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INTONATION PATTERNS IN POLISH AND ENGLISH by Joanna Rutkowska Marzena Raczkowska prepared on the basis of Marek, B., Intonation and Emphasis in Polish and English, PSICL 3 Demenko G., Badania intonacji na potrzeby technologii mowy, WN-UAM 1999

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Page 1: INTONATION PATTERNS IN POLISH AND ENGLISH by Joanna Rutkowska Marzena Raczkowska prepared on the basis of Marek, B., Intonation and Emphasis in Polish

INTONATION PATTERNS IN POLISH AND ENGLISH

by

Joanna RutkowskaMarzena Raczkowska

prepared on the basis of Marek, B., Intonation and Emphasis in Polish and English, PSICL 3Demenko G., Badania intonacji na

potrzeby technologii mowy, WN-UAM 1999

Page 2: INTONATION PATTERNS IN POLISH AND ENGLISH by Joanna Rutkowska Marzena Raczkowska prepared on the basis of Marek, B., Intonation and Emphasis in Polish

Intonation

The intonation of a sentence is the pattern of pitch changes that occurs during the utterance of the sentence.

Page 3: INTONATION PATTERNS IN POLISH AND ENGLISH by Joanna Rutkowska Marzena Raczkowska prepared on the basis of Marek, B., Intonation and Emphasis in Polish

Presentation of the approach

The most popular approach in the studies on intonation is so-called BRITISH SCHOOL.

According to this approach there are three types of pitch patterns:

-low ( L )-high ( H )-middle ( M )

English nuclear tones can be defined in terms of those three kinds of pitch.

In our presentation we will try to compare Polish and English nuclear tones in terms of these pitch patterns.

Page 4: INTONATION PATTERNS IN POLISH AND ENGLISH by Joanna Rutkowska Marzena Raczkowska prepared on the basis of Marek, B., Intonation and Emphasis in Polish

To refresh your memory...

a tone group (fraza intonacyjna) consists of pre-head head nucleus (the syllable which carries the main

change in pitch) tail

[prehead [ head [[ nucleus] tail ]]]

Time (s)0 3.68717

60

220

Oh, I’m SO glad to see you

Page 5: INTONATION PATTERNS IN POLISH AND ENGLISH by Joanna Rutkowska Marzena Raczkowska prepared on the basis of Marek, B., Intonation and Emphasis in Polish

Types of nuclear tones - falls: HL

high-low (HL) Pol. Znowu ten wariat. Eng. not present

Time (s)0 1.61828

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450

Time (s)0 1.242

50

450

This freak a gain

Znowu ten wariat

Page 6: INTONATION PATTERNS IN POLISH AND ENGLISH by Joanna Rutkowska Marzena Raczkowska prepared on the basis of Marek, B., Intonation and Emphasis in Polish

Types of nuclear tones - falls: ML and HM

middle-low (ML) Pol. Bardzo zły znak. Eng. I don't believe it.

high-middle (HM) Pol. To nie jest najlepsza poradnia. Eng. What did you do?

Page 7: INTONATION PATTERNS IN POLISH AND ENGLISH by Joanna Rutkowska Marzena Raczkowska prepared on the basis of Marek, B., Intonation and Emphasis in Polish

Types of nuclear tones - falls: xL

extra-low (xL) Pol. Mówiłem ci, że to jest kiepski nawóz. Eng. not present

Time (s)0 1.61828

50

450

Time (s)0 1.242

50

450

Time (s)0 3.04531

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Time (s)0 1.54304

50

450

I told you this was not a good fertiliser.

Mówiłam ci, że to jest kiepski nawóz.

Page 8: INTONATION PATTERNS IN POLISH AND ENGLISH by Joanna Rutkowska Marzena Raczkowska prepared on the basis of Marek, B., Intonation and Emphasis in Polish

low-middle (LM) Pol. Byłeś tu już? Eng. Try not to be late.

middle-high (MH) Pol. not present Eng. Why don't I write to the secretary, did you say?

low-high (LH) Pol. Co mówiłeś? Eng. It isn't as bad as all that.

Types of nuclear tones - rises: LM, LH

Page 9: INTONATION PATTERNS IN POLISH AND ENGLISH by Joanna Rutkowska Marzena Raczkowska prepared on the basis of Marek, B., Intonation and Emphasis in Polish

COMPLEX TONES low-high-low (LHL) or middle-high-low (MHL)

Pol. not present Eng. It's ridiculous.

high-low-high (HLH) or middle-low-high (MLH) Pol. not present Eng. No one wants to force you to play.

LEVEL TONES middle-middle (MM)

Pol. Dwa miasta . Eng. Two cities.

