Intro to BiologyReview

Particle found in the nucleus of an atom with a positive charge

proton

http://school.discovery.com/clipart/clip/ani-turtle.html

Scale used to measure acidity

pH

Which of these molecules could be used to make glycogen, starch, or cellulose?

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Glucose

The simple sugar that cells burn to release energy is _______________.

glucose

Give an example of a monosaccharide

Glucose, galactose, fructose,ribose, deoxyribose,

A monosaccharide is a ______________

Lipid nucleic acid carbohydrate protein

carbohydrate

Many genetic diseases result from the production of enzymes that are not shaped correctly. How could a change in an enzyme’s shape cause it to work poorly or not at all?

Changing its shape can alter the shape of the active site so substrate doesn’t fit which affects how the enzyme works

Which of these molecules is a protein?

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Name the 2 kinds of nucleic acids you learned about.

DNA and RNA

Give an example of a polysaccharide

Cellulose, glycogen, starch

Proteins that help chemical reactions happen faster = ___________enzymes

Enzymes work by ____________the activation energy required toget a chemical reaction started.

increasing decreasing

decreasing

Structural polysaccharide used to make plants sturdy

cellulose

Special kind of nucleotide used by cells to store the energy released from burning glucose.

ATP

RIBOSEImage by Riedell

Which of these molecules stores genetic info?

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1:2:1; 1 carbon:2 hydrogen:1 oxygen

What is the chemical formula for water?

H2O

What ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms is seen in carbohydrates?

Give an example of a heterotroph

Any animal (including humans),Most bacteria

The 3 smaller particles found insideatoms are ____________, _____________.and _____________.

protons neutronselectrons

Name this reaction

dehydration synthesis-Losing water to make a bond

http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/3notes1.htm

Name the 4 molecules that are important for all living things

Proteins, carbohydrates,lipids, nucleic acids

Atomic particle with a negative charge electron

Name one characteristic of water

that makes it important for living cells.

Good solvent (lots of substances dissolve in it)

Can absorb lots of heat without changing temp (good for homeostasis)Makes hydrogen bonds (water molecules stick together)Participant/product in many chemical reactions (helps metabolism)

__________ orbit the nucleus of anatom at very high speeds in

different energy levels.

Protons neutrons electrons

Electrons

What kind of electric charge doelectrons have? negative

that have an uneven pattern of electric charge (more + on one side; more – on the other) are called ______________ polar

that have gained or lost electrons so that they have an electric charge are called ______.ions

MOLECULES

ATOMS

HEMOGLOBIN that carries oxygen in your blood, INSULIN that helps cells store sugar, and DIGESTIVE ENZYMES are all _____________.

Proteins carbohydrates nucleic lipids acids

proteins

Glucose is a _______________.

Protein carbohydrate nucleic lipid acid

carbohydrate

Which of these molecules is a phospholipid?

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Name this reaction

http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/images/Hydrolysis.jpg

Hydrolysis-(adding water to break a bond)

Which of these molecules is an amino acid ?

Look closely! They all are.Look for the groupson the center carbon: Amino, carboxyl, R

Which of the following is TRUE?

Simple sugars are made of polysaccharides.

RNA molecules are made of nucleotides.

Amino acids are made of proteins

Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are made of glucose.

F Proteins are made of amino acids

F Simple sugars are monosaccharides. Polysaccharides are complex carbo’s made of many sugars.

TRUE

TRUE

In polymerization, complex molecules are formed by the joining together of _______________

A. macromoleculesB. carbohydratesC. polymersD. monomers

D. monomers

Which of these molecules is a nucleotide?

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Give a function for nucleic acids in cellsStore genetic info (DNA) transfer info from DNA to cell (RNA)protein synthesis (RNA)

How many different amino acids areused by all living things to make

proteins? 20

The subunits that make nucleic acids are called _____________

amino acids carbohydrates nucleotides

nucleotides

Glucose, sucrose, glycogen, andstarch are all examples of ________________.carbohydrates

____________ is an important atom to living things because it can form bonds with 4 other atoms at once to make chains, rings, and many different kinds of molecules.

Carbon

Name 4 of the 6 atoms important for making molecules used in cells.

Carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, OR phosphorus

Double stranded nucleic acid moleculecontaining A, T, C, G nitrogen basesfound in chromosomes that storesgenetic information

DNA

Macromolecule made by joining MANY sugar molecules together in a chain polysaccharide

http://web.mit.edu/esgbio/www/lm/sugars/sugars.html

Amino acid subunits join togetherto make _______________ Lipids carbohydrates nucleic proteins

acids

proteins

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Uracil are used to make_____________________

polysaccharides amino acids nucleotides lipids

Nucleotides

Name 3 of the many functions of proteins that you learned about

Act as enzymesTransport (Help move substances in & out of cells) Help synthesize other proteins (part of ribosomes)Movement (make up cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella)Act as hormones (insulin)Help cells recognize self (glycoproteins)Structural (make cell membranes)Fight germs (antibodies)carry oxygen in blood cells (hemoglobin)control blood sugar (insulin)

Which of these molecules is a carbohydrate?

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Name a function of carbohydrates in cells.

