introduction 30-40% of all cancers arise from the epithelial lining of the aerodigestive tract. 51%...
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Introduction
• 30-40% of all cancers arise from the epithelial lining of the aerodigestive tract.
• 51% & 38% of cancer deaths of men and women are from lung and GI tract.
• These cancers are discovered late, are also aggressive and resistant to chemo- and radiation therapy.
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Lung cancer
• In men, the incidence is slightly lower than that of prostate cancer but mortality is 3 times higher.
• In women, the incidence is less than half that of breast cancer but mortality is slightly higher.
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Etiology
• Tobacco smoking
• Uranium
• Radon
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Types
• Non-small cell carcinoma– Squamous cell
carcinoma
– Adenocarcinoma
– Large cell undifferentiated
– Others
• Small cell carcinoma– Aggressive
– Chemotherapy-sensitive
– Neuroendocrine differentiation
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Esophageal cancer
• Mostly squamous cell carcinoma. Adenocarcinoma is less common.
• 1-2% of all cancer deaths in USA
• Occurs in adults (>50 yo)
• Male:Female = 3:1
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Risk factors
• Retarded passage of food
• Long-standing esophagitis
• Alcohol consumption
• Tobacco abuse
• Loss of tumour suppressor gene (p53)
• Others
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Squamous cell carcinoma
Pathogenesis
Mild Moderate Severe
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Esophageal adenocarcinoma
Chronic Reflux Gastric
adenocarcinoma
Intestinal metaplasia (Barrett's esophagus)
Dysplasia
Direct extension
Primary Esophageal
Adenocarcinoma
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Gastric cancer
• Worldwide, high incidence in Japan
• Declining incidence & mortality
• 3% of all cancer deaths in USA
• Five year survival <10%
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Risk factors
• Chronic atrophic gastritis
• Dietary factors
• Chronic gastritis (Helicobacter pylori)
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Pancreatic cancer
• Almost equal incidence rate as gastric cancer
• One of the most lethal of all human cancers
• 5 year survival is <5%
• Most cases occur in the head of pancreas
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Colorectal cancer
• 98% of large bowel cancers
• Almost always in an adenoma
• Familial or sporadic
• Worldwide distribution, high in NA
• Peak incidence 60-70 years of age
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Adenoma-carcinoma sequence
Normal Mucosa
Mucosa at risk
Adenoma
Adenocarcinoma
Invasive adenocarcinoma
First hit
Second hit
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Risk factors
• Low vegetable diet
• High content of carbohydrates, fat and protein
• Decrease protective micronutrients (vitamins A, C & E)
• Familial
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Types
• Sporadic (the majority)
• Hereditary/familial– Familial adenomatosis polyposis (FAP)
syndrome– Hereditary non-familial polyposis
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