introduc)on to computers and society csc 301 fall 2016 howard...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Introduc)on To Computers and Society CSC 301 Fall 2016 Howard Rosenthalcsc301csudhfall2016.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/7/6/22764976/... · 2018-09-09 · Lesson Goals Describe this course,](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062921/5f0317907e708231d4077ecb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduc)onToComputersandSocietyCSC301Fall2016
HowardRosenthal
![Page 2: Introduc)on To Computers and Society CSC 301 Fall 2016 Howard Rosenthalcsc301csudhfall2016.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/7/6/22764976/... · 2018-09-09 · Lesson Goals Describe this course,](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062921/5f0317907e708231d4077ecb/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
LessonGoals� Describethiscourse,includingitsgoalsandmethods� Providesomehistoricalbackgroundintoethics� Providesometoolsandmethodsforstudyingethicalissuesandcomingtosomeconclusions
� Provideanoverviewofsomeoftheethicalissuesandproblemsassociatedwithadvancesincomputerscience
2
![Page 3: Introduc)on To Computers and Society CSC 301 Fall 2016 Howard Rosenthalcsc301csudhfall2016.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/7/6/22764976/... · 2018-09-09 · Lesson Goals Describe this course,](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062921/5f0317907e708231d4077ecb/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
ClassDescrip,on(1)� Thisclassisintendedtoextendthebackgroundandknowledgeofstudents,allowingthemtobetterunderstandsomeoftheethicalandlegalissuesassociatedwithworkinginthecomputerfield� When you start out in industry or government you will be told
very explicitly what to do or not do – i.e. export laws � As you grow into management or other decision making
positions you are sometimes forced to make difficult decisions � As you will learn in this class, the answers aren’t always clear
and straight forward � Some of the issues you will be deciding on in the future are not
yet issues today – i.e. Artificial Intelligence � If a machine gains consciousness must it be given the rights of a
human being? � If it is conscious can you turn it off? Is that murder or going to
sleep? (see 2001- A Space Odyssey)
3
![Page 4: Introduc)on To Computers and Society CSC 301 Fall 2016 Howard Rosenthalcsc301csudhfall2016.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/7/6/22764976/... · 2018-09-09 · Lesson Goals Describe this course,](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062921/5f0317907e708231d4077ecb/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
ClassDescrip,on(2)� Thisclassisgoingtobehighlyinteractive
� You will need to participate, present and debate in a clear, logical and well-prepared way. You need to back up your arguments with facts.
� There will be lots of reading and writing in this class, starting with the text “A Gift of Fire”, but not ending there � You will need to read ahead in this class in order to be better
prepared for the lectures � This book does often take a libertarian approach, but we will try
to steer away from political issues for the most part. � However, depending on the ethical approach you adopt, you
may come up with different conclusions � I will be introducing computer technology topics as we go
along in order to provide additional background. That will allow for greater depth in our discussions
4
![Page 5: Introduc)on To Computers and Society CSC 301 Fall 2016 Howard Rosenthalcsc301csudhfall2016.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/7/6/22764976/... · 2018-09-09 · Lesson Goals Describe this course,](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062921/5f0317907e708231d4077ecb/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
ClassGroundRules� Ethics,religionandpoliticscansometimesgetmixedup,withour
religiousbeliefsand/orethicalbeliefsdrivingourpoliticalbeliefs� Thesesubjectscansometimesgeneratestrongreactions
