intro to physics 1118

Upload: law

Post on 01-Jun-2018

223 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 8/9/2019 Intro to Physics 1118

    1/24

  • 8/9/2019 Intro to Physics 1118

    2/24

    KRFCKRGAJ JLESEC. &GLJJW, WMS UGJJ QRSBW RFC JGKGRQ MD MSP @GJGRW RM @C AASPRC LB NPCAGQC, LB RFC PCQMLQ QAGCLRGQRQ EM RM NGLQRIGLE JCLERFQRM @C Q AJCP Q NMQQG@JC PCEPBGLE RFCGP MUL JGKGRRGMLQ.

    1.1 >OI?I: A "JHKJ?

    F?=KH; 1.2 FC DJGEFR DMPKRGMLQ MD KGEPRMPW @GPBQ QSAF Q #LB ECCQC PC EMTCPLCB @W RFC JUQ MD NFWQGAQ. (APCBGR: TGB CPPCRR)

    FC NFWQGAJ SLGTCPQC GQ CLMPKMSQJW AMKNJCV GL GRQ BCRGJ. TCPW BW, CAF MD SQ M@QCPTCQ EPCR TPGCRW MD M@HCARQ LB NFCLMKCL. TCP RFC

    ACLRSPGCQ, RFC ASPGMQGRW MD RFC FSKL PAC FQ JCB SQ AMJJCARGTCJW RM CVNJMPC LB ARJME RPCKCLBMSQ UCJRF MD GLDMPKRGML. &PMK RFC DJGEFR MD @GPBQ RMRFC AMJMPQ MD DJMUCPQ, DPMK J GEFRLGLE RM EPTGRW, DPMK OSPIQ RM AJSQRCPQ MD EJVGCQ, DPMK RFC DJMU MD RGKC RM RFC KWQRCPW MD RFC APCRGML MD RFC SLGTCPQC,

    UC FTC QICB OSCQRGMLQ LB QQCK@JCB FSEC PPWQ MD DARQ. L RFC DAC MD JJ RFCQC BCRGJQ, UC FTC BGQAMTCPCB RFR QSPNPGQGLEJW QKJJ LBSLGDGCB QCR MD NFWQGAJ JUQ AL CVNJGL UFR UC M@QCPTC. Q FSKLQ, UC KIC ECLCPJGXRGMLQ LB QCCI MPBCP. C FTC DMSLB RFR LRSPC GQ

    PCKPI@JW AMMNCPRGTCuGR CVFG@GRQ RFC A78E?L

  • 8/9/2019 Intro to Physics 1118

    3/24

    F?=KH; 1.3 FC NNJC xGFMLCy GQ AMKKML QKPR NFMLC UGRF ' DSLARGML. FWQGAQ BCQAPG@CQ RFC UW RFR CJCARPGAGRW DJMUQ RFPMSEF RFC AGPASGRQ MD RFGQ BCTGAC. LEGLCCPQSQC RFCGP ILMUJCBEC MD NFWQGAQ RM AMLQRPSAR L GFMLC UGRF DCRSPCQ RFR AMLQSKCPQ UGJJ CLHMW. LC QNCAGDGA DCRSPC MD L GFMLC GQ RFC ' DSLARGML. ' SQCQ NFWQGAQCOSRGMLQ RM BCRCPKGLC RFC BPGTGLE RGKC @CRUCCL RUM JMARGMLQ ML KN. (APCBGR: EJCRFK ', MAGJ, M@GJC CAF KECQ)

    NNJGARGMLQ MD FWQGAQ

    MS LCCB LMR @C QAGCLRGQR RM SQC NFWQGAQ. L RFC AMLRPPW, ILMUJCBEC MD NFWQGAQ GQ SQCDSJ GL CTCPWBW QGRSRGMLQ Q UCJJ Q GL LMLQAGCLRGDGANPMDCQQGMLQ. R AL FCJN WMS SLBCPQRLB FMU KGAPMUTC MTCLQ UMPI, UFW KCRJQ QFMSJB LMR @C NSR GLRM RFCK, LB UFW RFCW KGEFR DDCAR NACKICPQ.

    (CC F?=KH; 1.4 LB F?=KH; 1.5.) FWQGAQ JJMUQ WMS RM SLBCPQRLB RFC FXPBQ MD PBGRGML LB PRGMLJJW CTJSRC RFCQC FXPBQ KMPC CQGJW.FWQGAQ JQM CVNJGLQ RFC PCQML UFW @JAI AP PBGRMP FCJNQ PCKMTC FCR GL AP CLEGLC, LB GR CVNJGLQ UFW UFGRC PMMD FCJNQ ICCN RFC GLQGBC MD

    FMSQC AMMJ. GKGJPJW, RFC MNCPRGML MD APwQ GELGRGML QWQRCK Q UCJJ Q RFC RPLQKGQQGML MD CJCARPGAJ QGELJQ RFPMSEF MSP @MBWwQ LCPTMSQ QWQRCK PCKSAF CQGCP RM SLBCPQRLB UFCL WMS RFGLI @MSR RFCK GL RCPKQ MD @QGA NFWQGAQ.

    FWQGAQ GQ RFC DMSLBRGML MD KLW GKNMPRLR BGQAGNJGLCQ LB AMLRPG@SRCQ BGPCARJW RM MRFCPQ. #FCKGQRPW, DMP CVKNJCuQGLAC GR BCJQ UGRF RFC GLRCPARGMLQMD RMKQ LB KMJCASJCQuGQ PMMRCB GL RMKGA LB KMJCASJP NFWQGAQ. MQR @PLAFCQ MD CLEGLCCPGLE PC NNJGCB NFWQGAQ. L PAFGRCARSPC, NFWQGAQ GQ R

    RFC FCPR MD QRPSARSPJ QR@GJGRW, LB GQ GLTMJTCB GL RFC AMSQRGAQ, FCRGLE, JGEFRGLE, LB AMMJGLE MD @SGJBGLEQ. PRQ MD ECMJMEW PCJW FCTGJW ML NFWQGAQ,QSAF Q PBGMARGTC BRGLE MD PMAIQ, CPRFOSIC LJWQGQ, LB FCR RPLQDCP GL RFC PRF. MKC BGQAGNJGLCQ, QSAF Q @GMNFWQGAQ LB ECMNFWQGAQ, PC

    FW@PGBQ MD NFWQGAQ LB MRFCP BGQAGNJGLCQ.

    FWQGAQ FQ KLW NNJGARGMLQ GL RFC @GMJMEGAJ QAGCLACQ. L RFC KGAPMQAMNGA JCTCJ, GR FCJNQ BCQAPG@C RFC NPMNCPRGCQ MD ACJJ UJJQ LB ACJJ KCK@PLCQ(F?=KH; 1.6 LB F?=KH; 1.7). L RFC KAPMQAMNGA JCTCJ, GR AL CVNJGL RFC FCR, UMPI, LB NMUCP QQMAGRCB UGRF RFC FSKL @MBW. FWQGAQ GQ GLTMJTCB

    GL KCBGAJ BGELMQRGAQ, QSAF Q V-PWQ, KELCRGA PCQMLLAC GKEGLE (), LB SJRPQMLGA @JMMB DJMU KCQSPCKCLRQ. CBGAJ RFCPNW QMKCRGKCQBGPCARJW GLTMJTCQ NFWQGAQ; DMP CVKNJC, ALACP PBGMRFCPNW SQCQ GMLGXGLE PBGRGML. FWQGAQ AL JQM CVNJGL QCLQMPW NFCLMKCL, QSAF Q FMU

    KSQGAJ GLQRPSKCLRQ KIC QMSLB, FMU RFC CWC BCRCARQ AMJMP, LB FMU JQCPQ AL RPLQKGR GLDMPKRGML.

    R GQ LMR LCACQQPW RM DMPKJJW QRSBW JJ NNJGARGMLQ MD NFWQGAQ. FR GQ KMQR SQCDSJ GQ ILMUJCBEC MD RFC @QGA JUQ MD NFWQGAQ LB QIGJJ GL RFC

    LJWRGAJ KCRFMBQ DMP NNJWGLE RFCK. FC QRSBW MD NFWQGAQ JQM AL GKNPMTC WMSP NPM@JCK-QMJTGLE QIGJJQ. &SPRFCPKMPC, NFWQGAQ FQ PCRGLCB RFC KMQR@QGA QNCARQ MD QAGCLAC, QM GR GQ SQCB @W JJ MD RFC QAGCLACQ, LB RFC QRSBW MD NFWQGAQ KICQ MRFCP QAGCLACQ CQGCP RM SLBCPQRLB.

