Intro to Remote Sensing

Lecture 1

What is remote sensing

Remote Sensing: remote sensing is science of acquiring, processing, and interpretingimages and related data that are obtained from ground-based, air-or space-borne instruments that record the interaction between matter (target) and electromagnetic radiation.

Remote Sensing: using electromagnetic spectrum to image the land, ocean, and atmosphere.

In this class, we will mostly focus on the principles and techniques for data collection and the interaction of electromagnetic energy

with the Earth's surface some application examples also you will get familiar with ENVI, an image processing software.

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Source: http://oea.larc.nasa.gov/PAIS/DIAL.html

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average shrub

average grass

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What we measure in

remote sensing?

http://www.asdi.com/

In-Situ scale measurements

Solar radiation

Many more: Temperature Soil moisture Mineral and rock types Rainfall Snow cover, snow depth or snow water equivalent Vegetation type and biomass Sea ice properties (concentration, thickness, extent, area) Elevation and change Aerosol, gas types and concentration You might name a few more?

Remote sensing platforms Remote sensing platforms

Ground-based Airplane-based Satellite-based

NASA Research

Spacecraft

Busy Traffic Data acquisition

AgriculturalEfficiency

Air Quality

WaterManagement

Disaster Management

CarbonManagement

Aviation

Ecological Forecasting

Invasive Species

Coastal Management

Homeland Security

Energy Management

Public Health

Applications of National Priority

History of Remote Sensing Aerial photography is the original form of remote sensing (using visible spectrum) started in

1909 Aerial photographic reconnaissance was widely used after 1915 in WWI. Photogrammetric Engineering, the official monthly publication of the American Society of

Photogrammetry, was first published in 1934. Color infrared photography began 1931, then was widely used in agriculture and forestry. Development of radar (1930-1940). During WWII, non-visible spectrum (infrared and radar) were used as tools in remote

sensing. After the first man-made satellite (Sputnik 1) was launched on 4 October 1957 by Soviet

Union, remote sensing moved to outer space, ignited the Space Race within the Cold War. The United States' Explorer 6 transmitted the first space photograph of the Earth in August

1959. The first systematic meteorological satellite observation came with the launch of the United

States' TIROS 1 in 1960. Landsat 1 (originally called the Earth Resources Technology Satellite or ERTS) was the first

satellite to collect data on the Earth's natural resources. It was launched on 23 July 1972. Hyperspectral remote sensing emerged (1980s), widely used in mineral, oil, etc. exploration. Since then, a large number and advanced types of remote sensing systems have been

developed.

NASA & NOAA jointly funding NRC studies on improving transition

NPP NPOESSSeaWiFS Terra Aqua

Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation NCEP

Short-term Prediction Research and Transition Center NWS

Ob

serv

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As

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ACRIMsat SORCE Glory NPOESS

SAGE III AURA NPOESS

Jason OSTM NOAA/EUMETSAT

Landsat 7 LDCM Operational NPOESS

GIFTS* GOES

Tropo Winds TBD

Imaging and Sounding

Solar Irradiance, Ozone, and Aerosols

Ocean Surface Topography

Land Cover/Land Use Change

Tec

hIn Formulation

In operation

Under Development

Atmospheric CompositionUARS AURA TBD

* Canceled flight mission; gleaning technology for GOES-R

Tech Development

NPP

Research Systems to Operational Systems

From Terra, Aqua to NPP to JPSS

NPP (2011, Oct)CrIS/ATMS

VIIRSOMPS

Terra (1999)Aqua (2002)

AIRS, AMSU & MODIS

METOP (2006)IASI/AMSU/MHS & AVHRR

JPSS/ (2016, 2019)CrIS/ATMS, VIIRS, CMIS,

OMPS & ERBS

Coriolis (2003)WindSat

NWS/NCEP

GSFC/DAO

ECMWF

UKMO

FNMOC

Meteo-France

BMRC-Australia

Met Serv Canada

NWS/NCEP

GSFC/DAO

ECMWF

UKMO

FNMOC

Meteo-France

BMRC-Australia

Met Serv Canada

NWPForecasts

NWPForecasts

NOAA Real-Time Data Delivery TimelineGround Station Scenario

NOAAReal-time

UserC3SC3S IDPSIDPS

Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation

Use of Advanced Sounder Data for ImprovedUse of Advanced Sounder Data for ImprovedWeather Forecasting & Numerical Weather PredictionWeather Forecasting & Numerical Weather Prediction

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NPOESS, JPSS, and NPP NPP and NPOESS have a long, complicated history

The tri-agency NPOESS partnership (DOD, NOAA, NASA) has been dissolved

“NPOESS” is no more The NOAA-NASA partnership continues under the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) – afternoon platform series DOD is continuing alone -- early morning platform series

NASA’s NPP mission has not changed its name – it is still the NPOESS Preparatory Project.

The roles and responsibilities of the NPP Science Team have not changed (at its core, the primary work remains EDR evaluation and related algorithm improvements for climate science!)

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NPP Goals

The NPP mission has two major goals:

To provide a continuation of the EOS record of climate-quality observations after EOS Terra, Aqua, and Aura (i.e., it will extend key Earth system data records and/or climate data records of equal or better quality and uncertainty in comparison to those of the Terra, Aqua, and Aura sensors), and

To provide risk reduction for JPSS instruments, algorithms, ground data processing, archive, and distribution prior to the launch of the first JPSS spacecraft (but note that there are now plans to use NPP data operationally)

NPOESS no more

The greatest canyon on Mars: Valles Marineris

Trend and Future of Remote Sensing (1)

High spatial resolution- IKONOS launched in 1999 by Space Imaging

(4 m multi-spectral and 1 m panchromatic)- QuickBird launched in 2001 by DIGITALGLOBE

(2.44 m multi-spectral and 61 cm panchromatic)

High spectral resolution- AVIRIS, 10nm and 20 m, 224 bands- Hyperion launched in 2000, 10nm and 30m, 220

bands High radiometric resolution

- 8 bits to 12 bits High temporal resolution

- GOES 15-30 minutes- NEXRAD 6 or 10 minutes

Trend and Future of Remote Sensing (2)

Globe coverage, high repeatability (or improved temporal resolution)

- AVHRR, 1100m, morning or afternoon

- MODIS, 250-1000m, morning or afternoon

- NPOESS (will be launched in 2013), 370-740m, 4 hours Real-time or near real-time availability

- MODIS available online in the second day ?

- NEXRAD available online in 6 minutes

- NPOESS available online in 15 minutes Cost free or affordable

- Most of the federal collected images are free available or lower

cost, while commercial high resolution images are affordable. Integrated remote sensing and GIS

- Remote sensing applications with the support of GIS

- Remote sensing data as a major GIS data source

Major image processing software

ENVI/IDL: http://www.rsinc.com/ ERDAS Imagine:

http://www.gis.leica-geosystems.com/Products/Imagine/ PCI Geomatics: http://www.pci.on.ca/ ER Mapper: http://www.ermapper.com/ INTEGRAPH: http://imgs.intergraph.com/gimage/ IDRIS: Ecognition:

http://www.definiens-imaging.com/ecognition/pro/40.htm See5 and decision tree