� Thereforewehavesomerules� Respecteachothersopinions� Presentyourargumentslogicallyandsuccinctlysothatotherscan
haveachance–thinkandmaybejotafewnotesbeforespeaking� Don’tinterruptaclassmate,youwillhaveachancetorespond� Don’tdenigrateanotherclassmate’sposition� Noinsults,cursingoruseofinappropriatelanguage� TheProfessorwillcontrolthelengthofanydiscussion,andtheorder
ofspeaking� Ifyoufeelthatyouarebeingtreatedunfairlyinanyway,letthe
Professorknowsothatthesituationcanberemedied� Remember,wecomefrommanydifferentbackgroundsandmayreact
tothesamesituationsorargumentsincompletelydifferentway
5
![Page 6: Introduc)on To Computers and Society CSC 301 Fall 2016 Howard Rosenthalcsc301csudhfall2016.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/7/6/22764976/... · 2018-09-09 · Lesson Goals Describe this course,](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062921/5f0317907e708231d4077ecb/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Homework� Homeworkwillinclude
� Afactualreviewofthechapter� Answerscanbefoundinthetext� Pleaseprovideexactanswers� Iwillposttheanswerstothispartonline
� Willincludemultiplepossibleanswers,eventhoughyoumaybeaskedtosupplyonlyoneortwo
� Additionalessaysorpresentations� Gradedonlogicalthoughtandconvincingarguments� Whenconclusionsarereached,shoulddescribehowtheywere
reached� Mayincludereferencestotheethicalframeworkusedincomingto
yourconclusion� Mayrequiresomeadditionalresearch
6
![Page 7: Introduc)on To Computers and Society CSC 301 Fall 2016 Howard Rosenthalcsc301csudhfall2016.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/7/6/22764976/... · 2018-09-09 · Lesson Goals Describe this course,](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062921/5f0317907e708231d4077ecb/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
EthicalandMoralDilemmas� Everytechnologybringsbothbenefitsandproblems
� Moralissues� Crime� Privacy(obviousandnotsoobvious)
� Canyousecretlytakepicturesofsomeone(Obvioussometimes,butwedohavemachinestakingfilminalmosteverystore)
� OnceyoupostallyourinformationonFacebook(Notsoobvious)
� Postinguntrueormisleadinginformation
7
![Page 8: Introduc)on To Computers and Society CSC 301 Fall 2016 Howard Rosenthalcsc301csudhfall2016.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/7/6/22764976/... · 2018-09-09 · Lesson Goals Describe this course,](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062921/5f0317907e708231d4077ecb/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
EthicalandMoralDilemmas–Some)meFic)onReflectsTheRealWorld–TheMar)an� TheheadofNASAdecidedtosendanemergencypodwithoutpropertestinginordertomeetthescheduledlaunchdate� Thepodblewupduetoanunanticipatedproblem� Intheendthedecisionmakerwasnotpunished
� TheastronautmanagersentsurreptitiousdirectionstothecrewtoreroutetheshipbacktoMars,forcingNASA’shand� Thedecisionledtoasuccessfulrecovery� Themanagerwasretiredaftertheshipreturnedsuccessfully
� Thecrewdecidedtofollowthesecretinstructions,by-passingNASAdespitealonglistofrisks� Ledtoasuccessfulmission� Unclearwhattheimpactwasonindividualcareers
8
Isbuckingthesystemeverethical?Canotherconsiderationsforceyoutoviolateprocedures?Aretheseethicalissues?
![Page 9: Introduc)on To Computers and Society CSC 301 Fall 2016 Howard Rosenthalcsc301csudhfall2016.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/7/6/22764976/... · 2018-09-09 · Lesson Goals Describe this course,](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062921/5f0317907e708231d4077ecb/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
SomeKeyEthicalIssues� MetadataCollection
� Metadatadescribesotherdata.Itprovidesinformationaboutacertainitem'scontent� Animagemayincludemetadatathatdescribeshowlargethepictureis,thecolordepth,the
imageresolution,whentheimagewascreated,andotherdata.� Atextdocument'smetadatamaycontaininformationabouthowlongthedocumentis,who
theauthoris,whenthedocumentwaswritten,andashortsummaryofthedocument.� TheNSAhastriedtousemetadatatrackingandcomplexanalyticalformulasto
identifypotentialsecuritythreats,butthisabilityhaslatelybeenrestrictedbyCongress
� NetworkNeutrality� Canyougiveprioritytopayingservices?