    F?=KH; 1.4 FC JUQ MD NFWQGAQ FCJN SQ SLBCPQRLB FMU AMKKML NNJGLACQ UMPI. &MP CVKNJC, RFC JUQ MD NFWQGAQ AL FCJN CVNJGL FMU KGAPMUTC MTCLQ FCR SN DMMB, LBRFCW JQM FCJN SQ SLBCPQRLB UFW GR GQ BLECPMSQ RM NJAC KCRJ M@HCARQ GL KGAPMUTC MTCL. (APCBGR: MLCW"JMECUX)

    # 1 Y #: & ## #

  • 8/9/2019 Intro to Physics 1118

    4/24

    F?=KH; 1.5 FCQC RUM NNJGARGMLQ MD NFWQGAQ FTC KMPC GL AMKKML RFL KCCRQ RFC CWC. GAPMUTC MTCLQ SQC CJCARPMKELCRGA UTCQ RM FCR DMMB. ELCRGA PCQMLLACGKEGLE () JQM SQCQ CJCARPMKELCRGA UTCQ RM WGCJB L GKEC MD RFC @PGL, DPMK UFGAF RFC CVAR JMARGML MD RSKMPQ AL @C BCRCPKGLCB. (APCBGR: QFKG #FUJ, LGCJKGRF, LB SJ . PGI)

    F?=KH; 1.6 FWQGAQ, AFCKGQRPW, LB @GMJMEW FCJN BCQAPG@C RFC NPMNCPRGCQ MD ACJJ UJJQ GL NJLR ACJJQ, QSAF Q RFC MLGML ACJJQ QCCL FCPC. (APCBGR: K@CPRM JTELGL)

    F?=KH; 1.7 L PRGQRwQ PCLBGRGML MD RFC RFC QRPSARSPC MD ACJJ KCK@PLC. CK@PLCQ DMPK RFC @MSLBPGCQ MD LGKJ ACJJQ LB PC AMKNJCV GL QRPSARSPC LB DSLARGML. LW MD RFCKMQR DSLBKCLRJ NPMNCPRGCQ MD JGDC, QSAF Q RFC DGPGLE MD LCPTC ACJJQ, PC PCJRCB RM KCK@PLCQ. FC BGQAGNJGLCQ MD @GMJMEW, AFCKGQRPW, LB NFWQGAQ JJ FCJN SQ SLBCPQRLB RFCKCK@PLCQ MD LGKJ ACJJQ. (APCBGR: PGL SGX)

    MBCJQ, FCMPGCQ, LB UQ; FC MJC MD VNCPGKCLRRGML

    FC JUQ MD LRSPC PC AMLAGQC BCQAPGNRGMLQ MD RFC SLGTCPQC PMSLB SQ; RFCW PC FSKL QRRCKCLRQ MD RFC SLBCPJWGLE JUQ MP PSJCQ RFR J J LRSPJ

    NPMACQQCQ DMJJMU. SAF JUQ PC GLRPGLQGA RM RFC SLGTCPQC; FSKLQ BGB LMR APCRC RFCK LB QM ALLMR AFLEC RFCK. C AL MLJW BGQAMTCP LB

    SLBCPQRLB RFCK. FCGP BGQAMTCPW GQ TCPW FSKL CLBCTMP, UGRF JJ RFC CJCKCLRQ MD KWQRCPW, GKEGLRGML, QRPSEEJC, RPGSKNF, LB BGQNNMGLRKCLRGLFCPCLR GL LW APCRGTC CDDMPR. (CC F?=KH; 1.8 LB F?=KH; 1.9.) FC AMPLCPQRMLC MD BGQAMTCPGLE LRSPJ JUQ GQ M@QCPTRGML; QAGCLAC KSQR BCQAPG@CRFC SLGTCPQC Q GR GQ, LMR Q UC KW GKEGLC GR RM @C.

    14 # 1 Y #: & ## #

    FGQ AMLRCLR GQ TGJ@JC DMP DPCC R FRRN://ALV.MPE/AMLRCLR/AMJ11406/1.7

  • 8/9/2019 Intro to Physics 1118

    5/24

    F?=KH; 1.8 "I ;MJ (1642t1727) UQ TCPW PCJSARLR RM NS@JGQF FGQ PCTMJSRGMLPW UMPI LB FB RM @C AMLTGLACB RM BM QM. L FGQ JRCP WCPQ, FC QRCNNCB BMUL DPMK FGQABCKGA NMQR LB @CAKC CVAFCOSCP MD RFC MWJ GLR. C RMMI RFGQ NMQR QCPGMSQJW, GLTCLRGLE PCCBGLE (MP APCRGLE PGBECQ) ML RFC CBEC MD AMGLQ RM NPCTCLR SLQAPSNSJMSQNCMNJC DPMK RPGKKGLE RFC QGJTCP MDD MD RFCK @CDMPC SQGLE RFCK Q ASPPCLAW. (APCBGR: PRFSP FSQRCP LB PRFSP . FGNJCW: BE

  • 8/9/2019 Intro to Physics 1118

    6/24

    F?=KH; 1.10 FR GQ KMBCJ? FGQ NJLCRPW KMBCJ MD RFC RMK QFMUQ CJCARPMLQ MP@GRGLE RFC LSAJCSQ. R GQ BPUGLE RFR UC SQC RM DMPK KCLRJ GKEC MD RFC RMK RFR UCALLMR QCC BGPCARJW UGRF MSP CWCQ @CASQC GR GQ RMM QKJJ.

    MBCJQ, FCMPGCQ, LB UQ

    MBCJQ, RFCMPGCQ, LB JUQ PC SQCB RM FCJN QAGCLRGQRQ LJWXC RFC BR RFCW FTC JPCBW AMJJCARCB. MUCTCP, MDRCL DRCP KMBCJ, RFCMPW, MP JUFQ @CCL BCTCJMNCB, GR NMGLRQ QAGCLRGQRQ RMUPB LCU BGQAMTCPGCQ RFCW UMSJB LMR MRFCPUGQC FTC KBC.

    FC KMBCJQ, RFCMPGCQ, LB JUQ UC BCTGQC QMKCRGKCQ

  • 8/9/2019 Intro to Physics 1118

    7/24

    F?=KH; 1.12 ?; ?;? (1564t1642) JGB RFC DMSLBRGML MD KMBCPL CVNCPGKCLRRGML LB KBC AMLRPG@SRGMLQ GL KRFCKRGAQ, NFWQGAQ, LB QRPMLMKW. (APCBGR: MKCLGAMGLRMPCRRM)

    F?=KH; 1.13 ?;I B>H (1885t1962) KBC DSLBKCLRJ AMLRPG@SRGMLQ RM RFC BCTCJMNKCLR MD OSLRSK KCAFLGAQ, MLC NPR MD KMBCPL NFWQGAQ. (APCBGR: LGRCB RRCQ G@PPW MD#MLEPCQQ PGLRQ LB FMRMEPNFQ GTGQGML)

    #JQQGAJ NFWQGAQ GQ LMR L CVAR BCQAPGNRGML MD RFC SLGTCPQC, @SR GR GQ L CVACJJCLR NNPMVGKRGML SLBCP RFC DMJJMUGLE AMLBGRGMLQ: RRCP KSQR @CKMTGLE R QNCCBQ JCQQ RFL @MSR 1% MD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR, RFC M@HCARQ BCJR UGRF KSQR @C JPEC CLMSEF RM @C QCCL UGRF KGAPMQAMNC, LB MLJW UCI

    EPTGRRGMLJ DGCJBQ, QSAF Q RFC DGCJB ECLCPRCB @W RFC PRF, AL @C GLTMJTCB. "CASQC FSKLQ JGTC SLBCP QSAF AGPASKQRLACQ, AJQQGAJ NFWQGAQ

    QCCKQ GLRSGRGTCJW PCQML@JC, UFGJC KLW QNCARQ MD KMBCPL NFWQGAQ QCCK @GXPPC. FGQ GQ UFW KMBCJQ PC QM SQCDSJ GL KMBCPL NFWQGAQuRFCW JCR SQAMLACNRSJGXC NFCLMKCL UC BM LMR MPBGLPGJW CVNCPGCLAC. C AL PCJRC RM KMBCJQ GL FSKL RCPKQ LB TGQSJGXC UFR FNNCLQ UFCL M@HCARQ KMTCR FGEF QNCCBQ MP GKEGLC UFR M@HCARQ RMM QKJJ RM M@QCPTC UGRF MSP QCLQCQ KGEFR @C JGIC. &MP CVKNJC, UC AL SLBCPQRLB L RMKwQ NPMNCPRGCQ

    @CASQC UC AL NGARSPC GR GL MSP KGLBQ, JRFMSEF UC FTC LCTCP QCCL L RMK UGRF MSP CWCQ. CU RMMJQ, MD AMSPQC, JJMU SQ RM @CRRCP NGARSPCNFCLMKCL UC ALLMR QCC. L DAR, LCU GLQRPSKCLRRGML FQ JJMUCB SQ GL PCACLR WCPQ RM ARSJJW xNGARSPCy RFC RMK.