Types of nuclear tones (intonacje rdzenne) - other

Page 10: INTONATION PATTERNS IN POLISH AND ENGLISH by Joanna Rutkowska Marzena Raczkowska prepared on the basis of Marek, B., Intonation and Emphasis in Polish

Differences between nuclear tones in different l-s

Some of the above listed phenomena are universal for different languages

However, certain languages show considerable differences in their use of nuclear tones STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES REALISATIONAL DIFFERENCES SEMANTIC DIFFERENCES

Page 11: INTONATION PATTERNS IN POLISH AND ENGLISH by Joanna Rutkowska Marzena Raczkowska prepared on the basis of Marek, B., Intonation and Emphasis in Polish

STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES

Some types of nuclear tones (structures of pitch patterns) are present only in some languages

e.g.

English HLH nuclear tone is not present in Polish

Page 12: INTONATION PATTERNS IN POLISH AND ENGLISH by Joanna Rutkowska Marzena Raczkowska prepared on the basis of Marek, B., Intonation and Emphasis in Polish

REALISATIONAL DIFFERENCES

Similar intonation patterns appear in different languages, but they are realized in different ways. For example, LM tone is realized differently in English and in Polish:

In Polish the increase of fundamental frequency occurs most often at the end of a phrase

in English it can occur at the beginning of a phrase

Page 13: INTONATION PATTERNS IN POLISH AND ENGLISH by Joanna Rutkowska Marzena Raczkowska prepared on the basis of Marek, B., Intonation and Emphasis in Polish

Time (s)0 1.61828

50

450

Time (s)0 1.242

50

450

Time (s)0 3.04531

50

450

Time (s)0 1.54304

50

450

Time (s)0 2.88399

50

450

Time (s)0 1.6839

50

450

REALISATIONAL DIFFERENCES - illustration

Pytasz dlaczego nie piszę do sekretarki?

Have you been there?

In Polish the increase of fundamental frequencyoccurs most often at the end of a phraseIn English the increase of fundamental frequencycan occur at the beginning of a phrase

Page 14: INTONATION PATTERNS IN POLISH AND ENGLISH by Joanna Rutkowska Marzena Raczkowska prepared on the basis of Marek, B., Intonation and Emphasis in Polish

SEMANTIC DIFFERENCES

Intonation patterns can be structurally similar, but they can have different meaning. For example, LH pattern can mean different things in Polish and in English

In English LH does not indicate a question. In the expression

It isn't as bad as all that

LH pattern indicates oppositionIn Polish the expression

Wcale nie jest znowu taka zła

would be probably realized with falling intonation pattern of HL type.

Page 15: INTONATION PATTERNS IN POLISH AND ENGLISH by Joanna Rutkowska Marzena Raczkowska prepared on the basis of Marek, B., Intonation and Emphasis in Polish

Time (s)0 1.61828

50

450

Time (s)0 1.242

50

450

Time (s)0 3.04531

50

450

Time (s)0 1.54304

50

450

Time (s)0 2.88399

50

450

Time (s)0 1.6839

50

450

Time (s)0 2.47751

50

450

Time (s)0 1.7312

50

450

Time (s)0 2.05819

50

450

Time (s)0 1.7312

50

450

In Polish, opposition is expressed by falling intonation pattern of HL type.In English LH does not indicate a question. It indicates opposition.

SEMANTIC DIFFERENCES - illustration

It isn't as bad as all that

Wcale nie jest znowu taka zła

Page 16: INTONATION PATTERNS IN POLISH AND ENGLISH by Joanna Rutkowska Marzena Raczkowska prepared on the basis of Marek, B., Intonation and Emphasis in Polish

FOCUS

Focus is a specification assigned to an element of a semantic structure before the latter enters any postsemantic processes, and which can later be manifested in the surface structure by means of a nucleus placed on a corresponding element.

Page 17: INTONATION PATTERNS IN POLISH AND ENGLISH by Joanna Rutkowska Marzena Raczkowska prepared on the basis of Marek, B., Intonation and Emphasis in Polish

Focus assignement in neutral sentences -1

In case of the ”neutral sentences” the focus is assigned according to the following rules:1 If the semantic structure contains only

one root and this root is a verb root, then this verb root receives the

feature FOC (focus) V root ---- V root FOC

Eg. It's [[rain]ROOTing]VERB

Page 18: INTONATION PATTERNS IN POLISH AND ENGLISH by Joanna Rutkowska Marzena Raczkowska prepared on the basis of Marek, B., Intonation and Emphasis in Polish

Rules for focus assignement (ns) - 2

2 The FOC is assigned to an action verb root if the semantic structure contains this verb root and an agent noun root

act V root ---- act V root FOC/ agent noun root

eg. [David]NOUN [[laugh]ROOTed]VERB.

