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TRANSCRIPT
Prof. Dr. Linyu Xu
School of Environment, Beijing Normal University,
Beijing 100875 China
2015.06.19 Berlin
Introducing eco-compensation mechanisms in
urban water resource areas to improve
ecosystem services provision
8th Sino-German Workshop
Introduction
Urban
biodiversity &
eco- services
1. What they are
2. Why to protect
3. How to protect
1.1 Urban biodiversity
Urban biodiversity is the variety and
richness of living organism (including
genetic variation) and habitat diversity
found in and on the edge of human
settlements ( Müller et al., 2010).
Urban environment offer a rang of opportunities for organisms,
within, upon, and between individual built structures.
urban green space
vegetated area
wetlands
urban flora
urban fauna
habitat
1. What they are
Ecosystem services incorporate both the goods and services provided by the functions of the system (Costanza et., 1997).
Urban ecosystems contribute key services for human physical, social and mental well-being.
street trees lawns/parks urban forest cultivated
land wetland lakes/seas streams
air quality regulation √ √ √ √ √
climate regulation √ √ √ √ √ √ √
noise reduction √ √ √ √ √
rainwater drainage √ √ √ √
sewage treatment √
recreational &
cultural values √ √ √ √ √ √ √
1.2 Urban ecosystem service
Urban ecosystem services in Stockholm (Bolund, 1999)
1. What they are
Urban biodiversity
Urban ecosystem
service
1.3 Urban biodiversity & urban ecosystem service
Urban ecosystem
urban flora and fauna, within, upon urban greenspace, vegetated areas and water bodies
Biodiversity in urban areas provides a number of ecosystem service, which are important for maintaining urban sustainability
providing, regulating, supporting,cultural
1. What they are
Urban biodiversity
Human well-being
Urban Ecosystem
services
Motivations
eg. vegetation cover or NPP
eg. flood prevention, production
eg. benefits, income
2. Why to protect
The relationship between ecosystem services and human well-being (MA, 2003)
Eco-city planning new-type urbanization
Eco-compensation
Green GDP Ecological civilization
Sponge city
Countermeasures in China 3. How to protect
Eco-compensation
Countermeasures in China 3. How to protect
Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China (2014 Revision)
Artical 31: establish and improve the system of compensation for ecological protection.
increase national financial transfers to the reserve guide regional governments in beneficial area and conservation area to conduct the ecological protection compensation: negotiation or market rules
balanced regional development
Eco-compensation
Countermeasures in China 3. How to protect
5 major fields
Watershed :
trans-boundary/trans-region watershed eco-compensation;
drinking water source area
Forest:compensation fund Grassland:compensation fund National Ecological Function Zones:financial transfer Mineral resources exploitation:security payment
urban eco-compensation
Eco-compensation
A kind of institutional
arrangement to protect
environment by adjusting the
stakeholders’ interests based
on the ecosystem value,
ecological protect cost and
opportunity cost.
VS PES
A voluntary transaction where a well-defined ES (or a land-use likely to secure that service) is being bought by a (minimum one) ES buyer from a (minimum one) ES provider if and only if the ES provider secures ES provision. (Wunder,2005)
Eco-compensation PES
purpose: to improve the ecosystem service
theory basis: ecosystem services are public goods
internalize the externality of ecosystem services
scope object: actions affected ecosystem services
method: adjust stakeholders’ economic behavior
destroyer pay compensation fee
beneficiaries pay compensation fee
protectors accept compensation fee
protectors provide the ecosystem services
similarities
Eco-compensation
a project
voluntary, negotiated
eco-service trade-off
market-oriented
in money (fee)
mainly applied in watershed ecological protection
PES
a policy or institution
stated, in law and regulations
eco-service internalization
government-oriented
in money or in kind
applied widely, in 5 major fields’ ecological protection
differences
Eco-environmental externalities analysis
Stakeholder analysis
Ecological compensation standard
Ecological compensation mode
Specific ecosystem service types
Ecosystem services valuation
Actual situation
Fig. the ecological compensation framework based on ecosystem service
Urban water supply
Eco-compensation mechanism
ecosystem service foundation
guidance
Beijing, Miyun
Reservoir
Wuyishan
City, drinking
water source Case 2
Case 3
Case 1
Xiamen City,
a reservoir
project
Miyun Reservoir located in the county
north, where is 14km from Miyun
county town and 90km from downtown
of Beijing.