    GKGRQ ML RFC UQ MD #JQQGAJ FWQGAQ

    &MP RFC JUQ MD AJQQGAJ NFWQGAQ RM NNJW, RFC DMJJMUGLE APGRCPG KSQR @C KCR: RRCP KSQR @C KMTGLE R QNCCBQ JCQQ RFL @MSR 1% MD RFC QNCCBMD JGEFR, RFC M@HCARQ BCJR UGRF KSQR @C JPEC CLMSEF RM @C QCCL UGRF KGAPMQAMNC, LB MLJW UCI EPTGRRGMLJ DGCJBQ (QSAF Q RFC DGCJB ECLCPRCB

    @W RFC PRF) AL @C GLTMJTCB.

    F?=KH; 1.14 QGLE QALLGLE RSLLCJGLE KGAPMQAMNC (), QAGCLRGQRQ AL QCC RFC GLBGTGBSJ RMKQ RFR AMKNMQC RFGQ QFCCR MD EMJB. (APCBGR: PUGLPMQQCL)

    MKC MD RFC KMQR QNCARASJP BTLACQ GL QAGCLAC FTC @CCL KBC GL KMBCPL NFWQGAQ. LW MD RFC JUQ MD AJQQGAJ NFWQGAQ FTC @CCL KMBGDGCB MP

    PCHCARCB, LB PCTMJSRGMLPW AFLECQ GL RCAFLMJMEW, QMAGCRW, LB MSP TGCU MD RFC SLGTCPQC FTC PCQSJRCB. GIC QAGCLAC DGARGML, KMBCPL NFWQGAQ GQ DGJJCBUGRF DQAGLRGLE M@HCARQ @CWMLB MSP LMPKJ CVNCPGCLACQ, @SR GR FQ RFC BTLREC MTCP QAGCLAC DGARGML MD @CGLE TCPW PCJ. FW, RFCL, GQ RFC KHMPGRW MD

    RFGQ RCVR BCTMRCB RM RMNGAQ MD AJQQGAJ NFWQGAQ? FCPC PC RUM KGL PCQMLQ: #JQQGAJ NFWQGAQ EGTCQ L CVRPCKCJW AASPRC BCQAPGNRGML MD RFCSLGTCPQC SLBCP UGBC PLEC MD CTCPWBW AGPASKQRLACQ, LB ILMUJCBEC MD AJQQGAJ NFWQGAQ GQ LCACQQPW RM SLBCPQRLB KMBCPL NFWQGAQ.

    # 1 Y #: & ## #

  • 8/9/2019 Intro to Physics 1118

    8/24

    ;H >OI?I GRQCJD AMLQGQRQ MD RFC RUM PCTMJSRGMLPW RFCMPGCQ, PCJRGTGRW LB OSLRSK KCAFLGAQ. FCQC RFCMPGCQ BCJ UGRF RFC TCPW DQR LB RFCTCPW QKJJ, PCQNCARGTCJW. +;J?L?JO KSQR @C SQCB UFCLCTCP L M@HCAR GQ RPTCJGLE R EPCRCP RFL @MSR 1% MD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR MP CVNCPGCLACQ

    QRPMLE EPTGRRGMLJ DGCJB QSAF Q RFR LCP RFC SL. *KJK ;>?I KSQR @C SQCB DMP M@HCARQ QKJJCP RFL AL @C QCCL UGRF KGAPMQAMNC. FCAMK@GLRGML MD RFCQC RUM RFCMPGCQ GQ E8?4G

  • 8/9/2019 Intro to Physics 1118

    9/24

    F?=KH; 1.17 GQRLACQ EGTCL GL SLILMUL SLGRQ PC KBBCLGLEJW SQCJCQQ.

    FCPC PC RUM KHMP QWQRCKQ MD SLGRQ SQCB GL RFC UMPJB: " K?JI (JQM ILMUL Q RFC KCRPGA QWQRCK) LB E=?I> K?JI (JQM ILMUL Q RFC ASQRMKPW

    MP GKNCPGJ QWQRCK). E=?I> K?JIUCPC FGQRMPGAJJW SQCB GL LRGMLQ MLAC PSJCB @W RFC "PGRGQF KNGPC LB PC QRGJJ UGBCJW SQCB GL RFC LGRCB RRCQ.GPRSJJW CTCPW MRFCP AMSLRPW GL RFC UMPJB LMU SQCQ SLGRQ Q RFC QRLBPB; RFC KCRPGA QWQRCK GQ JQM RFC QRLBPB QWQRCK EPCCB SNML @W QAGCLRGQRQ

    LB KRFCKRGAGLQ. FC APMLWK xy GQ BCPGTCB DPMK RFC &PCLAF *LFGN@8 AG8EA4G II ?; E;JH? CKHH;J

    KCRCP (K) IGJMEPK (IE) QCAMLB (Q) KNCPC ()

    R GQ L GLRPGESGLE DAR RFR QMKC NFWQGAJ OSLRGRGCQ PC KMPC DSLBKCLRJ RFL MRFCPQ LB RFR RFC KMQR DSLBKCLRJ NFWQGAJ OSLRGRGCQ AL @C

    BCDGLCB A?LGL RCPKQ MD RFC NPMACBSPC SQCB RM KCQSPC RFCK. FC SLGRQ GL UFGAF RFCW PC KCQSPCB PC RFSQ AJJCB ; ;

    FC SLGR DMP RGKC, RFC I;(@@PCTGRCB Q), FQ JMLE FGQRMPW. &MP KLW WCPQ G R UQ BCDGLCB Q 1/86,400 MD KCL QMJP BW. MPC PCACLRJW,

    LCU QRLBPB UQ BMNRCB RM EGL EPCRCP AASPAW LB RM BCDGLC RFC QCAMLB GL RCPKQ MD LML-TPWGLE, MP AMLQRLR, NFWQGAJ NFCLMKCLML (@CASQCRFC QMJP BW GQ ECRRGLE JMLECP BSC RM TCPW EPBSJ QJMUGLE MD RFC PRFwQ PMRRGML). #CQGSK RMKQ AL @C KBC RM TG@PRC GL TCPW QRCBW UW, LB

    RFCQC TG@PRGMLQ AL @C PCBGJW M@QCPTCB LB AMSLRCB. L 1967 RFC QCAMLB UQ PCBCDGLCB Q RFC RGKC PCOSGPCB DMP 9,192,631,770 MD RFCQC TG@PRGMLQ.(CC F?=KH; 1.18.) AASPAW GL RFC DSLBKCLRJ SLGRQ GQ CQQCLRGJ, @CASQC JJ KCQSPCKCLRQ PC SJRGKRCJW CVNPCQQCB GL RCPKQ MD DSLBKCLRJ SLGRQ

    LB AL @C LM KMPC AASPRC RFL PC RFC DSLBKCLRJ SLGRQ RFCKQCJTCQ.

