intro to transportation systems

Introduction to Transport Systems

CE – 241

Fall SemesterFall Semester

Sept 11 to Jan 12

Lecture – 1

Sequence

Overview of transportation engineering / systems.Transportation network of Pakistan.Transportation system characteristics.Modes of transportation & Evolution.Transportation system attributes.Emerging transportation technologies.Related organizations and their role.

2Transportation Engineering‐ I

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KEY TERMS

transportation engineering：the application of scientific principles to the planning design operationscientific principles to the planning, design, operation, and management of transportation systems.

transportation planning: an act of laying out a transportation system aiming to predict thetransportation system aiming to predict the needs/demands for a particular service.

ITS - intelligent transportation systems：a system providing the opportunity to integrate travelers, p g pp y gvehicles and infrastructure into a comprehensive system through a range of technologies.

Transportation & Transportation Engineering

Definitions of TransportationDefinitions of Transportation

Transportation is everything involved in moving eitherTransportation is everything involved in moving either the person or goods from the origin to the destination.

Consider the businessman’s trip depicted in Figure 1.1.

Transit or Taxi

Stop

Automobile

StopWalking

AirportDeparture

D ti ti

Home Origin Airplane

Hotel

Destination

Hotel

WalkingBus StopBus to Hotel

AirportArrival

Figure 1.1 A businessman’s trip

Transportation engineering involves working with the public, with industry, with citizens, groups, with elected officials, and with employees of the agencies

f l l t t d f d l tof local, state, and federal governments.

A l d h h iAs commonly used, however, the term transportation engineering refers to a subspecialty of civil engineeringengineering.

Overview of Transportation Engineering

• Multidisciplinary content of transportation engineering-i h ti h i leconomics, geography, operations research, regional

planning, sociology. Psychology, probability, andstatistics, together with the customary analytical tools ofg y yengineering

What Is Transportation Engineering?

Transportation engineering is the application of the i i l f i i l i l i dprinciples of engineering, planning, analysis, and

design to the disciplines comprising transportation: its vehicles its physical infrastructure safety in travelvehicles, its physical infrastructure, safety in travel, environmental impacts, and energy usage.

Any such course needs to serve at least three purposes:

1

to provide general

2

to prepare

3

to provide the to provide general information about the practice of transportation engineering for readers,

to prepare students who will practice in transportation

necessary background for students who wish to pursue graduate

di iengineering for readers, mostly students, who will practice other civil engineering specialties

prelated jobs immediately upon graduation

studies in transportation engineeringg g p

Modes of TransportationModes of Transportation

• HighwaysHighways

• Railways

i• Airways

• Waterways

• Pipeline

• ConveyorConveyor

Transportation network of Pakistan

total: 259,197 kmcountry comparison to the world: 20 country comparison to the world: 20 paved: 172,827 km (includes 711 km of expressways)unpaved: 86,370 km (2007)unpaved: 86,370 km (2007)


total: 7,791 kmcountry comparison to the world: 28 country comparison to the world: 28 broad gauge: 7,479 km 1.676-m gauge (293 km electrified)narrow gauge: 312 km 1.000-m gauge g g g g(2007)


country comparison to the world: 148With paved Runways total: 101 over 3 047 m: 15 over 3,047 m: 15 2,438 to 3,047 m: 20 1,524 to 2,437 m: 39 914 to 1 523 m: 18 914 to 1,523 m: 18 under 914 m: 9 (2010)Without paved Runwaystotal: 47total: 471,524 to 2,437 m: 11914 to 1,523 m: 11under 914 m: 25 (2010)

Transportation Systems Characteristics

Most transportation systems consists of four basic elements:

• Links: the roadways or tracks connecting two or more• Links: the roadways or tracks connecting two or more points. Pipes, beltways, sea‐lanes, and airways.

• Vehicles: the means of moving people and goods from one node to another along a link. Motorcars, buses, ships, airplanes, belts and cables.

• Terminals: the nodes where travel and shipment begins• Terminals: the nodes where travel and shipment begins or ends. Parking garages, off‐street parking lots, loading docks, bus stops, airports, and bus .

•Management and labor: The people, who construct, operate, manage, and maintain the links, vehicles, and terminalsterminals.