� SearchEnginePrioritization� Canadvertiserspaytobelistedearlier,andmustthesepaymentsbe
disclosed� Privacy� Softwareorcontenttheft,plagiarism,copying,sharing� Bullying,shaming� Viruses–goodandbaduses–whathappensiftheygetloose
9
![Page 10: Introduc)on To Computers and Society CSC 301 Fall 2016 Howard Rosenthalcsc301csudhfall2016.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/7/6/22764976/... · 2018-09-09 · Lesson Goals Describe this course,](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062921/5f0317907e708231d4077ecb/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
ThePaceofChange� Whentherewereafewmega-industriesthepaceofchangewasslower
� Therewasactuallyatermcalledplannedobsolescence,wherecompaniesslowlyintroducednewtechnologiesoveranextendedtimeframe–theautoindustrywasfamousforthis
� Todaythepaceofchangeissofast,drivenbycomputersandothertechnologies–thatwholeindustriesareoftenwipedoutintheblinkofaneye� Amazon(booksandmovies)andNetflix(movies)-CompanieslikeBlockbuster,andmost
bookstoreswerewipedoutalmostovernight.� AppleiPodsandiPhoneschangedthemusicandtelecommunicationindustries–mobile
phoneswentfromluxurytonecessityinafewyears,bothintheU.S.andaroundtheworld,eveninthepoorestofcountries
� On-lineshopping–BothSportsAuthorityandSportsChalethavedeclaredbankruptcy?� Information–Whobuysencyclopediasanymore?� On-linebankingandATMs–rapidaccessbutachangedbankingindustry� Automatedinventoriesandsupplychain–cutsoutmanyreorderingactivities,automates
inventorymaintenance
� Internet–accesstoeverythingandworld-wideconnectivitybutalso:� CrimeandTheft� Spying� Pornography
� E-mail–Greatcommunicationtoolbutledto� Phishing,spam,spoofing,scams
� Anengineofequality� Everyonecangainequalaccesstotheworldwithalittleeffort� Theworldhasgonefromshortwaveradiotoinstantaneousaccess
10
![Page 11: Introduc)on To Computers and Society CSC 301 Fall 2016 Howard Rosenthalcsc301csudhfall2016.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/7/6/22764976/... · 2018-09-09 · Lesson Goals Describe this course,](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062921/5f0317907e708231d4077ecb/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Baase’sThemes(1)� Oldproblemsinanewcontext
� Regulatinggambling,protectingcopyrights,….� Adaptingtonewtechnology
� Howwelive,howweteach,etiquetteontheInternet,businesspractices
� Solutionstoproblems� Newandvariedsourcesforsolutions� Solutionsmaycomefromhardware,software,legalsystem,modes
ofoperation,etc.� ThereachoftheInternet
� Dictatorshipstrytocontroltheflowofinformation,butitismuchhardertodoinaninterconnectedworld
� Trade-offsindecisionmaking� Privacyvs.thelaw,technologyvs.people,etc.
11
![Page 12: Introduc)on To Computers and Society CSC 301 Fall 2016 Howard Rosenthalcsc301csudhfall2016.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/7/6/22764976/... · 2018-09-09 · Lesson Goals Describe this course,](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062921/5f0317907e708231d4077ecb/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Baase’sThemes(2)� Perfectionasadirection,notanoption
� Trade-offsareusuallybetweenimperfectoptions� Differencesbetweenpersonalchoices,businesspoliciesandlaw,none
ofwhichmayinvolveactualethicalchoices,althoughtheymaybeinformedbythem� Personalchoices–basedonourownpreferences–whatwebuy,
wherewework,whatwewatchonTV,howwevote,whatorganizationswebelongto
� Businesspolicies–goalsofthecompany,fiduciaryresponsibilities,investmentstrategies,etc.
� Laws–imposeddecisionswithfarreachingconsequences,mustbecarefulinpassinglawsthatimposeyourvaluesonotherswhomaynotagree
� Note:Theauthorseemstohaveasomewhatlibertarianviewoftheuseoflaw.Othersmayviewthelawdifferently,wantingtoshapepersonalchoicesthroughtheforceoflaw.