    F?=KH; 1.18 L RMKGA AJMAI QSAF Q RFGQ MLC SQCQ RFC TG@PRGMLQ MD ACQGSK RMKQ RM ICCN RGKC RM NPCAGQGML MD @CRRCP RFL KGAPMQCAMLB NCP WCP. FC DSLBKCLRJ SLGR MDRGKC, RFC QCAMLB, GQ @QCB ML QSAF AJMAIQ. FGQ GKEC GQ JMMIGLE BMUL DPMK RFC RMN MD L RMKGA DMSLRGL LCPJW 30 DCCR RJJ! (APCBGR: RCTC *SPTCRQML/&JGAIP)

    # 1 Y #: & ## #

  • 8/9/2019 Intro to Physics 1118

    10/24

    >; ;J;H

    FC SLGR DMP JCLERF GQ RFC ;J;H (@@PCTGRCB K); GRQ BCDGLGRGML FQ JQM AFLECB MTCP RGKC RM @CAMKC KMPC AASPRC LB NPCAGQC. FC KCRCP UQDGPQR BCDGLCB GL 1791 Q 1/10,000,000 MD RFC BGQRLAC DPMK RFC COSRMP RM RFC MPRF MJC. FGQ KCQSPCKCLR UQ GKNPMTCB GL 1889 @W PCBCDGLGLE RFC

    KCRCP RM @C RFC BGQRLAC @CRUCCL RUM CLEPTCB JGLCQ ML NJRGLSK-GPGBGSK @P LMU ICNR LCP PGQ. "W 1960, GR FB @CAMKC NMQQG@JC RM BCDGLC RFCKCRCP CTCL KMPC AASPRCJW GL RCPKQ MD RFC UTCJCLERF MD JGEFR, QM GR UQ EGL PCBCDGLCB Q 1,650,763.73 UTCJCLERFQ MD MPLEC JGEFR CKGRRCB @W

    IPWNRML RMKQ. L 1983, RFC KCRCP UQ EGTCL G RQ NPCQCLR BCDGLGRGML (NPRJW DMP EPCRCP AASPAW) Q RFC BGQRLAC JGEFR RPTCJQ GL TASSK GL 1/299,792,458 MD QCAMLB. (CC F?=KH; 1.19.) FGQ AFLEC BCDGLCQ RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR RM @C CVARJW 299,792,458 KCRCPQ NCP QCAMLB. FC JCLERF MD RFC

    KCRCP UGJJ AFLEC GD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR GQ QMKCBW KCQSPCB UGRF EPCRCP AASPAW.

    >; $?=H

    FC SLGR DMP KQQ GQ RFC ?=H (@@PCTGRCB IE); GR GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC KQQ MD NJRGLSK-GPGBGSK AWJGLBCP ICNR UGRF RFC MJB KCRCP QRLBPB R

    RFC LRCPLRGMLJ "SPCS MD CGEFRQ LB CQSPCQ LCP PGQ. VAR PCNJGAQ MD RFC QRLBPB IGJMEPK PC JQM ICNR R RFC LGRCB RRCQw RGMLJLQRGRSRC MD RLBPBQ LB CAFLMJMEW, MP , JMARCB GL 'GRFCPQ@SPE, PWJLB MSRQGBC MD QFGLERML .#., LB R MRFCP JMARGMLQ PMSLB RFC

    UMPJB. FC BCRCPKGLRGML MD JJ MRFCP KQQCQ AL @C SJRGKRCJW RPACB RM AMKNPGQML UGRF RFC QRLBPB KQQ.

    F?=KH; 1.19 FC KCRCP GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC BGQRLAC JGEFR RPTCJQ GL 1/299,792,458 MD QCAMLB GL TASSK. GQRLAC RPTCJCB GQ QNCCB KSJRGNJGCB @W RGKC.

    JCARPGA ASPPCLR LB GRQ AAMKNLWGLE SLGR, RFC KNCPC, UGJJ @C GLRPMBSACB GL "JHKJ? J E;JH? CKHH;J, +;I?IJ;, >'I %MUFCLCJCARPGAGRW LB KELCRGQK PC AMTCPCB. FC GLGRGJ KMBSJCQ GL RFGQ RCVR@MMI PC AMLACPLCB UGRF KCAFLGAQ, DJSGBQ, FCR, LB UTCQ. L RFCQC QS@HCARQ

    JJ NCPRGLCLR NFWQGAJ OSLRGRGCQ AL @C CVNPCQQCB GL RCPKQ MD RFC DSLBKCLRJ SLGRQ MD JCLERF, KQQ, LB RGKC.

    CRPGA PCDGVCQ

    SLGRQ PC NPR MD RFC ;JH? IOIJ;. FC KCRPGA QWQRCK GQ AMLTCLGCLR DMP QAGCLRGDGA LB CLEGLCCPGLE AJASJRGMLQ @CASQC RFC SLGRQ PC ARCEMPGXCB@W DARMPQ MD 10. ; 1.2 EGTCQ KCRPGA NPCDGVCQ LB QWK@MJQ SQCB RM BCLMRC TPGMSQ DARMPQ MD 10.

    CRPGA QWQRCKQ FTC RFC BTLREC RFR AMLTCPQGMLQ MD SLGRQ GLTMJTC MLJW NMUCPQ MD 10. FCPC PC 100 ACLRGKCRCPQ GL KCRCP, 1000 KCRCPQ GL IGJMKCRCP, LB QM ML. L LMLKCRPGA QWQRCKQ, QSAF Q RFC QWQRCK MD .. ASQRMKPW SLGRQ, RFC PCJRGMLQFGNQ PC LMR Q QGKNJCuRFCPC PC 12 GLAFCQ GL

    DMMR, 5280 DCCR GL KGJC, LB QM ML. LMRFCP BTLREC MD RFC KCRPGA QWQRCK GQ RFR RFC QKC SLGR AL @C SQCB MTCP CVRPCKCJW JPEC PLECQ MD TJSCQQGKNJW @W SQGLE L NNPMNPGRC KCRPGA NPCDGV. &MP CVKNJC, BGQRLACQ GL KCRCPQ PC QSGR@JC GL AMLQRPSARGML, UFGJC BGQRLACQ GL IGJMKCRCPQ PC

    NNPMNPGRC DMP GP RPTCJ, LB RFC RGLW KCQSPC MD LLMKCRCPQ PC AMLTCLGCLR GL MNRGAJ BCQGEL. GRF RFC KCRPGA QWQRCK RFCPC GQ LM LCCB RM GLTCLR LCUSLGRQ DMP NPRGASJP NNJGARGMLQ.

    FC RCPK H;H < =?JK; PCDCPQ RM RFC QAJC MD TJSC CVNPCQQCB GL RFC KCRPGA QWQRCK. AF NMUCP MD 10 GL RFC KCRPGA QWQRCK PCNPCQCLRQ

    BGDDCPCLR MPBCP MD KELGRSBC. &MP CVKNJC, 101, 102, 103 , LB QM DMPRF PC JJ BGDDCPCLR MPBCPQ MD KELGRSBC. JJ OSLRGRGCQ RFR AL @C CVNPCQQCB Q

    NPMBSAR MD QNCAGDGA NMUCP MD 10 PC QGB RM @C MD RFC F4@8 MPBCP MD KELGRSBC. &MP CVKNJC, RFC LSK@CP 800 AL @C UPGRRCL Q 8102 , LB

    RFC LSK@CP 450 AL @C UPGRRCL Q 4.5102. FSQ, RFC LSK@CPQ 800 LB 450 PC MD RFC QKC MPBCP MD KELGRSBC: 102. PBCP MD KELGRSBC

    AL @C RFMSEFR MD Q @JJNPI CQRGKRC DMP RFC QAJC MD TJSC. FC BGKCRCP MD L RMK GQ ML RFC MPBCP MD 109 m, UFGJC RFC BGKCRCP MD RFC SL

    GQ ML RFC MPBCP MD 109 m.

    FC SCQR DMP GAPMQAMNGA RLBPBQ DMP "QGA LGRQ

    FC DSLBKCLRJ SLGRQ BCQAPG@CB GL RFGQ AFNRCP PC RFMQC RFR NPMBSAC RFC EPCRCQR AASPAW LB NPCAGQGML GL KCQSPCKCLR. FCPC GQ QCLQC

    KMLE NFWQGAGQRQ RFR, @CASQC RFCPC GQ L SLBCPJWGLE KGAPMQAMNGA QS@QRPSARSPC RM KRRCP, GR UMSJB @C KMQR QRGQDWGLE RM @QC MSP QRLBPBQ MDKCQSPCKCLR ML KGAPMQAMNGA M@HCARQ LB DSLBKCLRJ NFWQGAJ NFCLMKCL QSAF Q RFC QNCCB MD J GEFR. KGAPMQAMNGA QRLBPB FQ @CCL

    AAMKNJGQFCB DMP RFC QRLBPB MD RGKC, UFGAF GQ @QCB ML RFC MQAGJJRGMLQ MD RFC ACQGSK RMK.

