intro to forensic science pawson, 2014 pvmhs. what is forensic science? “the application of...
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Intro to Forensic Science
Pawson, 2014PVMHS
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What is Forensic Science?
• “The application of scientific knowledge and methodology to legal problems and criminal investigations.”
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Forensic Science CareersCriminologist: Detectives that study physical evidence to link it to suspects
Digital/Multimedia Scientist: Assist in collecting & analyzing digital evidence
Toxicologist: Determine any substances in a victim’s or suspect’s system
Engineering Scientist: Analyze accidents and crime scenes to determine how,
when, and why things happened
Odontologist: Identify remains, usually using dental remains, and assist with
determining cause/time of death
Medical Examiner: Perform autopsies and assist with determining cause/time of
death
Anthropologist: Study the bones of a victim and assist with determining cause/time
or death
Entomologist: Study insect evidence and assist with determining time of death
Psychologist: Understand a victim or suspect from a mental health standpoint
Document Expert: Answer questions regarding documents, such as whether or not
a signature is real and if a document has been altered
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An abbreviated history of Forensics
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3rd Century BCChinese use fingerprints to sign contracts or as a “signature” on letters.
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They were also used to sign art & literature.
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1686
Marcello Malpighi describes the characteristics of fingerprints – ridges, spirals, loops
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1786
One of the first recorded instances of physical evidence used to solve a crime.
Paper that was used to wrap a murder weapon, was also found in the pocket of John Toms, who was subsequently convicted of murder.
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1880Henry Faulds, a Scottish physician, was the first scientist to publish a report suggesting fingerprints can be used to identify criminals. While working in Japan he used fingerprints to clear an innocent man of burglary.
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1883 Alphonse Bertillon, a police officer and statistician, invented a system of body measurements that was used to identify criminals.
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Anthropometry
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1889Alexandre Lacassagne, a French physician and criminologist, founded the Lacassagne school of criminology in Lyon.
Edmund Locard worked as his assistant.
Was the first to use the grooves on a bullet to match it to a gun.
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1893
Hans Gross, an Austrian criminologist, publishes the first book on criminal investigation.
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1901Sir Edward Henry established the first fingerprint classification system in Britain. Also credited with introducing police dogs to the London police force.
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1903
First official use of fingerprints in the United States (New York City Civil Service Commission).
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1905
President Theodore Roosevelt establishes the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
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1910
Edmond Locard establishes the first police crime lab. Formulated Locard’s exchange principle – the basic principle of forensic science, every contact leaves a trace.
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1916Detective Albert Schneider if the first scientist to use a vacuum tool to collect trace evidence.
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1921
John Larson and Leonard Keeler develop the first polygraph machine
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1924
First US Crime lab established in Los Angeles, California.
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1924
FBI consolidates over 800,000 fingerprint files from across the United States.
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1948
America Association of Forensic Sciences (A.A.F.S.) is founded in Chicago.
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1974
Electron microscope technique for the detecting of gun shot residue is developed at Aerospace Corporation.
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1975The FBI introduces the Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS). This system allows the computerized scan of fingerprints.
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1977Latent fingerprints are developed using superglue for the first time.
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1986Sir Alec Jeffreys, a British geneticist, develops DNA fingerprinting.
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1987
The first use of DNA fingerprinting in the US leads to the conviction of Tommy Lee Andrews, in Orlando, Florida, on charges of rape and burglary.
The first use of DNA fingerprinting in England leads to the conviction of Colin Pitchford on charges of murder.
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1992: the Innocence ProjectThe goal of the Innocence Project is to exonerate persons who have been wrongfully convicted of a crime.
Barry Scheck & Peter Neufeld
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1998National Data Index System - FBI database linking DNA data throughout the United States.
“CODIS” encompasses all databases
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2008Footwear Intelligence Technology is developed in the UK; it’s the first footwear coding system & database.
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Any questions?