hansbridge, J., Graphic Hiistory of Architecture, Hennessey & Ingalls, 1999.Corbeil J C ; Archambault A The Macmillan Visual Dictionary: Architecture Webster's New World; 1 Amer ed edition 1992Corbeil, J. C.; Archambault, A., The Macmillan Visual Dictionary: Architecture, Webster s New World; 1 Amer ed edition, 1992.Mehta, G.; Tada, K., Japan Style: architecture, interiors, design, Tuttle Publishing, 2005. Mostaedi, A., Design Hotels, Architectural DesignG. B. McCabe; J. R. Kennedy, Planning the Modern Public Library Building, Libraries Unlimited,2003.

into. to arch week 3

Technology

building function

articulation of space

arrangement of space

concept of shelter

rudimentary shelter

shelter12artificial

organization of space

function of buildingsspiritual