    FC QRLBPB DMP JCLERF UQ MLAC @QCB ML RFC UTCJCLERF MD JGEFR ( QKJJ-QAJC JCLERF) CKGRRCB @W ACPRGL RWNC MD RMK, @SR GR FQ @CCL

    QSNNJLRCB @W RFC KMPC NPCAGQC KCQSPCKCLR MD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR. D GR @CAMKCQ NMQQG@JC RM KCQSPC RFC KQQ MD RMKQ MP NPRGASJPPPLECKCLR MD RMKQ QSAF Q QGJGAML QNFCPC RM EPCRCP NPCAGQGML RFL RFC IGJMEPK QRLBPB, GR KW @CAMKC NMQQG@JC RM @QC KQQ

    KCQSPCKCLRQ ML RFC QKJJ QAJC. FCPC PC JQM NMQQG@GJGRGCQ RFR CJCARPGAJ NFCLMKCL ML RFC QKJJ QAJC KW QMKCBW JJMU SQ RM @QC SLGRMD AFPEC ML RFC AFPEC MD CJCARPMLQ LB NPMRMLQ, @SR R NPCQCLR ASPPCLR LB AFPEC PC PCJRCB RM JPEC-QAJC ASPPCLRQ LB DMPACQ @CRUCCL UGPCQ.

    20 # 1 Y #: & ## #

    FGQ AMLRCLR GQ TGJ@JC DMP DPCC R FRRN://ALV.MPE/AMLRCLR/AMJ11406/1.7

  • 8/9/2019 Intro to Physics 1118

    11/24

    @JC 1.2 CRPGA PCDGVCQ DMP MUCPQ MD 10 LB RFCGP WK@MJQ

    H;

  • 8/9/2019 Intro to Physics 1118

    12/24

    F?=KH; 1.21 'JVGCQ AMJJGBC 2.4 @GJJGML JGEFR WCPQ UW DPMK PRF. FC RPCKCLBMSQ PLEC MD M@QCPT@JC NFCLMKCL GL LRSPC AFJJCLECQ RFC GKEGLRGML. (APCBGR: /##/GA./. FBTG CR J. NRGAJ/JCLQGLE: #&/GA./. MCIQRP CR J.)

    LGR #MLTCPQGML LB GKCLQGMLJ LJWQGQ

    R GQ MDRCL LCACQQPW RM AMLTCPR DPMK MLC RWNC MD SLGR RM LMRFCP. &MP CVKNJC, GD WMS PC PCBGLE SPMNCL AMMI@MMI, QMKC OSLRGRGCQ KW @CCVNPCQQCB GL SLGRQ MD JG RCPQ LB WMS LCCB RM AMLTCPR RFCK RM ASNQ. P, NCPFNQ WMS PC PCBGLE UJIGLE BGPCARGMLQ DPMK MLC JMARGML RM LMRFCP LB

    WMS PC GLRCPCQRCB GL FMU KLW KGJCQ WMS UGJJ @C UJIGLE. L RFGQ AQC, WMS UGJJ LCCB RM AMLTCPR SLGRQ MD DCCR RM KGJCQ.

    CR SQ AMLQGBCP QGKNJC CVKNJC MD FMU RM AMLTCPR SLGRQ. CR SQ QW RFR UC ULR RM AMLTCPR 80 KCRCPQ (K) RM IGJMKCRCPQ (IK).

    FC DGPQR RFGLE RM BM GQ RM JGQR RFC SLGRQ RFR WMS FTC LB RFC SLGRQ RFR WMS ULR RM AMLTCPR RM. L RFGQ AQC, UC FTC SLGRQ GL @8G8EF LB UC ULR RM

    AMLTCPR RM >

  • 8/9/2019 Intro to Physics 1118

    13/24

    @JC 1.3 NNPMVGKRC JSCQ MD CLERF, QQ, LB GKC

    %;=J>I ? ;J;HIII;I ? ?=HI (H; H;?I;

    LK;I ? H;J>;I;I)

    ?;I ? I;I (H; H;?I;

    LK;I ? H;J>;I;I)

    1018PCQCLR CVNCPGKCLRJ JGKGR RM QKJJCQRM@QCPT@JC BCRGJ

    1030QQ MD L CJCARPML9.1110

    31 kg

    1023 GKC DMP JGEFR RM APMQQ NPMRML

    1015 GKCRCP MD NPMRML 1027QQ MD FWBPMECL RMK1.6710

    27 kg

    1022CL JGDC MD L CVRPCKCJW SLQR@JC

    LSAJCSQ

    1014 GKCRCP MD SPLGSK LSAJCSQ 1015 QQ MD @ARCPGSK 1015 GKC DMP MLC MQAGJJRGML MD TGQG@JCJGEFR

    1010 GKCRCP MD FWBPMECL RMK 105 QQ MD KMQOSGRM 1013GKC DMP MLC TG@PRGML MD L RMKGL QMJGB

    108FGAILCQQ MD KCK@PLCQ GL ACJJQ MD JGTGLE

    MPELGQKQ102 QQ MD FSKKGLE@GPB 108

    GKC DMP MLC MQAGJJRGML MD L &

    PBGM UTC

    106 TCJCLERF MD TGQG@JC JGEFR 1QQ MD JGRCP MD URCP (@MSR

    OSPR)103 SPRGML MD LCPTC GKNSJQC

    103 GXC MD EPGL MD QLB 102 QQ MD NCPQML 1 GKC DMP MLC FCPR@CR

    1 CGEFR MD 4-WCP-MJB AFGJB 103 QQ MD AP 105 LC BW 8.6410

    4 s

    102 CLERF MD DMMR@JJ DGCJB 108 QQ MD JPEC QFGN 107 LC WCP (W) 3.1610

    7 s

    104 'PCRCQR MACL BCNRF 1012 QQ MD JPEC GAC@CPE 109@MSR FJD RFC JGDC CVNCARLAW MD

    FSKL

    107 GKCRCP MD RFC PRF 1015 QQ MD RFC LSAJCSQ MD AMKCR 1011 CAMPBCB FGQRMPW

    1011 GQRLAC DPMK RFC PRF RM RFC SL 1023 QQ MD RFC MML 7.3510

    22 kg 1017 EC MD RFC PRF

    1016GQRLAC RPTCJCB @W JGEFR GL 1 WCP ( JGEFRWCP)

    1025 QQ MD RFC PRF 5.9710

    24 kg 1018 EC MD RFC SLGTCPQC

    1021 GKCRCP MD RFC GJIW W EJVW 1030 QQ MD RFC SL 1.9910

    30 kg

    1022GQRLAC DPMK RFC PRF RM RFC LCPCQR JPECEJVW (LBPMKCB)

    1042QQ MD RFC GJIW W EJVW(ASPPCLR SNNCP JGKGR)

    1026GQRLAC DPMK RFC PRF RM RFC CBECQ MD RFCILMUL SLGTCPQC

    1053QQ MD RFC ILMUL SLGTCPQC (ASPPCLRSNNCP JGKGR)

    EN; 1.1 ?J CL;HI?I: A >HJ DH?L; !;

    SNNMQC RFR WMS BPGTC RFC 10.0 IK DPMK WMSP SLGTCPQGRW RM FMKC GL 20.0 KGL. #JASJRC WMSP TCPEC QNCCB () GL IGJMKCRCPQ NCP FMSP (IK/F) LB

    (@) GL KCRCPQ NCP QCAMLB (K/Q). (MRC: TCPEC QNCCB GQ BGQRLAC RPTCJCB BGTGBCB @W RGKC MD RPTCJ.)

    JHJ;=O

    &GPQR UC AJASJRC RFC TCPEC QNCCB SQGLE RFC EGTCL SLGRQ. FCL UC AL ECR RFC TCPEC QNCCB GLRM RFC BCQGPCB SLGRQ @W NGAIGLE RFC AMPPCAR

    AMLTCPQGML DARMP LB KSJRGNJWGLE @W GR. FC AMPPCAR AMLTCPQGML DARMP GQ RFC MLC RFR ALACJQ RFC SLULRCB SLGR LB JCTCQ RFC BCQGPCB SLGR GL GRQNJAC.

    KJ?

  • 8/9/2019 Intro to Physics 1118

    14/24

    D?IKII?

