Introductio to:Splanchnology

Composition: Alimentary system 消化系统 Respiratory system 呼吸系统 Urinary system 泌尿系统 Reproductive system 生殖系统

Characters of viscera Most of viscera organs lies in the thoracic, abdomi

nal and pelvis cavities All of then communicate with external environmen

t through some orifices or channels

Reference lines of thorax

Anterior median line Sternal line Midclavicular line Parasternal line Anterior axillary line Post axillary line Midaxillary line Scapular line Posterior median line

The abdominal regionsNine regions Left and right hypocho

ndriac region, epigastric region

L . and R. lateral regions of abdomen, umbilical region

L. and R. inguinal region, pubic region

Four quadrants

Left and right upper quadrants

Left and right lower quadrants

The Respiratory System

Composition Respiratory tract

Nose Pharynx upper respiratory tract Larynx Trachea

lower respiratory tract Bronchi

Lungs-paired organs of respiration Function: supply the body with oxygen

and to get rid of excess carbon dioxide resulting from cell metabolism

The Nose 鼻

External nose: Root of nose Back of nose Apex of nose Alae of nasi

Nasal cavity –divided into two halves by nasal septum

Two parts: Divided by limen nasi 鼻阈 Nasal vestibule Proper nasal cavity

Boundaries Roof － cribriform plate of eth

moid Floor － hard palate Medial wall － nasal septum Lateral wall

Nasal conchae: superior, middle and inferior

Nasal meatus: superor, middle and inferior

Sphenoethmoidal recess

Remove the middle nasal conchae Semilunar hiatus 半月裂孔 Ethmoidal infundibulum 筛漏斗 Ethmoidal bulla 筛泡

Mucous membrane of nose Olfactory region 嗅区 : located upper nasal cavity, above superi

or ， nasal conchae ， contains olfactory cells Respiratory region 呼吸区 : its function is to warm, moisten, and

clean the inspired air

The paranasal sinuses and their site of drainage into the nose

Name of sinus Site of drainage

Frontal sinus Middle meatus via infundibulum

Maxillary sinus Middle meatus through semilunar hiatus

Sphenoid sinus Sphenoethmoidal recess

Ethmoidal sinuses anterior group middle group posterior group

Middle meatusMiddle meatus Superior nasal meatus

Frontal sinus

Ethmoidal sinusesSphenoid sinus

Maxillary sinus

The Larynx 喉

Position － situated in the anterior part of the neck (below the hyoid bone), and extends from vertebral level of C4 to C6

Layngeal cartilages 喉软骨Thyroid cartilage 甲状软骨 Shield-shaped cartilage Laryngeal prominence at ba

se of thyroid notch Superior thyroid notch, supe

rior and inferior cornuaCricoid cartilage 环状软骨 Complete ring of cartilage (s

haped like a signet ring) Arch of cricoid cartilage － a

t level of C6 Larnina of cricoid cartilage

Arytenoid 杓状软骨 Paired, pyramid shaped, artic

ulate with lamina of cricoid cartilage

Vocal process anteriorly, site of posterior attachment of vocal fold

Muscular process

Epiglottic cartilage 会厌软骨 leaf-shaped elastic cartilage situated behind the root of the tongue

Laryngeal joints cricothyroid joint cricoarytenoid jointLaryngeal ligaments and membrane Thyrohyroid membrane 甲状舌骨膜－ extending from hyoid bo

ne to thyroid cartilage

Quadrangular membrane 方形膜 Between epiglottic, thyroid and aryte

noid cartilages Lower free border forms vestibular l

igament 前庭韧带 Conus elasticus 弹性圆锥

Between arytenoids, thyroid, and cricoid cartilages

Upper free border forms vocal ligament 声韧带

Median cricothyroid ligment 环甲正中韧带： may be site of circothyrotomy during acute respiratory obstruction

Cricotracheal ligament 环状软骨气管韧带－ between cricoid cartilage and first ring of trachea

Muscles of larynx Increasing tension on the vocal ligament － cricothyroid Decreasing tension on the vocal ligament － thyroarytenoid Opening the glottis － posterior cricoarytenoid Closing the glottis － cricoarytenoid

Laryngeal cavityAperture of larynx 喉口－ bounded by upper border epiglottic car

tilage, aryepiglottic folds and interarytenoid notch

Structure features Two pairs of shelf like folds :