It is an important drinking water source
in Beijing, about 70% area of which is
water source preserve.
The preserve area is partitioned into
three levels. Miyun Reservoir Wetland
has been listed as the national
important wetland and the biodiversity
preserve.
Case 1: on Miyun reservoir protection in Beijing, China
Fig. the map of Miyun
Reservoir Preserve
Chinese government has paid high attention to water resource
protection and proposed “The strictest water resources management
system” in 2012, in which strengthened protection of drinking water
sources was re-emphasized.
Miyun County has devoted much effort and ample funds into water
source protection for years. At the same time, local residents have
encountered dilemmas because of restrictions on industrial
development, forestry planting, and fisheries, among other economic
activities.
There is an urgent need for an ecological compensation policy in the
Miyun Reservoir conservation area to promote its social development.
Case 1: on Miyun reservoir protection in Beijing, China
Case 1: on Miyun reservoir protection in Beijing, China
Not all stakeholders are willing to protect ecosystem services
Eco-compensation to adjust stakeholers’ interests
Perspective: ecosystem service protection
Water supply
Water conservation
Flood control
biodiversity
Air quality regulation
Residents in conservation area
Water users
Water company
government
Eco-compensation
ecological
Intensify relationship
Fig. the relationship of stakeholders in drinking water source eco-compensation
Water source’s
residents
Pollution
management
water saving
agriculture
“Green to Green”
project
afforestation
…
Protection
eco-environmental
impact
Water supply
ecosystem
service
Water supply
company
Services’
beneficiaries
(WTA) (WTP)
Eco-compensation
mechanism
Determine the amount of compensation
Case 1: on Miyun reservoir protection in Beijing, China
The results showed that the average value of Miyun Reservoir
residents’ WTA was 2142 RMB/family/yr. The income level,
location and the perceiving of environmental protection were the
key factors influenced the WTA value.
Eco-compensation standard
Stakeholders’ corrodination Ecological compensation for dringking water conservation
Stakeholders’ willingness
Eco-compensation fee = (WTP, WTA)
Case 1: on Miyun reservoir protection in Beijing, China
Case 1: on Miyun reservoir protection in Beijing, China
The contribution that eco-compensation made to Miyun reservoir ecosystem service
additionality Eco-
service
level
Start point Time
(1) Static baseline
with eco-compensation
without eco-compensation
Location of Wuyishan City, China.
Wuyishan City is located
in the northwest of Fujian
Province, China.
It is famous of Mount
Wuyi, the largest existing and
best-preserved subtropical
native forest ecosystem.
Thus, the ecological
construction is the most
important in its eco-city
planning.
Case 2: on drinking water conservation in Wuyishan City, China
Case 2: on drinking water conservation in Wuyishan City, China
Not all ecosystem services can be trade-
off in market
Eco-compensation to internalize the externality
Perspective: ecosystem service trade-off
land owners’ benefit
Water users’ benefit
Farming or grazing Forest protection Eco-compensation
Case 2: on drinking water conservation in Wuyishan City, China
Farmer
Forestland owner
cultivated land
Commercial forest
Ecological
forestDrinking water
sourceWater
companyBeneficiary
Payment direction
Fig. The correlative chain in payment for ecosystem services in drinking water source reserve
Providing service
Regulating service
trade-off
Perspective: ecosystem service trade-off
The results showed that the opportunity cost of protectors was 8. 977
million RMB in 2005; the extra water fee would be 0.07yuan RMB/(t·a) in
15 compensatory years.
Eco-compensation standard
Case 2: on drinking water conservation in Wuyishan City, China
Ecosystem services trade off Ecological compensation for drinking water conservation
Opportunity cost method
Eco-compensation fee = commercial forest income +
cultivated land income
additionality
Eco-
service
level
Start point Time
with eco-compensation
without eco-compensation
Case 2: on drinking water conservation in Wuyishan City, China
(2) Improving Baseline
The contribution that eco-compensation made to drinking water ecosystem service
Lianhua Reservoir was build in Xiamen for
guaranteeing the water resource for the surrounding residents.