  • 8/9/2019 Intro to Physics 1118

    15/24

    1.3 AKHO, H;?I?, ?=?

  • 8/9/2019 Intro to Physics 1118

    16/24

    F?=KH; 1.24 ' QWQRCK RRCKNRQ RM JMARC PCQRSPLR R RFC ACLRCP MD RFC @SJJwQ-CWC. FC @JAI BMRQ PCNPCQCLR CAF RRCKNR RM NGLNMGLR RFC JMARGML MD RFC PCQRSPLR. FCBMRQ PC QNPCB MSR OSGRC DP NPR DPMK MLC LMRFCP, GLBGARGLE JMU NPCAGQGML, @SR RFCW PC CAF PRFCP AJMQC RM RFC ARSJ JMARGML MD RFC PCQRSPLR, GLBGARGLE FGEF AASPAW.(APCBGR: PI TGJ)

    F?=KH; 1.25 L RFGQ DGESPC, RFC BMRQ PC AMLACLRPRCB PRFCP AJMQCJW RM MLC LMRFCP, GLBGARGLE FGEF NPCAGQGML, @SR RFCW PC PRFCP DP UW DPMK RFC ARSJ JMARGML MD RFCPCQRSPLR, GLBGARGLE JMU AASPAW. (APCBGR: PI TGJ)

    AASPAW, PCAGQGML, LB LACPRGLRW

    FC BCEPCC MD AASPAW LB NPCAGQGML MD KCQSPGLE QWQRCK PC PCJRCB RM RFC K;HJ?JO GL RFC KCQSPCKCLRQ. LACPRGLRW GQ OSLRGRRGTCKCQSPC MD FMU KSAF WMSP KCQSPCB TJSCQ BCTGRC DPMK QRLBPB MP CVNCARCB TJSC. D WMSP KCQSPCKCLRQ PC LMR TCPW AASPRC MP NPCAGQC, RFCL

    RFC SLACPRGLRW MD WMSP TJSCQ UGJJ @C TCPW FGEF. L KMPC ECLCPJ RCPKQ, SLACPRGLRW AL @C RFMSEFR MD Q BGQAJGKCP DMP WMSP KCQSPCB TJSCQ. &MPCVKNJC, GD QMKCMLC QICB WMS RM NPMTGBC RFC KGJCEC ML WMSP AP, WMS KGEFR QW RFR GR GQ 45,000 KGJCQ, NJSQ MP KGLSQ 500 KGJCQ. FC NJSQ MP KGLSQ

    KMSLR GQ RFC SLACPRGLRW GL WMSP TJSC. FR GQ, WMS PC GLBGARGLE RFR RFC ARSJ KGJCEC MD WMSP AP KGEFR @C Q JMU Q 44,500 KGJCQ MP Q FGEF Q45,500 KGJCQ, MP LWUFCPC GL @CRUCCL. JJ KCQSPCKCLRQ AMLRGL QMKC KMSLR MD SLACPRGLRW. L MSP CVKNJC MD KCQSPGLE RFC JCLERF MD RFC NNCP,

    UC KGEFR QW RFR RFC JCLERF MD RFC NNCP GQ 11 GL., NJSQ MP KGLSQ 0.2 GL. FC SLACPRGLRW GL KCQSPCKCLR, A , GQ MDRCL BCLMRCB Q A (xBCJR A y),

    QM RFC KCQSPCKCLR PCQSJR UMSJB @C PCAMPBCB Q A A . L MSP NNCP CVKNJC, RFC JCLERF MD RFC NNCP AMSJB @C CVNPCQQCB Q 11 in. 0.2.FC DARMPQ AMLRPG@SRGLE RM SLACPRGLRW GL KCQSPCKCLR GLAJSBC:

    1. GKGRRGMLQ MD RFC KCQSPGLE BCTGAC,

    2. FC QIGJJ MD RFC NCPQML KIGLE RFC KCQSPCKCLR,3. PPCESJPGRGCQ GL RFC M@HCAR @CGLE KCQSPCB,

    4. LW MRFCP DARMPQ RFR DDCAR RFC MSRAMKC (FGEFJW BCNCLBCLR ML RFC QGRSRGML).

    L MSP CVKNJC, QSAF DARMPQ AMLRPG@SRGLE RM RFC SLACPRGLRW AMSJB @C RFC DMJJMUGLE: RFC QKJJCQR BGTGQGML ML RFC PSJCP GQ 0.1 GL., RFC NCPQML SQGLE RFC

    PSJCP FQ @B CWCQGEFR, MP MLC QGBC MD RFC NNCP GQ QJGEFRJW JMLECP RFL RFC MRFCP. R LW PRC, RFC SLACPRGLRW GL KCQSPCKCLR KSQR @C @QCB ML APCDSJ AMLQGBCPRGML MD JJ RFC DARMPQ RFR KGEFR AMLRPG@SRC LB RFCGP NMQQG@JC CDDCARQ.

    IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: CJ-MPJB #MLLCARGMLQ t &CTCPQ MP #FGJJQ?

    LACPRGLRW GQ APGRGAJ NGCAC MD GLDMPKRGML, @MRF GL NFWQGAQ LB GL KLW MRFCP PCJ-UMPJB NNJGARGMLQ. KEGLC WMS PC APGLE DMP QGAI AFGJB.MS QSQNCAR RFC AFGJB FQ DCTCP, QM WMS AFCAI FGQ MP FCP RCKNCPRSPC UGRF RFCPKMKCRCP. FR GD RFC SLACPRGLRW MD RFC RFCPKMKCRCP UCPC

    3.0C ? D RFC AFGJBwQ RCKNCPRSPC PCBGLE UQ 37.0C (UFGAF GQ LMPKJ @MBW RCKNCPRSPC), RFC xRPSCy RCKNCPRSPC AMSJB @C LWUFCPC DPMK FWNMRFCPKGA 34.0C RM BLECPMSQJW FGEF 40.0C . RFCPKMKCRCP UGRF L SLACPRGLRW MD 3.0C UMSJB @C SQCJCQQ.

    ;H;J ;HJ?JO

    LC KCRFMB MD CVNPCQQGLE SLACPRGLRW GQ Q NCPACLR MD RFC KCQSPCB TJSC. D KCQSPCKCLR A GQ CVNPCQQCB UGRF SLACPRGLRW, A , RFC ;H;J

    K;HJ?JO (%SLA) GQ BCDGLCB RM @C

    (1.8% unc =AA

    100%.

    26 # 1 Y #: & ## #

    FGQ AMLRCLR GQ TGJ@JC DMP DPCC R FRRN://ALV.MPE/AMLRCLR/AMJ11406/1.7

  • 8/9/2019 Intro to Physics 1118

    17/24

    EN; 1.2 CKJ?= ;H;J ;HJ?JO: A B= < A;I

    EPMACPW QRMPC QCJJQ 5-lb @EQ MD NNJCQ. MS NSPAFQC DMSP @EQ MTCP RFC AMSPQC MD KMLRF LB UCGEF RFC NNJCQ CAF RGKC. MS M@RGL RFC

    DMJJMUGLE KCQSPCKCLRQ:

    z CCI 1 UCGEFR: 4.8 lb

    z CCI 2 UCGEFR: 5.3 lb

    z CCI 3 UCGEFR: 4.9 lb

    z CCI 4 UCGEFR: 5.4 lb

    MS BCRCPKGLC RFR RFC UCGEFR MD RFC 5-lb @E FQ L SLACPRGLRW MD 0.4 lb . FR GQ RFC NCPACLR SLACPRGLRW MD RFC @EwQ UCGEFR?

    JHJ;=O

    &GPQR, M@QCPTC RFR RFC CVNCARCB TJSC MD RFC @EwQ UCGEFR, A , GQ 5 J@. FC SLACPRGLRW GL RFGQ TJSC, A , GQ 0.4 J@. C AL SQC RFC DMJJMUGLE

    COSRGML RM BCRCPKGLC RFC NCPACLR SLACPRGLRW MD RFC UCGEFR:

    (1.9)% unc =AA

    100%.

    KJ?

    JSE RFC ILMUL TJSCQ GLRM RFC COSRGML:

    (1.10)% unc =0.4 lb

    5 lb100% = 8%.

    D?IKII?

    C AL AMLAJSBC RFR RFC UCGEFR MD RFC NNJC @E GQ 5 lb 8% . #MLQGBCP FMU RFGQ NCPACLR SLACPRGLRW UMSJB AFLEC GD RFC @E MD NNJCQ UCPC

    FJD Q FCTW, @SR RFC SLACPRGLRW GL RFC UCGEFR PCKGLCB RFC QKC. GLR DMP DSRSPC AJASJRGMLQ: UFCL AJASJRGLE NCPACLR SLACPRGLRW, JUWQPCKCK@CP RFR WMS KSQR KSJRGNJW RFC DPARGML @W 100%. D WMS BM LMR BM RFGQ, WMS UGJJ FTC BCAGKJ OSLRGRW, LMR NCPACLR TJSC.

