introduction-2014.pdf

8/10/2019 Introduction-2014.pdf

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ADVANCED RESERVOIR

ENGINEERING

EN 9114


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Advanced Reservoir Engineering

Formalities


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Formalities Reservoir Engineering EN9114.

EVALUATION:

Mid Term Exam: 25

Project: 15

Assignments: 10

Final Exam: 50

Closed Book Exams

Course Material: Handouts, Lecture notes (Posted on D2L)

Mid Term Exam: Thursday March 6, 9:00 10:00 am

Instructor: Dr. Thormod E. Johansen.

Office : ER 6007 email: [email protected]

TAs: TBA

Office: ER 6005
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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RESERVOIR ENGINEERING-EN9114

COURSE CONTENT

Introduction

World Oil Reserves/Production

Reservoir Geology

Exploration

Core Analysis

Well logging

Well Completion


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RESERVOIR ENGINEERING-EN9114 (Course Content Cntd)

Basic Reservoir Parameters

Rock Properties

Porosity

Permeabili ty-Darcys Law, non-Darcy Flow

Rock Compressibility

Upscaling

Porosity Permeabili ty Relationships

Well Inflow Equations

Skin

Well Productivity


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RESERVOIR ENGINEERING-EN9114 (Course Content cntd)

Rock Fluid Interactions

Capillary Pressure

Relative Permeability

Hysteresis

Leverett J-Function

Residual, Irreducible and Critical Saturations


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RESERVOIR ENGINEERING-EN9114 (Course Content)

Fluid Properties

Basic PVT Experiments

Fluid Characterization with Equation of State

Black Oil Parameters

Model Formulations

Black Oil Model

Composit ional Model

Models for Miscible Flooding

First Contact Miscibili ty

Condensing Gas Drive

Vaporizing Gas Drive

Dispersion


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Reservoir Simulation

Grid Generation

Space and Time Discretization

Transmissibility

Well modelingFully Implic it versus IMPES Discretization

Numerical Errors in Reservoir Simulation

Fractional Flow Theory

Two Phase, 1D model with Analytical Solution

Water Flooding Recovery Factor

Time to Water Breakthrough Calculations


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Ternary Diagrams

Composit ion Paths

Tie Line Geometry

Software Used in Case Studies

Eclipse

Prosper

(Possibly PVTsim)


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Case Studies will be selected from these topics

Water Flooding

Gas Injection

Well Operating Conditions Art ific ial Lift


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INTRODUCTION TO PETROLEUM SCIENCE

1) Oil reserves

2) Geology

3) Reservoi r Characterization

4) Core analysis

5) Drilling

6) Well Completion

7) Surface and sub-sea development

8) Role of Reservoir Engineering - Simulation

END FORMALITIES


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1. OIL RESERVES

Remaining Reserves:

Volume of producibleoil remaining in reservoir at a given point in time,

measured at surface conditions (STC).

Producible means: A mathematical model approved by the industry,

authorities has been used to calculate the volume.

Reserves are updated by operator (at least) once a year.

Remaining Resources:

Volume of STC oil remaining in reservoir at a given point in time.

Resources are updated by operator (at least) once a year.

Also calculated by approved mathematical method.

At t = 0, the resource is called STOIIP (Stock Tank Oil Initially In

Place).

Recovery factor= Total cummulative Production/STOIIP


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World OilReserves (Source: Wikipedia 2013)

Country Billions of barrels

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Venezuela 297

2. Saudi Arabia 268

3. Canada 175

4. Iran 157

5. Iraq 140

6. Kuwait 104

7. UAE 98

8. Russia 80

9. Libya 48

10. Nigeria 37

12. China 26

21. Norway 7


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Largest Oil Producers 2013 (Mbbl/day)

1. Russia 10.7 12.7%2. Saudi Arabia 9.6 11.3%

3. USA 9.0 10.7%

4. Iran 4.2 4.8%

5. China 4.0 4.6%

6. Canada 3.6 3.9%

7. Irak 3.4 3.8%

8. UAE 3.1 3.3%9. Mexico 2.9 3.6%

10. Kuwait 2.7 3.0

53.2 62.0%Total


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Oil Field Init ial Reserves (Source: Wikipedia 2010)

Field Country Billions of barrels

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Ghawar Saudi Arabia 83

2. Burgan Kuwait 72

3. Sugar Loaf Brazil 40

4. Cantarell* Mexico 20

Ekofisk* Norway 3.5

Statfjord* Norway 3.5

Lille-Frigg* Norway 0.008

Hibernia * Canada 1.4

Terra Nova* & White Rose* Canada 0.4

*Off shore


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2. Geology

RockTypes:Igneous

Metamorphic

Sedimentary

Sediments:

Where are they from?

