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1 Introduction Chemical Properties & Physical Properties Chemical compositions Total number concentration, optical coefficients, density, refractive index, equilibrium water content On-line & Off-line Measurement Analysis on line: monitor Analysis in Lab Integral Measurement & Size- Resolved Measurement

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Introduction. Chemical Properties & Physical Properties Chemical compositions Total number concentration, optical coefficients, density, refractive index, equilibrium water content On-line & Off-line Measurement Analysis on line: monitor Analysis in Lab - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Introduction

1

Introduction

Chemical Properties & Physical Properties Chemical compositions Total number concentration, optical coefficients,

density, refractive index, equilibrium water content On-line & Off-line Measurement

Analysis on line: monitor Analysis in Lab

Integral Measurement & Size-Resolved Measurement

Page 2: Introduction

2

Introduction

Physical Properties

P. H. McMurry, Atmospheric Environment 34 (2000) 1959-1999

Instrument Measured Quantity and ResolutionPerfect Single Particle Measurements of Size-Resolved Composition

Measurements of Integral or Size-Resolved Physical Properties“Continuous” measurements of integral properties: CNC, CCN, Mass conc., Epiphaniometer, Integrating nephelometer, Photoacoustic spectrometer

Time-integrated measurements of size-resolved mass:

Cascade impactor

Physical size distributions:Optical particle counterElectrical mobility analyzerAerodynamic particle sizerDiffusion battery

Page 3: Introduction

3

Introduction

Chemical Properties

P. H. McMurry, Atmospheric Environment 34 (2000) 1959-1999

Instrument Measured Quantity and ResolutionPerfect Single Particle Measurements of Size-Resolved Composition

Measurements of Integral or Size-Resolved Chemical Properties

Time and size integrated measurements of composition:

Filter

Time-integrated measurements of size-resolved mass:

Cascade impactor Electron Miscroscopy Laser MiscroscopyReal-time measurement of individual particle composition

Mass spectrometer for individual particle analysis

Page 4: Introduction

4

Measurements of Aerosol Physical PropertiesIntegral measurements Number Concentration

CNC, CPC Particle Mass Concentration

Manual Methods: Filter and Balance Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) Sampler

Automated Method: Beta gauges (PM10) TEOM (Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance )

Page 5: Introduction

5

Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) High Volume (Hi-Vol) Sampler

Volumetric flow: 60-100 m3/hrFilter size: 20 x 25 cm filter24 hours sampling

Principle: Inertial Impaction, Interception

Measurements of Aerosol Chemical/Physical Properties Integral Measurements

Page 6: Introduction

6

Beta gaugesPrinciple: A beta gauge consists of two basic components – a source of radiation, and a radiation detector. The filter to be measured is placed between the source and detector.

Measurements of Aerosol Physical Properties Integral Measurements

Beta Gauge Particulate Monitor determines particulate concentration by measuring the amount of radiation a sample absorbs when exposed to a radioactive source. In general, the more energy absorbed, the greater the particulate concentration.

Page 7: Introduction

7

TEOM (Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance )

Measurements of Aerosol Physical Properties Integral Measurements

It measures the mass collected on an exchangeable filter cartridge by monitoring the corresponding frequency changes of a tapered element. The sample flow passes through the filter, where particulate matter collects, and then continues through the hollow tapered element on its way to an electronic flow control system and vacuum pump.

As more mass collects on the exchangeable filter, the tube's natural frequency of oscillation decreases. A direct relationship exists between the tube's change in frequency and mass on the filter.

Page 8: Introduction

8

Measurements of Aerosol Chemical PropertiesOff-line measurements Filter sampling

Filtration TSP (HiVol) sampler, PM10 (HiVol) sampler Dichot sampler (PM2.5 and PM2.5~10) Cyclone (PM1, PM2.5 and PM10) Personal sampler (ex. ORBO 53 tube)Inertial Impaction UW III Cascade impactor MOUDI (Multi-Orifice Uniform Deposit

Impactor)Gravimetric Settling- Dry Deposition

Electron microscopy Morphology and Element Composition

Page 9: Introduction

9

Filter samplingExample:Inlet, Filter holder, Flow measurement device , Pump

Page 10: Introduction

10

PM10 (Hi-Vol) sampler

Volumetric flow: 60-100 m3/hrFilter size: 20 x 25 cm filter24 hours sampling

Principle: Inertial Impaction, Interception

Size: PM10

Use: Mass concentration, Chemical composition

Measurements of Aerosol Chemical/Physical Properties Integral Measurements

Page 11: Introduction

11

Virtual Dichotomous samplerMeasurements of Aerosol Chemical/Physical Properties Size Resolved Measurements