Evolution of TransportationEvolution of Transportation

Human beings are known to have laid out and usedi l 30 000 BCconvenient routes as early as 30,000 BC

Vehicles (and pseudo vehicles) have been in use since humanVehicles (and pseudo vehicles) have been in use since humanbeings learned to walk. .

The entire picture for transportation changed in 1885 withDaimler and Benz's introduction of the gasoline‐poweredinternal combustion engineinternal‐combustion engine.


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Evolution of TransportationEvolution of Transportation• Some of the most outstanding technological developments in

transportation have occurred in the preceding 200 years:

The first pipelines in the United States were introduced in 1825.

Fi t il d d i 1825First railroad opened in 1825.

The internal‐combustion engine was invented in 1866.

The first automobile was produced in 1886 (by Daimler andThe first automobile was produced in 1886 (by Daimler and Benz).

The WrIght brothers flew the first heavier‐than‐air machine in 1903.

The first diesel electric locomotive was introduced in 1921.

Lindbergh flew over the Atlantic Ocean to Europe in 1927Lindbergh flew over the Atlantic Ocean to Europe in 1927.

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Evolution of TransportationEvolution of TransportationThe first diesel engine buses were used in 1938. The first limited access highway in the United States (theThe first limited‐access highway in the United States (the Pennsylvania Turn‐pike) opened in 1940. The Interstate Highway system was initiated in 1950. The first commercial jet appeared in 1958. Astronauts landed on the moon in 1969: The use of computers and automation in transportationThe use of computers and automation in transportation grew dramatically through the 1960s and 1970s and continues to grow unabated. Mi t h l ti i d biliti tMicrocomputers have revolutionized our capabilities to run programs since the 1980s and such capabilities have helped us to examine alternatives quickly and efficiently.


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Evolution of Transportation

2000 Electric

car

Hydrogencar

Super TGV

MaglevContainerships Jumbo Jet

2

1950

Airfoils

Supertankers

TGV

Jet engine

Jet Plane

HelicoptersHighways

1900

TramwayAutomobileLiners

PlanesTrucksBuses Helicopters

Bulk ships

00 Electric motor Balloons

Dirigibles

Ironhulls

Internal combustion engineMetro

Bicycles

M iti R d R il Ai

180

DocksLocks

RailsOmnibusSteam engine

Maritime Road Rail Air


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Transportation SystemsTransportation Systems

integral part of every day livesintegral part of every day lives.

Transportation is multidimensional from the perspectives of:perspectives of:

Technology – vehicles, fuels, guide ways and guidance, control systemssystems

Systems – analysis and modeling how supply and demand interact to produce flows on transportation networks

Institute – organizations working within a complex social, political and economic environment


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Transportation Systems ComponentsTransportation Systems ComponentsExternal Perspective

Government

Competition

Government

Supply Industry

Customer

Transportation

Public

System

Financial Community

Public

Stakeholder


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Transportation Systems ComponentsTransportation Systems Components

Internal PerspectiveInternal Perspective– Infrastructure

Vehicles– Vehicles

– Equipment

P S t– Power Systems

– Fuel

C l i i d l i– Control, communication and location systems


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Transportation‐related problemsTransportation related problems

• CongestionCongestion

• Fatal & injury accidents

d• Property damage

• Noise & air pollution

• Public transport

• Bicyclist & pedestrian management issuesBicyclist & pedestrian management issues

• Fuel Cost etc etc

Transportation Engineering‐ I (NIT‐SCEE‐NUST)

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Transportation SystemsbAttributes

oUbiquity: the amount of accessibility to the system, q y y y ,directness of routing between access points, and the system's flexibility to handle a variety of traffic conditions.

M bilit th tit f t l th t b h dl d ThoMobility: the quantity of travel that can be handled. The capacity of a system to handle traffic and speed are two variables connected with mobility.

o Efficiency: the relationship between the cost of transportation and the productivity of the system. Direct costs of a system are composed of capital and operatingcosts of a system are composed of capital and operating costs, and indirect costs comprise adverse impacts and unquantifiable costs, such as safety.

• Comparison of trans. Sys. in terms of attributes ……..27



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Emerging Transportation Technologies

During the last decade, a broad spectrum ofDuring the last decade, a broad spectrum of advanced technology, ranging from in‐ vehicle components to advanced traffic management systems, has come together and is called Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Although many of th t h l i tl i th i t lthese technologies are currently in the experimental or limited real‐world application stage.