Where are they deposited?

Why are they important?


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Deltas - Comparison of types

Fluvial-dominateddeltas are characterised

by highly indented profiles and a fingeringpattern of sand distribution related to the

position of major distributary channels.

This type of delta is favoured by fine-

grained sediment supply and low basin

energy.Strong basin waves will rework and

redistribute sediment as it arrives at

river mouths and results in wave-

dominated, lobate deltas with smooth

arcuate to cuspate shoreline geometries.

A high tidal range and very large

sediment supply can result in tide-

dominateddeltas. Highly indented

shorelines with funnel shaped

distributaries and linear tidal ridges arecharacteristic of these settings.


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River Systems - Meandering Rivers

Figure from Nichols, 1999; his Figure 9.9

Point Bar


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Types of sedimentary rock

Shale (from mud and clay)

Laid down as mud at the mouths of rivers

Sometimes contains lots of organic material

Impermeable (fluids cannot flow through).

Sandstone

Laid down on beaches and deltas

Permeable (Fluids can flow through)

Limestone & dolomite (from reef formation)

Laid down in reefs, and in shallow water

Permeable


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Tectonic Forces

Forces that move the continental plates

around and throw up mountains

Same forces cause flat layers of sedimentsto buckle and break:

Faulting

Folding


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Petroleum Reservoirs

We need:

Trap: faulting & folding

Cap rock: impermeable shale

Reservoir rock: sandstone or limestone

Organic source: organic rich shale

Heat and pressure: burial to great depths in

the earth


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There are at least four controls on the hydrocarbon height in a trap.

Oil and Gas Traps - HC Column Height

Critical Factors for a Trap

Trap has an effective seal and is full to spill.

STRUCTURAL SPILL POINT SEAL CAPACITY

SEAL EXTENT HYDROCARBON CHARGE

Seal strength is too low to support a HC column to

the structural spill point.

Seal does not cover entire structure or has a weak

point above the structural spill point.

SPILL POINT

defined by seal

There is insufficient migration of HCs to fill the

trap.

Structural SPILL POINT

Structural SPILL POINT


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Oil and Gas Traps - Nomenclature

CREST- highest point on a

trap.

STRUCTURAL SPILL POINT

- lowest point on a trap that can

contain hydrocarbons.

CLOSURE- height from crest to spill

point

or OIL LEG

or WATER LEG


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3. Seismic acquisition


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Vertical Seismic Profi les (VSP)

Geophones


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4. FORMATION EVALUATION. CORE ANALYSES

ROUTINE CORE ANALYSIS

Porosity

Permeability

Fluid Saturations

SPECIAL CORE ANALYSIS

Capillary Pressure (for fluid distribution in the

reservoir)

Core Floods (for multi phase fluid flow and recoveryfactor)

Petrophysical measurements (for logg interpretation)

Rock Mechanical tests (for borehole stability,

compressibility, fracturing, compaction etc.)


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Porosity

Bulk Volume: Vb

Pore Volume: Vp

Porosity: = Vp/ VbSaturation: S = Phase Volume/Pore Volume

= Phase Volume/ Vb


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4. WELL LOGGING Measurement of physical parameters in situ

Wire Line Log

Logging while drilling

Some commen types of loggs:

Resistivity logg (Hydrocarbons vs. Water)

Gamma Logg: Natural radioactivity in well (Clays vs. Sands)

Neutron density logg (Porosity)

Gamma Density logg (Porosity) Sonic logg (Porosity)

Dipmeter, Kaliper (dip, hole size)


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Resistivity Logging


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Principle of Resistivity Logging

The Potential difference

between Equi-Potential

Surfaces at M and N

determines the resistivity

of the formation.