    ;HJ?J?;I ? CKJ?I

    FCPC GQ L SLACPRGLRW GL LWRFGLE AJASJRCB DPMK KCQSPCB OSLRGRGCQ. &MP CVKNJC, RFC PC MD DJMMP AJASJRCB DPMK KCQSPCKCLRQ MD GRQ JCLERFLB UGBRF FQ L SLACPRGLRW @CASQC RFC JCLERF LB UGBRF FTC SLACPRGLRGCQ. MU @GE GQ RFC SLACPRGLRW GL QMKCRFGLE WMS AJASJRC @W KSJRGNJGARGML

    MP BGTGQGML? D RFC KCQSPCKCLRQ EMGLE GLRM RFC AJASJRGML FTC QKJJ SLACPRGLRGCQ ( DCU NCPACLR MP JCQQ), RFCL RFC ;J> < ?= ;H;JI A@C SQCB DMP KSJRGNJGARGML MP BGTGQGML. FGQ KCRFMB QWQ RFR G;8 C8E68AG A68EG4

  • 8/9/2019 Intro to Physics 1118

    18/24

    ;HI

    NCAGJ AMLQGBCPRGML GQ EGTCL RM XCPMQ UFCL AMSLRGLE QGELGDGALR DGESPCQ. FC XCPMQ GL 0.053 PC LMR QGELGDGALR, @CASQC RFCW PC MLJW NJACICCNCPQRFR JMARC RFC BCAGKJ NMGLR. FCPC PC RUM QGELGDGALR DGESPCQ GL 0.053. FC XCPMQ GL 10.053 PC LMR NJACICCNCPQ @SR PC QGELGDGALRuRFGQ LSK@CP

    FQ DGTC QGELGDGALR DGESPCQ. FC XCPMQ GL 1300 KW MP KW LMR @C QGELGDGALR BCNCLBGLE ML RFC QRWJC MD UPGRGLE LSK@CPQ. FCW AMSJB KCL RFC LSK@CPGQ ILMUL RM RFC JQR BGEGR, MP RFCW AMSJB @C NJACICCNCPQ. M 1300 AMSJB FTC RUM, RFPCC, MP DMSP QGELGDGALR DGESPCQ. (M TMGB RFGQ K@GESGRW, UPGRC

    1300 GL QAGCLRGDGA LMRRGML.)18EF 4E8 F

  • 8/9/2019 Intro to Physics 1118

    19/24

    () UMKL FQ RUM @EQ UCGEFGLE 13.5 NMSLBQ LB MLC @E UGRF UCGEFR MD 10.2 NMSLBQ. FR GQ RFC RMRJ UCGEFR MD RFC @EQ?

    (@) FC DMPAC F ML L M@HCAR GQ COSJ RM GRQ KQQ m KSJRGNJGCB @W GRQ AACJCPRGML a . D UEML UGRF KQQ 55 IE AACJCPRCQ R PRC MD

    0.0255 m/s2 , UFR GQ RFC DMPAC ML RFC UEML? (FC SLGR MD DMPAC GQ AJJCB RFC LCURML, LB GR GQ CVNPCQQCB UGRF RFC QWK@MJ .)

    KJ?

    () 37.2 NMSLBQ; "CASQC RFC LSK@CP MD @EQ GQ L CVAR TJSC, GR GQ LMR AMLQGBCPCB GL RFC QGELGDGALR DGESPCQ.

    (@) 1.4 ; "CASQC RFC TJSC 55 IE FQ MLJW RUM QGELGDGALR DGESPCQ, RFC DGLJ TJSC KSQR JQM AMLRGL RUM QGELGDGALR DGESPCQ.

    F VNJMPRGMLQ: QRGKRGML

    VNJMPC QGXC CQRGKRGML GL MLC, RUM, LB RFPCC BGKCLQGMLQ! SJRGNJC JCTCJQ MD BGDDGASJRW JJMU DMP NPMEPCQQGTC QIGJJ GKNPMTCKCLR.

    F?=KH; 1.26 EIJ?J? (>JJ://N.H=/J;J/42120/1.7/;IJ?J?;.@H)

    1.4 AHN?J?

    L KLW MAAQGMLQ, NFWQGAGQRQ, MRFCP QAGCLRGQRQ, LB CLEGLCCPQ LCCB RM KIC HN?J?I MP xESCQQRGKRCQy DMP NPRGASJP OSLRGRW. FR GQ RFC

    BGQRLAC RM ACPRGL BCQRGLRGML? FR GQ RFC NNPMVGKRC BCLQGRW MD EGTCL GRCK? @MSR FMU JPEC ASPPCLR UGJJ RFCPC @C GL AGPASGR? LWNNPMVGKRC LSK@CPQ PC @QCB ML DMPKSJC GL UFGAF RFC GLNSR OSLRGRGCQ PC ILMUL MLJW RM J GKGRCB AASPAW. Q WMS BCTCJMN NPM@JCK-QMJTGLE QIGJJQ(RFR AL @C NNJGCB RM TPGCRW MD DGCJBQ RFPMSEF QRSBW MD NFWQGAQ), WMS UGJJ JQM BCTCJMN QIGJJQ R NNPMVGKRGLE. MS UGJJ BCTCJMN RFCQC QIGJJQ

    RFPMSEF RFGLIGLE KMPC OSLRGRRGTCJW, LB @W @CGLE UGJJGLE RM RIC PGQIQ. Q UGRF LW CLBCTMP, CVNCPGCLAC FCJNQ, Q UCJJ Q DKGJGPGRW UGRF SLGRQ. FCQCNNPMVGKRGMLQ JJMU SQ RM PSJC MSR ACPRGL QACLPGMQ MP SLPCJGQRGA LSK@CPQ. NNPMVGKRGMLQ JQM JJMU SQ RM AFJJCLEC MRFCPQ LB ESGBC SQ GL MSP

    NNPMAFCQ RM MSP QAGCLRGDGA UMPJB. CR SQ BM RUM CVKNJCQ RM GJJSQRPRC RFGQ AMLACNR.

    EN; 1.3 AHN?J; J>; !;?=>J < BK??=

    #L WMS NNPMVGKRC RFC FCGEFR MD MLC MD RFC @SGJBGLEQ ML WMSP AKNSQ, MP GL WMSP LCGEF@MPFMMB? CR SQ KIC L NNPMVGKRGML @QCB SNML

    RFC FCGEFR MD NCPQML. L RFGQ CVKNJC, UC UGJJ AJASJRC RFC FCGEFR MD 39-QRMPW @SGJBGLE.

    JHJ;=O

    FGLI @MSR RFC TCPEC FCGEFR MD L BSJR KJC. C AL NNPMVGKRC RFC FCGEFR MD RFC @SGJBGLE @W QAJGLE SN DPMK RFC FCGEFR MD NCPQML.

    KJ?

    "QCB ML GLDMPKRGML GL RFC CVKNJC, UC ILMU RFCPC PC 39 QRMPGCQ GL RFC @SGJBGLE. D UC SQC RFC DAR RFR RFC FCGEFR MD MLC QRMPW GQ NNPMVGKRCJWCOSJ RM @MSR RFC JCLERF MD RUM BSJR FSKLQ (CAF FSKL GQ @MSR 2-K RJJ), RFCL UC AL CQRGKRC RFC RMRJ FCGEFR MD RFC @SGJBGLE RM @C

    (1.14)2 m1 person

    2 person1 story

    39 stories = 156 m.

    D?IKII?

    MS AL SQC ILMUL OSLRGRGCQ RM BCRCPKGLC L NNPMVGKRC KCQSPCKCLR MD SLILMUL OSLRGRGCQ. D WMSP FLB KCQSPCQ 10 AK APMQQ, FMU

    KLW FLB JCLERFQ COSJ RFC UGBRF MD WMSP BCQI? FR MRFCP KCQSPCKCLRQ AL WMS NNPMVGKRC @CQGBCQ JCLERF?

    # 1 Y #: & ## #

    http://cnx.org/content/m42120/1.7/estimation_en.jarhttp://cnx.org/content/m42120/1.7/estimation_en.jar
  • 8/9/2019 Intro to Physics 1118

    20/24

    EN; 1.4 AHN?J?= IJ K;HI: H?? DHI

    F?=KH; 1.27 @LI QRAI AMLRGLQ MLC-FSLBPCB $100 @GJJQ, LB GQ UMPRF $10,000. MU KLW @LI QRAIQ KIC SN RPGJJGML BMJJPQ? (APCBGR: LBPCU EGJJ)

    FC .. DCBCPJ BCDGAGR GL RFC 2008 DGQAJ WCP UQ J GRRJC EPCRCP RFL $10 RPGJJGML. MQR MD SQ BM LMR FTC LW AMLACNR MD FMU KSAF CTCL MLC

    RPGJJGML ARSJJW GQ. SNNMQC RFR WMS UCPC EGTCL RPGJJGML BMJJPQ GL $100 @GJJQ. D WMS KBC 100-@GJJ QRAIQ LB SQCB RFCK RM CTCLJW AMTCP DMMR@JJDGCJB (@CRUCCL RFC CLB XMLCQ), KIC L NNPMVGKRGML MD FMU FGEF RFC KMLCW NGJC UMSJB @CAMKC. (C UGJJ SQC DCCR/GLAFCQ PRFCP RFL KCRCPQ

    FCPC @CASQC DMMR@JJ DGCJBQ PC KCQSPCB GL WPBQ.) LC MD WMSP DPGCLBQ QWQ 3 GL., UFGJC LMRFCP QWQ 10 DR. FR BM WMS RFGLI?