There are at least nine components of ITS


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Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)(ITS)

o Smart traffic signal control systemsg yo Freeway management systemso Transit management systemsg yo Incident management systems (IMS)o Electronic toll collectiono Emergency response allows emergency vehicles to control traffic lights

l fo Travel information systemso Route guidance systems


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Related organizations and their roleRelated organizations and their role

• National Highway Authority (NHA): Function of theg y y ( )organization is to Plan, Promote, Organize andImplement Programs for Construction, Development,Operation Repairs and Maintenance of NationalOperation, Repairs and Maintenance of NationalHighways/ Motorways and Strategic Roads.

• Civil Aviation Authority Pakistan (CAA): Civil AviationAuthority is a Public sector autonomous body workingunder the Federal Government of Pakistan through theunder the Federal Government of Pakistan through theMinistry of Defence. It was established on 7thDecember, 1982 as an autonomous body.


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• Pakistan Railway Advisory and Consultancy Services,Pakistan Railway Advisory and Consultancy Services,(PRACS): It provides consultancy and advisory servicesfor the planning, design and management of projectsin all disciplines of railways.

• Railway Constructions Pakistan Limited (RAILCOP)


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• Karachi Shipyard and Engineering Works (KSEW):Itwas established in 1957 and employs a staff of over3,500. Principal activities of KSEW are shipbuilding,ship repair, submarine & warship construction andp p pgeneral engineering.

•• Port Qasim Authority: Port Bin Qasim is managed by• Port Qasim Authority: Port Bin Qasim is managed byPort Qasim Authority. It is Pakistan's second busiestport, handling about 40% of the nation's cargo (17million tons per annum) Their duties to develop Portmillion tons per annum). Their duties to develop PortQasim into Pakistan’s premier Port with integratedindustrial and commercial facilities.


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Key PointsKey PointsPeople and organizations alter behavior based ontransportation service expectations.

Transportation service is part of a broader system economic,social and political in nature.

T t ti i i i ti d b li kTransportation engineering is practiced by policymakers,managers, planners, designers and engineers, operating andmaintenance specialists, and evaluators.

Transportation engineering is a multidisciplinary field drawingon more estab‐lished disciplines to provide its basicframework such as economics geography and statisticsframework, such as economics, geography, and statistics.

Competition or its absence for customer by operators is acritical determinant of the availability of qualitytransportation service.


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Key PointsKey Points

Operating policy effect level of service.p g p y

LOS =f(capacity)

The availability of information drives system operations andinvestment and customer choices.

The computation of cost for providing specific services iscomplex and often ambiguouscomplex and often ambiguous.

Although transportation systems can be classified in differentways, the emergence of functional classification is useful forengineers.

The connection between transportation and sustainability isrecognized worldwiderecognized worldwide.


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Key Points

There is an interconnection between human behavior and

Key Points

transportation. Several properties of the physicalenvironment, such as spatial organization and physicalambience have a direct impact on human behaviorambience, have a direct impact on human behavior.

At least three basic attributes of transportation systemscan be used for pur‐poses of evaluation: ubiquity oraccessibility, mobility, and efficiency.

Although transportation systems can be classified indifferent ways the emer gence of functional classificationdifferent ways, the emer‐gence of functional classificationis useful for engineers.


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ThanksQUESTION???


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QUESTIONS

What is the definition of transportation?What are the main purposes of the courses like transportation engineering?List the milestone events in the development of transportation

i iengineering.Why is it said that transportation engineering is a multidisciplinary field?engineering is a multidisciplinary field?

QUESTIONSWhat is a system? How to understand that transportation is typically systematic that transportation is typically systematic engineering?What are the primary components of a What are the primary components of a transportation system?What are the basic attributes usually What are the basic attributes usually used to evaluate transportation systems?Is distance one of the most pivotal pfactors in transportation planning? How does it affect transportation mode choosing?

intro to transportation systems

Engineering

transportation planning

bc99 vehicles

pseudo vehicles

kmcountry comparison

evolution of transportationthe

paved runwaystotal

diesel engine buses

bus stops