However, the reservoir has inudated 471.6hm2 land-use, including
part of grass land and forest land. Thus it degraded the local
ecosystem service level.
In order to compensate the ecological loss in reservoir project and
protect the new water conservation ecological service, an eco-
compensation for a reservoir project in Xiamen was established.
Case 3: on reservoir project in Xiamen, China
Fig. Eco-compensation of reservoir project based on ecosystem service valuation
•Ecological protection
input
Reservoir project
•Ecosystem services
Output
natural value:
water conservation biodiversity
social value: habitat job
economic value: food production tourism
Case 3: on reservoir project in Xiamen, China
Perspective: ecosystem service value
The total ecosystem services value was estimated 1.3 billion RMB.
As the beneficiaries, the citizens enjoyed mainly from the service
of water conservation, which could be the basis of the standard
of extra water fee. The rest compensation may get from
government tax.
Eco-compensation standard
Ecosystem services value Ecological compensation for
reservoir conservation
Ecosystem service valuation
Eco-compensation fee = water conservation service value
Case 3: on reservoir project in Xiamen, China
Case 3: on reservoir project in Xiamen, China
The contribution that eco-compensation made to reservoir ecosystem service in Xiamen
additionality Eco-
service
level
Start point Time
with eco-compensation
without eco-compensation
(3) Deteriorating Baseline
Eco-compensation on urban water resource area
Coordinate the ecological and
economic benefit
Identify ecosystem
service value
Adjust human ecological protection behavior
Improve ecosystem service
Summary 3. How to protect
Other related work
Green GDP
Ecological infrastructure
(for government’s policy )
(for Eco-city planning)
Wei Jin, LinyuXu*. Modeling a policy making framework for urban
sustainability, Ecological Economics, 2009 ,68: 2938–2949 (SCI)
Linyu Xu*, Bing Yu, Yang Li. Ecological compensation based on willingness to
accept for conservation of drinking water sources. Frontiers of Environmental
Science & Engineering, 2015, 9(1): 58-65 (SCI)
LinyuXu*, Bing Yu, Wencong Yue, Xiaodong Xie. A Model for Urban
Environment and Resource Planning Based on Green GDP Accounting
System, Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2013
doi:10.1155/2013/692103(SCI)
Huang, Yajing, Linyu Xu, and Hao Yin. "Dual-Level Material and Psychological
Assessment of Urban Water Security in a Water-Stressed Coastal
City." Sustainability. 2015,7(4): 3900-3918 (SCI)
Bing Yu, LinyuXu*. The Individual WTA Changing Analysis for Eco-
Compensation Construction in Water Source Conservation Area, Advanced
Materials Research. 2013,779:1437-1440 (EI)
Some related papers
Yang Z F, Han X, Xu L Y, Yu B. An accounting model for watershed
ecological compensation to address water management conflicts. Journal
of Environmental Accounting and Management, 2013, 1(3): 229 –247
LinyuXu*, Bing Yu, WencongYue. A method of green GDP accounting
based on eco-service and a case study of Wuyishan, China, Procedia
Environmental Sciences, 2010, 2:1865-1872
LinyuXu, Zhifeng Yang, Lei Shuai et al. Eco-compensation of Reservoir
Project based on Ecosystem Service Function Value. China Population,
Resources and Environment. 2006, 16(4): 125-128 (in Chinese)
Wencong Yue, LinyuXu. Study on the Accounting Methods of Green GDP
Based on Ecosystem Services. Ecological Economy (China). 2008(9): 50-53
(in Chinese)
Xu Zhao, Zhifeng Yang, Linyu Xu. Study and Application on the Payment
for Ecological Services in Drinking Water Source Reserve. Acta Ecologica
Sinica. 2008 28(7):3152-3159 (in Chinese)
Some related papers
Linyu Xu
Email: [email protected]