intro to the dark and middle ages - mr. farshtey's...

41
Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages

Upload: truongquynh

Post on 30-Aug-2018

223 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

Intro to the Dark andMiddle Ages

Page 2: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

Effects of the Fall of Rome Germanic tribes took over Roman lands.

Hundreds of little kingdoms took the place of the Western Roman Empire in Europe.

Initially, there was no system for collecting taxes.

Kingdoms were always at war with one another.

People lost interest in learning.

Page 3: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

Warfare increased. Trade decreased.The “Dark Ages” began.

Page 4: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

The “Dark Ages” Historians call the period following the fall of

Rome the “Dark Ages.”

Formally, this period is known as the beginning of the Middle Ages.

It was a time of increased warfare, decreased trade, and a decline in learning.

Page 5: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

Disruption of Trade Merchants’ businesses were destroyed by

barbarians Unsafe to trade No Trade = No Cultural Diffusion

Page 6: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

Downfall of Cities People retreat to countryside to evade

invaders

Lack of central government administration

More people live in rural areas than urban centers

Page 7: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

Decline of Learning Germanic tribes were illiterate and had no written

language Illiteracy + Lack of Written Language = NO

VALUE ON EDUCATION

Page 8: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

Loss of Common Language Germanic invaders did not speak Latin

Various dialects form from mixing Latin and Germanic languages By the 800s, French and Spanish had evolved

No Common Language = NO UNITY

Page 9: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

Germanic-style Government Allegiance to family tribes as opposed to a

state No central authority; lack of an emperor No loyalty to a king; no “Hail Caesar”

Page 10: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

The Rise of EuropeThe Early Middle Ages

During the early Middle Ages, Europe was a relatively backward region cut off from the advanced civilizations of Byzantium, the Middle East, China and India. Between 700 and 1000, Europe was battered by invaders. Slowly a new civilization would emerge that blended Greco-Roman, Germanic and Christian traditions.

Page 11: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

Clovis and the Franks In 481 C.E. Clovis united the Franks and

became their king.

Clovis converted to the Roman Catholic faith.

Essentially, the Franks blended Germanic and Roman cultural practices.

Page 12: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

The Franks & Christianity The leader of the Franks,

Clovis, converted to Christianity to appease his wife and to repay God for a victory (similar to ____________________)

Rome supports Clovis & aids his military campaign to unite all Franks

Page 13: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

The Franks & Christianity The Church builds monasteries to convert

German Monastery a religious community of men

(monks) who have given up their possessions to devote themselves to a life of prayer & worship

Page 14: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

The Franks & Christianity Importance of monks

Opened schools & maintained libraries

Human printing press copied books; preserved aspects of Roman intellect

Page 15: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome
Page 16: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

Gregory I Pope Gregory the

Great increases the power of the papacy by Becoming involved in

the secular world

Raising armies

Giving charity to the poor

Gregory believed the people of Europe were his responsibility

Page 17: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

Charlemagne

Charlemagne became king of the Franks in 768 A.D. He tried to recreate the glory of the Roman Empire.

He conquered a vast empire and was proclaimed Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Leo III.

He gave land to his nobles in exchange for their loyalty and military service.

Page 18: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne “HolyRoman Emperor”.

Page 19: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

During his reign, Charlemagne tried torecreate the Roman Empire. However,

after his death, the empire declined.

Page 20: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

Legacy of Charlemagne (Holy Roman Empire)

Revival of Latin learning Extended Christian

civilization into northern Europe

Set up strong, efficient governments.

Began Holy Roman Empire. (Germany)

Could not repel further Viking and Magyar invasions.

Page 21: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

The Rise of Feudalism While Charlemagne’s descendants were not

able to recreate the glory of the Roman Empire, the Franks did greatly affect life in the Middle Ages.

Indeed, the Frankish practice of giving land to nobles in exchange for loyalty and military service spread throughout Western Europe.

Page 22: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

Stabilizing Medieval Europe,700-1000

Page 23: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

Stabilizing Medieval Europe New Economic order: Feudalism

Manorialism

The Role of the Catholic Church Regulating Marriage

Regulating Sexuality

Blessing Secular Rulers

Page 24: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

Feudalism

Political System = Decentralized

Economic System = Agricultural

Social System = Hierarchical

Page 25: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

Feudalism – What is it?

Has variously been described as: A political system / government

An economic system

A social system

A psychological state / mentalité

Page 26: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

Feudalism

Medieval people would not haverecognized the term feudalism, but wouldhave talked about vassalage

Page 27: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

Vassalage

Occurs between two free people, a lord and his vassal

Solidified by ceremonial swearing of oath of homage Vassal promises allegiance and military service to

lord In return lord grants land Initially the land was held conditionally

No service, no land

Page 28: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

Typical Elements of Oath

One’s own name and the name of one’s lord

The fiefs, lands that will be held

Promise of allegiance and service

If one is a vassal of multiple lords- outline the order of loyalty

Page 29: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

Typical Elements of theCeremony of Homage

Vassal approaches usually unarmed and kneels before his lord

Swears oath on Gospels, church altar or holy relics and in front of witnesses

Relationship is sealed with the kiss of peace

Page 30: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome
Page 31: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

Complicated Loyalty

Vassals could and often did have multiple lords For this reason, oaths of loyalty could specify the

order of loyalty

Oaths of loyalty could also affect the actions of the seemingly extremely powerful i.e.: even kings were limited by their own oaths of

loyalty

Page 32: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

Feudalism and Medieval Households

The Three Categories of Society: Those Who Work: Peasants or Serfs

Those Who Fight: Knights

Those Who Pray: Clergy & Religious

Page 33: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

Patterns...

25-50 peasant families support one knight

90% of the population are peasants

Peasants owe 3 days/wk of service + fees to lord. Fees are required : to marry, to inherit

Knights owe 40 days/year service to lord to fight and must supply armaments, horses, etc.

Page 34: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

Patterns... Farm output is about 10% of today’s

Midwestern farm.

Peasants (serfs, not slaves) are bound to land but have rights to the land

Manors are economic and military units, with fortifications for defense (a castle), may also be controlled by monastic order or church.

Page 35: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

Medieval Manor

Evolved from Latifundiumand Need for Protection

Page 36: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

Castle: Fortification

Page 37: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

Manor House: Fortification + Wealth

Page 38: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

Peasant House

Page 39: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

Peasant House

Page 40: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

Women Could and DidParticipate in Feudalism

Adela of Blois

Page 41: Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages - Mr. Farshtey's …mrfarshtey.net/classes/Intro_to_Dark_and_Middle_Ages.pdf · Intro to the Dark and Middle Ages. Effects of the Fall of Rome

Adela of Blois (ca 1060-1137)

Daughter of William the Conqueror

Husband sent on Crusade

Acted as feudal lord in his absence