12
![Page 13: Introduc)on To Computers and Society CSC 301 Fall 2016 Howard Rosenthalcsc301csudhfall2016.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/7/6/22764976/... · 2018-09-09 · Lesson Goals Describe this course,](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062921/5f0317907e708231d4077ecb/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Ethics� DictionaryDefinition
� Thebranchofphilosophythatdealswithmorality.Ethicsisconcernedwithdistinguishingbetweengoodandevilintheworld,betweenrightandwronghumanactions,andbetweenvirtuousandnon-virtuouscharacteristicsofpeople.
� BaaseDefinition� Whatdoesitmeantodotherightthing,giventhatpeopleare
rationalandfreetomakechoices� Manytimespeopleareencumberedintheirchoicesandthisleadstoabreakdownintheirthinking� Classicexample:TheChallengertookoffoutsideofthelaunch
parameters,theO-ringfailedandtheshipblewup� Peoplewereunderbusiness,financial,careerandpoliticalpressures
thatcloudedtheirjudgment� Oneofthehardestthingstodoistostepoutsidetheboxofallthese
pressurescomeupwithasolutionthatismadeinatrulyfreemanner� Sometimessocialnormsvarygreatlyfromethicalstandards
� Slavery,segregation,holocausts
13
SeeReference:WhatisEthics
![Page 14: Introduc)on To Computers and Society CSC 301 Fall 2016 Howard Rosenthalcsc301csudhfall2016.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/7/6/22764976/... · 2018-09-09 · Lesson Goals Describe this course,](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062921/5f0317907e708231d4077ecb/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
EthicalTheories-Deontology� EmmanuelKant(1724–1804)wasaleadingproponent� Basedontheconceptofabsoluterules,whethertheyleadtogoodorevil,thisiswhyitiscalledthenonconsequentialistoractbasedethics
� Rulescanbeuniversallyapplied� Logicorreasondeterminesethicalbehavior–“Respectthereasoninyou”
� Kantarguedthatitwasnottheconsequencesofactionsthatmakethemrightorwrongbutthemotivesofthepersonwhocarriesouttheaction.
� Kanttooktheabsolutistviewonethics–i.e.“Lyingisneverpermitted”butofcoursetheconsequencesofnotlyingcouldbeaproblem
14
![Page 15: Introduc)on To Computers and Society CSC 301 Fall 2016 Howard Rosenthalcsc301csudhfall2016.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/7/6/22764976/... · 2018-09-09 · Lesson Goals Describe this course,](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062921/5f0317907e708231d4077ecb/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
EthicalTheories-U)litarianism� PrimaryadvocatesinJohnStuartMill(1806–1873)andJohnDewey
(1859-1952)� Theaggregatevalueofachoiceisusedtocalculateitsethicalvalue–the
consequentialistorresultbasedethicsapproach� Rulesarejudgedbytheirnetimpact� Itmaybenecessaryundercertaincircumstancestobreakarule� Tendstolookatthecommongood
� Itfocusesonsociety,ratherthanonloneindividuals,astheentitywhichachievesmorality.
� Itallowsthatamoraljudgmentmaybeappropriateinoneageofagivensociety,eventhoughitwillceasetobeappropriateafterthatsocietyprogresses(ormayalreadybeinappropriateinanothersociety).� Shouldwejudgedifferentsocietiesorcenturiesbydifferentstandards� Weretheirethicalstandardsevolving?
� Mainobjectionisthatitmaydisregardindividualfreedom� Pragmaticethicsmaybemisunderstoodasrelativist� AdilemmainUtilitarianism
� Canyoutakefoodfromonepersonandgiveittoanotherjustbecausethesecondpersonisstarving?
� Ifyousaidyes–Canyoutakeakidneyfromonepersonandgiveittoanotherjustbecausethesecondpersonneedsittosurvive?