Burn for energyStore energy for laterStructural (cellulose makes plants sturdy)Cell ID (part of glycoproteins)

Match the building block with the molecule it makes.Proteins nucleic acids lipids carbohydrates

Nucleic acids____________________

____________________

____________________

Proteins

CarbohydratesGlucose from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html

Nucleotide and amino acid images by Riedell

What property of carbon allows it to form so many different kinds of molecules?

Can join 4 other atoms at same time

What are some factors that can influence an enzyme’s activity?

Temperature & pH

Name one of the properties of water that make it important for living things

Its polar so it dissolves many different substancesIt doesn’t change temperature easily

so it helps in homeostasis (maintaining temp)It forms hydrogen bonds

so molecules stick togetherIt is an important participant/product

in many chemical reactions

Tell one way DNA is different from RNA

DNA RNADouble stranded single strandedContains A,T,C,G Contains A,U,C,GNo U no Tsugar = deoxyribose sugar = ribososeStores genetic info transfers info

from nucleus to out to cell

A = ________________B = ________________C = ________________D = ________________E = ________________

Name the following in the enzyme catalyzed reaction:

enzyme

productsenyzme-substrate complex

active sitesubstrate

Image by Riedell

The subunits made of a nitrogen base, and sugar, and a phosphate group used to make nucleic acids

nucleotides

Polysaccharide used by animal cellsto store glucose for later

glycogen

http://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/145/smith/s02/graphics/campbell_5.6.gif

Kind of lipid made from carbon andhydrogen joined in rings instead ofchains that make up cell

membranes andcan act as hormones

steroids

http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/03/HTML/source/03-16-steroids-nl.htm

Which of these molecules is a nucleic acid?

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Carbohydrate molecule like glucose that is made from only ONE sugar molecule monosaccharide

Scale used to measure acidity

Molecule formed when a substrate bondsto the active site of an enzyme

pH

Enzyme-substrate complex

Name the 3 parts of a nucleotide

#1 = __________________#2 = __________________#3 = __________________phosphate

#1

#2

#3

nitrogen base (A, T, C, G, or U)Sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)

Molecule that is REALLY, REALLY BIG

macromolecule

Stimulus that comes from insidean organism

internal stimulus

Neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atomneutron

Molecule such as glycogen, starch, or cellulose, made by joining many monosaccharide (sugar) molecules together polysaccharide

5 carbon sugar used to make RNA

ribose

http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/fig5x27b.jpg

Substances produced during a chemical reaction that are found on the right side of a chemical equation

products

All the chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its

life processes

metabolism

Organism made of many cellsmulticellular

Molecules found in living things that contain CARBON organic

Protein that carries oxygen found in red blood cells

hemoglobin

Kind of chemical reaction used by cellsto join molecules together by removingan H and OH to make a water molecule

Dehydration synthesis

http://www.chemicalconnection.org.uk/chemistry/topics/images/pp3.jpg

Small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers

monomer

Image by Riedell

Which of these molecules could be used to make an RNA molecule?

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The carbohydrate molecule that cells burn to release energy

glucose

Place on an enzyme where the substrate attaches

Active site

http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cat-removed/enzyme_.gif

Double stranded nucleic acid moleculecontaining A, T, C, G nitrogen basesfound in chromosomes that storesgenetic information

DNA

Macromolecule made by joining MANY sugar molecules together in a chainpolysacchari

de

http://web.mit.edu/esgbio/www/lm/sugars/sugars.html

Which of these molecules is a polysaccharide?

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Energy required to get a chemical reaction started

Activation energy

Substance that speeds up a chemicalreaction by decreasing the activation energy catalyst

http://www.chuckwagondiner.com/art/matches.jpg

Attraction between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules involving the hydrogen atoms of one molecule and the partially negatively charged

atoms in another moleculeHydrogen

bonds

Protein that acts as a biological catalyst in living things to help chemical reactions happen faster

enzyme

Images from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html

Which of these molecules is an amino acid?

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Macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, made by joining amino acid subunits

Molecule with an uneven pattern of electric charges; More + on one side/ more – on the other

protein

polar

Image from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html

5 carbon sugar used to make DNA

deoxyribose

An atom that has gained or lost electrons so it has an electric charge

ion

Substances on the left side of a chemical equation which react

reactants

Image from: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/fig5x27b.jpg

Compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms usually in a ratio of 1 C: 2 H: 1 O which is a major source of energy for the human body

carbohydrate

Large molecule made by joining smaller monomer subunits togetherpolymer

Image by Riedell

Macromolecule made mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes and steroids, which is generally hydrophobic lipid

Macromolecule made of nucleotide subunits containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus which stores and transports information in cells and helps in protein synthesis

nucleic acid

Single stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose and the nitrogen bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracilRNA (ribonucleic acid)

Subunit used to make proteins made up of a carbon atom attached to a hydrogen, a carboxyl group (-COOH), an amino group (-NH2) , and a variable R group

Amino acid Image by Riedell

Polysaccharide used by PLANT cells

to store glucose for laterstarch

What does DNA stand for?Deoxyribonucleic acid

http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif

Which of these molecules is used by cellsto store and transport energy?

↑ RIBOSE