introduction
DESCRIPTION
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I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Plant protection has a very important role in determining the success of the
crop cultivation. Plant protection is an effort to protect the plants from threats or
disturbances that may damage, harm, or interfere with the normal life process of
the plants, from pre-planting into the post-planting. Disruption or threat to the
crops can be nuisance organisms or plant pests (OPT), weather or climatic
conditions, soil conditions, as well as errors in the cultivation of agricultural
crops. Plant protection includes protection against pests, diseases, weeds, and etc.
In the pest control program there are many actions that can be performed by
farmer, all of them is a unity of action that have a chain effect. The action starts
with learning the morphological characteristic of pest, pest attack symptoms, the
life cycle of the pest until the destroying stages, all of them are studied,
researched, and discovered how to control them, that’s called pest identification.
The identification process is not only done with the pests but also with the weeds
and also the disease. After the identification process continued with efforts to
prevent the crop plant with either natural or artificial (chemical) process.
The relationship between plants and pests can not be separated from one
another. The plant is required by pests as our shelter, food and breeding. The
plants that are attacked by pests will be damaged and cause symptoms.
Disturbance to vegetation caused by viruses, bacteria, and fungi are called disease.
Unlike pests, diseases do not eat plants, but they are harmful to plants by
interfering with the process - a process in the body so that the plant shut down
plants. Therefore, plant disease, generally, his parts intact. However, the activities
of life disrupted and can cause death
In the cultivation of the plant will not be apart of pest problems including
pests, diseases and weeds. The existence of this pest can cause loss of crops and
even led to crop failure. Control of crop pests with pesticides has been widely used
by the farmers in Indonesia, because it has many advantages compared with other
control measures. But we realize it or not the use of pesticides, especially to
excess, can cause a negative impact since most pesticides used to control pests
such plants are biocides (killer of living things) that not only are toxic to target
pests, but can also influence the not desirable to non-target organisms, including
humans and the environment. Although however, pesticide still plays an important
role in agricultural production efforts. Therefore, farmers have to be judicious in
their use.
B. Purpose.
Morphology, identification of pests and damage indicaations
Practical Morphology, identification of pests and plant damage symptoms aims to:
1) Pest inroduction based on the morphological characteristic
a) Students able to recognize and describe thhe morhological characteristhic
of animal pests.
b) Students able to identify several groups of animal pest based on the
morphological characteristic.
2) Signs and indications of plant attack
a) Students able to know learn the types of pest indication from each type of
oral appliance pests
3) Determination key of several insects orders (pests).
a) Students able to identify several groups of insect pests to the level of orders
based on the morphological characteristic.
II. OBSERVATION AND DISCUSSION
A. Morphology, Identification of Pests and Damage Indocation
1. Observations
a. Pests Introduction Based on the Morphological Characteristics and Sign
and Indications of Pest Plant Attack
1) Snail (Achatina fulica Bowd.)
Picture 1.1 Snail (Achatina fulica Bowd.)
Source : Tentative Draft
Explanation :
1. Mouth
2. Eyes
3. Exoskeleton
4. Tentacle
5. Semi foot
6. Mucus
Taxonomy
Phylum : Mollusca
Class : Gastropoda
Order : Archetiraenioglossa
Family : Scolioidea
Genus : Pomacea Species : Pomacea comalicuta L.
Morphology :
a. Has exoskeleton
b. Have a slimmy body and soft body
c. Mouth type : Biting-chewing
d. Didn’t pass the metamorphosis
Picture 1.2 Symptom of Snail (Achatina fulica Bowd.)
Symptoms at the picture is the holes, tears, and mucus on the
cassava leaves. Species that cause these symptoms are snail
(Achatina fulica).
2) Nimfa (Valanga nigricornis)
Picture 1.3 Nimfa (Valanga nigricornis)
Source : Tentative Draft
Explanation:
1. Heaad
2. Thorax
3. Abdomen
4. Eyes
5. Antena
6. Legs
7. Tail
8. Mouth
Morphology :
1. Mouth type : Biting-chewing
2. Just like a grasshopper but the wings is larger than the
abdomen.
Grasshopper (Valanga nigricornis)
Picture 1.4 Grasshopper (Valanga nigricornis)
Source : Tentative Draft
Explanation:
1. Heaad
2. Thorax
3. Abdomen
4. Palps
5. Wings
6. Jumping legs
7. Compound eye
8. Antena
9. Jaws
10. Walking legs
11. Spirades
Taxonomy
Phylum : Arthropoda
Class : Insecta
Order : Orthrof
Family : Acrididae
Genus : Valanga
Species:
Valanga nigricornis
Morphology:
a. Mouth type : Biting-chewing
b. Have a facet eye
c. It has 3 pairs of leg
d. It has 3 segments of body there are
head, thorax, abdomen
e. Metamorphosis: paurometabola.
Picture 1.5 Symptom of Grasshopper (Valanga nigricornis)
Symptoms at the picture is tears on the side of citrus leaves.
