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Cell Injury

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GENETIC CAUSES

ACQUIRED CAUSES

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Acquired causes

Hypoxia and Ischemia

Physical Agents

Chemical Agents

Microbial Agents

Immunological Agents Nutritional

Psychological

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Pathogenesis of Cell Injury

Agent Type, DurationSeverity

Target Cell Type,Adaptability

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Types of Cell Injury

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Reversible

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Less ATP production

Reduced pH

Damage to Na pump and Plasmamembrane.

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Irreversible

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Persistence of Ischemia/Hypoxia

Point of No Return

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Mitochondrial DamageDisturbed Cell membrane

Lysosomal Rupture

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Free Radicals

Superoxide (O2)

Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)

Hydroxyl Radical (OH)

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Hydroxil radicalMost reactive

Produces membrane damage by,

LIPID PeroxidationPROTEIN Oxidation

DNA Damage

Cytoskeletal damage

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Anti-Oxidants

Inactivates Free Radicals

Ex:

Vitamine: A, C, E

Cysteine, Glutathione

Ceruloplasmin & Transferrin

Enzymes:Superoxide dismutase, Catalase,

Glutathione peroxidase.

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Morphology of

Cell Injury

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Morphology of Reversible

cell Injury

Degeneration

Retrogressive change

Reversible cell injury

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Cellular swelling

Hyaline change

Fatty change

Mucoid change

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Causes of Cellular swelling

Bacterial toxin, chemicals, poisons,

burns, High fever

Impaired regulation of cellular

volume

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Gross: Kidney, Liver, Heart

muscles enlarged

M/E: Swollen cells

Small clear vaculoes

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Hyaline change

HyalineGlass like

Homogenous , pinkmaterial

Intracellular

1. Droplets in PCT

2. Zenkers degeneration3. Mallorys hyaline liver cellsalcohol

4. Russel bodiesPlasma cells

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Mucoid change

Mucin, a glycoprotein

Normaly produced by mucous membrane

An Mucus glands

Epithelial mucin = PAS + ve

Connective tissue mucin = PASveWithAlcian blue: both +ve

E ith li l i

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Epithelial mucin :

1. Catarrhal inlfammation of mucous

membrane2. Mucocele

3. Mucin secreting tumours of ovary,

stomach

Connective tissue mucin

1. Myxoid degeneration of tumours

2. Dissecting aneurysm of aorta in marfans

3. Myxoid change in ganglion of wrist

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Fatty change

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Fatty changeSteatosis

LIVER most coommon site.

Alcohol most common etiology

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Causes of Fatty change

ALCOHOL

MalnutritionObesity

DMLiver toxinsCCl4

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