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Gamma Density Log

Scattered Photons are detected.

Intensity is measured.

Intensity is related to number of electrons

Number of electrons is related to formation

density

Formation density is related to composit ion

(silicon, hydrocarbons, water)

Compton Effect

G i


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Gamma Density Log for Porosity

Measurement

Gamma Density Log

P i i l f N t D it L


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Principles of Neutron Density Logs

Neutrons have zero electric charge. Hence, they have high penetrating power and

are therefore important in well logging.

Neutrons disintegrate naturally. Emit electrons and become protons; n e-+ p+

A source is emitting high energy neutrons

The emitted neutrons collide with nuclei in the formation and loose energy in each

collision.

The energy loss per collision is highest for collision with light nuclei, i.e. hydrogen.

The neutron log reflects the content of hydrogen in the formation.

The hydrogen content in the formation is related to the content of water and oil in

the pores.

The neutrons are slowed down by series of collisions until they start to diffuserandomly and eventually are absorbed by nuclei

A capturing nucleus becomes highly excited and emits a high energy gamma

photon.

The neutron log detects either the gamma photon from excited capturing nuclei or

the scattered neutrons themselves, or both.


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5. Reservoirs Characterization

The fundamental property of Reservoirs is POROSITY().

However, to be anEffective Reservoirthere must be PERMEABILITY(K).

MICRO- pore scale

MACRO- field scale architecture


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2007 Petro-Canada

Terra Nova SCAL difference in perm between new and old cores

Terra Nova Core Data

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

0.0000 0.0500 0.1000 0.1500 0.2000 0.2500 0.3000

Corrected Porosity (fraction)

Perm(

md)

PG1 kair

PG2 kair

GIG3 kair

C-09 kair

H-99 kair

K-07 kair

I-97 kair

E-79 kair

F-88 1 kair

C-69 1 kair

Delineation Correlation

Original

delineation wells

old data

Development

wells new data

6 DRILLING


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6. DRILLING

Liner hangerCasing Program


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H i t l V ti l?


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Horizontal or Vertical?


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7. WELL COMPLETION

Open Hole Bare Foot Completion


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Wi W d S Sl tt d Li G l P k S d


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Wire Wrapped Screen Slotted Liner - Gravel Packs: Sand

Control


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Slotted Liner - Wire Wrapped Screen


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Mult iple Completion


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Gas Break Through

LOST

GAS

OIL

Reservoir Pressure

Wellbore pressure


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GAS

OIL

Reservoir Pressure

Wellbore pressure


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Formation

Perforation

Cement

Casing

Inflow Control Valve

Sand Screen

Tubing

Gravel

Packer

Borehole


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8 Subsea and Surface Facilities


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8. Subsea and Surface Facilities


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SUBSEA CHRISTMAS TREE

Connects to wellhead

Valves and piping to

control flow to/fromthe well


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PROTECTION FROM

ICEBERGS

Glory Holes:

Minimize probabilitythat icebergs will

damage subsea

equipment

9 Fluid Separation


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9. Fluid Separation.


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8. ROLE OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERING - SIMULATION


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8. ROLE OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERING SIMULATION



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Input Parameters Data acquisition

Reservoir Characterization

Mass balance model the Continuity EquationMathematical formulation of a reservoir simulator

Numerical Discretization

Reservoir simulation grids

Upscaling of petrophysical properties

History Matching


Summary of Reservoir

Oil Production/Water

InjectionUpscaling Oil Production/Gas

Injection

ORIGINAL

+16 YEARSMILLIONS of

Cells

THOUSANDS of Cells


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Sub-Layers

Cross Bedding

Shales

Micro Faults

Reservoir Simulation Before 1990


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Real Well Reservoir Simulator well=

Reservoir simulation


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Reservoir Simulation after 2000


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Numerical Well PathReal Well Path

Reservoir Simulation after 2000.

Numerical

Real

Dril ling and Completion TechnologyDevelopment


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1990

2000

Geo steering

Rotary Steerable Drilling

Increased Rate of Penetration

Measurement While Dril ling

Advanced Completions

Multi lateral wells

Surface Adjustable Down Hole Valves

Development

introduction-2014.pdf

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