Species that cause these symptoms are grasshopper (Valanga
nigricornis)
3) Plant Parasitic Nematode (Meloigdogyne sp.)
Picture 1.6 Plant Parasitic Nematode
(Meloigdogyne sp.)
Source : Tentative Draft
Explanation:
1. Stylet
2. Head
3. Body
4. Tail
5. Anus
Taxonomy :
Phylum : Nematelminthes
Class : Nematoda
Order : Tylenchida
Family : Heteroderidae
Genus : Meloidogyne
Species :Meloidogyne spp.
Morphology :
a. Have a mouth shaped like a needle tool called stilet and
bilaterally symmetrical body
b. Mouth type : piercing-sucking
c. Didn’t pass the metamorphosis
d. It has no leg
e. Not segmented body and has a simetric nad billateral body.
Picture 1.7 Symptom of Plant Parasitic
Nematode (Meloigdogyne sp.)
Symptoms at the picture is the root knot.
Species that cause these symptoms are nematode (Meloidogyne sp.)
4) Field Mouse (Rattuss-rattus argentiventer Rob & KL)
Picture 1.8 Field Mouse(Rattuss-rattus argentiventer Rob & KL)
Source : Tentative Draft
Explanation:
1. Head
2. Mouth
3. Moustache
4. Foot
5. Tail
6. Body
7. Eye
8. Ear
Taxonomy
Phylum : Chordata
Class : Mamalia
Order : Rodentia
Family : Muridae
Genus : Rattus-rattus
Species : Rattus-rattus argentiventer
Morphology
a. Mouth type : Biting-chewing
b. Upper body color : old brown
c. Under body color : soft brown
d. Its tail is 5 cm and Its body is 10 cm
e. Metamorphosis: Non metamorphosis
Picture 1.9 Symptom of Field Mouse (Rattuss-rattus argentiventer Rob & KL)
Symptoms at the picture is broken stem on paddy.
Species that cause these symptoms are field mouse (Rattus-rattus
argentiventer).
5) Munia Birds (Munia sp.)
Source : Tentative Draft
Explanation:
1. Beak
2. Eye
3. Wings
4. Foot
5. Tail
Taxonomy
Phylum : Chordata
Class : Aves
Order : Passeriformis
Family : Plocidae
Genus : Munia
Species : Munia sp.
Morphology:
a. Mouth type: Bite and chew
b. It’s fur colors is brown-grey
Picture 1.10 Munia Birds (Munia sp.)
c. Metamorphosis: ametabola
d. Munia is seed consumer
Picture 1.11 Symptom of Munia Bird (Munia sp.)
Symptoms at the picture is decreasing of grain in paddy, because
munia bird eating rice grain that ready for the yield
Species that cause these symptoms are Munia bird (Munia sp.)
6) Red Mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus)
Picture 1.12 Red Mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus)
Source : Tentative Draft
Explanation:
1. Cepallothorax
2. Abdomen
3. Legs
4. Chelicerae
Taxonomy
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class : Arachnida
Order : Acarina
Family : Tetranychidae
Genus :Tetranychinus
Spesies : Tetranychus cinnabarinus
Morphology:
a) It has 4 pairs of leg
b) It has 2 segments of body, there
are cepallothorax and abdomen
c) Didn’t pass metamorphosis
d) Mouth type: piercing and suck
e) Have a red colour
Picture 1.13 Symptom of Red Mite (Tetranychus urticae)
Symptoms at the picture is spot on the leaves, in the attacked plant
has a red spot, and the bak of the leaf .
Species that cause these symptoms are red mite (Tetranychus
cinnabarinus)
B. Determination key of several insects orders (Pests)
1) Rhinoceros Bettle (Oryctes rhinoceros)
Picture 1.14 Larvae Pictture 1.15 Pupae Pictture 1.16 Imago
a) Taxonomy
Phylum : Arthropoda
Class : Insecta
Order : Coleoptera
b) Explanation
Larvae type : Oligopoda
Pupae type : Exarata/Libera
Metamorphosis type : Holometabolous
Oral appliance type : Bite and chew (Mandibulata)
Damaging stadium : Imago and larvae
c) Determination Key
1(a) : Have 2 pair of wings, textured front wings is like mica/skin,
especially at the base of the wing, rear wing is a membrane
………………………….2
2(b) : The type of mouth appliance is the chewing type, mandible
…...4
4(a) : The front wing is like mica/horn without vein (elytra) , the
rear wing is a membrane with many few veins
……………………………………………..(Coleoptera).
d) Sign of pest attack
Pictture 1.17 Coconut leaf
Symptom : The tip of leave is broken and torn,
Causer: Rhinoceros bettle (Oryctes rhinoceros).
2) Butterfly (Erionota thrax)
Pictture 1.18 Larvae Pictture 1.19 Pupae Pictture 1.20 Imago
a) Taxonomy
Phylum : Arthropoda
Class : Insecta
Order : Lepidoptera
b) Explanation
Larvae type : Polipoda
Pupae type : Obtecta
Metamorphosis type : Holometabolous
Oral appliance type : Bite and chew / mandibulata (larva) and
piercing and suck / haustelata (imago)
Damaging stadium : larva dan imago
c) Determination Key
1(b) : Front and rear wings is a membrane.