Vestibular folds 前庭襞 Vocal folds 声襞

Two fissures Rima vestibulithe 前庭裂 Fissure of glottis 声门裂

Inter membranous part 膜间部 － anterior 3/5, between vocal-folds

Inter cartilagrnous part 软骨间部 － posterior 2/5, between arytenoids cartilages

Three parts Laryngeal vestibule 喉前庭

Extends from the aperture of larynx to the rima vestibuli

Tubercle of epiglottis 会厌结节 Intermedial cavity of larynx

喉中间腔 Extends from the level of the ri

ma vestibuli to the level of the fissure of glottis

Ventricle of larynx 喉室 － a small recess between vestibular and vocal folds on each side

Infraglottic cavity 声门下腔 extends from the level of the vo

cal folds to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage

The Trachea 气管 Position: extends from the lower bor

der of cricoid cartilage to the level of sternal angle (between T4 － T5 vertebrae) where it divides into right and left principal bronchi

Structure features Consists of about 16 － 20 C-shap

ed incomplete tracheal cartilages for patency connected by smooth muscle and connective

Carina of trachea 气管隆嵴 －ridge of cartilage at bifurcation into principal bronchi

Bronchi 支气管Right principal bronchus 右主支气管 Shorter, wider, and more vertical than t

he left , is about 2.5cm long, Leaves the extend line of the middle line of trachea at 22 ～ 25o angle

Foreign bodies are therefore more likely to lodge in this bronchus or one of its branches

Left principal bronchus 左主支气管 Narrower, longer, and more horizontal

than the right is about 5cm long, leaves the extend line of the middle line o trachea at about 35 ～ 36o angle

The Lungs 肺Position: located in the thoracic c

avity by both sides of mediastinum

General features Cone-shaped, the right lung is s

horter and broader, the left one is longer and narrower

Apex of lung － rises 2 ～ 3 cm above the medial third of clavicle into neck

Base － concave, related to diaphragm, also called diaphragmatic surface

Costal surface － large, convex, related to thoracic wall

Medial surface － concave, related to mediastinum and vertebrae Hilum of lung 肺门： area on medial s

urface where structures in root enter or leave lung

Root of lung 肺根 Contents

Principal bronchus Pulmonary artery and vein Nerves and lymphatics

Surrounded by connective tissue Order of structures in the root of lung

From before backward: V.A. B. From above downward:

R. － B. A. V. L. － A. B. V.

Borders Posterior － blunt Inferior － sharp Anterior － sharp

cardiac notch 心切迹 lingual in left lung 左肺小舌

Lobes and Fissure Right lung

Two fissures : horizontal an oblique

Three lobes : superior, middle, inferior

Left lung One fissure : oblique Two lobes : superior and inferi

or

Bronchial tree 支气管树 Each principal bronchus

divides into lobar bronchi (two on the left, three on the right), each of which supplies a lobe of lung. Each lobar bronchus then divided into segmental bronchi, which supply specific segments of the lung.

Bronchopulmonary segments 支气管肺段 Wedge shaped, with the base lying peripherally and the

apex lying towards the root of lungs, ten in each lung Each with a segmental bronchus and branches of

pulmonary artery The veins lie both in and between segments

The Pleura 胸膜General features Serous membranes for

ming closed sacs Two layers

Visceral pleura － adheres to lung, continuous with parietal pleura at root of lung

Parietal pleura － lines the thoracic cavity

Two pleural layers continue with each other at root of lung forming closed potential space － pleural cavity 胸膜腔 Contains a small amount pleur

al fluid Subatmospheric pressure in it

Named parts of parietal pleura Cupula of pleura 胸膜顶 －

extends up into the neck, over the apex of lung, 2 ～ 3cm above the medial third of clavicle

Costal pleura 肋胸膜 － lines the inner surface of the wall of the chest

Mediastinal pleura 纵隔胸膜 Lines mediastinum Pulmonary ligament 肺韧带

－ redundant pleura at root of lung, which extends downward, allows movement of structures forming root of lung

Diaphragmatic pleura 膈胸膜－Lines diaphragm

Pleura recesses 胸膜隐窝－potential spaces of pleural cavity which lungs are not occupied in quiet respiration

Costodiaphragmatic recesse肋膈隐窝－ are the slit-like intervals between costal and diaphragmatic pleurae on each side, the lowest point of pleural cavity

Costomediastinal recess 肋纵隔隐窝－ on the left side between the mediastinal pleural and costal pleura

The surface projection of lower border of lung and pleurae Lower border

Midclavicular lines

Midaxillary lines

Sides of the vertebral column

Lungs 6th rib 8th rib 10th rib

Pleura 8th rib 10th rib 12th rib