Page 19: INTONATION PATTERNS IN POLISH AND ENGLISH by Joanna Rutkowska Marzena Raczkowska prepared on the basis of Marek, B., Intonation and Emphasis in Polish

Rules for focus assignement (ns) - 3

3 If the semantic structure contains a patient and a beneficiary or an agent noun root

the feature FOC will usually be assigned to the patient.

patient N root ---- patient N root FOC/benef.,agenteg. [Mary]AGENT opened [the box]PATIENT.

Page 20: INTONATION PATTERNS IN POLISH AND ENGLISH by Joanna Rutkowska Marzena Raczkowska prepared on the basis of Marek, B., Intonation and Emphasis in Polish

Rules for focus assignement (ns) - 4

4 A location noun root, if present, will always have the feature FOC ( except for sentences with existential "there”

loc N root ---- loc N root FOC

eg. A book is on [the table]LOCATION N ROOT.(as opposed to: There is a book on the table.)

Page 21: INTONATION PATTERNS IN POLISH AND ENGLISH by Joanna Rutkowska Marzena Raczkowska prepared on the basis of Marek, B., Intonation and Emphasis in Polish

Focus assignement in Polish neutral sentences

The principle of FOC assignement seems to hold true for Polish, eg.

Pada. V root ---- V root FOC

Ściemnia się. V root ---- V root FOC

Janek zaśmiał się. Act V root ---- act V root FOC/ agt N root

Janek wylał mleko. pat N root ---- pat N root FOC/ben, agt

Książka leży na stole. loc N root ---- loc N root FOC

Page 22: INTONATION PATTERNS IN POLISH AND ENGLISH by Joanna Rutkowska Marzena Raczkowska prepared on the basis of Marek, B., Intonation and Emphasis in Polish

EMPHASIS

Intonation can serve as a means of expressing emphasis.

The semantic structure of an utterance determines the intonation which this utterance receives in the phonetic representation.

The nature of emphasis is basically the same in Polish and English.

Page 23: INTONATION PATTERNS IN POLISH AND ENGLISH by Joanna Rutkowska Marzena Raczkowska prepared on the basis of Marek, B., Intonation and Emphasis in Polish

Emphasis - examples

1a. 'Roger is a teacher.1b. Roger is a teacher.2a. 'Robert jest Ang likiem.2b. Robert jest Ang likiem.3a. Ma rysia jest tan cerką.3b. Ma rysia jest tan cerką.

Sentences of each pair differ in meaning. 1b, 2b and 3b express a contrast which is absent or less obvious in 1a, 2a ,3a.

Page 24: INTONATION PATTERNS IN POLISH AND ENGLISH by Joanna Rutkowska Marzena Raczkowska prepared on the basis of Marek, B., Intonation and Emphasis in Polish

Contrastive and emotive emphasis

Now look at the examples:1a. It’s beautiful!1b. Jak tu ślicznie!2a. Roger is a teacher. 2b. Roger jest nauczy cielem.3a. Roger is a teacher.3b. Roger jest nauczy cielem. All the above sentences can be interpreted as

emphatic. It can be also seen that the list contains examples for both contrastive and emotive emphasis.

Page 25: INTONATION PATTERNS IN POLISH AND ENGLISH by Joanna Rutkowska Marzena Raczkowska prepared on the basis of Marek, B., Intonation and Emphasis in Polish

Focus shift in emphatic sentences

The context may sometimes require a shift of FOC from the neutral position of ”neutral sentences" and place it on some other element of the semantic structure. Such a shift produces emphasis.

Page 26: INTONATION PATTERNS IN POLISH AND ENGLISH by Joanna Rutkowska Marzena Raczkowska prepared on the basis of Marek, B., Intonation and Emphasis in Polish

The rule for EMPH assignement

The feature EMPH is placed on focus in contrastive and emotive sentences.

The nature of emphasis is basically the same in Polish and English

X FOC ---- X EMPH/ contrX FOC ---- X EMPH/ emot

Page 27: INTONATION PATTERNS IN POLISH AND ENGLISH by Joanna Rutkowska Marzena Raczkowska prepared on the basis of Marek, B., Intonation and Emphasis in Polish

Time (s)0 1.43234

50

450

Time (s)0 1.17424

50

450

Emphasis - illustration

It’s beautiful

Jak tu śli cz nie

Page 28: INTONATION PATTERNS IN POLISH AND ENGLISH by Joanna Rutkowska Marzena Raczkowska prepared on the basis of Marek, B., Intonation and Emphasis in Polish

Conclusion

The nature of emphasis and the principle underlying intonation assignement are basically the same in Polish and English.

X FOC ---- X EMPH/ emot [Listen]FOC everybody! [Mary]FOC has arrived!Patrzcie państwo! Marysia przyjechała!

X FOC ---- X EMPH/ contrRoger is a teacher.Roger jest nauczycielem.