5(a) : Both of wings covered with scales (Lepidoptera).
d) Sign of pest attack
Pictture 1.21 Banana leaves
Symptom: The banana leaf is curling and some part is ripped and
colored brown because larvae secretion.
Causer: Larvae of butterfly (Erionota thrax).
3) Gundhi Bug (Leptocorisa acuta)
Pictture 1.22 Imago
a) Taxonomy
Phylum : Arthropoda
Class : Insecta
Order : Hemiptera
b) Explanation
Metamorphosis type : Paurometabolous
Oral appliance type : Piercing and sucking (Haustelata)
Damaging stadium : Imago and nymph
c) Determination Key
1(a) :Have 2 pair of wings textured front wing is like mica / skin,
especially at the base of the wing, rear wing is a membrane
……………………….. 2
2(a) :The type of oral appliance is the suction type with a long
beak shape that jointed ………………………………….3
3(a) :The texture of the base in front wing is like mica the tip of
the wing is membrane (hemelytron), the wings tips overlap
when it is alight……….(Hemiptera).
d) Sign of pest attack
Pictture 1.23 Paddy plant (Rice grain)
Symptom : Rice grain in a pra-mature condition have been pierced
by (Leptocorisa acuta) then the grain will be empty
and have piercing mark
Causer: Gundhi bug (Leptocorisa acuta).
4) Fruit fly (Dacus sp.)
Pictture 1.24 Larvae Pictture 1.25 Pupae Pictture 1.26 Imago
a) Taxonomy
Phylum : Arthropoda
Class : Insecta
Order : Diptera
b) Explanation
Larvae type : Apoda
Pupae type : Coartata
Metamorphosis type : Holometabolous
Oral appliance type : Piercing and sucking (Haustelata)
Damaging stadium : Larvae and Imago
c) Determination Key
1(b) : Front and rear wings is a membrane ..............………...5
5(b) : Sayap tidak tertutup sisik ……………………………..6
6(b) : Sayap depan dan belakang tidak seperti diatas ……….7
7(b) : Ukuran tubuh beragam, sayap tanpa rumbai ………….8
8(b) : Sayap depan ada, sayap belakang tereduksi menjadi alat
keseimbangan (kalter)……………………….. (Diptera)
d) Sign of pest attack
Pictture 1.28 Buah Belimbing
Explanation Gejala : Daging buah menjadi busuk, terdapat bercak
pada buah.
Hama yang merusak : Lalat Buah (Dacus sp.)
5) Lebah (Apis sp.)
Pictture 1.29 Nimfa Pictture 1.30 Imago
a) Taxonomy
Phylum : Arthropoda
Class : Insecta
Order : Hymenoptera
b) Explanation
Metamorphosis type : Holometabola
Oral appliance type : Penusuk-penghisap (Haustelata)
Damaging stadium : Penyerbukan
c) Determination Key
1(b) : Sayap depan dan belakang bersifat membran ………...5
5(b) : Sayap tidak tertutup sisik ……………………………..6
6(b) : Sayap depan dan belakang tidak seperti diatas ……….7
7(b) : Ukuran tubuh beragam, sayap tanpa rumbai ………….8
8(a) : Tubuh agak padat, ada penggentingan antara toraks dan
abdomen, sayap belakang lebih kecil dari sayap depan
………………………………………….(Hymenoptera)
d) Wereng Coklat (Nilaparvata lugens)
Pictture 1.31 Imago
a) Taxonomy
Phylum : Arthropoda
Class : Insecta
Order : Homoptera
b) Explanation
Metamorphosis type : Paurometabola
Oral appliance type : Penusuk-penghisap (Haustelata)
Damaging stadium : Imago
c) Determination Key
1(a) : Mempunyai 2 pasang sayap, sayap depan bertekstur seperti
mika/kulit, terutama dipangkal sayap, sayap belakang
bersifat membran ……………………………2
2(a) : Alat mulut tipe penghisap dengan bentuk paruh panjang
yang beruas-ruas ………………………………………3
3(b) : Sayap depan dengan tekstur yang seragam, ujung sayap
sedikit tumpang-tindih ……………………(Homoptera)
d) Sign of pest attack
Tanaman padi
a) Sundep
Pictture 1.32 Sundep (Padi Fase Vegetatif)
Explanation Gejala : Tanaman padi yang terserang saat fase
vegetatif, sehingga tanaman layu,
menguning, mengering dan akhirnya
mati.
Hama yang merusak : Scirpophaga incertulas.
b) Beluk
Pictture 1.33 Beluk (Padi fase generatif)
Explanation Gejala :Tanaman padi yang terserang telah
memasuki fase generatif (berbuah)
sehingga tanaman layu, menguning,
mengering dan akhirnya mati.
Isi bulir kosong dan berwarna hitam.
Hama yang merusak : Scirpophaga incertulas.