introducing: free/open source software ... - rms46.vlsm.org · 2 references 1 (cut&pasted)...
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Introducing:Free/Open Source SoftwareDistributed SystemsReal Time Systemsand Multimedia Systems
Rahmat M. SamikIbrahimVauLSMorg
Ver. 20130514 rev 02
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References 1 (Cut&Pasted)
● Beberg, Distributed Systems: Computation With a Million Friends (and a few Foes), EE380, Stanford University, 2008.
● FSF, What is Free Software, www.gnu.org, accessed on 12May2013.
● Haridi, Introduction to Distributed Systems
● Jayaswal, Administerting Data Centers, Wiley, 2001.
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References 2 (Cut&Pasted)
● Microchip, Concepts of Real Time Systems, WebSeminar, accessed on 10May2013.
● OSI, The Open Source Definition, www.opensource.org, accessed on 12May2013.
● Silberschatz, et.al., Operating Systems Concepts, 9th Ed, 2012.
● –, Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, Wikipedia Foundation, accessed on 1213 May2013.
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Topics
● Free/Open Source Software
● Distributed Systems
● Real Time Systems
● Multimedia Systems
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Topic #1Free/Open Source Software
● Topic #1: Free/Open Source Software● Topic #2: Distributed Systems● Topic #3: Real Time Systems● Topic #4: Multimedia Systems
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SubAgenda
● Introduction
● License
● Free Software
● Open Source Software
● Free Software vs. Open Source Software
● Popular F/OSS Licenses
● Success Stories
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Guess: are these following free?● Microsoft Windows
● Microsoft Internet Explorer
● Mozilla Firefox
● GNU/Linux
● LibreOffice
● Public Domain
● Shareware
● Freeware
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Is it Free Software IF you can:
● use for noncommercial usage only.
● download it from the internet for free.
● have the source code of the software
● charge a fee to development
● charge a fee to distribute
● use it for illegal activities
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License
● A license agreement is needed for using a software (dos and don'ts):
– Can you use it?
– Can you copy and redistribute it?
– Can you modify it?
– Can you transfer the license?
– Is it viral? allows derivative works only when licensed identically to the original
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Free Software
● about liberty
● FREE like in ”free speech”
● not like FREE in ”free gift”
A matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software.
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Four Essential Freedoms0) To run the program, for any purpose.
1) To study how the program works, and adapt it to your needs (needs source code).
2) To redistribute copies/ help neighbor.
3) To improve the program, and release the improvements to the public, so that the whole community benefits (needs source code).
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The Open Source Definition (1)
● Free Redistribution
● Source Code
● Derived Works
● Integrity of The Author's Source Code
● No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups
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The Open Source Definition (2)
● No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor
● Distribution of License
● License Must Not Be Specific to a Product
● License Must Not Restrict Other Software
● License Must Be TechnologyNeutral
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Free = Open Source ?
● ”All religions are one!?”
● Free Software (FSF, 1985)– fourpoint definition
● Open Source Software (OSI, 1998)– tenpoint definition
● guarantee a certain set of freedoms.
● but, different words convey different ideas
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Free Software vs. Open Source
● Open Source Software– a development methodology
– nonfree software is a suboptimal solution.
● Free Software: a social movement– nonfree software is a social problem
– Free software is the solution!
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Popular F/OSS Licenses● Apache License 2.0
● BSD 3Clause "New" or "Revised" license
● Common Development and Distribution License
● GNU General Public License (GPL)
● MIT license
● GNU Library or "Lesser" General Public License (LGPL)
● Microsoft Public License
● Mozilla Public License 2.0
● Nokia Open Source License
● PHP License 3.0
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Success Stories (1)
● Red Hat– Founded in 1993
– Product: Red Hat Enterprise Linux
– F/OSS for the enterprise community
– The Fedora Project sponsor
– the first onebillion dollar FOSS company (2012)
– Minority owners: Intel, Netscape (Mozilla), HP, IBM, Dell, Novell.
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Success Stories (2)
● Ubuntu Linux/Canonical Ltd.– Founded in 2004
– A fork of Debian with a “6 months release cycle”
– Most popular Linux Distribution for desktop/laptop
– A distribution for laymen
– A US$ 30 million company (2009)
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End of Topic #1Free/Open Source Software
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Topic #2Distributed Systems
● Topic #1: Free/Open Source Software● Topic #2: Distributed Systems● Topic #3: Real Time Systems● Topic #4: Multimedia Systems
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SubAgenda● Introduction
● Definition
● Issues
● Distributed Operating Systems
● Network Model
● Robustness
● Design Issues
● Consolidation
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A Distributed System is
collection of loosely coupled processors interconnected by a communications network
– Silberschatz et. al.
one in which the failure of a computer you didn't even know existed can render your own computer unusable.
– Leslie Lamport.
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A Distributed System is
● a set of nodes, connected by a network, which appear to its users as a single coherent system. – Haridi
● Clients & Servers
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Cleaning 8 Windows
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Cleaning By 4
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How about this?
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Why Distributed Systems?
● Resource Sharing– Most everything is now connected
● Computation Speedup– Spreading the load
● Reliability– One is down, others can take over
● Communication
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Central vs. Distributed
● SLA
● “Reliable”
● Homogeneous
● Trusted
● Cost=Money
● Untrusted systems
● Unstable
● Heterogeneous
● Distrusted
● Cost=Time
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Issues
● Improve Scalability– Concurency: web/mail server
● Reliability– Tandem System
● Inherent Distribution–
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Types of Distributed OS
● Network Operating Systems– Users are aware of multiplicity of machines (more
difficult)
● Distributed Operating Systems– Users are not aware of multiplicity of machines
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Distributed Operating Systems
● Data Migration
● Computation Migration
● Process Migration– Load balancing
– Computation speedup
– HW/SW preferences
– Remote Data Access
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Wide Area Network
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ISO Network Model
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TCP/IP vs OSI ISO model
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Robustness
● Failure Detection– Heatbeat protocol: I am UP/Are you UP?