15
![Page 16: Introduc)on To Computers and Society CSC 301 Fall 2016 Howard Rosenthalcsc301csudhfall2016.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/7/6/22764976/... · 2018-09-09 · Lesson Goals Describe this course,](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062921/5f0317907e708231d4077ecb/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
EthicalTheories–NaturalRights� JohnLocke(1632-1704)wasaprimaryproponent
� ExtremelyinfluentialontheFoundingFathers� Definesasphereoffreedom,includingfundamentalrights
� Life,Liberty,PursuitofHappiness,PropertyRights� Fromtheseprincipleswecanimplyethicalrulesagainstkilling,
stealing,deception,andcoercion� Voluntaryinteractionswithoutdeceitorcoercionareemphasized–
theprocessisofgreatimportance,notnecessarilytheresult
� Ifeveryoneadherestotheseprinciplesvoluntarilythentheprocesswillbepureeveniftheresultsaren’talwaysso
� Thisiswhytheyword“pursuit”issoimportantandsoarguedover
16
![Page 17: Introduc)on To Computers and Society CSC 301 Fall 2016 Howard Rosenthalcsc301csudhfall2016.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/7/6/22764976/... · 2018-09-09 · Lesson Goals Describe this course,](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062921/5f0317907e708231d4077ecb/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
EthicalTheories-Nega)veandPosi)veRights� NegativeRights–alsocalledLiberties
� Rightswithoutinterference� Otherscan’toverruleorinterferewiththeserights� Life,property,speech,religion,etc.aresuchrights
� EmbodiedinmuchoftheBillofRights� Oftendeniedinauthoritarianstates
� Example–youcanchoosewhereyouwanttowork� PositiveRights
� Claimed0rcreated� Imposeanobligationfromonegrouptoanother
� Examplesincludingpayingforsomeoneelse’shealthcareorfood� Imposingarequirementononepersonorgrouptohireanotherperson� Socialjusticeisbasedonthepremisethatclaimrightsarelegitimateandeven
ethicallyrequired� Impositionofpositiverightsrequiresalargergovernment
� Leadstolargescalelobbyingasspecialinterestscompetefortheirclaimrights
17
![Page 18: Introduc)on To Computers and Society CSC 301 Fall 2016 Howard Rosenthalcsc301csudhfall2016.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/7/6/22764976/... · 2018-09-09 · Lesson Goals Describe this course,](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062921/5f0317907e708231d4077ecb/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
EthicalTheories–GoldenRule� TheBibleandConfucius–anotherconsequentialapproach
� Considerotherswhenmakingethicaldecisions� Theoutcomecandeterminetheactiontotake
18
![Page 19: Introduc)on To Computers and Society CSC 301 Fall 2016 Howard Rosenthalcsc301csudhfall2016.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/7/6/22764976/... · 2018-09-09 · Lesson Goals Describe this course,](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062921/5f0317907e708231d4077ecb/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
EthicalTheories–SocialContracts� Whatistheroleofgovernmentinanethicalbodypolitic� Peoplesubmittoabasicsetofgoverninglaws
� TheseareembodiedintheConstitutionandtheBillofRights� PeoplelikeLockebelievedinlimitedgovernment–thegovernmentisthereto
enforcenaturalrights� ThomasHobbes(1588-1679)believedthatthesocialcontractrequiredpeople
tocederightstogovernmentinordertoformabettersociety� InhisbookLeviathansaysthatmanstartsfroma“StateofNature”whereeach
personactsaccordingtohisownselfinterest� Rationalthoughtleadstomancedingsomeindependenceinordertoseeka
bettersituationthroughasocialcontract� HistoricalsocialcontractsincludetheMagnaCartaandU.S.Constitution
� JohnRawls(1921-2002)tookamoreradicalviewinhisbook‘ATheoryofJustice’� Governmentwastheretofurthersocialjustice� Heseesthegovernmentgoingbeyondthepursuitofhappinessto
guaranteeingfairnessandequalityofoutcomes� ThisisthegreatdebateragingintheSupremeCourtandthecountrytoday
19SeeReference:Lockevs.Hobbes
![Page 20: Introduc)on To Computers and Society CSC 301 Fall 2016 Howard Rosenthalcsc301csudhfall2016.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/7/6/22764976/... · 2018-09-09 · Lesson Goals Describe this course,](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062921/5f0317907e708231d4077ecb/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
EthicalTheories–TheVeilofIgnorance(1)� JohnRawlsusedthe“VeilofIgnorance”and“OriginalPosition”asstartingpoints� Peopleintheoriginalpositiondonotknowtheirplaceinsociety,theirnaturaloracquiredtraitsorabilities,whatconceptionsofthegoodtheyhave,norwhattheirparticulargoalsare.