    JHJ;=O

    FCL WMS GKEGLC RFC QGRSRGML, WMS NPM@@JW CLTGQGML RFMSQLBQ MD QKJJ QRAIQ MD 100 UPNNCB $100 @GJJQ, QSAF Q WMS KGEFR QCC GL KMTGCQ MP

    R @LI. GLAC RFGQ GQ L CQW-RM-NNPMVGKRC OSLRGRW, JCR SQ QRPR RFCPC. C AL DGLB RFC TMJSKC MD QRAI MD 100 @GJJQ, DGLB MSR FMU KLWQRAIQ KIC SN MLC RPGJJGML BMJJPQ, LB RFCL QCR RFGQ TMJSKC COSJ RM RFC PC MD RFC DMMR@JJ DGCJB KSJRGNJGCB @W RFC SLILMUL FCGEFR.

    KJ?

    (1) #JASJRC RFC TMJSKC MD QRAI MD 100 @GJJQ. FC BGKCLQGMLQ MD QGLEJC @GJJ PC NNPMVGKRCJW 3 GL. @W 6 GL. QRAI MD 100 MD RFCQC GQ @MSR0.5 GL. RFGAI. M RFC RMRJ TMJSKC MD QRAI MD 100 @GJJQ GQ:

    (1.15)volume of stack = lengthwidthheight,

    volume of stack = 6 in.3 in.0.5 in.,

    volume of stack = 9 in.3 .

    (2) #JASJRC RFC LSK@CP MD QRAIQ. MRC RFR RPGJJGML BMJJPQ GQ COSJ RM $11012, LB QRAI MD MLC-FSLBPCB $100 @GJJQ GQ COSJ RM

    $10,000, MP $1104 . FC LSK@CP MD QRAIQ WMS UGJJ FTC GQ:

    (1.16)$11012(a trillion dollars)/ $1104 per stack = 1108 stacks.

    (3) #JASJRC RFC PC MD DMMR@JJ DGCJB GL QOSPC GLAFCQ. FC PC MD DMMR@JJ DGCJB GQ 100 yd50 yd, UFGAF EGTCQ 5,000 yd2. "CASQC UC

    PC UMPIGLE GL GLAFCQ, UC LCCB RM AMLTCPR QOSPC WPBQ RM QOSPC GLAFCQ:

    (1.17)Area = 5,000 yd2 3 ft

    1 yd 3 ft

    1 yd12 in.

    1 ft 12 in.

    1 ft= 6,480,000 in.2,

    Area 6106 in.2 .

    FGQ AMLTCPQGML EGTCQ SQ 6106 in.2 DMP RFC PC MD RFC DGCJB. (MRC RFR UC PC SQGLE MLJW MLC QGELGDGALR DGESPC GL RFCQC AJASJRGMLQ.)

    (4) #JASJRC RFC RMRJ TMJSKC MD RFC @GJJQ. FC TMJSKC MD JJ RFC $100 -@GJJ QRAIQ GQ 9 in.3 / stack108stacks = 9108 in.3.

    (5) #JASJRC RFC FCGEFR. M BCRCPKGLC RFC FCGEFR MD RFC @GJJQ, SQC RFC COSRGML:

    (1.18)volume of bills = area of eldheight of money:

    Height of money = volume of billsarea of eld

    ,

    Height of money = 9108in.3

    6106in.2= 1.33102 in.,

    Height of money 1102 in. = 100 in.

    FC FCGEFR MD RFC KMLCW UGJJ @C @MSR 100 GL. FGEF. #MLTCPRGLE RFGQ TJSC RM DCCR EGTCQ

    (1.19)100 in. 1 ft

    12 in.= 8.33 ft 8 ft.

    D?IKII?

    30 # 1 Y #: & ## #

    FGQ AMLRCLR GQ TGJ@JC DMP DPCC R FRRN://ALV.MPE/AMLRCLR/AMJ11406/1.7

  • 8/9/2019 Intro to Physics 1118

    21/24

    KHO:

    HN?J?:

    II? >OI?I:

    L;HI? K?JI:

    < ?= ;H;JI:

    ;JH? IOIJ;:

    ;:

    ;H >OI?I:

    H;H < =?JK;:

    ;H;J K;HJ?JO:

    >OI? GKJ?JO :

    >OI?I:

    H;?I?:

    GKJK ;>?I:

    H;J?L?JO:

    " K?JI :

    I?;J?

  • 8/9/2019 Intro to Physics 1118

    22/24

  • 8/9/2019 Intro to Physics 1118

    23/24

    H;I & EN;H?I;I

    1.2 >OI? *KJ?J?;I ?JI

    1. FC QNCCB JGKGR ML QMKC GLRCPQRRC FGEFUWQ GQ PMSEFJW 100 IK/F. ()

    FR GQ RFGQ GL KCRCPQ NCP QCAMLB? (@) MU KLW KGJCQ NCP FMSP GQ RFGQ?

    2. AP GQ RPTCJGLE R QNCCB MD 33 m/s . () FR GQ GRQ QNCCB GL

    IGJMKCRCPQ NCP FMSP? (@) Q GR CVACCBGLE RFC 90 km/h QNCCB JGKGR?

    3. FMU RFR 1.0 m/s = 3.6 km/h . GLR: FMU RFC CVNJGAGR QRCNQ

    GLTMJTCB GL AMLTCPRGLE 1.0 m/s = 3.6 km/h.4. KCPGAL DMMR@JJ GQ NJWCB ML 100-WB-JMLE DGCJB, CVAJSBGLE RFC CLB

    XMLCQ. MU JMLE GQ RFC DGCJB GL KCRCPQ? (QQSKC RFR 1 KCRCP COSJQ

    3.281 DCCR.)

    5. MAACP DGCJBQ TPW GL QGXC. JPEC QMAACP DGCJB GQ 115 K JMLE LB 85 K

    UGBC. FR PC GRQ BGKCLQGMLQ GL DCCR LB GLAFCQ? (QQSKC RFR 1 KCRCPCOSJQ 3.281 DCCR.)

    6. FR GQ RFC FCGEFR GL KCRCPQ MD NCPQML UFM GQ 6 DR 1.0 GL. RJJ?

    (QQSKC RFR 1 KCRCP COSJQ 39.37 GL.)

    7. MSLR TCPCQR, R 29,028 DCCR, GQ RFC RJJCQR KMSLRGL ML RFC PRF.

    FR GQ GRQ FCGEFR GL IGJMKCRCPQ? (QQSKC RFR 1 IGJMKCRCP COSJQ 3,281DCCR.)

    8. FC QNCCB MD QMSLB GQ KCQSPCB RM @C 342 m/s ML ACPRGL BW.

    FR GQ RFGQ GL IK/F?9. CARMLGA NJRCQ PC JPEC QCEKCLRQ MD RFC PRFwQ APSQR RFR KMTC

    QJMUJW. SNNMQC RFR MLC QSAF NJRC FQ L TCPEC QNCCB MD 4.0 AK/WCP. () FR BGQRLAC BMCQ GR KMTC GL 1 Q R RFGQ QNCCB? (@) FR GQ GRQ

    QNCCB GL IGJMKCRCPQ NCP KGJJGML WCPQ?

    10. () CDCP RM ; 1.3 RM BCRCPKGLC RFC TCPEC BGQRLAC @CRUCCL RFCPRF LB RFC SL. FCL AJASJRC RFC TCPEC QNCCB MD RFC PRF GL GRQ

    MP@GR GL IGJMKCRCPQ NCP QCAMLB. (@) FR GQ RFGQ GL KCRCPQ NCP QCAMLB?

    1.3 AKHO, H;?I?, ?=?

  • 8/9/2019 Intro to Physics 1118

    24/24

    F?=KH; 1.28 FGQ AMJMP-CLFLACB NFMRM QFMUQ *4?@A8??4 GLC;