– Failure Types: host, link, loss
● Reconfiguration– Notify host/link/loss failure
– Reconfigure to avoid host/link/loss
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The Two Generals' Problem● How can G1 synchronize with G2?
● How can G1 be sure that G2 has received the message?
● How can G2 be sure that G1 knows that G2 has received the message?
ENEMY GENERAL #2GENERAL #1
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Design Issue
● Transparency – the distributed system should appear as a conventional, centralized system to the user
● Fault tolerance – the distributed system should continue to function in the face of failure
● Scalability – as demands increase, the system should easily accept the addition of new resources to accommodate the increased demand
– Consider Hadoop open source programming framework for processing large datasets in distributed environments (based on Google search indexing)
● Clusters – a collection of semi-autonomous machines that acts as a single system
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Consistency● Is locally cached copy of the data consistent with the master copy?
● Clientinitiated approach
– Client initiates a validity check
– Server checks whether the local data are consistent with the master copy
● Serverinitiated approach
– Server records, for each client, the (parts of) files it caches
– When server detects a potential inconsistency, it must react
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Data Center Consolidation (1)
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Data Center Consolidation (2)
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Data Center Consolidation (3)
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Data Center Consolidation (4)
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Data Center Consolidation (5)
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End of Topic #2Distributed Systems
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Topic #3Real Time Systems
● Topic #1: Free/Open Source Software● Topic #2: Distributed Systems● Topic #3: Real Time Systems● Topic #4: Multimedia Systems
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SubAgenda● Introduction
● Characteristics
● Implementation
● Schedulling
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Real Time Systems (RTS)● A real-time system requires that results be produced within a specified
deadline period.
● An embedded system is a computing device that is part of a larger system (i.e., automobile, airliner).
● A safety-critical system is a real-time system with catastrophic results in case of failure.
● A hard real-time system guarantees that real-time tasks be completed within their required deadlines.
● A soft real-time system provides priority of real-time tasks over non real-time tasks.
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RTS Characteristics● Single purpose & Small size
● Inexpensively massproduced
● Specific timing requirements
● Designed using systemonachip (SOC) strategy
● SOC allows the CPU, memory, memorymanagement unit, and attached peripheral ports (i.e., USB) to be contained in a single integrated circuit
● Not all features found in a standard system
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RTS Examples
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RTS Processes
● Tasks/Processes– Have priority
– Have deadlines
– Higher priority tasks PREEMPT lower ones (Priority Based Preemption)
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Implementing RTS● RTS must provide:
– Preemptive, priority-based scheduling
– Preemptive kernels
– Latency must be minimized
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RTS CPU Schedulling
● Periodic processes require the CPU at specified intervals (periods)
● p is the duration of the period
● d is the deadline by when the process must be serviced
● t is the processing time
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Priority Schedulling
● P2 has a higher priority than P1
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Preemption Example
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End of Topic #3Real Time Systems
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Topic #4Multi Media Systems
● Topic #1: Free/Open Source Software● Topic #2: Distributed Systems● Topic #3: Real Time Systems● Topic #4: Multimedia Systems
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SubAgenda● Introduction
● Delivery
● Characteristics
● Streaming
● Compression
● QoS
● Delivery Methods
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Introduction
● Multimedia data includes – audio and video clips (i.e., MP3 and MPEG files)
– live webcasts
● Multimedia data may be delivered to – desktop PC’s
– handheld devices
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Media Delivery
● Data must be accessed with specific timing requirements. Eg.
– video must be displayed at 2430 frames per second. Multimedia video data must be delivered at a rate which guarantees 2430 frames/second
– Continuousmedia data is data with specific rate requirements
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Characteristics
● Multimedia files can be quite large
● Continuous media data may require very high data rates
● Multimedia applications may be sensitive to timing delays during playback of the media
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Streaming
● Streaming is delivering a multimedia file from a server to a client typically the deliver occurs over a network connection.
● There are two different types of streaming: – Progressive download the client begins
playback of the multimedia file as it is delivered. The file is ultimately stored on the client computer.
– Realtime streaming the multimedia file is delivered to but not stored on the client’s computer.
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Real Time Streaming
● There are two types of realtime streaming:– Live streaming used to deliver a live event while
it is occurring
– Ondemand streaming used to deliver media streams such as movies, archived lectures, etc. The events are not delivered in realtime.
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Compression
● Because of the size and rate requirements of multimedia systems, multimedia files are often compressed into a smaller form
● MPEG Compression:– MPEG1 352 X 240 @ 30 frames/second
– MPEG2 Used for compressing DVD and highdefinition television (HDTV)
– MPEG4 Used to transmit audio, video, and graphics. Can be delivered over slow connections (from 56 Kbps)
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QoS● Guaranteeing QoS has the following effects in a
computer system:– CPU processing
– Scheduling
– File systems
– Network protocols
● Levels: – Besteffort service
– Soft QoS
– Hard QoS
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Delivery Methods
● Three general methods for delivering content from a server to a client across a network:
– Unicasting the server delivers the content to a single client.
– Broadcasting the server delivers the content to all clients, regardless whether they want the content or not.
– Multicasting the server delivers the content to a group of receivers who indicate they wish to receive the content
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End of Topic #4Multimedia Systems
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EOFThank You!