Size: PM2.5 and PM2.5-10

Use: Mass concentration, Chemical composition

Page 12: Introduction

12

Cyclone

Large Particle would be removed

Small Particle would be collected by filter

Measurements of Aerosol Chemical/Physical Properties Size Resolved Measurements

Page 13: Introduction

13

MOUDI (Multi-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor)

Measurements of Aerosol Chemical/Physical Properties Size Resolved Measurements

Page 14: Introduction

14

Dry deposition sampler

圖 3.6 乾沈降平板採樣器外觀圖

尾

翼

平 板

濾紙

腳架

圖3.2.5 乾沈降平板採樣器外觀圖

Filter

Plate

Frame

Rear fin

7cm

7cm

1cm

16.5cm

12cm

圖 3.7 乾沈降平板外觀圖

Measurements of Aerosol Chemical/Physical Properties Integral Measurements

Principle: Gravimetric Settling

Page 15: Introduction

15

Measurements of Aerosol Chemical PropertiesReal-time measurements Real-time particulate carbon analyzers

The instrument's operating cycle consists of two phases: collection and analysis.

Thermal-CO2 Method

Collection PhaseThe Series 5400 Monitor draws a sample stream of ambient air through a size selective inlet and directs it onto an impactor mounted inside a collectorAnalysis Phase350 0C: Organic carbon750 0C: Element Carbon

Measurements of Aerosol Chemical Properties Integral Measurements

Page 16: Introduction

16

Filter Media

Several characteristics are important in selecting filter media Particle Sampling Efficiency Mechanical Stability Chemical Stability Temperature Stability Blank Concentrations Flow Resistance and Loading Capacity Cost and Availability

Page 17: Introduction

17

Commonly used filter media for particulate sampling and analysis Teflon membrane

25, 37 ,47 mm Physical

characteristics High particle

collection efficiencies

Pore size: 1, 2, 3, 5, 10 mm

Melts at 60 oC High flow resistance

Chemical characteristics Inert to adsorption of

gases Low hydroscopicity Low blank weight

Compatible Analysis Methods Gravimetry, PIXE,

INAA, AAS, ICP, IC, AC

Cost:

Page 18: Introduction

18

Commonly used filter media for particulate sampling and analysis Pure Quartz-Fiber

Chemical characteristics Conatins large and

variable quantities of Al and Si

Passively adsorbs organic vapors. Absorbs little HNO3, NO2, and SO2

Low hydroscopicity Compatible Analysis

Methods ICP/AES, ICP/MS, IC, AC,

T, TOR, TOM, TOT, OA

25, 37, 47 mm, 20.3 X 25.4 cm

Physical characteristics High Particle Collection

Efficiencies Soft and friable edges

flake in most fiber holders

Melts at > 900 oC Moderate flow resistance

Cost:

Page 19: Introduction

19

Commonly used filter media for particulate sampling and analysis Glass Fiber

Chemical characteristics High blank weight Absorbs HNO3, NO2, SO2,

and organic vapors Low hydroscopicity

Compatible Analysis Methods Gravimetry, OA, XRF,

PIXE, INAA, AAS, ICP/AES, IC, AC

20.3 X 25.4 cm Physical characteristics

Borosilicate glass fiber High Particle Collection

Efficiencies Melts at > 500 oC Low flow resistance

Cost:

Page 20: Introduction

20

Laboratory Analysis Methods

Gravimetric analysis: mass IC: water soluble ionic species XRF and PIXE: the concentration of elements with atomic numbers ranging from 11(Na) to 92(Ur)AA: elementsFlame ICP: elements, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn, As, SeTOR (Thermal/Optical Reflectance Analysis): Element Carbon, Organic Carbon

Page 21: Introduction

21

Selecting a Sampling System

-5 steps- To clearly define monitoring OBJECTIVES. To determine the particle size fractions, chemical

analyzes, sampling frequencies, and sampling duration.

To calculate the expected amount of deposit on the filter for each chemical species and compare it with detection limits for the analyses being considered.

To create, adapt, or purchase a sampling system that most cost-effective and reliable means of meeting the monitoring needs.

To create or adapt an operating procedure that specifies methods and schedules for inlet cleaning, filter transport and handling, calibration and performance tests, and record keeping.

Page 22: Introduction

22

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