� Theydonotknowtheparticularpolitical,economicorculturalcharacteristicsoftheirownsocietynordotheyknowtowhichgenerationtheybelong.
� Theydoknowthattheyarecontemporaries,thattheyareinthecircumstanceswherehumancooperationisbothpossibleanddesirableandthattheyareeachcapableofasenseofjustice.
� Thereisnolimittotheirknowledgeofgeneralinformationsuchasiscontainedinpolitical,social,economicandpsychologicaltheories.
20SeeReference:OriginalPosition…
![Page 21: Introduc)on To Computers and Society CSC 301 Fall 2016 Howard Rosenthalcsc301csudhfall2016.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/7/6/22764976/... · 2018-09-09 · Lesson Goals Describe this course,](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062921/5f0317907e708231d4077ecb/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
EthicalTheories–TheVeilofIgnorance(2)� Rawlsmaintainsthatpeopleintheoriginalpositionwouldchoosethefollowingspecialconceptionofjustice:� Eachpersonistohaveanequalrighttothemostextensivetotal
systemofequalbasiclibertiescompatiblewithasimilarsystemoflibertyforall.
� Socialandeconomicinequalitiesaretobearrangedsothattheyaretothegreatestbenefitoftheleastadvantagedandareattachedtoofficesandpositionsopentoallunderconditionsoffairequalityofopportunity.
� Therewillbeequalopportunityforeveryonetoclimbtheeconomicand/orsocialladderandthatanysocialoreconomicinequalitiesthatareallowedmustbearrangedsothattheyimprovetheaccesstoPrimaryGoodsfortheLeastAdvantaged.
� Hebelievedthatifnooneknewtheirpositionorcircumstancethattheywouldlooktoensurethegreatestlevelofequality
21
![Page 22: Introduc)on To Computers and Society CSC 301 Fall 2016 Howard Rosenthalcsc301csudhfall2016.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/7/6/22764976/... · 2018-09-09 · Lesson Goals Describe this course,](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062921/5f0317907e708231d4077ecb/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
EthicalTheories–TheVeilofIgnorance(3)� Oneruleofchoice—called“maximin”
� Directsthatweplayitassafeaspossiblebychoosingthealternativewhoseworstoutcomeleavesusbetteroffthantheworstoutcomeofallotheralternatives.
� Theaimisto“maximizetheminimum”regretorlosstowell-being.� Tofollowthisstrategy,Rawlssaysyoushouldchooseasifyourenemy
weretoassignyoursocialpositioninwhateverkindofsocietyyouendupin.
� Whathappensifyouproduceaproductthatimprovesefficiencybutleadstounemployment–Isitlegitimatetoproducethatproduct?
� Bycontrastanotherstrategyleadsustofocusonthemostadvantagedpositionandsaysweshould“maximizethemaximum”potentialgain—“maximax”—andchoosethealternativewhosebestoutcomeleavesusbetteroffthanallotheralternatives.� ClearlythisinnottheRawlsalternative� However,itmorecloselyresemblesthecapitalisticview
� Humannaturedrivesusalltosucceedandtherewillbemorewealthifeveryoneisworkingtomaximizetheirrewards
� HenryFordpaidhisworkersabetterwagesothattheycouldbuyhiscars
22
![Page 23: Introduc)on To Computers and Society CSC 301 Fall 2016 Howard Rosenthalcsc301csudhfall2016.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/7/6/22764976/... · 2018-09-09 · Lesson Goals Describe this course,](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062921/5f0317907e708231d4077ecb/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Summary� Notallethicalissuesareeasilydecided
� Somethingsareobligatoryanduniversallyaccepted,whileothersaremoreambiguous
� Notallactionsthatmaycauseharmarenecessarilyunethical–Isitunethicaltobancoalbecauseitwillharmcoalminers?
� DistinguishWrongfromHarm� Anactthatcausesharmmaynotnecessarilybeunethical
� Destroyinganenemyinwarmaycauseharm,butcanbeethical� Thereisadifferencebetweentakingsomethingfromaperson,andnotgivinga
personsomething� Distinguishgoalsfrommeans
� Youcanimproveprofitsbymakingabetterproduct,butnotbystealing� LawandEthicsaredifferentthings
� Somelawsenforceethicalstandards� Otherlawsaremeanttoimposepublicpreference(onereligionoveranother)
orbusinessgoals� Insubsequentlessonswewillexploretheseissuesusingthecomputerworld
asourprimarysetofexamples
23
![Page 24: Introduc)on To Computers and Society CSC 301 Fall 2016 Howard Rosenthalcsc301csudhfall2016.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/7/6/22764976/... · 2018-09-09 · Lesson Goals Describe this course,](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062921/5f0317907e708231d4077ecb/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
ClassExercise1� Exercise 1 Profitability and CEO Responsibility
� The CEO of an Internet provider is approached by a streaming company and offered a per user payment for priority streaming on the network. The CEO has a fiduciary obligation to maximize profits for the shareholders (short and long term). However, there are also strong ethical reasons for making sure that the network remains neutral in terms of the flow of information. What should the CEO do?
24
![Page 25: Introduc)on To Computers and Society CSC 301 Fall 2016 Howard Rosenthalcsc301csudhfall2016.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/7/6/22764976/... · 2018-09-09 · Lesson Goals Describe this course,](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062921/5f0317907e708231d4077ecb/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
ClassExercise2� Exercise2–ReleasingSoftware
� Isitlegitimatetoreleasesoftwarewithbugs?Whatifyouknowthatthereareprobablybugs,butdon’tyetknowwhatthosebugsorleaksare?Whoisliableforanylossesrelatedtobuggyorvirusvulnerablesoftware?Somethingstothinkabout:� Perfectsoftware(itdoesn’tactuallyexist)comesatanextremecost–i.e.spaceplatformsetc.,althougheventhesesystemshavebugsfixedwhileinorbit
� IftheoriginalWindowshadn’tbeenreleased,despitethebugs,wouldwehaveWindows10,MSOffice,Explorer,oranyoftheotherproductswerelyoneveryday
25
![Page 26: Introduc)on To Computers and Society CSC 301 Fall 2016 Howard Rosenthalcsc301csudhfall2016.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/7/6/22764976/... · 2018-09-09 · Lesson Goals Describe this course,](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062921/5f0317907e708231d4077ecb/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Exercise3� KillSwitches
� AcompanyfindsthatanApphasmalicioussoftware.Dotheyhavetherighttodeletethesoftwarefromyourphoneandthennotifyyou?
26
![Page 27: Introduc)on To Computers and Society CSC 301 Fall 2016 Howard Rosenthalcsc301csudhfall2016.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/7/6/22764976/... · 2018-09-09 · Lesson Goals Describe this course,](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062921/5f0317907e708231d4077ecb/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Exercise4� LegalEthics
� FormanyyearsmargarinewasbannedinWisconsinbecauseithurtdairyfarmers?WhatwouldLockethinkaboutthis?Rawls?
27
![Page 28: Introduc)on To Computers and Society CSC 301 Fall 2016 Howard Rosenthalcsc301csudhfall2016.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/7/6/22764976/... · 2018-09-09 · Lesson Goals Describe this course,](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062921/5f0317907e708231d4077ecb/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Exercise5� CorporateObligations
� RecentlythegovernmentaskedAppletofindabackdooropeningtotheiPhoneoftheSanBernardinoterrorist.Applerefused,citingthedangersthatwouldposetootheriPhoneusers.Whodoyouthinkwasrightinthiscase?Why?
28